US3868955A - Aldehyde polysaccharide dressings - Google Patents
Aldehyde polysaccharide dressings Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3868955A US3868955A US403749A US40374973A US3868955A US 3868955 A US3868955 A US 3868955A US 403749 A US403749 A US 403749A US 40374973 A US40374973 A US 40374973A US 3868955 A US3868955 A US 3868955A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- aldehyde
- percent
- product
- polysaccharide
- pad
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- -1 Aldehyde polysaccharide Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001877 deodorizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 53
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000001254 oxidized starch Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000013808 oxidized starch Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920002201 Oxidized cellulose Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940107304 oxidized cellulose Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 30
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 24
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 18
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 15
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 13
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 11
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 10
- JQWHASGSAFIOCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium periodate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]I(=O)(=O)=O JQWHASGSAFIOCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000003172 aldehyde group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical group OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010876 untreated wood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002175 menstrual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyric acid Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)=O KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N periodic acid Chemical compound OI(=O)(=O)=O KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IASUOQCBKMGESP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1H-indole 3-methyl-1H-indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(C)=CC2=C1.C1=CC=C2C(C)=CNC2=C1 IASUOQCBKMGESP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000009027 Albumins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010088751 Albumins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001053401 Arabidopsis thaliana Acid beta-fructofuranosidase 3, vacuolar Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000581364 Clinitrachus argentatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000009123 Fibrin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010073385 Fibrin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BWGVNKXGVNDBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fibrin monomer Chemical compound CNC(=O)CNC(=O)CN BWGVNKXGVNDBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000001554 Hemoglobins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010054147 Hemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000208202 Linaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002262 Schiff base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004753 Schiff bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002009 allergenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003914 blood derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002781 deodorant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004332 deodorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229950003499 fibrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000011 group IA salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001215 vagina Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
-
- A61F13/01008—
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
- A61L15/28—Polysaccharides or their derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/84—Accessories, not otherwise provided for, for absorbent pads
- A61F13/8405—Additives, e.g. for odour, disinfectant or pH control
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F2013/00361—Plasters
- A61F2013/00727—Plasters means for wound humidity control
- A61F2013/00731—Plasters means for wound humidity control with absorbing pads
Definitions
- aldehyde polysacchandee aldehyde polysaccha' 128/56 r1de may be, for example, ox1dized cellulose fibers or oxidized starch,
- the aldehyde polysaccha- [56] References Cited ride is distributed in the absorbent pad so that a larger portion is present in that portion of the pad in which UNITED STATES PATENTS the body fluids first enter.
- the art has long been devoted to finding a solution to the problem of embarrassing and unpleasant odors arising from the use of diapers and dressings.
- the body fluids absorbed by these dressings and, in particular, by catamenial dressings contain various organic materials such as mucus, blood and blood derivatives including hemoglobin, fibrin, blood albumin and serum.
- these dressings provide an ideal environment for pathogenic micro-organisms such as streptococca, enterococci, diptheroids and coliform bacilli which are normally present in body orifices such as the vagina. These organisms cause the formation of decomposition products, and in particular, cause the formation of amine compounds, a major cause of embarrassing and unpleasant odor.
- Diapers and catamenial dressings all generally comprise an absorbent pad of loosely associated fibrous materials such as comminuted woodpulp fibers, cotton linters, rayon fibers, cotton staple, synthetic absorbent fibers and the like. It has been found to be extremely difficult to incorporate and maintain deodorizers, heretofore generally in the form of powders, within the absorbent pad of the dressings without resorting to extremely elaborate procedures which are incompatible with the high speed manufacturing and packaging techniques associated with these products.
- a dressing for absorbing body fluids comprising an absorbent pad which greatly reduces the unpleasant odor associated with the use of these products without the need for incorporating non-compatible, non-absorbent deodorizing materials into the absorbent pad. It has been discovered that the aldehydic polysaccharides when incorporated into the absorbent pad exhibit deodorizing properties and, in particular, greatly reduce the odor intensity of amine compounds, believed to be a chief cause of odor in diapers, wound dressings and catamenial products.
- polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose
- starch and cellulose may be chemically modifled by attacking the hydroxyl groups in a portion of the anhydrous glucose units of these polymers with an oxidizing agent to convert the hydroxyl group to aldehyde groups, the products of the oxidation hereinafter being termed aldehyde polysaccharides.”
- aldehyde polysaccharides can be provided in the form of absorbent fibers and so can obviate the problems associated with prior deodorizers in that they can conveniently and effectively be incorporated into the dressings of this invention.
- fibrous cellulose may be oxidized to the aldehyde form and will, in all important respects, exhibit the properties of the unoxidized fibers with the exception that the oxidized fibers will be effective deodorizers.
- starch may be oxidized and incorporated into a viscose rayon spinning solution. In this manner, an alloy fiber having deodorizing properties may be provided. Again, the resulting fibers will have the physical characteristic of non-deodorizing fibers now commonly used in the dressings of this invention and so will be easily incorporated into these dressings in a manner compatible with current manufacturing procedures.
- the odor intensity of amine compounds absorbed onto the pad is significantly reduced.
- the capacity for reducing the odor intensities of amines is a function of the percent conversion of the polysaccharide to the aldehyde form as well as the quantity of converted polysaccharide incorporated into the absorbent pad. In general, these parameters should be chosen to produce an odor reduction of at least about 30 percent based on an objective organoleptic evaluation test such as the one described hereinafter, using a model odorant such as dimethylamine.
- a pad comprising as little as 5 percent by weight ofthe aldehyde polysaccharide fibers i.e., the weight percent of the fibers comprising polysaccharide treated to convert a portion of the polymers to the aldehyde form
- a reduction of percent may be accomplished by increasing the aldehyde polysaccharide fiber content of the pad to percent by weight.
- the percent of conversion of hydroxyl groups on the polymer chain may vary widely and still produce an effective deodorizer. As used herein, the term percent conversion is defined as the percentage of hydroxyl groups converted to the aldehyde form based on the total number of hydroxyl groups on the unconverted polysaccharide chain.
- a polysaccharide having a percentage conversion as low as 5 percent can be effective as a deodorizer. From a practical point of view, however, little additional cost is involved in converting polysaccharides to percentage conversions of about 30-60 percent with concomitant increased deodorizing effectivity. In the case of cellulose fibers, a percent conversion of more than 60 percent generally adversely affects such product-related properties as fiber grindability, product uniformity, and web strength and should be avoided where these properties are important. On the other hand, starch may be converted beyond the 60 percent level without such adverse effects.
- the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers in greatest concentrations at those portions of the absorbent pad where the fluid being absorbed first enters (hereinafter referred to as the top of the pad). In this way, the efficiency of the deodorizer is greatly enhanced.
- at least 65 percent by weight of the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers should be distributed in the top half of the pad and still more preferably, at least 50 percent should be distributed in the top third of the pad.
- the aldehyde polysaccharide incorporated into a dressing in accordance with this invention, may be made by starting with a wide variety of natural and synthetic polysaccharide materials such as, for example, starch and such cellulosics as wood pulp, rayon, cotton, flax and the like.
- the starting material chosen is one which is in the form of absorbent fibers or can be extruded or otherwise shaped into this form and will be compatible with the manufacturing and the use of the dressing when incorporated with additional absorbent material in forming an absorbent pad.
- Polysaccharide from any of these sources, may be oxidized to the herein prescribed aldehyde form by the action of an oxidizing agent attacking the hydroxyl groups on the anhydrous glucose units of the polymer chain.
- an oxidizing agent attacking the hydroxyl groups on the anhydrous glucose units of the polymer chain.
