US3796976A - Microwave stripling circuits with selectively bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning and impedance matching - Google Patents
Microwave stripling circuits with selectively bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning and impedance matching Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3796976A US3796976A US00163367A US3796976DA US3796976A US 3796976 A US3796976 A US 3796976A US 00163367 A US00163367 A US 00163367A US 3796976D A US3796976D A US 3796976DA US 3796976 A US3796976 A US 3796976A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sections
- section
- stripline
- cantilever
- adjacent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006355 external stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P7/00—Resonators of the waveguide type
- H01P7/08—Strip line resonators
- H01P7/084—Triplate line resonators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/10—Auxiliary devices for switching or interrupting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/04—Coupling devices of the waveguide type with variable factor of coupling
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to microstrip v circuits and more particularly relates to microwave striplines capable of in-situ tuning.
- tuning techniques which fall into two broad categories: (i) active tuning, and (ii) mechanical tuning.
- active tuning and (ii) mechanical tuning.
- YIG spheres as tunable inductive elements
- Mechanical tuning by screw and movable magnetic slugs have also been used, in addition to the simple technique of line scraping by laser or other means. With the exception of the latter, all these techniques involve the introduction of an external element into the circuit. As such, the electrical and mechanical stabilities of these elements are of concern in a large number of applications.
- the present invention allows in-situ tuning and impedance matching of microstrip circuits by providing a microwave stripline of a length related to the wavelength of the desired operating frequency, which stripline is divided into' a plurality of sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of the wavelength.
- a plurality of cantilever switches of material similar to the sections are positioned to interconnect sections.
- Each cantilever switch has a first portion affixed to its associated section and a second portion extending over but spaced from an adjacent section. The over extending portion can be selectively permanently bonded to the adjacent section.
- the cantilevers are selected to be sufficiently flexible to allow temporary electrical contact to be made for tuning and impedance matching.
- the number-of sections so connected together determines the amount of phase shift imparted to energy propagating along the stripline.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a cantilever switch utilized in the inventive embodiment
- FIG. 2 is an elevational view of such a cantilever switch
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of the performance of the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 3;
- FIGS. 5 through 8 are partial sectional views of a structure at successive stages in fabrication in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a plan view of microwave circuitry embodying the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
- Simple in-situ trimming of a microwave strip is accomplished by dividing the line into a number of short sections, each capacitively coupled to its neighbor by a cantilever switch as shown in FIG. 1. Sections 2 and 4 are spaced apart a certain distance l A cantilever switch 6 has a first part 8 secured to section 2 and a second portion 10 extending over but spaced from the adjacent section 4. The part 10 is based a distance I from the section 4; The coupling of each switch depends on the dimensions 1,, and 1, for a given line and substrate, and can be approximated by C3 z C CD d 60 W 6 u)/ d where:
- C; and C are capacitances illustrated in FIG. 2 s is permittivity of free space and C, is approximately equal to o z w (n) where K(m) is a complete elliptical integral of the first kind of modulus m.
- the modulus constants m and n are m (b a /b and n 5 all; (4)
- the theoretical capacitance is of the order of 0.9 lfarads, corresponding to a reactance of 2.94 kilohms at 6 GHZ or a reflection coefficient of 0.945.
- the measured value was 0.9.
- the lower measured value is due to the fringing fields at the gap which have been ignored in the calculation, and finite losses of the line and connector sections.
- a low capacitance can be obtained by increasing the switch height L and gap separation 1,, and decreasing the cantilever length for a given line.
- the center line section 20 consisted of an 85 ohm (0.002 inch).line of one wavelength at 6 Gl-lz, which was divided into 5/8 sections interconnected by seven switches. Matching at both ends of the .line to 50 ohm miniature connectors was achieved by quarter-wave (65 ohm) transformers 22. The relative phase-shift introduced by the closing of each switch is shown in FIG; 4. When all the switches were closed, the input voltage standing wave ratio was measured to be 1.4 and the insertion loss was 1.9 db at 6 Gl-iz, of which at least 1.2 db is attributed to line and connector losses at this frequency. The average loss is therefore less than 0.1 db per switch for the dimensions given which are by no means optimized.
- the stripline may be divided into a plurality of sections of any chosen number to provide incremental phase shift and impedance matchings as may be desired.
- the cantilever switches are sufficiently flexible to allow temporary contact between sections without permanently bonding by the application of a slight pressure with the bonder. On removal of this pressure, the cantilever springs back to its original position without deterioration of electrical characteristics. Thus, it is possible to effect atest contact without bonding to determine optimum matching. Calculations have also been made to determine the stability of the switches under external stress. Suffice it to say, for the dimensions stated, an external acceleration of 20,000 Gs would be required to cause contact to be made by a cantilever switch 'to an adjacent section.
- FIGS. 5 through 8 show steps in the fabrication process.
- a first continuous interfacial bonding material 30 is deposited upon a suitable substrate 32 such as sap-' phire, alumina, quartz to name a few.
- the interfacial bonding material 30 may be a metallization layer such as titanium 30a and gold 306.
- a pattern of sections 34 of another metal layer is deposited upon the layer 30 to define the switch gaps with the rest of the circuitry.
- Sections 34 andcantilevers 38 may be of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, silver, cadmium, gold, tin, palladium, aluminum and nickel-iron alloys.
