US4261854A - Phosphor - Google Patents

Phosphor Download PDF

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US4261854A
US4261854A US06/104,857 US10485779A US4261854A US 4261854 A US4261854 A US 4261854A US 10485779 A US10485779 A US 10485779A US 4261854 A US4261854 A US 4261854A
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phosphor
rays
luminance
sub
light
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US06/104,857
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Noboru Kotera
Shusaku Eguchi
Junji Miyahara
Seiji Matsumoto
Hisatoyo Kato
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Kasei Optonix Ltd
Fujifilm Holdings Corp
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Kasei Optonix Ltd
Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
    • C09K11/7766—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
    • C09K11/7772—Halogenides
    • C09K11/7773—Halogenides with alkali or alkaline earth metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
    • C09K11/7715—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing cerium
    • C09K11/7719—Halogenides
    • C09K11/772—Halogenides with alkali or alkaline earth metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21K2/00—Non-electric light sources using luminescence; Light sources using electrochemiluminescence
    • F21K2/005—Non-electric light sources using luminescence; Light sources using electrochemiluminescence excited by infrared radiation using up-conversion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a phosphor, and more particularly to a barium fluorohalide phosphor.
  • phosphors emit fluorescent light when exposed to visible light or infrared rays after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. This phenomenon is referred to as “stimulation", and the phosphor which exhibits stimulation phenomenon is referred to as "stimulable phosphor".
  • a stimulable phosphor can be used for a radiation image storage panel.
  • a radiation image of an object can be obtained by causing a panel of a stimulable phosphor to absorb a radiation such as X-rays transmitting through the object, and then exposing the panel of visible light or infrared rays to cause the stimulable phosphor to release the radiation energy stored therein as fluorescent light.
  • a visible image can be observed or further recorded on a recording medium by detecting the fluroescent light.
  • the object of the image is a human body. Accordingly, particularly when the radiation is ionizing radiations such as X-rays or ⁇ -rays, it is required for a stimulable phosphor employed in the radiation image storage panel to have a higher luminance of stimulated emission morder to decrease a does of ionizing radiations on the object is exposed.
  • a cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor represented by the following formula has been known in the art (see U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 57,091):
  • X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine
  • x is a number satisfying the condition of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 ⁇ 10 -1 .
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor which emits stimulated light of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor.
  • the inventors conducted various investigations to search the coactivator of cerium which was the activator of the above-mentioned phosphor.
  • the luminance of the light emitted from the cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor upon stimulation was markedly enhanced by incorporating in the phosphor at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium in a proper amount as the coactivator of cerium.
  • the phosphor of the present invention is represented by the formula
  • X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine
  • A is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium
  • x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 ⁇ 10 -1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 -2 , respectively.
  • x and y of the above formula preferably satisfy the conditions of 10 -6 ⁇ x ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 -3 10 -5 ⁇ y ⁇ 10 -3 , respectively.
  • the phosphor of the present invention emits light of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor when stimulated by light of wavelength ranging from 450 to 800 nm after exposure to ionizing radiations such as X-rays or ⁇ -rays, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Further, the phosphor of the present invention emits near ultraviolet to blue spontaneous light of high luminance when excited by ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Furthermore, the phosphor of the present invention emits thermoluminescent light of high luminance when heated after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the stimulated emission spectrum of the phosphor of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the stimulation spectrum of the phosphor of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of the coactivator (y value) of the phosphor of the present invention and the luminance of the light emitted from the phosphor upon stimulation.
  • the phosphor of the present invention can be prepared by the following process.
  • a cerium compound such as cerium nitrate [Ce(NO 3 ) 3 ], cerium chloride (CeCl 3 ), cerium oxide (Ce 2 O 3 ), etc.
  • the above-mentioned raw materials are weighted out in such a ratio that a mixture of raw materials stoichiometrically represented by the following formula is obtained, and mixed well by means of a ball mill, a mixer mill, or the like:
  • X is at least one halogen selected from the group of chlorine, bromine and iodine
  • A is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium
  • x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 ⁇ 10 -1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 -2 , respectively.
