US3885518A - Ribbon inking apparatus - Google Patents
Ribbon inking apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3885518A US3885518A US473796A US47379674A US3885518A US 3885518 A US3885518 A US 3885518A US 473796 A US473796 A US 473796A US 47379674 A US47379674 A US 47379674A US 3885518 A US3885518 A US 3885518A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ribbon
- roller
- inking
- roll
- ink
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J31/00—Ink ribbons; Renovating or testing ink ribbons
- B41J31/14—Renovating or testing ink ribbons
Definitions
- Ink and ribbons may be loaded into the apparatus without [56] References Cited physical contact with ink or any inking surface within the apparatus.
- a metering roller used in conjunction UNITED STATES PATENTS with an inking roller and pressure roller provide an 872,239 11/1907 Kline .1 118/13 even flow of ink for application to the ribbon while a guide system assures that the ribbon is wound evenly 1315:5221 1 1927 Harris v.
- the invention relates to apparatus for inking ribbons, particularly apparatuses for re-inking ribbons utilized with line printers.
- Prior Art Line printers such as those utilized in conjunction with computers in recent years have become widely used, not only as a tool for science and engineering, but also as a vital part of many business operations.
- the line printers and the computers which drive the line printers are housed in what can be described as a controlled environment. This is done to prevent exposure of the expensive computer equipment of contaminants such as moisture and to damaging tempertures.
- the line printers used in these operations most often utilize ribbons, such as cloth ribbons, as a source of ink for the original or top copy on the printer.
- ribbons such as cloth ribbons
- These costly ribbons because of the speed of the printer and the quantity of printing required, need to be changed frequently where the printer is in continuous use.
- these ribbons were frequently discarded or returned to a separate facility for re-inking.
- the prior art inking equipment because of its large size and messy operation, are not suitable for use in the controlled computer environment.
- the presently disclosed inking apparatus provides a compact, clean operating device particularly suitable for operation within a clean and controlled environment.
- the apparatus permits the ribbons to be re-inked in the controlled environment and hence allows the ribbons to be re-used. Testing with the apparatus has shown that ribbons may be re-used at least live or six times before being discarded.
- the presently disclosed apparatus provides substantial cost reductions in the operation of line printers.
- the inking apparatus includes a pair of parallel drive rollers which include spring loaded spindles upon which the ribbon to be inked is placed.
- An inking roller, metering roller and pressure roller are disposed between the drive rollers and are utilized to apply ink to the ribbon.
- a trough located beneath the inking roller permits ink from an inkwell to be applied to the inking roller. After the ink on the inking roller has been metered with the metering roller, it comes in contact with the ribbon at the area on that roller which abuts the pressure roller.
- One of the spindles coupled to a drive roller includes a mechanism for axially driving that roller to assure that the ribbon is wound evenly on the roller.
- the control for this guiding means includes a photo cell and light.
- the inkwell contains a pump to permit ink to be continuously circulated onto the trough and back into the well.
- the inkwell includes a filling port which terminates in a spike. permitting sealed bottles of ink to be inserted into the port and tapped by the spike, thereby preventing ink from splashing or spilling.
- the general size and shape of the apparatus is such that it may be readily utilized in a controlled environment and no special handling equipment is required to utilize the apparatus. Additionally. no special training or skills are required to operate the apparatus.
- FIG. I is a perspective view of the ribbon inking apparatus showing the lid of the device closed and illustrating the control switches and filling port.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional top view of the apparatus of FIG. I taken through section line 2-2 of FIGS. l and 3.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of the apparatus taken through section line 3-3 of FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 and the insert view FIG. 4a are cross-sectional end views of the apparatus taken through section lines 4-4 and 4a-4a respectively, of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional end view of the apparatus taken through section line 5-5 of FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional end view of the apparatus taken through section lines 6-6 of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 7 is an expanded partial plan view of the guiding means for the takeup roller which illustrates that por tion of FIG. 2 shown within section lines 7-7.