- switches as illustrated in FIG. 8. Because the steps involved are the same for one or a number of switches, batch fabrication is therefore possible. For a total switch length L, a lower limit on the separation between adjacent switches would probably be twice that length. Using the 0.010 inch switches fabricated above, line length trimming in steps 0.020 inch, or 8.6 for an 85 ohm line at 6 GHz, is possible. The resolution could be improved further with smaller switches of lengths say one-half of those previously stated.
- strip lines 40, 42 and 44 may be lengthened for desired tuning of the microstrip IMPATT oscillator circuit by closing selected cantilever switches. More particularly, the solid state IMPATT diode is mounted in position 46 on a heat sink and dc. is brought in by the bias pad 48. Connection to the diode is made by wire bonding from pad 48. Tuning of the IMPATT diode is achieved by varying lines'42 and 44, and impedance matching of the oscillator to load line 50 is provided by line 40.
- FIG. 10 An alternate embodiment of the present invention is as illustrated in FIG. 10. As shown therein, a center line conductor 52 may be increased in width by the addition of adjacent lying conductors 54, 56, 58 and 60. By simply permanently bonding the cantilever switch 62 disand modifications within the spirit and scope of the It will, therefore, be apparent that there has been disclosed a reliable method of tuning microwave integrated circuit line connection which has a potential up to the expand.
- the advantages of this concept are: (1) high open circuit impedance, VSWR greater than 20, (2) low short-circuit insertion loss,'le ss than 0.1 db, (3)
- a stripline conductor for tuning and impedance matching of microwave circuitry comprising, in combination; a plurality of line sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of a wavelength; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with their respective one of said sections and having a first portion affixed thereto and a second section extending over but spaced from an adjacent section but which second section can be selectively permanently bonded to said adjacent section whereby the phase shift along said stripline is a function of the number of switches which are bonded closed.
- a microwave stripline of substantially one wavelength at the desired frequency of operation comprising, in combination; a plurality of sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of said wavelength; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with a respective one of said sections and capacitively coupling said one of said sections to an adjacent section; each said cantilever switch having a first portion affixed to said one of said sections and a second portion extending over but spaced from its adjacent section; the capacitive coupling between sectionsbeing related to the separation between adjacent sections and the space between the overhanging second portion and said associated adjacent section as well as the extent to which said second section extends over said associated adjacent section; said plurality of cantilever switches being sufficiently flexible to effect a test contact between adjacent portions upon application of slight pressure thereupon; each of said plurality of cantilever swithces being selectively, permanently bondable to its associated adjacent section whereby the capacitative coupling between adjacent sections is electrically shorted and the energy propagating along said stripline is shifted in phase in accordance with the
- said impedance matching means includes quarter-wave transformers.
- a microelectronic component comprising, in combination; a substrate; a first pattern of conductors on a surface of said substrate; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with a respective one of said conductors and having a first portion affixed thereto and a second portion extending over but spaced from an adjacent conductor; each of said cantilever switches being sufficiently flexible to effect a test contact between adjacent conductors; each of said flexible switches being selectively, permanently bondable to its associated adjacent conductor to widen the current path whereby adjacent conductors are selectively connected in parallel circuit relationship whereby the' width of the resultant electrical path is increased.
- a method of making a microwave stripline with selectively cold-flow bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning on a substrate comprising the steps of; depositing a first continuous metal layer on a surface of said substrate; depositing a pattern of conductive sections of a second metal layer on said first layer to define switch gaps between said sections; depositing a layer of spacing material in the gaps between said sections and onto a portion of each said section; depositing a third metal layer over a portion of each said section and a part of said spacing material to an extent that the third metal layer overlaps a part of said second metal layer; removing the spacers and excess metalizations by successive etchings to form the cantilever switches.
- said substrate is a member selected from the group consisting of sapphire, alumina and quartz.
- said second and third metals are the members selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, silver, cadmium, gold, tin, palladium, aluminum and nickel-iron alloys.
- a microwave stripline switch arrangement for use at an operating wavelength, comprising: a first stripline section, at least a second stripline section spaced from said first section, a cantilever switch section connected to said first stripline section and extending over and spaced from said second stripline section and connectable therewith, said sections being of a combined length to effect phase shifting of microwave energy of said wavelength when contact is effected between said cantilever switch section and said second stripline section.
Abstract
A microstrip line is divided into a number of short sections, each capacitively coupled to its neighbor by a cantilever switch. The coupling of each switch depends on the separation between sections and the spacing between the catilever switch and an adjoining section. The cantilever switches are sufficiently flexible to allow test contact between adjacent sections and is permanently bondable where desired. In such a manner sections having lengths chosen to be predetermined fractions of a desired wavelength are connected together to shift the phase of energy propagating therealong to provide tuning and impedance matching of microstrip circuits.
Description
Unite States Patent [191 Heng et al. Mar. 12, 1974 [54] MICROWAVE STRIPLING CIRCUITS WITH 2,814,022 11/1957 Furlow, Jr. et al.., 333/234 M SELECTIVELY BONDABLE MICROSIZED 2,819,452 l/1958 Arditi et a1. 333/73 S SWITCHES FOR INSITU TUNING AND 3,582,833 6/1971 Kordos 333/84 IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 75 Inventors; Terrence M Hang; Harvey 0 159,667 11/1954 Australia 333/84 M Nathanson; John R. Davis, Jr., all of Pittsburgh, Pa.
Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Filed: July 16, 1971 Appl. No.2 163,367
US. Cl 333/84 M, 333/7, 333/73 S,
333/81 A [51] Int. Cl. H01p 3/00, HOlp 3/08 [58] Field of Search 333/11, 73 S, 81 A, 84 M, 333/7 [5 6] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,859,417 11/1958 Arditi .l 333/84 M 2,751,558 6/1956 Grieg et al 333/73 S 3,413,573 11/1968 Nathanson et al. 332/31 T 2,773,242 12/1956 Grieg 333/97 S Primary Examiner-Rudolph V. Rolinec Assistant Examiner-Saxfield Chatmon, Jr. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-D. Schron 5 7] ABSTRACT mined fractions of a desired wavelength are connected together to shift the phase of energy propagating therealong to provide tuning and impedance matching of microstrip circuits.
11 Claims, 10 Drawing Figures rah/965L976 PATENTEU MAR 12 I974 SHEET 1 BF 3 WITNESSES INVENTORS Terrence M.S. Heng ,Harvey C. Nothonson and John R. Davis Jr. BY
DEM/L, VLOIA ATTORNEY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention A The present invention relates generally to microstrip v circuits and more particularly relates to microwave striplines capable of in-situ tuning.
2. Description of the Prior Art The lack of an efficient and reliable means for tuning has always been a major problem in microwave integrated circuit technology. For passive circuits this problem has been eliminated to some degree by imposing a high degree of tolerance and fabrication, usually at an increased cost. The situation becomes even more serious, however, for active circuits, in both monolithic and hybrid configurationsln the former case, the effective impedance of the active device is generally different from theoretical design and the need for matching is evident. The common practice in hybrid circuits is to characterize the active device prior to insertion of the device into the circuit. In this way the range of device parameters can be accommodated by sequence of circuit designs. This involves the availability of costly high quality, sophisticated test equipment and computer facilities, and a full understanding of devicecircuit interaction. In short, the approach is not economically feasible for small production runs.
At present, a limited number of tuning techniques exist which fall into two broad categories: (i) active tuning, and (ii) mechanical tuning. The use of varactor and pi-n diodes as tunable capacitive elements, and YIG spheres as tunable inductive elements, fall into the first category. Mechanical tuning by screw and movable magnetic slugs have also been used, in addition to the simple technique of line scraping by laser or other means. With the exception of the latter, all these techniques involve the introduction of an external element into the circuit. As such, the electrical and mechanical stabilities of these elements are of concern in a large number of applications.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PATENTS U.S. Pat. No. 3,539,705, entitled Microelectronic Conductor Configuration and Method of Making the Same by Harvey C. Nathanson and John R. Davis, and assigned to the present assignee, discloses and claims a microelectronic conductor configuration wherein two conductive layers are spaced apart, the second layer including a plurality of projecting paths that can be selectively, permanently bonded to the first layer to effect electrical connection therewith.
In patent application Ser. No. 40,627 which is a divisional application of the aforementioned patent the method of forming such configurations is described and claimed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,573 issued Nov. 26, 1968, entitled Microelectronic Frequency Selective Apparatus with Vibratory Member and Means Responsive Thereto by Harvey C. Nathanson and Robert A. Wickstrom, and assigned to the present assignee, there is described and claimed structures and methods of making such structures involving spaced metal members on integrated circuits, such as for cantilever beams and resonant gate transistors and for conductive crossovers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, the present invention allows in-situ tuning and impedance matching of microstrip circuits by providing a microwave stripline of a length related to the wavelength of the desired operating frequency, which stripline is divided into' a plurality of sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of the wavelength. A plurality of cantilever switches of material similar to the sections are positioned to interconnect sections. Each cantilever switch has a first portion affixed to its associated section and a second portion extending over but spaced from an adjacent section. The over extending portion can be selectively permanently bonded to the adjacent section. The cantilevers are selected to be sufficiently flexible to allow temporary electrical contact to be made for tuning and impedance matching. The number-of sections so connected together determines the amount of phase shift imparted to energy propagating along the stripline.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding-of the invention, reference may be had to the preferred embodiment, exemplary of the invention, shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a cantilever switch utilized in the inventive embodiment;
FIG. 2 is an elevational view of such a cantilever switch;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of the performance of the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 3;
FIGS. 5 through 8 are partial sectional views of a structure at successive stages in fabrication in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of microwave circuitry embodying the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Simple in-situ trimming of a microwave strip is accomplished by dividing the line into a number of short sections, each capacitively coupled to its neighbor by a cantilever switch as shown in FIG. 1. Sections 2 and 4 are spaced apart a certain distance l A cantilever switch 6 has a first part 8 secured to section 2 and a second portion 10 extending over but spaced from the adjacent section 4. The part 10 is based a distance I from the section 4; The coupling of each switch depends on the dimensions 1,, and 1, for a given line and substrate, and can be approximated by C3 z C CD d 60 W 6 u)/ d where:
C; and C, are capacitances illustrated in FIG. 2 s is permittivity of free space and C, is approximately equal to o z w (n) where K(m) is a complete elliptical integral of the first kind of modulus m. The modulus constants m and n are m (b a /b and n 5 all; (4)
where:
h thickness on dielectric substrate ed dielectric constant of substrate q Wheeler filling factor.
