US3928553A - Radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine and thyroxine - Google Patents
Radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine and thyroxine Download PDFInfo
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- US3928553A US3928553A US445115A US44511574A US3928553A US 3928553 A US3928553 A US 3928553A US 445115 A US445115 A US 445115A US 44511574 A US44511574 A US 44511574A US 3928553 A US3928553 A US 3928553A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/74—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving hormones or other non-cytokine intercellular protein regulatory factors such as growth factors, including receptors to hormones and growth factors
- G01N33/78—Thyroid gland hormones, e.g. T3, T4, TBH, TBG or their receptors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/804—Radioisotope, e.g. radioimmunoassay
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/825—Pretreatment for removal of interfering factors from sample
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/826—Additives, e.g. buffers, diluents, preservatives
Abstract
This invention relates to a radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine present in unextracted serum containing thyroxine binding prealbumin and thyroxine binding globulin which comprises: A. ADDING TO UNEXTRACTED SERUM, A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF A BINDING INHIBITORY AGENT TO SUBSTANTIALLY INHIBIT BINDING OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE TO THE THYROXINE BINDING PREALBUMIN; B. ADDING TO THE SERUM AN AMOUNT OF AN ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE SUFFICIENT FOR DETECTION; C. ADDING TO THE SERUM, A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF A BINDING INHIBITORY AGENT TO SUBSTANTIALLY INHIBIT BINDING OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE TO THE THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN; D. ADDING TO THE SERUM AN AMOUNT OF ANTISERUM CONTAINING ANTIBODY FOR TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY PROPORTIONATE TO THE TITER; E. INCUBATING THE SERUM AT A TEMPERATURE AND FOR A PERIOD OF TIME WHICH IS SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL EQUILIBRATION OF THE ANTIBODY BOUND AND UNBOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE; F. SEPARATING THE UNBOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE FROM THE BOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE WHILE SUBSTANTIALLY PREVENTING RE-EQUILIBRATION OF ANTIBODY BOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE; AND G. MEASURING THE ADSORBED UNBOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE AND THE BOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE.
Description
United States Patent [191 Hollander [5 RADIOIMMUNOASCSAY METHOD FOR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE [75] Inventor: Charles S. Hollander, New York,
[73] Assignee: New York University, New York,
[22] Filed: Feb. 25, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 445,115
Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation of Ser. No. 237,342, March 23, 1972,
abandonedv [52] U.S. Cl. 424/1; 23/230 13 [51] Int. C13. A61K 43/00; GOlT 33/00;
G01T 1/16; G2ll-l 5/02 [58] Field of Search 23 /230 B; 250/303; 424/1,
Primary Examiner-Benjamin R. Padgett Assistant Examiner-Christine M. Nucker Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Pennie & Edmonds [57] ABSTRACT This invention relates to a radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine present in unextracted serum containing thyroxine binding prealbumin and thyroxine binding Dec. 23, 1975 globulin which comprises:
a. adding to unextracted serum, a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding prealbumin;
b. adding to the serum an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection; 1
c. adding to the serum, a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding globulin;
d. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately proportionate to the titer;
e. incubating the serum at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine;
f. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine .or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine while substantially preventing re-equilibration of antibody bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; and
g. measuring the adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
21 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures RADIOIMMUNOASSAY METHOD FOR TRIIODOTI-IYRONINE AND THYROXINE CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation in part of my earlier filed application S er. No. 237,342, filed Mar. 23, 1972, and now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. Field of the invention This invention is related to the field of radioimmunoassay methods in general, and more specifically, to radioimmunoassay methods for triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
II. Description of the Prior Art Radioimmunoassay methods are known for determining the amount of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine. These hormones regulate the rate of metabolic processes in the body. Measuring the amount of triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine permits detection of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and monitoring the therapy for these conditions.
In the method disclosed by Ekinds et al., Proc. Int. Thyroid Conf., 6th, 1970 I38 (Abstr.), a preliminary extraction from serum and a paper chromatographic separation are performed prior to radioimmunoassay. This procedure is time consuming, inaccurate and does not measure thyroxine Utiger et al., J. Clin. Invest, Vol. 51, 1972, and Larson, Metabolism, Vol. 20, 1971, have disclosed radioimmunoassay methods for triiodothyronine which require two and onehalf to three days for completion and do not measure thyroxine.