- FIG. 8 is a partial view of a portion of the guiding means taken through section lines 8-8 of FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 is another expanded partial view illustrating a portion of the guiding means for the takeup roller taken through section line 9-9 of FIG. 8.
- FIG. 10 is an expanded partial cross-sectional view of the trough and tray which supply ink to the inking roller and the lines coupling the trough and tray with the inkwell.
- FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional side view of the apparatus used to illustrate the mechanism for raising and lowering a shield which is used to cover the inking roller when the lid is raised.
- FIG. 12 is an end view of the mechanism illustrated in FIG. 11.
- the illustrated ribbon inking apparatus 10 includes a housing, controls illustrated as switches and light 18, an inkwell filling port 19 and a lid 1] which includes a pressure roller mounted within the housing I7 which is a part of lid 11.
- the ribbon which is to be inked is wound on a spool or bobbin (hereinafter referred to as a roll) when it is removed from a printer.
- a roll a spool or bobbin
- the ribbon and roll illustrated as roll 15 is placed between the spring loaded spindle 35 and spindle 75.
- the other end of the ribbon which is on a roll 16 is placed between spindles 33 and 34.
- the initial winding of the ribbon (prior to the inking of the ribbon) from roll to roll 16 shall be referred to as the non-inking pass while the winding of the ribbon from roll 16 to roll 15 shall be referred to as the inking pass.
- the unit is housed within a generally rectangular shaped housing which comprises end plates 38, a front plate 78 and a rear plate 79 which define the outside walls of the unit.
- a pair of internal side plates 76 and 77 are disposed between the end plate 38.
- the lid 17 as shown in FIG. 12 is hinged to side plate 77 by hinges such as hinge 66.
- the entire housing, including a bottom plate and the lid. may be fabricated from ordinary metal parts such as aluminum or steel.
- the ribbons which are to be inked or re-inked by the apparatus are generally wound between two elongated. hollow cylindrical cores of cardboard or plastic. Two such cores or rolls are illustrated particularly in FIG. 2 at takeup roll 15 and 16.
- the drive mechanism for these rolls includes for the case of roll 16 a fixed spindle 34 and a spring loaded spindle 33.
- the spindles are shaped to permit the roll to be rigidly held between the spindles and by the action of the spring within spindle 33, spindle 33 in conjunction with spindle 34 compressively holds the roll in place.
- the feedroll 16 is coupled to a motor and gear box 43 through a belt 44.
- the takeup roll 15 is similarly held between a spring loaded spindle 35 and a spindle 75.
- Spindle 75 in addition to rotating, moves inwardly and outwardly in the directions indicated by arrow 80 so as to assure an even rolling of the ribbon onto the takeup roll 15 during the inking pass.
- the spring loaded spindle 35 is coupled to motor and gear box 45 by belt 46.
- Both motor and gear boxes 43 and 45 are rigidly coupled to side plate 77 and include pulleys which extend into the space defined by side plate 77 and rear plate 79.
- the motors, gear box, pulleys and spindles may be ordinary commercially available parts.
- the pressure roller 14 which is an elongated cylindrical member having a synthetic rubber coating, is axially disposed on axle 81 and freely rotates on this axle on bearings 82.
- the entire pressure roller assembly, including the motor 53, are mounted within lid 11 and contained within the pressure roller housing 17 (FIG. I).
- a pair of springs 52 are coupled to axle 81 and urge the axle downward towards the inking roller 12. With the pressure roller 14 in its upper position, as shown in FIG. 4, the axle 81 is prevented from moving downward by fingers 51 which engage eccentric sections 50 of axle 82.
- motor 53 causes axle 81 to rotate approximately 180 causing the axle 81 and hence the pressure roller 14 to drop downward and apply pressure to a ribbon disposed between the pressure roller 14 and the inking roller 12 since the fingers 51 ride into the eccentric sections 50.
- Limit switches not illustrated cause motor 53 to stop after the axle 81 has rotated approximately 180 as it does at the beginning of the inking pass, and an additional limit switch causes the motor 53 to stop rotating when the roller 14 is brought to its upper position, as shown in FIG. 4, at the end of the inking pass.