For a 0.020 inch wide microstrip line of a 0.020 inch substrate having a dielectric constant of 8.875 such as sapphire for example, the calculated value of C is 0.0146 pf, which agrees very closely with the measured results set forth in Microwave Engineers Handbook and Buyers Guide, Horizon House inc. 1967 by H. Stinehelfer.
For a switch of dimensions: I 0.004 inch, 1, 0.0002 inch, a width W of 0.002 inch, .a length 1, of 0.007 inch and a dielectric constant e d 10, the theoretical capacitance is of the order of 0.9 lfarads, corresponding to a reactance of 2.94 kilohms at 6 GHZ or a reflection coefficient of 0.945. The measured value was 0.9. The lower measured value is due to the fringing fields at the gap which have been ignored in the calculation, and finite losses of the line and connector sections. A low capacitance can be obtained by increasing the switch height L and gap separation 1,, and decreasing the cantilever length for a given line.
To investigate the loss and reflection properties of a number of such switches, a simple circuit was constructed as shown in FIG. 3. The center line section 20 consisted of an 85 ohm (0.002 inch).line of one wavelength at 6 Gl-lz, which was divided into 5/8 sections interconnected by seven switches. Matching at both ends of the .line to 50 ohm miniature connectors was achieved by quarter-wave (65 ohm) transformers 22. The relative phase-shift introduced by the closing of each switch is shown in FIG; 4. When all the switches were closed, the input voltage standing wave ratio was measured to be 1.4 and the insertion loss was 1.9 db at 6 Gl-iz, of which at least 1.2 db is attributed to line and connector losses at this frequency. The average loss is therefore less than 0.1 db per switch for the dimensions given which are by no means optimized.
More particularly, referring to FIG. 4 it can be seen that as each switch is closed the energy propagating along the line is shifted in phase the desired 45. Of course, the stripline may be divided into a plurality of sections of any chosen number to provide incremental phase shift and impedance matchings as may be desired.
When the switches are fabricated of gold, bonding is readily achieved with a wedge bonder at room temperature. The cantilever switches are sufficiently flexible to allow temporary contact between sections without permanently bonding by the application of a slight pressure with the bonder. On removal of this pressure, the cantilever springs back to its original position without deterioration of electrical characteristics. Thus, it is possible to effect atest contact without bonding to determine optimum matching. Calculations have also been made to determine the stability of the switches under external stress. Suffice it to say, for the dimensions stated, an external acceleration of 20,000 Gs would be required to cause contact to be made by a cantilever switch 'to an adjacent section.
A further understanding of the invention on the flexibility with which it may be used will be aided by consideration of the following description of preferred methods for carrying out the present invention. FIGS. 5 through 8 show steps in the fabrication process. In FIG. 5 a first continuous interfacial bonding material 30 is deposited upon a suitable substrate 32 such as sap-' phire, alumina, quartz to name a few. The interfacial bonding material 30 may be a metallization layer such as titanium 30a and gold 306. A pattern of sections 34 of another metal layer is deposited upon the layer 30 to define the switch gaps with the rest of the circuitry.
In FIG. 6 spacing material 36 is then placed in the gaps and onto a portion of each section 34. This is followed by the plating of metal cantilevers 3 as shown in FIG. 7. Sections 34 andcantilevers 38 may be of a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, silver, cadmium, gold, tin, palladium, aluminum and nickel-iron alloys.
The spacers and excess metalization are then removed by successive etching to form the switches as illustrated in FIG. 8. Because the steps involved are the same for one or a number of switches, batch fabrication is therefore possible. For a total switch length L, a lower limit on the separation between adjacent switches would probably be twice that length. Using the 0.010 inch switches fabricated above, line length trimming in steps 0.020 inch, or 8.6 for an 85 ohm line at 6 GHz, is possible. The resolution could be improved further with smaller switches of lengths say one-half of those previously stated.
The present invention has application in tuning and impedance matching of microstrip circuits. For example, in FIG. 9, strip lines 40, 42 and 44 may be lengthened for desired tuning of the microstrip IMPATT oscillator circuit by closing selected cantilever switches. More particularly, the solid state IMPATT diode is mounted in position 46 on a heat sink and dc. is brought in by the bias pad 48. Connection to the diode is made by wire bonding from pad 48. Tuning of the IMPATT diode is achieved by varying lines'42 and 44, and impedance matching of the oscillator to load line 50 is provided by line 40.
An alternate embodiment of the present invention is as illustrated in FIG. 10. As shown therein, a center line conductor 52 may be increased in width by the addition of adjacent lying conductors 54, 56, 58 and 60. By simply permanently bonding the cantilever switch 62 disand modifications within the spirit and scope of the It will, therefore, be apparent that there has been disclosed a reliable method of tuning microwave integrated circuit line connection which has a potential up to the expand. The advantages of this concept are: (1) high open circuit impedance, VSWR greater than 20, (2) low short-circuit insertion loss,'le ss than 0.1 db, (3)
high trim resolution, approximately 8 or lower at 6GHZ, (4) low line perturbations, (5) high stability under mechanical stress, and (6) in-situ fabrication with the rest of the microwave integrated circuitry.
We claim as our invention:
1. A stripline conductor for tuning and impedance matching of microwave circuitry comprising, in combination; a plurality of line sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of a wavelength; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with their respective one of said sections and having a first portion affixed thereto and a second section extending over but spaced from an adjacent section but which second section can be selectively permanently bonded to said adjacent section whereby the phase shift along said stripline is a function of the number of switches which are bonded closed.