- sodium periodate is chosen as the oxidizing agent
- the vicinal hydroxyl groups in the anhydrous glucose unit are attacked to form two aldehyde groups, the resulting product having the structure:
- the extent of the reaction may be controlled to provide the preferred conversions prescribed herein by choosing the proper molar ratio of reactants and limiting the time of reaction, in accordance with methods well-known in the art. It has been discovered that a percent conversion of as little as 5 percent, when used in a pad, is effective as a deodorizer for obnoxious odors resulting from amine compounds. Preferably, a percent conversion of at least 30 percent should be used.
- the dressings of this invention are highly effective in reducing odors caused by a wide variety of amines which have been found to be present in such dressings such as, for example, mono, or diand trimethyl amines; mono, diand tri-ethyl amines; and monodi and tripropyl amines, in addition to the more complex.
- amines which have been found to be present in such dressings such as, for example, mono, or diand trimethyl amines; mono, diand tri-ethyl amines; and monodi and tripropyl amines, in addition to the more complex.
- cyclic amines such as indole and skatole (methyl indole).
- secondary amines may react to form an adduct
- R represents the polysaccharide chain and R and R represent alkyl or heterocyclic structures of the amines.
- the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers are incorporated in the absorbent pads used in such products as wound dressings, diapers, sanitary napkins and tampons.
- the absorbent pads for each of these products are formed from a bulk supply of absorbent fluff such as ground wood pulp board. regenerated cellulosic fibers, or the like.
- a small portion of this bulk fluff may comprise aldehyde polysaccharide, such as, for example, cellulose fibers which have been oxidized to the aldehyde form. This oxidizing treatment does not significantly alter the physical characteristics of the fibers and so the treated fibers may easily be uniformly blended with untreated fibers.
- the mixing being essentially that of homogeneous material and hence, a uniform mixture is easily attainable.
- the modified fibers are physically the same as the unmodified fibers. the problems of retention in the absorbent pads. heretofore associated with other deodorizers. is completely obviated; the modified fibers are entangled and held in place with the remaining fibers in the pad.
- the aldehyde polysaccharide may be incorporated directly into the viscose dope prior to spinning the regenerated cellulose fibers through the spinnerettes.
- the aldehyde polysaccharides of this invention e.g.. aldehyde cellulose and aldehyde starch may be incorporated to form an alloy fiber having deodorizing properties. These alloy fibers may be used alone or together with other non-deodorizing fibers in the absorbent pad.
- an effective dressing can be produced by distributing the aldehyde polysaccharide uniformly throughout the absorbent pad, it has been discovered that, particularly with thick pads. the use of the alde hyde polysaccharide is enhanced by placing the same in that portion of the pad which first contacts the body discharge (i.e., the top portion). In the case of sanitary napkins and diapers, this is the portion from which the odorants are most likely to evolve during use. For example, a pad uniformly distributed with a quantity of a specific aldehyde cellulose fiber of about 25 percent by weight of the total pad reduces the odor of a model amine odorant by percent, in accordance with the organoleptic testing method herein described.
- a pad comprising only 5 percent of the same aldehyde cellulose, distributed uniformly in only the top third of the pad (the portion on which the odorant is first introduced) reduces the odor level by 56 percent, i.e., one-fifth the deodorant accomplishes more than about two-thirds of the reduction. It is important to note, in this connection that this result is accomplished even though the odorant is first applied and then allowed to equilibrate on the pad so that it is thoroughly and uniformly distributed throughout the pad before organoleptic evaluations are made. In general.
- a substantial increase in deodorization may be achieved by distributing the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers so that at least 65 percent by weight of such fibers (based on total weight of such fibers present in the pad) are distributed in the top half of the pad. Preferably, at least 50 percent should be distributed in the top third of the pad.
- Absorbent pads made in accordance with the teachings of the invention, are organoleptically evaluated and the examples which follow, illustrate the advantages which accrue.
- an evaluation procedure hereinafter referred to as the Modified Ratio Scale Organoleptic Evaluation Method, is employed.
- THE MODIFIED RATIO SCALE ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION METHOD This method is devised so that data obtained from an organoleptic appraisal panel may produce an evaluation of a sample characterizet'l as an absolute value for odor intensity.
- the evaluation will indi' cate, quantitatively, as to whether the odor intensities of the samples are strong or weak.
- one sample may contain a deodorizer which is many times as effective as that contained in a second sample. This notwithstanding, both deodorizers may only produce a small decrease in the odor intensity, all of which is indicated by the subject evaluation method.
- the first step in this method is to determine the threshold concentration of the odorant.
- the method used is described by Fred H. Steiger in Chemical Technology, Volume I, p. 225, April, 1971, wherein the determination of the odor threshold concentration for ethylamine is described, applying the Weibull distribution function.
- this procedure requires the gathering of Organoleptic data from a panel presented with a series of samples containing odorant in increasing concentrations in order to determine the concentration level at which an arbitrary percentage of the panelists can detect the odor. For the purposes of the current evaluation that arbitrary percentage is chosen as the cumulative 50 percent level.
- the threshold concentration of the odorant is specific to the odorant and the conditions of the sampling procedure.
- the method employed herein for panel evaluation is to present each panelist with a series of samples, in a sampling apparatus which consists of an opaque, one
- the samples each comprise a specific concentration of the odorant in a water solution, a total of 3 ml. of solution being placed in the jar.
- a panel of about 30 women are presented with a series of equilibrated samples of increasing concentration and, starting with a sample at zero concentration (water only), are asked to report the first sample having a detectable odor.
- the panelists are instructed to sniff each samplein turn, pausing 30 seconds between samplings.
- the accumulated data is organized to establish the cumulative percentage of the panel which detects an odor at each concentration level corresponding to each sample.
- the data, so organized, is plotted as described in the aforementioned Steiger article on Weibull Probability Paper with the concentration as the abscissa and the cumulative percentage ofthe panel as the ordinate.
- the concentration at 50 percent is then taken as the threshold concentration.
- the Modified Ratio Scale Method is applied by preparing a master curve. Using the same testing apparatus, a series of samples are prepared and presented to the panel wherein the concentrations of odorant are in multiples of the threshold concentration. One of these samples must be 20 times the threshold concentration.
- each panelist is asked to evaluate the set of samples before her and to assign a value to the odor intensity of each sample in proportion to the intensity of the other samples. The panelists are free to choose whatever scale they wish. For example, a panelist may assign 10 to the strongest sample. A sample having half the intensity, in accordance with this panelists evaluation, would then be assigned a value of 5.
- the accumulated data then consists of a series of evaluations at each multiple of threshold concentration for each panelist, each series being based upon the individual panelists scale.
- a ratio scale value of 100 is assigned to the sample concentration of times threshold concentration.
- Each of the panelists evaluations are then proportioned to bring their individual scales to the basis of 100 for 20 times threshold concentration. For example, the evaluations of a panelist assigning a value of 10 to a first sample having a concentration of 20 times threshold concentration and 5 to a second sample having 4 times threshold concentration will be proportioned to show, for that panelist, a value of 100 for the first sample and a value of 50 for the second sample.
- the Master Curve may now be used to evaluate the odor intensity of any odorant when placed in any environment such as, for example, on a pad of untreated cellulosic fibers or on a pad of fibers containing deodorizing material and, in addition to obtaining comparisons between the relative intensity of the samples tested, an absolute measure of the intensity of each sample may be obtained.
- the panel is presented with a series of samples, one of which is a standard sample consisting of a known concentration of the odorant being tested in an environment identical to that used in producing the Master Curve.
- this standard sample is chosen as having 20 times the threshold concentration and hence, a Ratio Value of on the Master Curve.
- the panelists are again asked to evaluate the series of samples using whatever scale they choose.