- the path of the roller 14 as the eccentric sections 50 ride along the rigid fingers 51, is illustrated in FIG. 5.
- the springs 52 urge roller 14 onto a ribbon disposed between 14 and roller 12 with a force of approximately 40 lbs.
- roller 14 is not as long as roller 12 thus roller 12 extends beyond the ends of roller 14 defining a pair of sections 83. Additionally, the rollers 12 and 14 are of a correct length so as to alow the edges ofa ribbon in the apparatus to fall within sections 83. With such arrangement. ink on the inking roller 12 does not contact the pressure roller 14 and thus when the lid 11 is open no ink will appear on roller 14. This has significant utility since it is one feature which permits the apparatus to be utilized without coming contact with ink.
- the inking roller 12 is an elongated, cylindrical roller mounted on bearings between the side plates 76 and 77. This roller is driven by gear box motor 39 via a belt 41 and a pulley 40 as clearly illustrated in FIG. 3. In the presently preferred embodiment this roller comprises an aluminum member. Also in the presently preferred embodiment the takeup roll 15 is driven slightly faster than the inking roller 12 during the inking pass to produce a constant tension to the ribbon between rollers 12 and 14 and the takeup roller 15.
- a metering roller 13 which comprises an elongated, cylindrical metal member, is mounted for free rotation between the side plates 76 and 77 as may be seen in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5.
- the metering roller 13 includes an undercut between its ends 84.
- the ends 84 of roller 13 firmly abut inking roller 12 while the undercuts section 85 is spaced apart from roller 12.
- This undercut allows the inking roller 12 to contain a uniform supply of ink.
- the inking roller 12 rotates in the direction indicated by arrow 88.
- the inking roller is wetted as it rotates through the ink contained on trough 23.
- the inking roller 12 rotates along side the metering roller 13 the ink picked up from trough 23 is evenly distributed along the roller 12 by the action of the undercut 85. Note that because of the direction of rotation of inking roller 12, ink is metered onto that roller by roller 13 prior to the time that the roller engages the ribbon 64. In the presently preferred embodiment the metering roller 13 is undercut by approximately 0.0005 inches (five ten thousandths). Springs 87 also allow the metering roller to move further away from the inking roller when a particle is picked up by the inking roller, thereby preventing the metering roller or inking roller from becoming damaged.
- the inking system which is utilized to apply ink to the inking roller 12 as will be seen, may be filled without an individual coming into contact with ink, and this feature and other features of the ribbon inking apparatus allows this apparatus to be utilized in a controlled environment such as in a room that includes computer equipment and computer controlled printers.
- the inking system includes a storage or inkwell for storing ink.
- This generally rectangular shaped vessel is coupled to the base of the apparatus abutting one end plate 38 and disposed between the side plates 76 and 77.
- the well 20 is filled through the filling port 19 which comprises a generally cylindrical opening adaptable to receive a bottle 30.
- the lower end of the port 19 terminates in a cylindrical socket 36 which includes thread 32 adaptable for engaging mating threads 86 disposed about the exterior of the neck of bottle 30.
- the lower portion of socket 36 includes ports 37 allowing the interior of the socket to communicate with the interior of the well 20.
- a spike 31 is axially disposed within socket 36 and includes a sharp point which is utilized to pierce a seal included within the neck of bottle 30.
- Bottle 30, which may be a plastic bottle, after being filled with ink. is sealed with a seal disposed within the neck of the bottle. Thus, the bottle may be inverted, as shown in FIG. 6, without ink running from the bottle.
- the threads 86 of bottle, 30 are made to cooperatively engage the threads 32 of socket 36, spike 31 pieces the seal within the neck, causing the ink to run from the bottle 30 into well 20.
- the well may be filled without pouring ink or other operations which often result in ink being splashed or spilled.
- tray 22 comprising an elongated generally concave shaped member is disposed beneath the inking roller 12 between side plates 76 and 77.
- An elongated trough 23 is mounted within the interior of the concave tray 22 and is disposed immediately below inking roller 12. The space between the trough 23 and the inking roller 12 is such that ink within the trough 23 will come in contact with inking roller 12.