The method of Solomon et al., J. Clin. Invest., Vol. 50, I971, is limited in usefulness because it does not detect triiodothyronine in serum from hypothyroid patients, requires the use of hypothyroid sheep serum, takes two days to complete and does not measure thyroxine.
The method of Mayberry et al., J. Clin., Endocrinol. Metab., Vol. 31, 1970, requires at least two days for completion and does not measure thyroxine.
Chopra et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, Vol. 32, 1971, have disclosed a radioimmunoassay method for thyroxine which, however, does not measure triiodothyronine, requires a timeconsuming extraction and takes one and a half to two days for completion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A radioimmunoassay method has been discovered with permits, if desired, simultaneous measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine or selective measurement of either of these hormones.
Broadly, the method of this invention comprises:
a. adding to unextracted serum, a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding prealbumin;
b. adding to the serum an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection;
0. adding to the serum, a sufficient amountof a bind ing inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding globulin;
d. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothyronine orthyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately proportionate to the titer;
incubating the serum at a temperature period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine;
f. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyrox- I ine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine while substantially pre- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 illustrates a thyropin standard curve. FIG. 2 illustrates a triiodothyronine standard curve.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The serum to be tested can be in the unextracted state in whichcase there will be thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin present therein or the serum can be extracted by known and conventional methods such as n-butanol extraction and passage through anionic or cationic exchange columns in which case these binding proteins will be absent.
When unextracted serum is employed, it is necessary to add sufficient amounts of binding inhibitory agents to inhibit binding of triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine to the binding proteins contained in the serum. Some examples of agents which can be used to inhibit the binding of triiodotrhyronine and/or thyroxine to thyroxine binding pre-albumin include barbituric acid and its derivatives (sodium barbital), the salicylates and many other compositions as will be clearly obvious to one skilled in the art. Sodium diethylmalonylurea has been found to be advantageous.
If reproducible results are desired, it is advantageous to add a binding inhibitory agent which also acts as a buffering agent, or to add a buffering agent as such. A pH of about 8 maintained by the addition of sodium barbital has been found to be advantageous. Some examples of agents which can be used to inhibit the binding of triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine to thyroxine binding globulin include dilantin, salicylates, merthiolate, tetrachlorothyronine and numerous other compositions as will be clearly obvious to one skilled in the art. 8-anilino-l-napthalene sulfonic acid has been found to be advantageous. V
The amounts of binding inhibitory agents to be added to the serum which will be sufficient to inhibit the Hijaing of triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine to the Binding proteins can be determined by establishing fitdiidflld curves for serum and buffer.
and fora I Examples of isotopically. labelled triiodothyronine and thyroxine include C tritium, I and I Because of their relatively long half-lives and desirable counting properties, triiodothyronine ""I and thyroxine, I are especially useful. The amounts of isotopically labelled hormones to be added will be that which is sufficient to give detectable amounts of radiation under the prevailing conditions.
Antiserum containing antibodies for either or both triiodothyronine and thyroxine can be prepared by known and conventional methods. For example, Mitsuma et al., J. Clin. Invest, Vol. 50, 1971, which is incorporated by reference herein disclose methods whereby triiodothyronine antibody can be advantageously prepared. The same methods can also be used for preparing thyroxine antibody. The amount of antiserum added to the serum will be approximately proportionate to the titer which can be measured by known and conventional methods, as for example, the method set forth in Mitsuma et al., J. Clin. Invest., Vol. 50, 1971.
Incubation of the serum is made to take place at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine. An incubation temperature of about 37C for a period of from about 1 to 2 hours has been found to provide good results. Other incubation temperatures and periods can also be used as is clearly evident to those skilled in the art.
Separation of the unbound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine can be carried out according to. known and conventional methods such as electrophoresis, double antibody precipitation, salt precipitation of the antibody, gel filtraiton, ion exchange resins, solid phase antibody methods and adsorption on charcoal and silica.
The function of an adsorbant is to rapidly and selectively adsorb substantially all the unbound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine to the substantial exclusion of the bound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine. Some examples of adsorbants which can be used in the method of this invention include talc, precipitated silica, diatomaceous earth, styrene polymers and numerous other known and conventional adsorbants. A mixture of dextran and activated carbon has been found to be especially suitable.