- EXAMPLE I Water washed, three denier rayon is reacted in a solution of 0.5 molar sodium metaperiodate, the solution having a pH of 2. The reaction occurs at room temperature and is allowed to continue for 6 hours. Oxidized rayon fibers are obtained and are analyzed by the method of J. J. Willard and R. F. Schwenker, Jr., Textile Research Journal, 35, p. 564 (June, 1965), indicating a 20 percent conversion of the hydroxyl groups of the anhydrous glucose units to the aldehyde form. A second sample is prepared allowing the rayon to react for 24 hours. Analysis indicates a 34 percent conversron.
- Threshold concentrations are determined by a panel of 17 individuals using ethylamine as the odorant and using the procedures and apparatus described above. In each case, three milliliters of a water solution of ethylamine at the concentrations shown in the table below are introduced into the sampling apparatus. A first series of samples contain only the ethylamine solution, a second contain grams of unoxidized water washed rayon fibers, as a control. Third and fourth series of samples contain 5 grams of the and 34 percent converted rayon fibers, respectively. Each series is presented to the panelists in order of concentration and the panelists are asked to identify the first sample which has a detectable odor. The order of presentation of each series is randomized.
- the multiples of threshold concentration of the solution applied to the wood pulp pad will be referred to as the Applied Odor Units.
- a Master Curve is prepared, as described above, and the values reported by the panelists are averaged for each sample tested, using the geometric mean and put on a standard basis using this Master Curve. This value is referred to as the Reported Odor Units, i.e.. the odor intensity which is equivalent to the intensity of a sample in the standard environment. at the concentration of the odorant equal to the Reported Odor Units times the threshold concentration.
- EXAMPLE I This example illustrates the effects of varying the percent conversion of aldehyde cellulose. uniformly distributed in an absorbent pad of untreated wood pulp.
- the treated cellulose consists of fibrous wood pulp PERCENTAGE OF PANEL DETECTING ODOR Solution Water Washed 207: Converted 347: Converted Only Rayon Control Rayon Rayon Concentration of Ethylamine (grams/ml X 10) 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.88 O 0 O 0 1.8 0 6 6 l2 3.5 l8 l2 l8 12 7.0 47 l8 l2 14.0 82 88 Z9 24 28.0 88 100 29 24 56.0 100 100 35 24 112.0 -l00 l00 71 35 224.0 100 100 94 53 Greater than 224 100 l00 100 I00 Calculated Threshold Concentration: 9A 7.2 68 250 As the above table indicates, the water solution and the untreated rayon control are essentially organoleptic equivalents showing a 50 percent threshold
- the threshold concentration for samples containing 20 and 34 percent converted aldehyde rayon is increased to 68 X 10 and 250 X 10 gm/ml, respectively. That is to say, the presence of the aldewhich is oxidized to the extent indicated in the Table ll below using periodic acid as the oxidizing agent.
- Each of the samples tested consists of 3 milliliters ofthe odorant solution applied to a 2 gram pad consisting of 1 gram of the aldehyde cellulose and 1 gram of wood pulp at the percent conversion indicated in Table ll, below.
- Triethylamine is used as the odorant in two tests, applying two different quantities of odorant, and di- TABLE I1 Applied Odor Units Reported Odor Units Odorant 2 gm Untreated 1 gm Untreated 1 gm Untreated 1 gm Untreated l gm Untreated Pulp Pulp p Pulp Pulp 1 gm 7% Con- 1 gm 40% Conl gm 54% Con 1 gm 57% Converted Aldcverted Alde vcrted Alde verted Aldehyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose Triethylamine 2O 12 4 3 3 Triethylamine 43 36 15 8 6 Dimethylamine I24 78 42 28 I0 hyde rayon has so depressed the odor intensity of the ethylamine, that the cumulative percent threshold level reported is about 8 times that of the controls in one case and 30 times in the other.
- the Modified Ratio Scale Organoleptical Evaluation method is used to illustrate the effectiveness of aldehyde cellulose as a deodorizer when combined with wood pulp in an absorbent pad.
- a panel of 35 individuals is used and the standard environment consists of 3 ml of odorant solution applied to a 2.0 gram pad of wood pulp.
- the method of evaluating the panelists data as EXAMPLE III This example illustrates the effect of varying the applied odor intensity on an absorbent pad having a quantity of aldehyde cellulose of a constant percentage conversion.
- the absorbent pads tested each consist of 0.5
- Table III Applied Odor Units As Table III indicates, the aldehyde wood pulp blend tested generally shows a relatively constant percent reduction in the odor intensity of the triethylamine, irrespective of the level of odor intensity, the reduced intensity varying from 30 to 58 percent of the standard.
- EXAMPLE IV This example illustrates the effect of placement of the aldehyde pulp in the absorbent pad.
- Four types of pads are prepared all having a total of 0.34 gms of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose and 1.66 grams of wood pulp.
- the pads were made up of three layers, each of which had fibers uniformly distributed therethrough in accordance with the distribution shown in Table IV below.
- the samples are placed in the sampling apparatus and three milliliters of a solution of dimethylamine is pipetted onto the top surface of each sample, the solution having a concentration, based on the same standard as in the preceding examples, of 1 1O odor units. After allowing the samples to equilibrate, they are presented to the panel and evaluated in accordance with the methods described herein. The results are reported in Table IV.
- EXAMPLE V A series of pairs of fluff pad samples are prepared: the first of the pair, a standard sample, consisting of percent wood pulp and the second consisting of0.5 grams of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose fibers blended with 1.5 grams of wood pulp. Samples of menstrual fluids are collected and pooled and three milliliter aliquots are pipetted onto each of the two sample pads in the series. The samples are given to a panel for evaluation, the results of which are reported below in Table V. The odor level resulting from each standard sample in the series is determined from the Master Curve by comparison with a sample containing dimethylamine having an odor intensity of 20 times threshold and the value so determined is referred to in the following Table V as the Applied Odor Units.
- Such alkaline salts as sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate may be used in quantities of about 005 gms. per gram of total absorbent pad and preferably about 0.1 gram/gram. To illustrate the added effects of this combination, the following example is given:
- EXAM PLE VI A 3 ml. sample of menstrual fluid having a particularly low pH of less than 6.7 is chosen and applied to the standard 2 gram untreated wood pulp pad. After aging, the odor corresponds to 30 odor units. Three ml aliquots from the same menstrual fluid source are applied to three sample pads consisting of 1.5 gms. of untreated wood pulp and 0.5 gms. of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose fibers; 2.0 gms. of untreated pulp on the surface of which is spread 0.1 gms. of sodium bicarbonate in powdered form; and 1.5 gms. of untreated pulp, 0.5 gms. of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose fibers and 0.1 gms. of sodium bicarbonate. The samples are evaluated by a panel using the methods described in the previous example. The results are reported in Table VI.
- aldehyde polysaccharide comprises aldehyde cellulose fibers.
- aldehyde cellulose fibers have a percent conversion to the aldehyde form of at least 5 percent and comprise at least about 5 percent by weight of said absorbent body.
- a product for absorbing body fluids comprisingan absorbent body and having deodorizing properties
- said product comprises aldehyde polysaccharide having amine deodorizing properties
- aldehyde polysaccharide comprises a starch.
- aldehyde starch has a percent conversion of at least 5 percent and comprises at least about 5 percent by weight of said absorbent body.
Abstract
A dressing for absorbing body fluids is provided which greatly reduces the unpleasant odors associated with such products. The dressing comprises a pad of absorbent material in which is incorporated a quantity of aldehyde polysaccharide. The aldehyde polysaccharide may be, for example, oxidized cellulose fibers or oxidized starch. Preferably, the aldehyde polysaccharide is distributed in the absorbent pad so that a larger portion is present in that portion of the pad in which the body fluids first enter.