- the ink from well 20 is pumped through line 24 into trough 23. As roller 12 rotates it comes in contact with the ink or trough 23 and hence ink is applied to the inking roller before it comes in contact with the metering roller 13 and the ribbon.
- the ink within trough 23 is allowed to spill into tray 22 and from tray 22 the ink is returned via line 25 to the inkwell 20.
- the return line 25 is coupled to the inlet of a pump 26, pump 26 being submerged within the ink in well 20.
- the outlet from pump 26 is coupled to line 24, thus permitting pump 26 to pump ink returned from tray 22 through line 24 onto the trough 23.
- a shaft 28 couples pump 26 to an electric motor 27 disposed above the well 20. In the presently preferred embodiment when the apparatus begins the noninking pass.
- pump 26 begins to pump ink into trough 23 and the ink is continually circulated from the well 20 onto the trough 23, tray 22 and then back to the well 20. This continuous circulation of ink ensures that a consistent mixture of ink reaches the inking roller 12 and hence the ribbon 64.
- a liquid level sensing switch 29 is coupled to the top of well 20 extends into the interior of the well (FIG. 3). This switch operates an indicator light to indicate that ink should be added to the well. This switch may also be used to prevent the apparatus from operating with insufficient ink.
- a guide system is coupled to the takeup roller 15 to ensure that the ribbon is evenly and squarely wound onto the takeup roll 15.
- the guide system operates only on roller 15 during the inking pass. It has been found that a guide system is required during the non-inking pass although one may be installed on roller 16.
- the guide system causes the spindle to move axially inwardly and outwardly in the directions indicated by arrows in FIGS. 2 and 7.
- the spring loaded spindle 35 assures that during the movement of spindle 75 the takeup roll 15 remains securely between spindles 35 and 75.
- the guide system includes a light 56 which is coupled to lid 11.
- the light is disposed directly above the desired path for one edge of the ribbon 64.
- a photo-sensitive device which in the presently preferred embodiment comprises a photosensitive transistor 57, is coupled to one end of an L shaped arm 58.
- the other end of the L shaped arm 58 is bolted to a hub 61.
- the arm 58 moves inwardly and outwardly with the roller 15 and the hub 61.
- the photo transistor 57 is disposed directly beneath the light 56 when the roll 15 is in its center position.
- spindle 75 is coupled to an axle 59.
- This axle passes through the side plate 76 and is mounted to the side plate by bearing 60.
- the bearing is adaptable to permit axial movement of the axle 59.
- the end of axle 59 opposite spindle 75 terminates in the hub 61.
- the hub 61 which is a generally cube shaped member, includes slot 62 disposed across one face of the hub transverse to axle 59. This slot is adaptable for receiving a crank pin 48, which is eccentrically mounted to a shaft 49. It will be readily apparent from FIGS. 8 and 9 that as shaft 49 rotates about its axis, the eccentrically mounted pin 48 will apply pressure to the sides of slot 62, forcing the hub and also the axle 59 to move in the directions indicated by arrow 80.
- Shaft 49 is coupled to a motor 63 which causes the shaft to rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction (FIG. 3).
- a collar 54 mounted on shaft 49 includes a number of cam shaped members for actuating limit switches 54a, 54b and 540. These limit switches are utilized to indicate when the roll 15 has been moved to its furthest most positions, that is when the roll 15 has been moved as close as is practical towards either the side plates 76 or 77 and also to indicate when the roll 15 is in its center position, that is when the roll 15 is aligned with roll 16.
- the direction of rotation of the motor is controlled by the light incident on the photo-cell, photo transistor 57. If the photo cell is subjected to light it will cause the motor to rotate in one direction, whereas, if no light is incident on the photo cell, it will rotate in the opposite direction.
- the photo transistor 57 is continually searching and moving with the roll 15, that is if the transistor 57 is subjected to light, it will seek darkness and likewise, if the transistor 57 is in darkness, it will seek light.