2. A microwave stripline of substantially one wavelength at the desired frequency of operation comprising, in combination; a plurality of sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of said wavelength; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with a respective one of said sections and capacitively coupling said one of said sections to an adjacent section; each said cantilever switch having a first portion affixed to said one of said sections and a second portion extending over but spaced from its adjacent section; the capacitive coupling between sectionsbeing related to the separation between adjacent sections and the space between the overhanging second portion and said associated adjacent section as well as the extent to which said second section extends over said associated adjacent section; said plurality of cantilever switches being sufficiently flexible to effect a test contact between adjacent portions upon application of slight pressure thereupon; each of said plurality of cantilever swithces being selectively, permanently bondable to its associated adjacent section whereby the capacitative coupling between adjacent sections is electrically shorted and the energy propagating along said stripline is shifted in phase in accordance with the number of sections so connected to accomplish tuning and impedance matching.
3. The subject matter of claim 2 including impedance matching means at each end of said stripline.
4. The subject matter of claim 3 wherein said impedance matching means includes quarter-wave transformers.
5. The subject matter of claim 2 wherein the neighboring sections are at least twice the length of their associated cantilever switch length.
6. A microelectronic component comprising, in combination; a substrate; a first pattern of conductors on a surface of said substrate; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with a respective one of said conductors and having a first portion affixed thereto and a second portion extending over but spaced from an adjacent conductor; each of said cantilever switches being sufficiently flexible to effect a test contact between adjacent conductors; each of said flexible switches being selectively, permanently bondable to its associated adjacent conductor to widen the current path whereby adjacent conductors are selectively connected in parallel circuit relationship whereby the' width of the resultant electrical path is increased.
7. A method of making a microwave stripline with selectively cold-flow bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning on a substrate comprising the steps of; depositing a first continuous metal layer on a surface of said substrate; depositing a pattern of conductive sections of a second metal layer on said first layer to define switch gaps between said sections; depositing a layer of spacing material in the gaps between said sections and onto a portion of each said section; depositing a third metal layer over a portion of each said section and a part of said spacing material to an extent that the third metal layer overlaps a part of said second metal layer; removing the spacers and excess metalizations by successive etchings to form the cantilever switches.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein; said substrate is a member selected from the group consisting of sapphire, alumina and quartz.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the second and third layers are of gold.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said second and third metals are the members selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, silver, cadmium, gold, tin, palladium, aluminum and nickel-iron alloys.
11. A microwave stripline switch arrangement for use at an operating wavelength, comprising: a first stripline section, at least a second stripline section spaced from said first section, a cantilever switch section connected to said first stripline section and extending over and spaced from said second stripline section and connectable therewith, said sections being of a combined length to effect phase shifting of microwave energy of said wavelength when contact is effected between said cantilever switch section and said second stripline section.
Claims (11)
1. A stripline conductor for tuning and impedance matching of microwave circuitry comprising, in combination; a plurality of line sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of a wavelength; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with their respective one of said sections and Having a first portion affixed thereto and a second section extending over but spaced from an adjacent section but which second section can be selectively permanently bonded to said adjacent section whereby the phase shift along said stripline is a function of the number of switches which are bonded closed.
2. A microwave stripline of substantially one wavelength at the desired frequency of operation comprising, in combination; a plurality of sections, each of a length chosen to be a selected fraction of said wavelength; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with a respective one of said sections and capacitively coupling said one of said sections to an adjacent section; each said cantilever switch having a first portion affixed to said one of said sections and a second portion extending over but spaced from its adjacent section; the capacitive coupling between sections being related to the separation between adjacent sections and the space between the overhanging second portion and said associated adjacent section as well as the extent to which said second section extends over said associated adjacent section; said plurality of cantilever switches being sufficiently flexible to effect a test contact between adjacent portions upon application of slight pressure thereupon; each of said plurality of cantilever swithces being selectively, permanently bondable to its associated adjacent section whereby the capacitative coupling between adjacent sections is electrically shorted and the energy propagating along said stripline is shifted in phase in accordance with the number of sections so connected to accomplish tuning and impedance matching.
3. The subject matter of claim 2 including impedance matching means at each end of said stripline.
4. The subject matter of claim 3 wherein said impedance matching means includes quarter-wave transformers.
5. The subject matter of claim 2 wherein the neighboring sections are at least twice the length of their associated cantilever switch length.
6. A microelectronic component comprising, in combination; a substrate; a first pattern of conductors on a surface of said substrate; a plurality of cantilever switches each associated with a respective one of said conductors and having a first portion affixed thereto and a second portion extending over but spaced from an adjacent conductor; each of said cantilever switches being sufficiently flexible to effect a test contact between adjacent conductors; each of said flexible switches being selectively, permanently bondable to its associated adjacent conductor to widen the current path whereby adjacent conductors are selectively connected in parallel circuit relationship whereby the width of the resultant electrical path is increased.
7. A method of making a microwave stripline with selectively cold-flow bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning on a substrate comprising the steps of; depositing a first continuous metal layer on a surface of said substrate; depositing a pattern of conductive sections of a second metal layer on said first layer to define switch gaps between said sections; depositing a layer of spacing material in the gaps between said sections and onto a portion of each said section; depositing a third metal layer over a portion of each said section and a part of said spacing material to an extent that the third metal layer overlaps a part of said second metal layer; removing the spacers and excess metalizations by successive etchings to form the cantilever switches.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein; said substrate is a member selected from the group consisting of sapphire, alumina and quartz.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the second and third layers are of gold.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said second and third metals are the members selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, silver, cadmium, gold, tin, palladium, aluminum and nickel-iron alloys.