Description
United States Patent 1191 [111 3,868,955
Steiger et al. Mar. 4, 1975 1 ALDEHYDE POLYSACCHARIDE 2,537,978 1/1951 Eberl 428/3253 3,070,095 12/1962 128/284 DRESSINGS I 3,086,969 4/1963 260/209 [75] Inventors: Fred Harold SteIger, East 3,269,964 8/1966 260/173 Brunswick; Judith Ann Siragusa, 3,340,875 9/1967 Dudley et a1 128/290 R Hopewell, both of NJ. Primary E.\'ami/1erLucie H. Laudenslager P d [73] Asslgnee z i f z sf r Company Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Jason Llpow 1 1 pp 3,749 A dressing for absorbing body fluids is provided which greatly reduces the unpleasant odors associated with 52 us. c1. 128/296 Such products' The dressing Comprises a P of 511 1111. C1 A6lf 13/00, A61f 13/18 bent material in which is incorporated quantity of [58] Field of Search 128/284, 285, 290 R, 296, aldehyde polysacchandee aldehyde polysaccha' 128/56 r1de may be, for example, ox1dized cellulose fibers or oxidized starch, Preferably, the aldehyde polysaccha- [56] References Cited ride is distributed in the absorbent pad so that a larger portion is present in that portion of the pad in which UNITED STATES PATENTS the body fluids first enter. 2,024,145 12/1935 Cline 424/28 2,344,411 3/1944 Reeves 260/212 16 Clalms, N0 Drawlngs 1 ALDEHYDE POLYSACCHARIDE DRESSINGS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is directed toward absorbent products and more particularly to such products as wound dressings, diapers or catamenial dressings which are designed to absorb fluids discharged from the body and are to be worn for a substantial period of time.
The art has long been devoted to finding a solution to the problem of embarrassing and unpleasant odors arising from the use of diapers and dressings. The body fluids absorbed by these dressings and, in particular, by catamenial dressings, contain various organic materials such as mucus, blood and blood derivatives including hemoglobin, fibrin, blood albumin and serum. When in use, these dressings provide an ideal environment for pathogenic micro-organisms such as streptococca, enterococci, diptheroids and coliform bacilli which are normally present in body orifices such as the vagina. These organisms cause the formation of decomposition products, and in particular, cause the formation of amine compounds, a major cause of embarrassing and unpleasant odor.
While it is already known that certain substances or deodorizers are capable of either inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms or masking the odor of the decomposition products resulting from these microorganisms, the choice of deodorizers, useable in products such as sanitary napkins, tampons and diapers, is severely limited in that many such substances have undesirable effects and cause sensitization, irritation and allergenic reactions, particularly if used over an extended period of time. Further, a great many deodorizers have been found to be unstable and lose their effectiveness in storage.
Of the therefore limited choice of substances useful as deodorizers in products of this nature, the art has been still further limited in that it has heretofore been difficult to incorporate deodorizing substances into the dressings. Diapers and catamenial dressings all generally comprise an absorbent pad of loosely associated fibrous materials such as comminuted woodpulp fibers, cotton linters, rayon fibers, cotton staple, synthetic absorbent fibers and the like. It has been found to be extremely difficult to incorporate and maintain deodorizers, heretofore generally in the form of powders, within the absorbent pad of the dressings without resorting to extremely elaborate procedures which are incompatible with the high speed manufacturing and packaging techniques associated with these products. For example, blending deodorizers into the supply of fibrous material prior to the forming of the individual absorbent pad has created difficulties in that the deodorizers tend to settle causing a maldistribution which can frequently result in pads being formed which contain too much or too little deodorizer. On the other hand, incorporation ofthe deodorizers into the pad after their formation has been unsatisfactory in that much of the deodorizer is lost by the shaking, rubbing and the other handling which this product is subject to in subsequent manufacturing, packing and storage procedures as well as in use. Elaborate methods have been devised to obviate those problems. For example, it has been proposed that the deodorizer be dispersed in a liquid along with a dis persed resin binder. The fibers ofthe formed absorbent pad may be treated with the dispersion and then the liquid may be removed leaving the deodorizer held in place by the resin binder.
While such a method is effective in insuring that the deodorizer will be uniformly distributed and maintained within or upon the absorbent body, the method is inconvenient and expensive and additionally, it has been found that the resin binder, to an extent, interferes with the absorptive properties of the dressing.
Accordingly, there is a need for an effective deodorizing dressing which overcomes the drawbacks of prior methods.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with this present invention, a dressing for absorbing body fluids comprising an absorbent pad is provided which greatly reduces the unpleasant odor associated with the use of these products without the need for incorporating non-compatible, non-absorbent deodorizing materials into the absorbent pad. It has been discovered that the aldehydic polysaccharides when incorporated into the absorbent pad exhibit deodorizing properties and, in particular, greatly reduce the odor intensity of amine compounds, believed to be a chief cause of odor in diapers, wound dressings and catamenial products. Specifically, polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose, may be chemically modifled by attacking the hydroxyl groups in a portion of the anhydrous glucose units of these polymers with an oxidizing agent to convert the hydroxyl group to aldehyde groups, the products of the oxidation hereinafter being termed aldehyde polysaccharides." It has been discovered that these polysaccharides can be provided in the form of absorbent fibers and so can obviate the problems associated with prior deodorizers in that they can conveniently and effectively be incorporated into the dressings of this invention. For example, fibrous cellulose may be oxidized to the aldehyde form and will, in all important respects, exhibit the properties of the unoxidized fibers with the exception that the oxidized fibers will be effective deodorizers. In another example, starch may be oxidized and incorporated into a viscose rayon spinning solution. In this manner, an alloy fiber having deodorizing properties may be provided. Again, the resulting fibers will have the physical characteristic of non-deodorizing fibers now commonly used in the dressings of this invention and so will be easily incorporated into these dressings in a manner compatible with current manufacturing procedures.
It has been discovered that if only a small portion of the fibers ofa dressing pad comprise aldehyde polysaccharide, the odor intensity of amine compounds absorbed onto the pad is significantly reduced. The capacity for reducing the odor intensities of amines is a function of the percent conversion of the polysaccharide to the aldehyde form as well as the quantity of converted polysaccharide incorporated into the absorbent pad. In general, these parameters should be chosen to produce an odor reduction of at least about 30 percent based on an objective organoleptic evaluation test such as the one described hereinafter, using a model odorant such as dimethylamine. As an example, a pad comprising as little as 5 percent by weight ofthe aldehyde polysaccharide fibers (i.e., the weight percent of the fibers comprising polysaccharide treated to convert a portion of the polymers to the aldehyde form) will reduce the odor intensity of dimethylamine by almost percent. A reduction of percent may be accomplished by increasing the aldehyde polysaccharide fiber content of the pad to percent by weight. The percent of conversion of hydroxyl groups on the polymer chain may vary widely and still produce an effective deodorizer. As used herein, the term percent conversion is defined as the percentage of hydroxyl groups converted to the aldehyde form based on the total number of hydroxyl groups on the unconverted polysaccharide chain.
A polysaccharide having a percentage conversion as low as 5 percent can be effective as a deodorizer. From a practical point of view, however, little additional cost is involved in converting polysaccharides to percentage conversions of about 30-60 percent with concomitant increased deodorizing effectivity. In the case of cellulose fibers, a percent conversion of more than 60 percent generally adversely affects such product-related properties as fiber grindability, product uniformity, and web strength and should be avoided where these properties are important. On the other hand, starch may be converted beyond the 60 percent level without such adverse effects.
It has further been discovered that it is advantageous to place the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers in greatest concentrations at those portions of the absorbent pad where the fluid being absorbed first enters (hereinafter referred to as the top of the pad). In this way, the efficiency of the deodorizer is greatly enhanced. Preferably, at least 65 percent by weight of the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers should be distributed in the top half of the pad and still more preferably, at least 50 percent should be distributed in the top third of the pad.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The aldehyde polysaccharide, incorporated into a dressing in accordance with this invention, may be made by starting with a wide variety of natural and synthetic polysaccharide materials such as, for example, starch and such cellulosics as wood pulp, rayon, cotton, flax and the like. Preferably, the starting material chosen is one which is in the form of absorbent fibers or can be extruded or otherwise shaped into this form and will be compatible with the manufacturing and the use of the dressing when incorporated with additional absorbent material in forming an absorbent pad.