  • ammonium halide NH 4 X
  • the amount of halogen contained in the mixture of raw materials becomes larger than that contained in the above-mentioned stoichiometric formula.
  • the excess of halogen is released from the reaction system in the form of NH 4 X during firing and does not remain in the phosphor obtained.
  • the mixture of raw materials is placed in a heat-resistant container such as an alumina crucible, a quartz crucible, or the like, and fired in an electric furnace.
  • a heat-resistant container such as an alumina crucible, a quartz crucible, or the like
  • the firing is preferably performed in an inert atmosphere such as an argon gas atmosphere or a nitrogen gas atmosphere, or in a weak reducing atmosphere such as a carbon vapor atmosphere or a nitrogen gas atmosphere containing a small amount of hydrogen gas.
  • the firing temperature is within the range of 600° to 1000° C., preferably 700° to 900° C.
  • the firing period is determined depending on the amount of the mixture of raw materials charged in the heat-resistant container, the firing temperature employed and so forth, the firing period is generally within the range of 1 to 6 hours.
  • the luminance of the phosphor of the present invention can further be enhanced by firing the raw material mixture under the firing conditions mentioned above, taking out the fired product from the furnace, pulverizing the fired product and then refiring the pulverized fired product under the same firing conditions. After the firing, the fired product is pulverized. Then, the pulverized fired product is subjected to the processes generally employed in the production of a phosphor, such as washing, drying, sieving and so forth to obtain the phosphor of the present invention.
  • the phosphor of the present invention When the phosphor of the present invention is washed, it is desirable that the phosphor is washed with a cooled water (below 15° C.) or an organic solvent such as acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, or the like, because the phosphor is apt to decompose in a warm water.
  • a cooled water below 15° C.
  • an organic solvent such as acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, or the like
  • the barium fluorohalide phosphor of the present invention thus obtained exhibits light emission of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor. Further, the phosphor exhibits spontaneous emission of high luminance. Furthermore, the phosphor exhibits thermo-stimulation of high luminance.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the stimulated emission spectrum of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor of the present invention measured by stimulating the phosphor with a He-Ne laser beam after exposure to X-rays of 80 KVp.
  • the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor of the present invention exhibits near ultraviolet to blue stimulated emission having an emission peak in the neighbourhood of 390 nm.
  • the spontaneous emission spectrum of the phosphor observed under excitation of X-rays, cathode rays, ultraviolet rays, or the like was almost the same as the stimulated emission spectrum shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the wavelength of the stimulation rays and the luminance of the emitted light, that, is, the stimulation spectrum, of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor of the present invention.
  • the stimulation spectrum was obtained by exposing the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, stimulating the phosphor with visible and infrared rays varying the wavelength thereof, and then measuring the luminance of the emitted light.
  • the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor emits light when stimulated by rays having a wavelength within the range of about 450 to 800 nm.
  • the BAFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor emits light of high luminance when stimulated by rays having a wavelength within the range of about 450 to 700 nm.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively show the stimulated emission spectrum and the stimulation spectrum measured for the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor of the present invention
  • the stimulated emission spectrum and the stimulation spectrum similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 were also obtained with respect to the other phosphor of the present invention wherein the coactivator of cerium (A) was indium, thallium, gadolinium, zirconium or at least two of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, or halogen constituting the matrix (X) was chlorine, iodine or at least two of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • the stimulated emission spectrum and the stimulation spectrum of the conventional BaFX:Ce phosphor are also almost the same as those of the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the metallic element (A) incorporated in the phosphor of the present invention as the coactivator of cerium acts as the sensitizer of cerium.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of the coactivator samarium (y value) of the BaFBr:0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor of the present invention and the luminance of the light emitted therefrom.
  • the measurement of the luminance was performed by exposing the phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, and then stimulating the phosphor with a He-Ne laser beam.
  • the luminance of the emitted light (ordinate axis) is represented by the relative value with respect to that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0003Ce phosphor defined to be 100.
  • the BaFBr: 0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor emits light of higher luminance than the conventional BaFBr:0.0003Ce phosphor when y is 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 -2 .