Precaution must be taken during separation of the bound from the unbound hormones to avoid re-equilibration of antibody bound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine. One method by which this can be advantageously accomplished is to cool the incubation mixture prior to and during addition of the adsorbant to a temperature at which dissociation of the antibody bound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine is substantially prevented.
Separation of adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine and/or thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine can be quickly and conveniently carried out by means of centrifugation or filtration.
Both bound and unbound triiodothyronine and thyroxine can be measured according to known and convetional methods of isotopic counting.
When extracted serum is employed, it is unnecessary to add binding inhibitory agents to the serum as to the binding proteins, thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin have been removed. In all 4 other respects the method for assaying the triidodthyronine and/or thyroxine content of extracted serum is the sameas that employed for the unextracted serum.
It is contemplated that when an unextracted serum is employed containing thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin, the required amounts of binding inhibitory agents may be added to the unextracted serum either sequentially with the required amount of isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine, sufficient for detection; or in the alternative these required binding inhibitory agents may be premixed together with the required amount of isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine, in a sufficient amount required for detection and this mixture may subsequently be added to the unextracted serum.
The following example further illustrates the method of this invention. 1
EXAMPLE Antiserum to triiodothyronine (T was produced in rabbits by injection of a T -albumin conjugate prepared as described by 'Gharib et al., J. Clin., Endocrinol. Metab., Vol. 33, 1971. Antiserum to thyroxine (T was produced in analogous fashion. The presence and titer of antibody was determined as described in Mitsuma et al., J. Clin. Invest, Vol. 50, 1971. The antiserum solution employed in this assay was prepared by mixing antiserum to T and antiserum to T in the same vessel with barbital diluent (.08M sodium barbital, 0.1 g n/100 ml bovine-serum albumin, pH 8.4) such that the anti-T antiserum was diluted I to 2000 and the anti-T antiserum l to 200.
Serum free of T and T (T T -free serum) was prepared by incubating 100 ml of normal human serum with 20 grams of Norit A charcoal (Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis, Missouri) for 24 hours at 4C. The resulting slurry was centrifuged three times at 20,000 xg. This procedure removes over 99% of the T and T from serum, and does not affect total protein concentration, pI-I or T -binding capacity. Non-radioactive standards of T and T were obtained from Sigma Chemical Corp. in the free acid form. T was dissolved in ethanol; 1N l-ICl (2:1 T in 0.13M NaOI-I, ethanol solution. The standards were prepared in T T,, -free serum.
T I and T I were obtained from the Abbot Labs, North Chicago, Illinois. The isotope mixture used in this assay was prepared by diluting both isotopes in barbital diluent in the same vessel at a concentration of 30 pg T and 50 pg of T ""1 per 100 lambda of diluent.
8-anilino-l-napthalene sulfonic acid (ANS; Eastman Kodak Corp.) was disolved in barbital diluent. A concentration of 175 ug/O.2 ml was employed in assays in which serum or standards were diluted 1:4. In those cases involving serum samples or standards diluted 1:2, 350 [Lg/0.2 ml was used.
The assay procedure was performed in quadruplicate in 10 X mm disposable glass tubes by the sequential addition of 0.1 ml of the unknown sample or standard (which had been diluted 1:2 or 1:4 in barbital diluent), 0.1 ml of the isotope solution, 0.2 ml of the ANS solution and 0.1 ml of the antibody solution. The assay mixture was agitated'in a vortex mixer and incubated forf minutes at 37C in a gently shaking water bath. After incubation the samples were allowed to cool for 10 minutes in a 4C cold room where the separation was carried out by the addition of one ml of a stock solution of dextran-charcoal. The stock solution was prepared by mixing 5g of Norit A Charcoal and 0.5 gm of dextran (M.W. 86,000; K and K Labs. Hollywood, California) in 600 ml of barbital diluent and constantly stirring with a magnetic stirrer to prevent settling during the addition procedure. The reaction mixture was agitated in a vortex mixer incubated at 4C for 20 minutes, and centrifuged at 1000xg for 15 minutes. The supernatant containing the antibody-bound hormone was decanted off the hard charcoal pellet containing the free hormone. The two fractions were then counted in a two-channel gamma counter (Nuclear Chicago) equipped with a 300 sample automatic changer.