Polysaccharide, from any of these sources, may be oxidized to the herein prescribed aldehyde form by the action of an oxidizing agent attacking the hydroxyl groups on the anhydrous glucose units of the polymer chain. For example, when sodium periodate is chosen as the oxidizing agent, the vicinal hydroxyl groups in the anhydrous glucose unit are attacked to form two aldehyde groups, the resulting product having the structure:
54 -.Polymarchain The reaction of cellulose with sodium periodate may be carried out in accordance with the teachings of US.
Pat. No. 3,086,969, issued to James E. Slager on Apr. 23, 1963. The cellulose is contacted and allowed to react with a periodic acid solution, the percent conversion of hydroxyl groups to the aldehyde form being controlled by selecting the proper molar ratio of the reactants and the time for conducting the reaction. For example, at reaction temperatures of about 2540C., the reaction time may vary from about three to about five hours. While it is preferred that the oxidizing agent by sodium periodate, it will be understood that various other agents may be used to produce an effective form of aldehyde polysaccharide. For example, such diverse oxidizing agents as chromic acid, alkaline hypocholorite, hydrogen peroxide or even ozone may be employed.
Irrespective of which method is used to oxidize the hydroxyl groups on the polymer chain, the extent of the reaction may be controlled to provide the preferred conversions prescribed herein by choosing the proper molar ratio of reactants and limiting the time of reaction, in accordance with methods well-known in the art. It has been discovered that a percent conversion of as little as 5 percent, when used in a pad, is effective as a deodorizer for obnoxious odors resulting from amine compounds. Preferably, a percent conversion of at least 30 percent should be used.
When even small amounts of aldehyde polysaccharide having the above prescribed percent conversions are combined with the other absorbent materials in the pad, a significant deodorizing effect is evidenced with respect to amines. For example, while as little as 5 percent by weight percent will produce this result, it is preferable to provide, in such products as the wound dressings, diapers and catamenial dressings at least about 10 percent weight of the prescribed aldehyde polysaccharide and preferably at least 25 percent.
The dressings of this invention are highly effective in reducing odors caused by a wide variety of amines which have been found to be present in such dressings such as, for example, mono, or diand trimethyl amines; mono, diand tri-ethyl amines; and monodi and tripropyl amines, in addition to the more complex. cyclic amines such as indole and skatole (methyl indole).
The specific reason for the effectiveness of the dressings of this invention is not yet known. It niay be speculated that the aldehyde groups react with the primary amines in one of several ways. There could be a monoadduct formation reaction,
the formation of an adduct with two units where the aldehyde groups are on the same or different chains,
the formation of a Schiff base type compound,
In a similar fashion, secondary amines may react to form an adduct,
In the preceding notation, R represents the polysaccharide chain and R and R represent alkyl or heterocyclic structures of the amines.
All of the preceding reactions are based on the presence of labile hydrogen on the amine. Inasmuch as there is no labile hydrogen group on tertiary amines, these reactions are completely unsatisfactory in explaining the observed effectiveness of the products of this invention with respect to such tertiary amines.
In accordance with this invention, the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers are incorporated in the absorbent pads used in such products as wound dressings, diapers, sanitary napkins and tampons. Generally, the absorbent pads for each of these products are formed from a bulk supply of absorbent fluff such as ground wood pulp board. regenerated cellulosic fibers, or the like. A small portion of this bulk fluff may comprise aldehyde polysaccharide, such as, for example, cellulose fibers which have been oxidized to the aldehyde form. This oxidizing treatment does not significantly alter the physical characteristics of the fibers and so the treated fibers may easily be uniformly blended with untreated fibers. the mixing being essentially that of homogeneous material and hence, a uniform mixture is easily attainable. Further. because the modified fibers are physically the same as the unmodified fibers. the problems of retention in the absorbent pads. heretofore associated with other deodorizers. is completely obviated; the modified fibers are entangled and held in place with the remaining fibers in the pad.
Alternatively, in the case where regenerated cellulose fibers are used, the aldehyde polysaccharide may be incorporated directly into the viscose dope prior to spinning the regenerated cellulose fibers through the spinnerettes. U.S. Pat. No. 2,796,656 issued to Joseph W. Schappel, et al., on June 25, 1957, describes a process for forming so called alloy fibers" incorporating substituted cellulose such as carboxymethyl cellulose polymers into the regenerated cellulose fibers. In a like manner, the aldehyde polysaccharides of this invention, e.g.. aldehyde cellulose and aldehyde starch may be incorporated to form an alloy fiber having deodorizing properties. These alloy fibers may be used alone or together with other non-deodorizing fibers in the absorbent pad.
While an effective dressing can be produced by distributing the aldehyde polysaccharide uniformly throughout the absorbent pad, it has been discovered that, particularly with thick pads. the use of the alde hyde polysaccharide is enhanced by placing the same in that portion of the pad which first contacts the body discharge (i.e., the top portion). In the case of sanitary napkins and diapers, this is the portion from which the odorants are most likely to evolve during use. For example, a pad uniformly distributed with a quantity of a specific aldehyde cellulose fiber of about 25 percent by weight of the total pad reduces the odor of a model amine odorant by percent, in accordance with the organoleptic testing method herein described. In contrast with this, a pad comprising only 5 percent of the same aldehyde cellulose, distributed uniformly in only the top third of the pad (the portion on which the odorant is first introduced) reduces the odor level by 56 percent, i.e., one-fifth the deodorant accomplishes more than about two-thirds of the reduction. It is important to note, in this connection that this result is accomplished even though the odorant is first applied and then allowed to equilibrate on the pad so that it is thoroughly and uniformly distributed throughout the pad before organoleptic evaluations are made. In general. it has been found that with a given quantity of the deodorizer, a substantial increase in deodorization may be achieved by distributing the aldehyde polysaccharide fibers so that at least 65 percent by weight of such fibers (based on total weight of such fibers present in the pad) are distributed in the top half of the pad. Preferably, at least 50 percent should be distributed in the top third of the pad.
Absorbent pads, made in accordance with the teachings of the invention, are organoleptically evaluated and the examples which follow, illustrate the advantages which accrue. For the purposes of these examples, an evaluation procedure, hereinafter referred to as the Modified Ratio Scale Organoleptic Evaluation Method, is employed.
THE MODIFIED RATIO SCALE ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION METHOD This method is devised so that data obtained from an organoleptic appraisal panel may produce an evaluation of a sample characterizet'l as an absolute value for odor intensity. Thus, not only can the difference between two samples ofan odorant placed in different en vironments (e.g., on a pad with and without deodorizer) be detected. but further. the evaluation will indi' cate, quantitatively, as to whether the odor intensities of the samples are strong or weak. For example, one sample may contain a deodorizer which is many times as effective as that contained in a second sample. This notwithstanding, both deodorizers may only produce a small decrease in the odor intensity, all of which is indicated by the subject evaluation method.
The first step in this method is to determine the threshold concentration of the odorant. The method used is described by Fred H. Steiger in Chemical Technology, Volume I, p. 225, April, 1971, wherein the determination of the odor threshold concentration for ethylamine is described, applying the Weibull distribution function. Generally, this procedure requires the gathering of Organoleptic data from a panel presented with a series of samples containing odorant in increasing concentrations in order to determine the concentration level at which an arbitrary percentage of the panelists can detect the odor. For the purposes of the current evaluation that arbitrary percentage is chosen as the cumulative 50 percent level. As so determined, the threshold concentration of the odorant is specific to the odorant and the conditions of the sampling procedure.