11. A microwave stripline switch arrangement for use at an operating wavelenGth, comprising: a first stripline section, at least a second stripline section spaced from said first section, a cantilever switch section connected to said first stripline section and extending over and spaced from said second stripline section and connectable therewith, said sections being of a combined length to effect phase shifting of microwave energy of said wavelength when contact is effected between said cantilever switch section and said second stripline section.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US16336771A | 1971-07-16 | 1971-07-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3796976A true US3796976A (en) | 1974-03-12 |
Family
ID=22589731
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00163367A Expired - Lifetime US3796976A (en) | 1971-07-16 | 1971-07-16 | Microwave stripling circuits with selectively bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning and impedance matching |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3796976A (en) |
Cited By (38)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3999142A (en) * | 1975-11-12 | 1976-12-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Variable tuning and feedback on high power microwave transistor carrier amplifier |
US4267532A (en) * | 1979-10-11 | 1981-05-12 | W. L. Keefauver, Bell Laboratories | Adjustable microstrip and stripline tuners |
US4516091A (en) * | 1983-12-19 | 1985-05-07 | Motorola, Inc. | Low RCS RF switch and phase shifter using such a switch |
EP0154496A2 (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1985-09-11 | Sony Corporation | Microstrip circuits |
WO1988006351A1 (en) * | 1987-02-11 | 1988-08-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | A transmit-receive means for phased-array active antenna system |
EP0281781A1 (en) * | 1987-02-13 | 1988-09-14 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Lower-noise microwave amplifying circuit |
US4906956A (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1990-03-06 | Menlo Industries, Inc. | On-chip tuning for integrated circuit using heat responsive element |
US4922253A (en) * | 1989-01-03 | 1990-05-01 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | High attenuation broadband high speed RF shutter and method of making same |
FR2639769A1 (en) * | 1988-11-25 | 1990-06-01 | Thomson Csf | Microwave filtering element of the core interrupt line type |
US4959515A (en) * | 1984-05-01 | 1990-09-25 | The Foxboro Company | Micromechanical electric shunt and encoding devices made therefrom |
US5073755A (en) * | 1990-03-19 | 1991-12-17 | Mpr Teltech Ltd. | Method and apparatus for measuring the electrical properties of dielectric film in the gigahertz range |
US5258591A (en) * | 1991-10-18 | 1993-11-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Low inductance cantilever switch |
US5367136A (en) * | 1993-07-26 | 1994-11-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Non-contact two position microeletronic cantilever switch |
US5439552A (en) * | 1992-11-04 | 1995-08-08 | Csem - Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique Sa | Process of fabricating an enlongated microstructure element on a substrate |
US5459633A (en) * | 1992-08-07 | 1995-10-17 | Daimler-Benz Ag | Interdigital capacitor and method for making the same |
US5479042A (en) * | 1993-02-01 | 1995-12-26 | Brooktree Corporation | Micromachined relay and method of forming the relay |
US5666093A (en) * | 1995-08-11 | 1997-09-09 | D'ostilio; James Phillip | Mechanically tunable ceramic bandpass filter having moveable tabs |
EP0849820A2 (en) * | 1996-12-21 | 1998-06-24 | HE HOLDINGS, INC. dba HUGHES ELECTRONICS | Tunable microwave network using microelectromechanical switches |
US6043727A (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2000-03-28 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Reconfigurable millimeterwave filter using stubs and stub extensions selectively coupled using voltage actuated micro-electro-mechanical switches |
US6127908A (en) * | 1997-11-17 | 2000-10-03 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microelectro-mechanical system actuator device and reconfigurable circuits utilizing same |
EP1049191A2 (en) * | 1999-04-03 | 2000-11-02 | Philips Corporate Intellectual Property GmbH | Procedure for the production of electronical elements with strip lines |
WO2001022525A1 (en) * | 1999-09-23 | 2001-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for impedance transformation with broadband tuning |
US6215644B1 (en) | 1999-09-09 | 2001-04-10 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | High frequency tunable capacitors |
US6229684B1 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2001-05-08 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | Variable capacitor and associated fabrication method |
US6252470B1 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2001-06-26 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Microwave oscillating circuit and remotely controllable “Kotatsu” using the same |
US6373682B1 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2002-04-16 | Mcnc | Electrostatically controlled variable capacitor |
US6377438B1 (en) | 2000-10-23 | 2002-04-23 | Mcnc | Hybrid microelectromechanical system tunable capacitor and associated fabrication methods |
EP1227534A1 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2002-07-31 | NEC Corporation | Small-sized phase shifter and method of manufacture thereof |
US6485273B1 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2002-11-26 | Mcnc | Distributed MEMS electrostatic pumping devices |
US6496351B2 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2002-12-17 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | MEMS device members having portions that contact a substrate and associated methods of operating |
US6535722B1 (en) | 1998-07-09 | 2003-03-18 | Sarnoff Corporation | Television tuner employing micro-electro-mechanically-switched tuning matrix |
US6590267B1 (en) | 2000-09-14 | 2003-07-08 | Mcnc | Microelectromechanical flexible membrane electrostatic valve device and related fabrication methods |
US20060016486A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-26 | Teach William O | Microvalve assemblies and related structures and related methods |