  • the BaFBr:0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor emits stimulated light of markedly high luminance when y is 10 -5 ⁇ y ⁇ 10 -3 .
  • FIG. 3 shows data measured for the BaFBr:0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor of the present invention
  • x was other than 0.0003
  • the coactivator of cerium (A) was indium, thallium, gadolinium, zirconium or at least two of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, or halogen constituting the matrix (X) was chlorine, iodine or at least two of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • the range of the amount of the activator cerium (the range of x value) is the same as that of the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor. That is, x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 ⁇ 10 -1 . From the viewpoint of the luminance of the emitted light, x is preferably 10 -6 ⁇ x ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 -3 .
  • the phosphor of the present invention emits light of higher luminance upon stimulation than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor when stimulated by light of wavelength ranging from 450 to 800 nm after exposure to ionizing radiations such as X-rays or ⁇ -rays, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like.
  • the radiation image storage panel employing the phosphor of the present invention has a high luminance of stimulated emission than the radiation image storage panel employing the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor, Further, the phosphor of the present invention emits near ultraviolet to blue spontaneous light of high luminance when excited by ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like, and accordingly, can be used in a radiographic intensifying screen, fluorescent lamp, cathode ray tube, etc.
  • thermoluminescent light of high luminance when heated after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet ray, cathode rays, or the like, and accordingly, can be used in a thermoluminescent dosimeter, etc.
  • the above raw materials were mixed well by means of a ball mill to obtain a raw material mixture of raw materials.
  • the mixture obtained was placed in an alumina crucible and fired in an electric furnace. The firing was performed at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in a carbon vapor atmosphere. After the firing, the fired product obtained was taken out of the furnace, cooled, and then pulverized. The pulverized fired product was washed with ethyl alcohol, dried, and then sieved by means of a sieve of 150 mesh.
  • BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001In phosphor was obtained.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001In phosphor was measured.
  • the measurement of the luminance was performed by exposing the phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, and then stimulating the phosphor with light of 630 nm which was obtained by causing the light emitted from a xenon lamp in a spectroscope to pass through a diffraction grating.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001In phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 11 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor was about 12 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Gd phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Gd phosphor was about 8.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • BaFCl:0.001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFCl:0.001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor obtained was measured.
  • the measurement of the luminance was performed by exposing the phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, and then stimulating the phosphor with a He-Ne laser beam.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFCl:0.001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor was about 10.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFCl:0.001Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • BaF(Cl 0 .4,Br 0 .6):0.0001ce,0.00005Sm phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1 except for performing the firing at a temperature of 750° C. for 3 hours.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaF(Cl 0 .4,Br 0 .6):0.0001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaF(Cl 0 .4,Br 0 .6):0.0001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 11 times as high as that of the conventional BaF(Cl 0 .4,Br 0 .6):0.0001Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Tl phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Tl phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Tl phosphor was about 6 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Zr phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Zr phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Zr phosphor was about 4.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
  • BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Sm,0.00002In phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Sm,0.00002In phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4.
  • the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Sm,0.00002In phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 10.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.

Abstract

A barium fluorohalide phosphor represented by the formula
BaFX:xCe,yA
wherein X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine, A is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, and x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0<x≦2×1031 1 and 0<y≦5×10-2, respectively. The phosphor emits stimulated light of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor when stimulated by light of wavelength ranging from 450 to 800 nm after exposure to ionizing radiations such as X-rays or γ-rays, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Further, the phosphor emits spontaneous light of high luminance when excited by ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Furthermore, the phosphor emits thermoluminescent light of high luminance when heated after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a phosphor, and more particularly to a barium fluorohalide phosphor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Some kinds of phosphors emit fluorescent light when exposed to visible light or infrared rays after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. This phenomenon is referred to as "stimulation", and the phosphor which exhibits stimulation phenomenon is referred to as "stimulable phosphor". It is known that a stimulable phosphor can be used for a radiation image storage panel. A radiation image of an object can be obtained by causing a panel of a stimulable phosphor to absorb a radiation such as X-rays transmitting through the object, and then exposing the panel of visible light or infrared rays to cause the stimulable phosphor to release the radiation energy stored therein as fluorescent light. Thus, a visible image can be observed or further recorded on a recording medium by detecting the fluroescent light.