The method employed herein for panel evaluation is to present each panelist with a series of samples, in a sampling apparatus which consists of an opaque, one
pint, polyethylene Mason jar having a polyethylene screw cap fitted onto its neck. The jar is internally lined with a polyethylene bag and a Buchner funnel is fitted above the cap, with the narrow outlet portion of the funnel, below the filter plate of the funnel, extending through the cap and into the lined jar. A sample is placed in the jar, the jar is capped with the Buchner funnel fitted in place and a watch glass is placed across the wide inlet portion of the funnel. The sample is then allowed to equilibrate for one hour at ambient conditions. For the purpose of the threshold determination, the samples each comprise a specific concentration of the odorant in a water solution, a total of 3 ml. of solution being placed in the jar. A panel of about 30 women are presented with a series of equilibrated samples of increasing concentration and, starting with a sample at zero concentration (water only), are asked to report the first sample having a detectable odor. The panelists are instructed to sniff each samplein turn, pausing 30 seconds between samplings. The accumulated data is organized to establish the cumulative percentage of the panel which detects an odor at each concentration level corresponding to each sample. The data, so organized, is plotted as described in the aforementioned Steiger article on Weibull Probability Paper with the concentration as the abscissa and the cumulative percentage ofthe panel as the ordinate. The concentration at 50 percent is then taken as the threshold concentration.
Having established the threshold value, the Modified Ratio Scale Method is applied by preparing a master curve. Using the same testing apparatus, a series of samples are prepared and presented to the panel wherein the concentrations of odorant are in multiples of the threshold concentration. One of these samples must be 20 times the threshold concentration. In accordance with the standard method of Ratio Scaling, each panelist is asked to evaluate the set of samples before her and to assign a value to the odor intensity of each sample in proportion to the intensity of the other samples. The panelists are free to choose whatever scale they wish. For example, a panelist may assign 10 to the strongest sample. A sample having half the intensity, in accordance with this panelists evaluation, would then be assigned a value of 5. The accumulated data then consists of a series of evaluations at each multiple of threshold concentration for each panelist, each series being based upon the individual panelists scale. Arbitrarily, a ratio scale value of 100 is assigned to the sample concentration of times threshold concentration. Each of the panelists evaluations are then proportioned to bring their individual scales to the basis of 100 for 20 times threshold concentration. For example, the evaluations of a panelist assigning a value of 10 to a first sample having a concentration of 20 times threshold concentration and 5 to a second sample having 4 times threshold concentration will be proportioned to show, for that panelist, a value of 100 for the first sample and a value of 50 for the second sample. The data is now organized so that, for each sample corresponding to a specific multiple of the threshold concentration, there is a series of Ratio Values, all on the same scale (20 times Threshold Concentration 100) corresponding to each panelists evaluation of this sample. The geometric means of the ratio values for each sample is calculated and that value is taken as the Ratio Value for that multiple of threshold concentration.
When the log of the Ratio Value is plotted, as the ordinate, against the log of the multiple of threshold concentration, a straight line, fitted to the data points between 3 to 20 times threshold concentration gives an excellent correlation.
It has been discovered that irrespective of which amine odorant is tested, when a threshold concentration is determined for that specific odorant and the method of constructing a Master Curve as described above is followed, the resulting Master Curves are superimposable between multiples of threshold concentration of about 3 to about 20.
Interestingly, the curve obtained in this way for a chemically dissimilar material (isobutyric acid) also was superimposable on the Master Curve for the amines.
The Master Curve may now be used to evaluate the odor intensity of any odorant when placed in any environment such as, for example, on a pad of untreated cellulosic fibers or on a pad of fibers containing deodorizing material and, in addition to obtaining comparisons between the relative intensity of the samples tested, an absolute measure of the intensity of each sample may be obtained. To do this, the panel is presented with a series of samples, one of which is a standard sample consisting of a known concentration of the odorant being tested in an environment identical to that used in producing the Master Curve. Preferably, this standard sample is chosen as having 20 times the threshold concentration and hence, a Ratio Value of on the Master Curve. The panelists are again asked to evaluate the series of samples using whatever scale they choose. Based on the value which each panelist gives to the intensity of the standard sample, all other values given by the panelist are proportioned so as to be consistent with the rating of the standard sample, e.g., a panelist assigning a value of 50 to the standard sample and 5 to a second sample of unknown intensity will have these values proportioned so the standard will be given a Ratio Value of 100 and the unknown sample given a Ratio Value of 10. By referring to the Master Curve, it can be determined that the panelists now proportioned Ratio Value of 10 for the second sample is equivalent to an odor intensity of a certain number of multiples of threshold concentration as read from the Master Curve, e.g., 1.2. Said in other words, the odor intensity of the sample of unknown intensity, in the test environment, is the same as a sample having an odorant concentration of 1.2 times the threshold concentration in the standard environment.
The following examples illustrate the advantages of this invention.
EXAMPLE I Water washed, three denier rayon is reacted in a solution of 0.5 molar sodium metaperiodate, the solution having a pH of 2. The reaction occurs at room temperature and is allowed to continue for 6 hours. Oxidized rayon fibers are obtained and are analyzed by the method of J. J. Willard and R. F. Schwenker, Jr., Textile Research Journal, 35, p. 564 (June, 1965), indicating a 20 percent conversion of the hydroxyl groups of the anhydrous glucose units to the aldehyde form. A second sample is prepared allowing the rayon to react for 24 hours. Analysis indicates a 34 percent conversron.
Threshold concentrations are determined by a panel of 17 individuals using ethylamine as the odorant and using the procedures and apparatus described above. In each case, three milliliters of a water solution of ethylamine at the concentrations shown in the table below are introduced into the sampling apparatus. A first series of samples contain only the ethylamine solution, a second contain grams of unoxidized water washed rayon fibers, as a control. Third and fourth series of samples contain 5 grams of the and 34 percent converted rayon fibers, respectively. Each series is presented to the panelists in order of concentration and the panelists are asked to identify the first sample which has a detectable odor. The order of presentation of each series is randomized.
The results are reported in Table I along with the eumulative 50 percent level as calculated by use of the Weibull distribution function, referenced above.
TABLE l lowing examples, the multiples of threshold concentration of the solution applied to the wood pulp pad will be referred to as the Applied Odor Units. A Master Curve is prepared, as described above, and the values reported by the panelists are averaged for each sample tested, using the geometric mean and put on a standard basis using this Master Curve. This value is referred to as the Reported Odor Units, i.e.. the odor intensity which is equivalent to the intensity of a sample in the standard environment. at the concentration of the odorant equal to the Reported Odor Units times the threshold concentration.
EXAMPLE I] This example illustrates the effects of varying the percent conversion of aldehyde cellulose. uniformly distributed in an absorbent pad of untreated wood pulp. The treated cellulose consists of fibrous wood pulp PERCENTAGE OF PANEL DETECTING ODOR Solution Water Washed 207: Converted 347: Converted Only Rayon Control Rayon Rayon Concentration of Ethylamine (grams/ml X 10) 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.88 O 0 O 0 1.8 0 6 6 l2 3.5 l8 l2 l8 12 7.0 47 l8 l2 14.0 82 88 Z9 24 28.0 88 100 29 24 56.0 100 100 35 24 112.0 -l00 l00 71 35 224.0 100 100 94 53 Greater than 224 100 l00 100 I00 Calculated Threshold Concentration: 9A 7.2 68 250 As the above table indicates, the water solution and the untreated rayon control are essentially organoleptic equivalents showing a 50 percent threshold ethylamine concentration of between 7.2 and 9.4 X 10 gm/ml. In dramatic contrast, the threshold concentration for samples containing 20 and 34 percent converted aldehyde rayon is increased to 68 X 10 and 250 X 10 gm/ml, respectively. That is to say, the presence of the aldewhich is oxidized to the extent indicated in the Table ll below using periodic acid as the oxidizing agent. Each of the samples tested consists of 3 milliliters ofthe odorant solution applied to a 2 gram pad consisting of 1 gram of the aldehyde cellulose and 1 gram of wood pulp at the percent conversion indicated in Table ll, below. Triethylamine is used as the odorant in two tests, applying two different quantities of odorant, and di- TABLE I1 Applied Odor Units Reported Odor Units Odorant 2 gm Untreated 1 gm Untreated 1 gm Untreated 1 gm Untreated l gm Untreated Pulp Pulp p Pulp Pulp 1 gm 7% Con- 1 gm 40% Conl gm 54% Con 1 gm 57% Converted Aldcverted Alde vcrted Alde verted Aldehyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose hyde Cellulose Triethylamine 2O 12 4 3 3 Triethylamine 43 36 15 8 6 Dimethylamine I24 78 42 28 I0 hyde rayon has so depressed the odor intensity of the ethylamine, that the cumulative percent threshold level reported is about 8 times that of the controls in one case and 30 times in the other.