US20070145523A1 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2007-06-28 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Integrateable capacitors and microcoils and methods of making thereof |
EP1842286A1 (en) * | 2005-01-28 | 2007-10-10 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Monolithically integrated switchable circuits with mems |
US20120043598A1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2012-02-23 | De Rochemont L Pierre | Power fet with a resonant transistor gate |
US20130299328A1 (en) * | 2012-05-14 | 2013-11-14 | Raytheon Company | Micro electro mechanical system (mems) microwave switch structures |
US20140266517A1 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2014-09-18 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Radio frequency switch and processes of selectively regulating radio frequency energy transmission |
-
1971
- 1971-07-16 US US00163367A patent/US3796976A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (61)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3999142A (en) * | 1975-11-12 | 1976-12-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Variable tuning and feedback on high power microwave transistor carrier amplifier |
US4267532A (en) * | 1979-10-11 | 1981-05-12 | W. L. Keefauver, Bell Laboratories | Adjustable microstrip and stripline tuners |
US4516091A (en) * | 1983-12-19 | 1985-05-07 | Motorola, Inc. | Low RCS RF switch and phase shifter using such a switch |
EP0154496A2 (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1985-09-11 | Sony Corporation | Microstrip circuits |
EP0154496A3 (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1988-01-27 | Sony Corporation | Microstrip circuits |
US4959515A (en) * | 1984-05-01 | 1990-09-25 | The Foxboro Company | Micromechanical electric shunt and encoding devices made therefrom |
WO1988006351A1 (en) * | 1987-02-11 | 1988-08-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | A transmit-receive means for phased-array active antenna system |
US4823136A (en) * | 1987-02-11 | 1989-04-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Transmit-receive means for phased-array active antenna system using rf redundancy |
EP0281781A1 (en) * | 1987-02-13 | 1988-09-14 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Lower-noise microwave amplifying circuit |
US4837524A (en) * | 1987-02-13 | 1989-06-06 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Lower-noise microwave amplifying circuit |
US4906956A (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1990-03-06 | Menlo Industries, Inc. | On-chip tuning for integrated circuit using heat responsive element |
FR2639769A1 (en) * | 1988-11-25 | 1990-06-01 | Thomson Csf | Microwave filtering element of the core interrupt line type |
US4922253A (en) * | 1989-01-03 | 1990-05-01 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | High attenuation broadband high speed RF shutter and method of making same |
US5073755A (en) * | 1990-03-19 | 1991-12-17 | Mpr Teltech Ltd. | Method and apparatus for measuring the electrical properties of dielectric film in the gigahertz range |
US5258591A (en) * | 1991-10-18 | 1993-11-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Low inductance cantilever switch |
US5459633A (en) * | 1992-08-07 | 1995-10-17 | Daimler-Benz Ag | Interdigital capacitor and method for making the same |
US5439552A (en) * | 1992-11-04 | 1995-08-08 | Csem - Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique Sa | Process of fabricating an enlongated microstructure element on a substrate |
US5479042A (en) * | 1993-02-01 | 1995-12-26 | Brooktree Corporation | Micromachined relay and method of forming the relay |
US5367136A (en) * | 1993-07-26 | 1994-11-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Non-contact two position microeletronic cantilever switch |
US5666093A (en) * | 1995-08-11 | 1997-09-09 | D'ostilio; James Phillip | Mechanically tunable ceramic bandpass filter having moveable tabs |
US5808527A (en) * | 1996-12-21 | 1998-09-15 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Tunable microwave network using microelectromechanical switches |
EP0849820A2 (en) * | 1996-12-21 | 1998-06-24 | HE HOLDINGS, INC. dba HUGHES ELECTRONICS | Tunable microwave network using microelectromechanical switches |
EP0849820A3 (en) * | 1996-12-21 | 1999-03-17 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Tunable microwave network using microelectromechanical switches |
US6127908A (en) * | 1997-11-17 | 2000-10-03 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microelectro-mechanical system actuator device and reconfigurable circuits utilizing same |
US6646525B2 (en) | 1997-11-17 | 2003-11-11 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microelectro-mechanical system actuator device and reconfigurable circuits utilizing same |
US6043727A (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2000-03-28 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Reconfigurable millimeterwave filter using stubs and stub extensions selectively coupled using voltage actuated micro-electro-mechanical switches |
US6535722B1 (en) | 1998-07-09 | 2003-03-18 | Sarnoff Corporation | Television tuner employing micro-electro-mechanically-switched tuning matrix |
US6252470B1 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2001-06-26 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Microwave oscillating circuit and remotely controllable “Kotatsu” using the same |
EP1049191A3 (en) * | 1999-04-03 | 2001-05-23 | Philips Corporate Intellectual Property GmbH | Procedure for the production of electronical elements with strip lines |
US6420096B1 (en) | 1999-04-03 | 2002-07-16 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method of manufacturing electronic stripline components |
EP1049191A2 (en) * | 1999-04-03 | 2000-11-02 | Philips Corporate Intellectual Property GmbH | Procedure for the production of electronical elements with strip lines |
US6215644B1 (en) | 1999-09-09 | 2001-04-10 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | High frequency tunable capacitors |
WO2001022525A1 (en) * | 1999-09-23 | 2001-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for impedance transformation with broadband tuning |
EP1227534A4 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2006-11-29 | Nec Corp | Small-sized phase shifter and method of manufacture thereof |
EP1227534A1 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2002-07-31 | NEC Corporation | Small-sized phase shifter and method of manufacture thereof |