In most cases of practical use of a radiation image storage panel, the object of the image is a human body. Accordingly, particularly when the radiation is ionizing radiations such as X-rays or γ-rays, it is required for a stimulable phosphor employed in the radiation image storage panel to have a higher luminance of stimulated emission morder to decrease a does of ionizing radiations on the object is exposed.
As a stimulable phosphor, a cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor represented by the following formula has been known in the art (see U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 57,091):
BaFX:xCe
wherein X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine, and x is a number satisfying the condition of 0<x≦2×10-1. The above cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor, however, is much more desired to have a higher intensity of stimulated emission in order to decrease a dose of ionizing radiations on the object exposed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor which emits stimulated light of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor.
In order to accomplish the above-mentioned object, the inventors conducted various investigations to search the coactivator of cerium which was the activator of the above-mentioned phosphor. As a result of the investigations, it was found that the luminance of the light emitted from the cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor upon stimulation was markedly enhanced by incorporating in the phosphor at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium in a proper amount as the coactivator of cerium.
The phosphor of the present invention is represented by the formula
BaFX:xCe,yA
wherein X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine, A is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, and x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0<x≦2×10-1 and 0<y≦5×10-2, respectively. From a viewpoint of the intensity of luminance of stimulated emission, x and y of the above formula preferably satisfy the conditions of 10-6 ≦x≦5×10-3 10-5 ≦y≦10-3, respectively.
The phosphor of the present invention emits light of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor when stimulated by light of wavelength ranging from 450 to 800 nm after exposure to ionizing radiations such as X-rays or γ-rays, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Further, the phosphor of the present invention emits near ultraviolet to blue spontaneous light of high luminance when excited by ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Furthermore, the phosphor of the present invention emits thermoluminescent light of high luminance when heated after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the stimulated emission spectrum of the phosphor of the present invention,
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the stimulation spectrum of the phosphor of the present invention, and
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of the coactivator (y value) of the phosphor of the present invention and the luminance of the light emitted from the phosphor upon stimulation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention will be described in detail hereinbelow.
The phosphor of the present invention can be prepared by the following process.
The following raw materials are used:
(i) barium fluoride (BaF2),
(ii) at least one halide selected from the group consisting of barium chloride (BaCl2), barium bromide (BaBr2), barium iodide (BaI2), ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl), ammonium bromide (NH4 Br) and ammonium iodide (NH4 I),
(iii) a cerium compound such as cerium nitrate [Ce(NO3)3 ], cerium chloride (CeCl3), cerium oxide (Ce2 O3), etc., and
(iv) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of indium compounds, thallium compounds, gadolinium compounds, samarium compounds and zirconium compounds such as chloride, fluoride, bromide, nitrate, oxide, etc.
The above-mentioned raw materials are weighted out in such a ratio that a mixture of raw materials stoichiometrically represented by the following formula is obtained, and mixed well by means of a ball mill, a mixer mill, or the like:
BaFX:xCe,yA
wherein X is at least one halogen selected from the group of chlorine, bromine and iodine, A is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, and x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0<x≦2×10-1 and 0<y≦5×10-2, respectively. When ammonium halide (NH4 X) is used, as the case may be, the amount of halogen contained in the mixture of raw materials becomes larger than that contained in the above-mentioned stoichiometric formula. However, in such a case, the excess of halogen is released from the reaction system in the form of NH4 X during firing and does not remain in the phosphor obtained.