- the inking apparatus includes a shield 65 which is disposed along the inking roller 12 and which covers the upper surface of the inking roller when the lid 11 is open. This shield is utilized to prevent inadvertent contact with the inking roller when the lid is open and is another feature of the apparatus which makes the apparatus suitable for use in a clean environment. Referring to FIGS.
- the shield 65 comprises an elongated member having a pair of transversely disposed end sections which are pivotally coupled at the end of the inking roller 12 allowing the shield 65 to be rotated about the axis of roller 12 without interfering with the rotation of the inking roller 12.
- the shield 65 by means of a mechanism shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, is rotated to the position it lustrated in FIG. 3, in which position a ribbon 64 is allowed to freely pass between the inking roller 12 and the pressure roller 14, without contacting the shield 65.
- the shield 65 rotates such that its outer surface is aligned generally below the pressure roller 14 and across the upper, otherwise exposed, sur face of the inking roller 12.
- a push rod 55 is eccentrically mounted at one of its ends to one end section of the shield 65.
- the other end of push rod 55 is coupled to a lever arm 68.
- the coupling of the push rod 55, both to the shield 65 and push rod 68, are pivotal connections.
- the lever arm 68 pivots about pivot 69, the shield 65 rotates from its lower position to its upper position.
- the lever arm 68 includes a first section extending from push rod 55 beyond its pivotal connection 69 and a second section which is disposed at a right angle to the first section. This second section is approximately perpendicular to the side plate 77 and rear plate 79 and is coupled to a spring 70 which urges the lever arm onto bolt 89.
- the lid 11 which is coupled to side plate 77 by hinge 66, includes an elongated linkage 67 pivotally coupled at one end to the lid.
- a contact member which comprises the bolt 89 is rigidly coupled at the other end of linkage 67 such that it contacts the second section of the lever arm 68.
- a pair of trip bars 73 and 74 are coupled to switches 71 and 72, respectively (FIG. 3). These trip bars extend upward into the planes defined by the ribbon 64 and disposed laterally along the edge of the ribbon path.
- the ribbon 64 may move in its path without inter fering with the trip bars 73 and 74.
- the ribbons which are intended to be re-inked by the apparatus generally include elongated bars (reverse bars) which are attached across the ribbon near the ends of the ribbon. These bars which are utilized to detect the end of the ribbon, extend outwardly from the edge of the ribbon.
- the ribbons to be inked by the apparatus are removed from a printer when the printer has detected that the end of a ribbon has been reached. When this occurs in the printer the bulk of the ribbon will be wound on one roll and a small portion of the ribbon will be wound on a second roll.
- the ribbon is installed between the spring loaded spindles with the roll containing the bulk of the ribbon placed as indicated by roll 15 and the other roll placed as indicated by roll 16.
- the reverse bar which is attached near one end of the ribbon is dis posed between trip bar 73 and the roll 16.
- motor 53 rotates the axle 81 of the pressure roller 14 approximately 1 to its down position so that the ribbon is pressed onto the inking roller 12.
- inking roller motor 39 is stopped.
- the drive motor and gear box 39 of the inking roller 12 and the drive motor and gear box 45 of the takeup roller 15 are actuated, transferring the ribbon from roll 16 to roll 15 and inking the ribbon as this transfer occurs.
- the ink picked up by roller 12, after being metered by roller 13 is applied to the ribbon as the ribbon passes through the common surfaces of the inking roller and pressure roller.
- the motor 63 is also actuated and controlled by light 56 and photo transistor 57, thereby aligning the ribbon onto the takeup roll 15 during the inking pass.