The Modified Ratio Scale Organoleptical Evaluation method is used to illustrate the effectiveness of aldehyde cellulose as a deodorizer when combined with wood pulp in an absorbent pad. A panel of 35 individuals is used and the standard environment consists of 3 ml of odorant solution applied to a 2.0 gram pad of wood pulp. For purposes of this example, and the folcreased so that at a percent conversion of 57, the odor intensity is reduced down to a value of from about 8 to 15 percent of the standard value. It should be pointed out that the method of evaluating the panelists data as EXAMPLE III This example illustrates the effect of varying the applied odor intensity on an absorbent pad having a quantity of aldehyde cellulose of a constant percentage conversion. The absorbent pads tested each consist of 0.5
Table III Applied Odor Units As Table III indicates, the aldehyde wood pulp blend tested generally shows a relatively constant percent reduction in the odor intensity of the triethylamine, irrespective of the level of odor intensity, the reduced intensity varying from 30 to 58 percent of the standard.
EXAMPLE IV This example illustrates the effect of placement of the aldehyde pulp in the absorbent pad. Four types of pads are prepared all having a total of 0.34 gms of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose and 1.66 grams of wood pulp. The pads were made up of three layers, each of which had fibers uniformly distributed therethrough in accordance with the distribution shown in Table IV below. The samples are placed in the sampling apparatus and three milliliters of a solution of dimethylamine is pipetted onto the top surface of each sample, the solution having a concentration, based on the same standard as in the preceding examples, of 1 1O odor units. After allowing the samples to equilibrate, they are presented to the panel and evaluated in accordance with the methods described herein. The results are reported in Table IV.
Reported Odor Units 20 An examination of Table IV indicates that the best results are obtained when the aldehyde cellulose is located close to the top, i.e., the portion ofthe absorbent pad that first absorbs the odorant (sample I) and the worst results are obtained with the aldehyde cellulose located close to the bottom (sample 3). Intermediate results are obtained from the two additional alterna tives; sample 2, wherein the aldehyde cellulose is concentrated in the middle layer; and sample 4, wherein the aldehyde cellulose is uniformly distributed throughout the pad.
EXAMPLE V A series of pairs of fluff pad samples are prepared: the first of the pair, a standard sample, consisting of percent wood pulp and the second consisting of0.5 grams of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose fibers blended with 1.5 grams of wood pulp. Samples of menstrual fluids are collected and pooled and three milliliter aliquots are pipetted onto each of the two sample pads in the series. The samples are given to a panel for evaluation, the results of which are reported below in Table V. The odor level resulting from each standard sample in the series is determined from the Master Curve by comparison with a sample containing dimethylamine having an odor intensity of 20 times threshold and the value so determined is referred to in the following Table V as the Applied Odor Units.
TABLE V Reported Odor Units 0.5 gm. Aldehyde Cellulose (575 1 1.5 gm. Untreated Wood Pulp Applied Odor Units 2 gms. Untreated Pulp TABLE IV SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION REPORTED ODOR UNITS TOP LAYER MIDDLE LAYER BOTTOM LAYER I 0.34 gms. alde- 0.66 gms. wood 0.66 gms. wood hyde cellulose pulp pulp 14 0.34 gms. wood P p 2 0.66 gms. wood 0.34 gms. alde- 0.66 gms. wood pulp hyde cellulose pulp 30 0.34 gms. wood P p 066 gms. wood 0.66 gms. wood 0.34 gms. aldepulp pulp hydc cellulose 49 0.34 gms. wood P p 4 (HI gms. aldc- 0.ll gms. aldc- 0.ll gms aldehydc cellulose hyde cellulose hyde cellulose 25 0.55 gms. wood P 0.55 gms. wood P p 0.55 gms. wood P p 13 rated into the absorbent pad. Such alkaline salts as sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate may be used in quantities of about 005 gms. per gram of total absorbent pad and preferably about 0.1 gram/gram. To illustrate the added effects of this combination, the following example is given:
EXAM PLE VI A 3 ml. sample of menstrual fluid having a particularly low pH of less than 6.7 is chosen and applied to the standard 2 gram untreated wood pulp pad. After aging, the odor corresponds to 30 odor units. Three ml aliquots from the same menstrual fluid source are applied to three sample pads consisting of 1.5 gms. of untreated wood pulp and 0.5 gms. of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose fibers; 2.0 gms. of untreated pulp on the surface of which is spread 0.1 gms. of sodium bicarbonate in powdered form; and 1.5 gms. of untreated pulp, 0.5 gms. of 57 percent converted aldehyde cellulose fibers and 0.1 gms. of sodium bicarbonate. The samples are evaluated by a panel using the methods described in the previous example. The results are reported in Table VI.
TABLE VI 3. The product of claim 2 wherein said percent conversion is at least about 30 percent.
4. The product of claim 2 wherein said absorbent body comprises at least about 5 percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide.
S. The product of claim 4 wherein said absorbent body comprises at least about percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide.
6. The product of claim 1 wherein at least 65 percent by weight ofsaid aldehyde polysaccharide is distributed in the top half, by weight, of said absorbent body.
7. The product of claim 6 wherein at least 50 percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide is distributed in the top one-third by weight of said absorbent body.
8. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide comprises aldehyde cellulose fibers.
9. The product of claim 8 wherein said aldehyde cellulose fibers have a percent conversion to the aldehyde form of at least 5 percent and comprise at least about 5 percent by weight of said absorbent body.
10. The product of claim 9 wherein said aldehyde cellulose fibers have a percent conversion of at least about percent.
Applied Odor Units 2.0 gms Untreated 1.5 gms Untreated Pulp REPORTED ODOR UNITS 2.0 gms Untreated Pulp 1.5 gms Untreated Pulp Wood Pulp 0.5 gms 57% Aldehyde 0.1 gms NaHCO 0.5 gms 57% Aldehyde Cellulose Cellulose ().l gms llaHCO this greater reduction surprisingly being more effective than the sum of the individual reductions.
What is claimed is:
1. In a product for absorbing body fluids comprisingan absorbent body and having deodorizing properties, the improvement wherein said product comprises aldehyde polysaccharide having amine deodorizing properties.
2. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide has a percent conversion to the aldehyde form of at least 5 percent.
11. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide comprises a starch.
12. The product of claim 11 wherein said aldehyde starch has a percent conversion of at least 5 percent and comprises at least about 5 percent by weight of said absorbent body.
13. The product of claim 12 wherein said aldehyde starch has a percent conversion of at least about 30 percent.
14. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide is in the form of alloy fibers.
15. The product of claim 1 further comprising an alkali salt.
16. The product of claim 15 wherein said alkali salt is present in quantities of about 0.05 grams per gram of total absorbent body.