Barbital buffer was used to inhibit binding of T and T to thyroxine binding pre-albumin and ANS to inhibit binding of T and T to thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). FIGS. 1 and 2 show typical standard curves for T and T prepared in buffer and also in T T -free serum with and without ANS. The solid dots in both FIG. 1 and 2 represent additions to barbital diluent; open circles represent additions to T T -free serum in the presence of ANS; open rectangles depict additions of T or T to T T -free serum in absence of ANS and the open triangles represent curves obtained by dilutions of a hyperthyroid serum. The serum standard curves for both T and T obtained with ANS are almost identical to those obtained with buffer alone. Routinely a concentration of 175 [Lg per tube was selected because it was found that ANS at a concentration in excess of 150 pg per tube successfully inhibits TBG binding of T and T in hyperthyroid, normal, pregnant and hyperthyroid subjects. The antigen-antibody reaction reached equilibrium within 60 minutes at 37C. A 90 minute incubation time which was found to fall well within the plateau of the equilibrium curve was chosen. At 4C., the dextran-charcoal binding of hormone reached equilibrium within 15 minutes. 20 minutes was therefore selected for the second incubation.
Neither the anti-T nor the anti-T antisera used in this assay showed measureable cross-reaction with monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine or ANS. The anti-T antiserum showed less than 115000 cross-reaction with chromatographically-purified T the anti-T antiserum did not cross react with T Recovery experiments performed by the addition of known amounts of T and T to T T -free serum and normal serum demonstrated a recovery of 99.4i2.9% for T and 100.8i1.4% for T The T values obtained in this assay were compared with determinations on the identical specimens by competitive protein binding analysis (Boston Medical Laboratories). The table below summarizes the results obtained from 40 specimens, from 14 hypothyroid patients, 11 hyperthyroid subjects and 15 normal subjects.
method disclosed in Mitsuma et al., J. Clin. Invest, Vol. 50, 1971 (coefficient of correlation 0.99). Analysis of T and T in 5A, A, A, and A of hyperthyroid serum diluted to a 25k volume in T T -free serum yielded a curve superimposable upon standard curves obtained by the addition of T and T to T T -free serum (FIGS. 1 and 2). Intraassay reproducibility, assessed by measuring the identical sample 33 times was 4.4% for T and 4.1% for T Interassay variation, evaluated by determining 18 paired specimens in two successive assays was 6.8% for T and 7.4% for T In 15 normal subjects mean T concentrations was 134i6.2 ng/l00 ml (mean i S.E.M.) and mean T was 7.4i0.5 ag/ml. In 11 patients with toxic diffuse goiter mean T was 486:77 ng/lOO ml and mean T was 16211.1 ug/lOO ml. 14 hypothyroid subjects had a serum T which ranged from 52 ng/lOO ml to 78 ng/100 ml and serum T varied from 0.4 ug/100 ml to 2.0 ug/ 100 ml.
Tetrachlorothyronine, dilantin and salicylate have all been employed to inhibit TBG binding to T in a T radioimmunoassay on unextracted serum and ANS has been utilized for this purpose for the radioimmunoassay of T Purified preparations of tetrachlorothyronine can be used for the T radioimmunoassay since they do not cross-react with the anti-T antiserum. However certain prepartions of tetrachlorothyronine do crossreact significantly with the anti-T antiserum due to contamination with trichlorothyronine and must be purified by gas-liquid chromatography prior to their use in the assay. Moreover, even purified tetrachlorothyronine possesses intrinsic cross-reactivity with anti- T antiserum and cannot be applied to the combined T T assay. The potential use of ANS and dilantin were therefore investigated for this purpose. At the pH of this assay system, dilantin was not soluble in concentrations high enough to block T binding to TBG but ANS at concentrations in excess of ,tg/ tube proved successful in inhibiting both T and T binding to TBG. In those instances in which it was necessary to use a 1:2 dilution of hypothyroid serum to achieve maximum sensitivity the ANS concentration was doubled to 350 ug/tube, and the standard curve in T T -free serum was run at a 1:2 dilution. For hyperthyroid sera suitable dilutions with T T -free serum were employed. In order to improve the clinical convenience of the assay, shorter incubation times than have been previously reported were investigated. 90 minutes at 37C in a shaking water bath was found to be sufficient for routine purposes since at this temperature the antigenantibody reaction reached equilibrium after one hour. No signficant shift in favor of the free hormone moiety was observed at this higher temperature; nor was conversion of T to T found as a result of the heating. Binding of the free hormone by dextran-charcoal reaches equilibrium at 4C after 15 minutes. The
The agreement was excellent (coefficient of correlation: 0.98). T values obtained in the combined assay agreed closely with data from the radioimmunoassay separation was performed at 4C since at higher temperatures all of the hormone precipitated in an extremely brief and critical interval.