Then, the mixture of raw materials is placed in a heat-resistant container such as an alumina crucible, a quartz crucible, or the like, and fired in an electric furnace. Although the firing may be performed in the air, the firing is preferably performed in an inert atmosphere such as an argon gas atmosphere or a nitrogen gas atmosphere, or in a weak reducing atmosphere such as a carbon vapor atmosphere or a nitrogen gas atmosphere containing a small amount of hydrogen gas. The firing temperature is within the range of 600° to 1000° C., preferably 700° to 900° C. Although the firing period is determined depending on the amount of the mixture of raw materials charged in the heat-resistant container, the firing temperature employed and so forth, the firing period is generally within the range of 1 to 6 hours. The luminance of the phosphor of the present invention can further be enhanced by firing the raw material mixture under the firing conditions mentioned above, taking out the fired product from the furnace, pulverizing the fired product and then refiring the pulverized fired product under the same firing conditions. After the firing, the fired product is pulverized. Then, the pulverized fired product is subjected to the processes generally employed in the production of a phosphor, such as washing, drying, sieving and so forth to obtain the phosphor of the present invention. When the phosphor of the present invention is washed, it is desirable that the phosphor is washed with a cooled water (below 15° C.) or an organic solvent such as acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, or the like, because the phosphor is apt to decompose in a warm water.
The barium fluorohalide phosphor of the present invention thus obtained exhibits light emission of higher luminance than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor. Further, the phosphor exhibits spontaneous emission of high luminance. Furthermore, the phosphor exhibits thermo-stimulation of high luminance.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the stimulated emission spectrum of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor of the present invention measured by stimulating the phosphor with a He-Ne laser beam after exposure to X-rays of 80 KVp. As is clear from FIG. 1, the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor of the present invention exhibits near ultraviolet to blue stimulated emission having an emission peak in the neighbourhood of 390 nm. The spontaneous emission spectrum of the phosphor observed under excitation of X-rays, cathode rays, ultraviolet rays, or the like was almost the same as the stimulated emission spectrum shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the wavelength of the stimulation rays and the luminance of the emitted light, that, is, the stimulation spectrum, of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor of the present invention. The stimulation spectrum was obtained by exposing the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, stimulating the phosphor with visible and infrared rays varying the wavelength thereof, and then measuring the luminance of the emitted light. As is clear from FIG. 2, the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor emits light when stimulated by rays having a wavelength within the range of about 450 to 800 nm. In particular, the BAFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor emits light of high luminance when stimulated by rays having a wavelength within the range of about 450 to 700 nm.
Although FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively show the stimulated emission spectrum and the stimulation spectrum measured for the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor of the present invention, the stimulated emission spectrum and the stimulation spectrum similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 were also obtained with respect to the other phosphor of the present invention wherein the coactivator of cerium (A) was indium, thallium, gadolinium, zirconium or at least two of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, or halogen constituting the matrix (X) was chlorine, iodine or at least two of chlorine, bromine and iodine. The stimulated emission spectrum and the stimulation spectrum of the conventional BaFX:Ce phosphor are also almost the same as those of the BaFBr:Ce,Sm phosphor shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. This means that the metallic element (A) incorporated in the phosphor of the present invention as the coactivator of cerium acts as the sensitizer of cerium.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of the coactivator samarium (y value) of the BaFBr:0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor of the present invention and the luminance of the light emitted therefrom. The measurement of the luminance was performed by exposing the phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, and then stimulating the phosphor with a He-Ne laser beam. In FIG. 3, the luminance of the emitted light (ordinate axis) is represented by the relative value with respect to that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0003Ce phosphor defined to be 100.
As is clear from FIG. 3, when the amount of the activator cerium (x value) is constant, the BaFBr: 0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor emits light of higher luminance than the conventional BaFBr:0.0003Ce phosphor when y is 0<y≦5×10-2. In particular, the BaFBr:0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor emits stimulated light of markedly high luminance when y is 10-5 ≦y≦10-3.
Although FIG. 3 shows data measured for the BaFBr:0.0003Ce,ySm phosphor of the present invention, it was confirmed that the results similar to that shown in FIG. 3 were also obtained with respect to the other phosphor of the present invention wherein x was other than 0.0003, or the coactivator of cerium (A) was indium, thallium, gadolinium, zirconium or at least two of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, or halogen constituting the matrix (X) was chlorine, iodine or at least two of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
In the phosphor of the present invention, the range of the amount of the activator cerium (the range of x value) is the same as that of the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor. That is, x is 0<x≦2×10-1. From the viewpoint of the luminance of the emitted light, x is preferably 10-6 ≦x≦5×10-3.