- Apparatus for re-inking a ribbon comprising;
- a second pair of spindles for receiving a second roll mounted for rotation in said housing, said first pair and second pair of spindles being mounted in said housing such that rolls engaging said spindles are parallel and define an intermediate space;
- an elongated inking roller rotatably mounted in said housing parallel to said first and second rolls in said intermediate space;
- a metering roller rotatably mounted within said housing parallel to said inking roller for metering ink onto said inking roller;
- a trough disposed beneath said inking roller; an inking well coupled to said trough such that ink from said well may be transported to said trough and brought in contact with said inking roller;
- pressure roller rotatably mounted within said lid parallel to said inking roller, said roller having a first and second operating position, said first position being such that said pressure roller presses a ribbon disposed between said inking roller and said pressure roller and said second position being such that said pressure roller is spaced apart from said inking roller;
- ribbon guiding means coupled to one of said spindles of said first pair of spindles including means for axially moving said spindle and a roll engaging said spindle for guiding a ribbon onto a roll engaging said first pair of spindles, said guiding means ineluding photosensitive semiconductor means and a light, said semiconductor means being coupled to one of said spindles of said first pair of spindles and movable therewith, said light being mounted on said housing such that said ribbon may interrupt light incident on said semiconductor means when said ribbon is misaligned with respect to said rolls means responsive to said photosensitive semiconductor means to actuate said exially moving means; and
- the invention in accordance with claim 1 includ ing ribbon drive limiting means in the path of movement of said ribbon engageable with end stop means on said ribbon for enabling and disabling the ribbon drive mechanism effective to reverse the direction of movement of the ribbon,
- the invention in accordance with claim 1 including drive means for moving said pressure roller between a first ribbon engagement position and a second non engaging position, said first position being a position where said pressure roller applies pressure to a ribbon disposed between said pressure roller and said inking roller and said second position being a position where said roller is spaced apart from said inking roller such that a ribbon may freely pass between said inking roller and pressure roller, said means including a cam and an eccentric on said roller operably engaged by said drive means responsive to the movement of said ribbon to actuate said drive means to arcuately elevate and lower said pressure roller.
- the invention in accordance with claim I further including a shield rotatably mounted about said inking roller, means coupling said shield to said lid so that said shield covers the upper surface of said inking roller when said lid is open, said coupling means including means engaging said shield and said lid to rotate said shield from an inoperative to an operative position relative to said ribbon.
- said inking includes a filling port for receiving a sealed bottle of ink and means in said port for threadedly engaging said sealed bottle.
- means in said well concentric with the seal of said bottle and engageable with said seal to rupture the same as the bottle is threadedly received in said well permitting ink to flow from said bottle into said well without spillage or handling of the ink.
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US473796A US3885518A (en) | 1972-08-29 | 1974-05-28 | Ribbon inking apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US28466872A | 1972-08-29 | 1972-08-29 | |
US473796A US3885518A (en) | 1972-08-29 | 1974-05-28 | Ribbon inking apparatus |
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US3885518A true US3885518A (en) | 1975-05-27 |
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US473796A Expired - Lifetime US3885518A (en) | 1972-08-29 | 1974-05-28 | Ribbon inking apparatus |
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Cited By (10)
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---|---|---|---|---|
US4048950A (en) * | 1974-11-02 | 1977-09-20 | Molins Limited | Devices for applying adhesives to a moving web |
US4048952A (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1977-09-20 | Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Mfg. Co., Inc. | Direct ribbon inking by gravure |
US4088800A (en) * | 1976-01-12 | 1978-05-09 | Computer Ribbon Systems, Inc. | Method for cleaning and re-inking printer ribbons |
US4164911A (en) * | 1977-09-19 | 1979-08-21 | Engineering Systems Corporation | Apparatus for re-inking printing ribbons |
US4213419A (en) * | 1978-05-08 | 1980-07-22 | Computer Ribbon Systems, Inc. | Apparatus for cleaning and re-inking printer ribbons |
EP0037464A2 (en) * | 1980-03-24 | 1981-10-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process for selectively reinking used thermal transfer printing ribbon and method for making a colloidal dispersion for use in said process |
US4808444A (en) * | 1986-09-22 | 1989-02-28 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for coating webs |
US6620240B2 (en) * | 2000-02-24 | 2003-09-16 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Sheet coating apparatus |
US20060078714A1 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2006-04-13 | Ncr Corporation | Universal warning stripe slitting machine |
US20070231041A1 (en) * | 2004-06-14 | 2007-10-04 | Masahiko Ueda | Ribbon Feeder and Printer |
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