The values for T found in normal, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects are in good agreement with results published in Mitsuma et al., J. Clin, Invest., Vol. 50, 1971 and with those of others. The T determinations agree well with those found by competitive protein binding analysis.
I claim:
1. A radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triidodthyronine and thyroxine present in unextracted serum containing thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin which comprises:
a. adding to unextracted serum, a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding prealbumin;
b. adding to the serum an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection;
c. adding to the serum, a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding globulin; I
d. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately proportionate to the titer;
e. incubating the serum at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine;
f. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine while substantially preventing re-equilibration of antibody bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; and
g. measuring the adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the binding inhibitory agent for thyroxine binding pre-albumin is barbituric acid, a derivative of barbituric acid or a salicylate.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the derivative of barbituric acid is sodium barbital.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding inhibitory agent for thyroxine binding globulin is dilantin, a salicylate, methiolate, tetrachlorothyronine or 8- anilino-l-napthalene sulfonic acid.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the isotopically labelled triiodothyronine is triiodothyronine 1.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the isotopically labelled thryroxine is thyroxine l.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the serum is maintained at a pH of about 8 during incubation.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein incubation is carried out at about 37C for a period of about 1 to 2 hours.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein separation of unbound from bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyronine is carried out by adsorbtion of the unbound product on dextran coated activated carbon added to the incubation mixture about ten minutes after the mixture has been cooled to a temperature of about 4C.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the adsorbed unbound product is separated from the adsorbed product by centrifugation of filtration.
11. A radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine present in extracted serum in which thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin are substantially absent, which comprises:
a. adding to the serum an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection;
b. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothryronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately proportionate to the titer;
c. incubating the serum at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine;
d. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; and
e. measuring the adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
12. A radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine present in unextracted serum containing thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin whic' comprises a. adding to unextracted serum a mixture comprising 1. a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding prealbumin;
2. an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection; and
3. a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding globulin;
b. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately equal to the titer;
c. incubating the serum at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine;
d. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine while substantially preventing re-equilibration of antibody bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; and
e. measuring the adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
9 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the binding 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the serum is maintained at a pH of about 8 during incubation.
19. The method of claim 12, wherein incubation is carried out at about 37C for a period of about 1 to 2 hours.
20. The method of claim 12, wherein separation of unbound from bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyronine is carried out by adsorbtion of the unbound product on dextran coated activated carbon added to the incubation mixture about ten minutes after the mixture has been cooled to a temperature of about 20 C.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the adsorbed unbound product is separated from the adsorbed product by centrifugation or filtration.
' lN\/ ENTOR(S) UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT N0. 3,928,553 DATED December 23, 1975 Charles S. Hollander It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Signed. and Sealed this twenty-ninth Day Of June 1976 [SEAL] A ties t:
RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Arresting Officer Commissioner ofParenrs and Trademarks
Claims (23)
1. A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY METHOD FOR TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIDODTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE PRESENT IN UNEXTRACTED SERUM CONTAINING THYROXINE BINDING PRE-ALBUMIN AND THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN WHICH COMPRISES: A. ADDING TO UNEXTRACTED SERUM, A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF A BINDING INHIBITORY AGENT TO SUBSTANTIALLY INHIBIT BINDING OF TRIIODOTHHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE TO THE THYROXINE BINDING PREALBUMIN; B. ADDING TO THE SERUM AN AMOUNT OF AN ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THUROXINE OR TRIIDOHYDRORONINE AND THYROXINE SUFFICIENT FOR DETECTION; C. ADDING TO THE SERUM, A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF A BINDING INHIBITORY AGENT TO SUBSTANTIALLY INHIBIT BINDING OF TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIODHYRONINE AND THYROXINE TO THE THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN; D. ADDING TO THE SERUM AN AMOUNT OF ANTISERUM CONTAINING ANTIBODY FOR TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIDOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY PROPORTIONATE TO THE TITER; E. INCUBATING THE SERUM AT A TEMPERATURE AND FOR A PERIOD OF TIME WHICH IS SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL EQUILIBRATION OF THE ANTIBODY BOUND AND UNBOUND TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIDOHYRONINE AND THYROXINE; F. SEPARATING THE UNBOUND TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIDOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE FROM THE BOUND TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIDOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE WHILE SUBSTANTIALLY PREVENTING RE-EQUILIBRATION OF ANTIBODY BOUND TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIDOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE; AND G. MEASURING THE ADSORBED UNBOUND TRIIDOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE OR TRIIDOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE AND THE BOUND TRIIODOTHYRONINE OR THYROXINE AND THE AND THYROXINE.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the binding inhibitory agent for thyroxine binding pre-albumin is barbituric acid, a derivative of barbituric acid or a salicylate.