US6373682B1 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2002-04-16 | Mcnc | Electrostatically controlled variable capacitor |
US6496351B2 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2002-12-17 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | MEMS device members having portions that contact a substrate and associated methods of operating |
US6229684B1 (en) | 1999-12-15 | 2001-05-08 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | Variable capacitor and associated fabrication method |
US6485273B1 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2002-11-26 | Mcnc | Distributed MEMS electrostatic pumping devices |
US6590267B1 (en) | 2000-09-14 | 2003-07-08 | Mcnc | Microelectromechanical flexible membrane electrostatic valve device and related fabrication methods |
US6377438B1 (en) | 2000-10-23 | 2002-04-23 | Mcnc | Hybrid microelectromechanical system tunable capacitor and associated fabrication methods |
US7448412B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2008-11-11 | Afa Controls Llc | Microvalve assemblies and related structures and related methods |
US20110132484A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2011-06-09 | Teach William O | Valve Assemblies Including Electrically Actuated Valves |
US20060016481A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-26 | Douglas Kevin R | Methods of operating microvalve assemblies and related structures and related devices |
US7946308B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2011-05-24 | Afa Controls Llc | Methods of packaging valve chips and related valve assemblies |
US20060016486A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2006-01-26 | Teach William O | Microvalve assemblies and related structures and related methods |
US20090032112A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2009-02-05 | Afa Controls Llc | Methods of Packaging Valve Chips and Related Valve Assemblies |
US7753072B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2010-07-13 | Afa Controls Llc | Valve assemblies including at least three chambers and related methods |
US20100236644A1 (en) * | 2004-07-23 | 2010-09-23 | Douglas Kevin R | Methods of Operating Microvalve Assemblies and Related Structures and Related Devices |
EP1842286A1 (en) * | 2005-01-28 | 2007-10-10 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Monolithically integrated switchable circuits with mems |
US20070145523A1 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2007-06-28 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Integrateable capacitors and microcoils and methods of making thereof |
US20120043598A1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2012-02-23 | De Rochemont L Pierre | Power fet with a resonant transistor gate |
US8779489B2 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2014-07-15 | L. Pierre de Rochemont | Power FET with a resonant transistor gate |
US20150097221A1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2015-04-09 | L. Pierre de Rochemont | Power fet with a resonant transistor gate |
US9153532B2 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2015-10-06 | L. Pierre de Rochemont | Power FET with a resonant transistor gate |
US20160225759A1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2016-08-04 | L. Pierre de Rochemont | Power fet with a resonant transistor gate |
US9881915B2 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2018-01-30 | L. Pierre de Rochemont | Power FET with a resonant transistor gate |
US10651167B2 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2020-05-12 | L. Pierre de Rochemont | Power FET with a resonant transistor gate |
US20130299328A1 (en) * | 2012-05-14 | 2013-11-14 | Raytheon Company | Micro electro mechanical system (mems) microwave switch structures |
US20140266517A1 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2014-09-18 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Radio frequency switch and processes of selectively regulating radio frequency energy transmission |
US9472834B2 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2016-10-18 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Radio frequency switch and processes of selectively regulating radio frequency energy transmission |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3796976A (en) | Microwave stripling circuits with selectively bondable micro-sized switches for in-situ tuning and impedance matching | |
Yang et al. | A novel low-loss slow-wave microstrip structure | |
US7583168B2 (en) | Resonator | |
US4673904A (en) | Micro-coaxial substrate | |
Chen et al. | Synthetic quasi-TEM meandered transmission lines for compacted microwave integrated circuits | |
US5408053A (en) | Layered planar transmission lines | |
US5194833A (en) | Airbridge compensated microwave conductors | |
US9035719B2 (en) | Three dimensional branchline coupler using through silicon vias and design structures | |
CA2403046A1 (en) | Integrated broadside coupled transmission line element | |
US5652157A (en) | Forming a gate electrode on a semiconductor substrate by using a T-shaped dummy gate | |
EP0138369A2 (en) | Variable delay line | |
US20070217122A1 (en) | Capacitor | |
US3965445A (en) | Microstrip or stripline coupled-transmission-line impedance transformer | |
JPH0685510A (en) | Multi-chip module | |
US5012321A (en) | Interconnection device between the cells of a pre-implanted hyperfrequency integrated circuit | |
JP3129506B2 (en) | Microwave slow wave circuit | |
US3142808A (en) | Transmission line filter having coupling extending quarter wave length between strip line resonators | |
US6437658B1 (en) | Three-level semiconductor balun and method for creating the same | |
US7403080B2 (en) | Transmission line apparatus having conductive strips coupled by at least one additional capacitance element | |
US7190244B2 (en) | Reduced size transmission line using capacitive loading | |
Jones et al. | The microfabrication of monolithic miniaturized ridged half-mode waveguides for 5G millimeter-wave communication systems | |
Heng | Trimming of Microstrip Circuits Utilizing Microcantilever Air Gaps (Correspondence) | |
EP0814532B1 (en) | Monolithic Semiconductor Component | |
CN114747087A (en) | Dielectric waveguide resonator and dielectric waveguide filter | |
JP4526713B2 (en) | High frequency circuit |