Claims (16)
1. IN A PRODUCT FOR ABSORBING BODY FLUIDS COMPRISING AN ABSORBENT BODY AND DEODORIZING PROPERITIES, THE IMPROVEMENT WHEREIN SAID PRODUCT COMPRISES ALDEHYDE POLYSACCHARIDE HAVING AMINE DEODORIZING PROPERITIES.
2. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide has a percent conversion to the aldehyde form of at least 5 percent.
3. The product of claim 2 wherein said percent conversion is at least about 30 percent.
4. The product of claim 2 wherein said absorbent body comprises at least about 5 percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide.
5. The product of claim 4 wherein said absorbent body comprises at least about 25 percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide.
6. The product of claim 1 wherein at least 65 percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide is distributed in the top half, by weight, of said absorbent body.
7. The product of claim 6 wherein at least 50 percent by weight of said aldehyde polysaccharide is distributed in the top one-third by weight of said absorbent body.
8. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide comprises aldehyde cellulose fibers.
9. The product of claim 8 wherein said aldehyde cellulose fibers have a percent conversion to the aldehyde form of at least 5 percent and comprise at least about 5 percent by weight of said absorbent body.
10. The product of claim 9 wherein said aldehyde cellulose fibers have a percent conversion of at least about 30 percent.
11. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide comprises a starch.
12. The product of claim 11 wherein said aldehyde starch has a percent conversion of at least 5 percent and comprises at least about 5 percent by weight of said absorbent body.
13. The product of claim 12 wherein said aldehyde starch has a percent conversion of at least about 30 percent.
14. The product of claim 1 wherein said aldehyde polysaccharide is in the form of alloy fibers.
15. The product of claim 1 further comprising an alkali salt.
16. The product of claim 15 wherein said alkali salt is present in quantities of about 0.05 grams per gram of total absorbent body.
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US403749A US3868955A (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1973-10-05 | Aldehyde polysaccharide dressings |
DE19752500162 DE2500162A1 (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-03 | MATERIAL FOR THE ABSORPTION OF BODY FLUIDS |
GB60375A GB1477571A (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-07 | Absorbent dressing |
AT10375A AT338980B (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-08 | DEODORIZING PRODUCT SUITABLE FOR THE ABSORPTION OF BODY FLUIDS |
BE152344A BE824345A (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-13 | ABSORBENT PRODUCTS CONTAINING ALDEHYDIC POLYSACCHARIDES |
ZM6/75A ZM675A1 (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-14 | Aldehyde polysaccharide dressings |
LU71650A LU71650A1 (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-14 | |
FR7501023A FR2297636A1 (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-14 | DRESSINGS CONSISTING OF ALDEHYDIC POLYSACCHARIDES |
NLAANVRAGE7500428,A NL189748C (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1975-01-14 | SHAPED ABSORBENT PRODUCT. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US403749A US3868955A (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1973-10-05 | Aldehyde polysaccharide dressings |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3868955A true US3868955A (en) | 1975-03-04 |
Family
ID=23596866
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US403749A Expired - Lifetime US3868955A (en) | 1973-10-05 | 1973-10-05 | Aldehyde polysaccharide dressings |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3868955A (en) |
AT (1) | AT338980B (en) |
BE (1) | BE824345A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2500162A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2297636A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1477571A (en) |
LU (1) | LU71650A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL189748C (en) |
ZM (1) | ZM675A1 (en) |
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DE3834797A1 (en) * | 1988-10-12 | 1990-04-19 | Demhartner Gmbh & Co Kg R | Multi-layer laminate for incontinence prevention |
WO1992016681A3 (en) * | 1991-03-22 | 1992-11-12 | Weyerhaeuser Co | Binder coated discontinuous fibers with adhered particulate materials |
US5230959A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1993-07-27 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Coated fiber product with adhered super absorbent particles |
US5498478A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1996-03-12 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Polyethylene glycol as a binder material for fibers |
US5760212A (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1998-06-02 | Smith; David Jay | Temporary wet strength additives |
US6348423B1 (en) * | 1996-09-05 | 2002-02-19 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Multilayered wound dressing |
EP1192885A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2002-04-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Disposable moisture vapour permeable, liquid impermeable covering sheet for bedding articles containing active agents |
US20040001879A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-01 | Guo Jian Xin | Hemostatic wound dressing and method of making same |
US20040005350A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-08 | Looney Dwayne Lee | Hemostatic wound dressings and methods of making same |
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US20040121681A1 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2004-06-24 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Absorbent articles containing an activated carbon substrate |
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US4296234A (en) * | 1973-12-19 | 1981-10-20 | Lever Brothers Company | Absorbent materials |
US4105033A (en) * | 1974-12-09 | 1978-08-08 | Personal Products Company | Powdered grafted cellulose |
FR2358140A1 (en) * | 1976-07-16 | 1978-02-10 | Johnson & Johnson | COMPOSITIONS AGAINST PERSPIRATION AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION |
US4263274A (en) * | 1976-07-16 | 1981-04-21 | Johnson & Johnson | Antiperspirant compositions and methods |
US4793336A (en) * | 1981-03-25 | 1988-12-27 | Wang Paul Y | Wound coverings and processes for their preparation |
US4753643A (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1988-06-28 | Aprica Kassai Kabushikikaisha | Disposable diaper |
DE3834797A1 (en) * | 1988-10-12 | 1990-04-19 | Demhartner Gmbh & Co Kg R | Multi-layer laminate for incontinence prevention |
US5230959A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1993-07-27 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Coated fiber product with adhered super absorbent particles |
US5432000A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1995-07-11 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Binder coated discontinuous fibers with adhered particulate materials |
US5498478A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1996-03-12 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Polyethylene glycol as a binder material for fibers |
US5516585A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1996-05-14 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Coated fiber product with adhered super absorbent particles |
US6270893B1 (en) | 1989-03-20 | 2001-08-07 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Coated fiber product with adhered super absorbent particles |
WO1992016681A3 (en) * | 1991-03-22 | 1992-11-12 | Weyerhaeuser Co | Binder coated discontinuous fibers with adhered particulate materials |
US5760212A (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1998-06-02 | Smith; David Jay | Temporary wet strength additives |
US6348423B1 (en) * | 1996-09-05 | 2002-02-19 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Multilayered wound dressing |
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WO2002028237A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2002-04-11 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Disposable, moisture vapour permeable, liquid impermeable covering sheet containing active agents |
US20030163870A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2003-09-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Disposable, moisture vapour permeable, liquid impermeable covering sheet containing active agents |
US6821383B2 (en) | 2001-03-28 | 2004-11-23 | National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation | Preparation of modified fluff pulp, fluff pulp products and use thereof |
US20040001879A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-01 | Guo Jian Xin | Hemostatic wound dressing and method of making same |
US20040005350A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-08 | Looney Dwayne Lee | Hemostatic wound dressings and methods of making same |
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US20040101548A1 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2004-05-27 | Pendharkar Sanyog Manohar | Hemostatic wound dressing containing aldehyde-modified polysaccharide |
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EP1424087A1 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2004-06-02 | Ethicon, Inc. | Wound dressing containing aldehyde-modified regenerated polysaccharide |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
LU71650A1 (en) | 1975-06-24 |
AT338980B (en) | 1977-09-26 |
BE824345A (en) | 1975-07-14 |
ZM675A1 (en) | 1976-08-23 |
FR2297636B1 (en) | 1979-06-29 |
ATA10375A (en) | 1977-01-15 |
GB1477571A (en) | 1977-06-22 |
DE2500162A1 (en) | 1976-07-08 |
FR2297636A1 (en) | 1976-08-13 |
NL189748C (en) | 1993-07-16 |
NL189748B (en) | 1993-02-16 |
NL7500428A (en) | 1976-07-16 |
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