2. an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection; and
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the derivative of barbituric acid is sodium barbital.
3. a sufficient amount of a binding inhibitory agent to substantially inhibit binding of triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine to the thyroxine binding globulin; b. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately equal to the titer; c. incubating the serum at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; d. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine while substantially preventing re-equilibration of antibody bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; and e. measuring the adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding inhibitory agent for thyroxine binding globulin is dilantin, a salicylate, methiolate, tetrachlorothyronine or 8-anilino-1-napthalene sulfonic acid.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the isotopically labelled triiodothyronine is triiodothyronine 125I.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the isotopically labelled thryroxine is thyroxine 131I.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the serum is maintained at a pH of about 8 during incubation.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein incubation is carried out at about 37*C for a period of about 1 to 2 hours.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein separation of unbound from bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyronine is carried out by adsorbtion of the unbound product on dextran coated activated carbon added to the incubation mixture about ten minutes after the mixture has been cooled to a temperature of about 4*C.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the adsorbed unbound product is separated from the adsorbed product by centrifugation of filtration.
11. A radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine present in extracted serum in which thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin are substantially absent, which comprises: a. adding to the serum an amount of an isotopically labelled triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine sufficient for detection; b. adding to the serum an amount of antiserum containing antibody for triiodothryronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine which is approximately proportionate to the titer; c. incubating the serum at a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to provide substantial equilibration of the antibody bound and unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; d. separating the unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine; and e. measuring the adsorbed unbound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronIne and thyroxine and the bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
12. A radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyroxine present in unextracted serum containing thyroxine binding pre-albumin and thyroxine binding globulin whic comprises a. adding to unextracted serum a mixture comprising
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the binding inhibitory agent for thyroxine binding pre-albumin is barbituric acid, a derivative of barbituric acid or a salicylate.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the derivative of barbituric acid is sodium barbital.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the binding inhibitory agent for thyroxine binding globulin is dilantin, a salicylate, merthiolate, tetrachlorothyronine or 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the isotopically labelled triiodothyronine is triiodothyronine 125I.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein the isotopically labelled thyroxine is thyroxine 131I.
18. The method of claim 12, wherein the serum is maintained at a pH of about 8 during incubation.
19. The method of claim 12, wherein incubation is carried out at about 37*C for a period of about 1 to 2 hours.
20. The method of claim 12, wherein separation of unbound from bound triiodothyronine or thyroxine or triiodothyronine and thyronine is carried out by adsorbtion of the unbound product on dextran coated activated carbon added to the incubation mixture about ten minutes after the mixture has been cooled to a temperature of about 20 C.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the adsorbed unbound product is separated from the adsorbed product by centrifugation or filtration.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US445115A US3928553A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1974-02-25 | Radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US23734272A | 1972-03-23 | 1972-03-23 | |
| US445115A US3928553A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1974-02-25 | Radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3928553A true US3928553A (en) | 1975-12-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US445115A Expired - Lifetime US3928553A (en) | 1972-03-23 | 1974-02-25 | Radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
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| US (1) | US3928553A (en) |
Cited By (27)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2317655A1 (en) * | 1975-06-26 | 1977-02-04 | Byk Mallinckrodt Chem Prod | RADIOIMMUNOLOGICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THYROXINE |
| US4046870A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1977-09-06 | Corning Glass Works | Assay for free thyroid hormones |
| DE2653032A1 (en) * | 1976-08-27 | 1978-03-02 | Bio Rad Laboratories | RADIOIMMUNE DETECTION METHOD FOR THYROID HORMONE AND SUITABLE REAGENT |
| US4107284A (en) * | 1975-10-28 | 1978-08-15 | Sultanian Ishkhan V | Radioimmunoassay procedure using a stabilized complex |
| US4121975A (en) * | 1976-08-20 | 1978-10-24 | Syva Company | Pretreatment of samples for polyiodothyronine assays |
| EP0002544A1 (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1979-06-27 | Mallinckrodt Diagnostica (Holland) B.V. | Radioimmunological method of determining the thyroid function by an in vitro test in blood serum |
| DE2943648A1 (en) * | 1978-10-30 | 1980-05-14 | Ames Yissum Ltd | COMBINED HETEROGENEOUS SPECIFIC BINDING EXAMINATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF A MULTIPLE DIFFERENT LIGANDS IN A SINGLE LIQUID SAMPLE |
| US4225576A (en) * | 1978-11-20 | 1980-09-30 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Combined radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
| US4252896A (en) * | 1980-01-07 | 1981-02-24 | Abbott Laboratories | Method of stabilizing peroxidase in a serum protein based medium |
| US4299812A (en) * | 1978-11-29 | 1981-11-10 | Diagnostic Products Corp. | Immunoassay of thyroxine in neonates using dried blood samples |
| US4307071A (en) * | 1977-08-02 | 1981-12-22 | Kallestad Laboratories, Inc. | Analytical reagent and method |
| US4311690A (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1982-01-19 | Damon Corporation | Test set and method for the determination of free hormones |
| US4348374A (en) * | 1977-09-16 | 1982-09-07 | Abbott Laboratories | Charcoal coated adsorbent device |
| US4430435A (en) | 1980-12-24 | 1984-02-07 | Burroughs Wellcome Co. | Assay system |
| US4431741A (en) * | 1981-12-17 | 1984-02-14 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Hypothyroid control serum |
| US4468469A (en) * | 1981-11-04 | 1984-08-28 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Substituted phenylacetic acids and salts as TBP blocking agents in iodothyronine immunoassays |
| EP0133464A1 (en) * | 1983-07-05 | 1985-02-27 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Iodothyronine immunoassays employing HMS as TBP blocking agent |
| USRE32098E (en) * | 1972-06-23 | 1986-03-25 | Research And Education Institute, Inc. | Radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in blood serum |
| EP0218309A2 (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1987-04-15 | Diagnostic Products Corporation | Method for measuring free ligands in biological fluids |
| EP0257352A1 (en) * | 1986-08-05 | 1988-03-02 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Method and kit for the determination of free active-agents in biological liquids |
| US5102786A (en) * | 1987-05-21 | 1992-04-07 | Pb Diagnostic Systems, Inc. | Biological diagnostic assay system |
| US5273885A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1993-12-28 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | Conjugates of monophenyl thyroid analogs useful in assays |
| US5324522A (en) * | 1991-12-30 | 1994-06-28 | Akzo N.V. | Sustained release thyroactive composition |
| US5378636A (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1995-01-03 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | Geminal diphenyl derivatives and their use in immunoassays |
| US5460975A (en) * | 1991-02-02 | 1995-10-24 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Diphenylmethane derivatives, process for their production and their use for the displacement of iodothyronines from proteins which bind them |
| US6153440A (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2000-11-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Simultaneous measurement of free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine by equilibrium dialysis and immunoassay |
| US20050176829A1 (en) * | 2003-02-11 | 2005-08-11 | Irwin Klein | Methods for treating hypothyroidism |
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Cited By (36)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USRE32098E (en) * | 1972-06-23 | 1986-03-25 | Research And Education Institute, Inc. | Radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in blood serum |
| US4110076A (en) * | 1975-06-26 | 1978-08-29 | Mallinckrodt, Inc. | Radioimmunoassay methods for the determination of L-triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
| FR2317655A1 (en) * | 1975-06-26 | 1977-02-04 | Byk Mallinckrodt Chem Prod | RADIOIMMUNOLOGICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THYROXINE |
| US4107284A (en) * | 1975-10-28 | 1978-08-15 | Sultanian Ishkhan V | Radioimmunoassay procedure using a stabilized complex |
| US4046870A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1977-09-06 | Corning Glass Works | Assay for free thyroid hormones |
| DE2725594A1 (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1978-01-05 | Corning Glass Works | METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF FREE THYROID HORMONES |
| US4121975A (en) * | 1976-08-20 | 1978-10-24 | Syva Company | Pretreatment of samples for polyiodothyronine assays |
| DE2653032A1 (en) * | 1976-08-27 | 1978-03-02 | Bio Rad Laboratories | RADIOIMMUNE DETECTION METHOD FOR THYROID HORMONE AND SUITABLE REAGENT |
| US4307071A (en) * | 1977-08-02 | 1981-12-22 | Kallestad Laboratories, Inc. | Analytical reagent and method |
| US4348374A (en) * | 1977-09-16 | 1982-09-07 | Abbott Laboratories | Charcoal coated adsorbent device |
| EP0002544A1 (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1979-06-27 | Mallinckrodt Diagnostica (Holland) B.V. | Radioimmunological method of determining the thyroid function by an in vitro test in blood serum |
| US4311690A (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1982-01-19 | Damon Corporation | Test set and method for the determination of free hormones |
| DE2943648A1 (en) * | 1978-10-30 | 1980-05-14 | Ames Yissum Ltd | COMBINED HETEROGENEOUS SPECIFIC BINDING EXAMINATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF A MULTIPLE DIFFERENT LIGANDS IN A SINGLE LIQUID SAMPLE |
| US4225576A (en) * | 1978-11-20 | 1980-09-30 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Combined radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
| US4299812A (en) * | 1978-11-29 | 1981-11-10 | Diagnostic Products Corp. | Immunoassay of thyroxine in neonates using dried blood samples |
| DE3100076A1 (en) * | 1980-01-07 | 1981-12-10 | Abbott Laboratories, 60064 North Chicago, Ill. | METHOD FOR STABILIZING PEROXIDASE IN A MEDIUM BASED ON SERUM PROTEIN AND A REAGENT FOR CARRYING OUT IMMUNO-CHEMICAL PROVISIONS CONTAINING SO STABILIZED PEROXIDASE |
| US4252896A (en) * | 1980-01-07 | 1981-02-24 | Abbott Laboratories | Method of stabilizing peroxidase in a serum protein based medium |
| US4430435A (en) | 1980-12-24 | 1984-02-07 | Burroughs Wellcome Co. | Assay system |
| US4468469A (en) * | 1981-11-04 | 1984-08-28 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Substituted phenylacetic acids and salts as TBP blocking agents in iodothyronine immunoassays |
| US4431741A (en) * | 1981-12-17 | 1984-02-14 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Hypothyroid control serum |
| EP0133464A1 (en) * | 1983-07-05 | 1985-02-27 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Iodothyronine immunoassays employing HMS as TBP blocking agent |
| EP0661540A1 (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1995-07-05 | Diagnostic Products Corporation | Method for measuring free ligands in biological fluids |
| EP0218309A2 (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1987-04-15 | Diagnostic Products Corporation | Method for measuring free ligands in biological fluids |
| JPS6283666A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1987-04-17 | ダイアグノステイツク プロダクツ コ−ポレ−シヨン | Method of measuring free ligand in biological liquid and kitfor measurement |
| EP0218309A3 (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1988-08-31 | Diagnostic Products Corporation | Method for measuring free ligands in biological fluids |
| JP2575338B2 (en) | 1985-10-04 | 1997-01-22 | ダイアグノスティック・プロダクツ・コーポレーション | Method for measuring free ligand in biological fluid and kit for measurement |
| JPH07311200A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1995-11-28 | Diagnostic Prod Corp | Method and kit for measuring free ligand in biological liquid |
| EP0257352A1 (en) * | 1986-08-05 | 1988-03-02 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Method and kit for the determination of free active-agents in biological liquids |
| US6103486A (en) * | 1986-08-05 | 2000-08-15 | Dade Behring Marburg Gmbh | Process and test kit for determining free active compounds in biological fluids |
| US5102786A (en) * | 1987-05-21 | 1992-04-07 | Pb Diagnostic Systems, Inc. | Biological diagnostic assay system |
| US5378636A (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1995-01-03 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | Geminal diphenyl derivatives and their use in immunoassays |
| US5460975A (en) * | 1991-02-02 | 1995-10-24 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Diphenylmethane derivatives, process for their production and their use for the displacement of iodothyronines from proteins which bind them |
| US5324522A (en) * | 1991-12-30 | 1994-06-28 | Akzo N.V. | Sustained release thyroactive composition |
| US5273885A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1993-12-28 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | Conjugates of monophenyl thyroid analogs useful in assays |
| US6153440A (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2000-11-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Simultaneous measurement of free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine by equilibrium dialysis and immunoassay |
| US20050176829A1 (en) * | 2003-02-11 | 2005-08-11 | Irwin Klein | Methods for treating hypothyroidism |
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