As described hereinabove, the phosphor of the present invention emits light of higher luminance upon stimulation than the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor when stimulated by light of wavelength ranging from 450 to 800 nm after exposure to ionizing radiations such as X-rays or γ-rays, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like. Accordingly, the radiation image storage panel employing the phosphor of the present invention has a high luminance of stimulated emission than the radiation image storage panel employing the conventional cerium activated barium fluorohalide phosphor, Further, the phosphor of the present invention emits near ultraviolet to blue spontaneous light of high luminance when excited by ionizing radiations, ultraviolet rays, cathode rays, or the like, and accordingly, can be used in a radiographic intensifying screen, fluorescent lamp, cathode ray tube, etc. Furthermore, the phosphor of the present invention emits thermoluminescent light of high luminance when heated after exposure to ionizing radiations, ultraviolet ray, cathode rays, or the like, and accordingly, can be used in a thermoluminescent dosimeter, etc.
The present invention will hereinbelow be described referring to several examples.
EXAMPLE 1 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                      
Ammonium bromide                                                          
               NH.sub.4 Br                                                
                         97.9 grams                                       
Cerium nitrate Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.163 grams                                      
Indium chloride                                                           
               InCl.sub.3                                                 
                         0.022 grams                                      
______________________________________
The above raw materials were mixed well by means of a ball mill to obtain a raw material mixture of raw materials. The mixture obtained was placed in an alumina crucible and fired in an electric furnace. The firing was performed at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in a carbon vapor atmosphere. After the firing, the fired product obtained was taken out of the furnace, cooled, and then pulverized. The pulverized fired product was washed with ethyl alcohol, dried, and then sieved by means of a sieve of 150 mesh. Thus, BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001In phosphor was obtained.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001In phosphor was measured. The measurement of the luminance was performed by exposing the phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, and then stimulating the phosphor with light of 630 nm which was obtained by causing the light emitted from a xenon lamp in a spectroscope to pass through a diffraction grating. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001In phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 11 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 2 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                      
Ammonium bromide                                                          
               NH.sub.4 Br                                                
                         97.9 grams                                       
Cerium nitrate Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.163 grams                                      
Samarium chloride                                                         
               SmCl.sub.3                                                 
                         0.026 grams                                      
______________________________________
Employing the above raw materials, BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 1. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0001Sm phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 12 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 3 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                     
Ammonium bromide                                                          
                NH.sub.4 Br                                               
                          97.9 grams                                      
Cerium nitrate  Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                        
                          0.163 grams                                     
Gadolinium chloride                                                       
                GdCl.sub.3                                                
                          0.013 grams                                     
______________________________________
phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Gd phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 1. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Gd phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 8.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 4 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                      
Barium chloride                                                           
               BaCl.sub.2                                                 
                         208.2 grams                                      
Cerium nitrate Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.652 grams                                      
Samarium chloride                                                         
               SmCl.sub.3                                                 
                         0.013 grams                                      
______________________________________
Employing the above raw materials, BaFCl:0.001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFCl:0.001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor obtained was measured. The measurement of the luminance was performed by exposing the phosphor to X-rays of 80 KVp, and then stimulating the phosphor with a He-Ne laser beam. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFCl:0.001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 10.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFCl:0.001Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 5 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                      
Ammonium bromide                                                          
               NH.sub.4 Br                                                
                         58.7 grams                                       
Ammonium chloride                                                         
               NH.sub.4 Cl                                                
                         21.4 grams                                       
Cerium chloride                                                           
               CeCl.sub.3                                                 
                         0.025 grams                                      
Samarium nitrate                                                          
               Sm(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.017 grams                                      
______________________________________
Employing the above raw materials, BaF(Cl0.4,Br0.6):0.0001ce,0.00005Sm phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1 except for performing the firing at a temperature of 750° C. for 3 hours.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaF(Cl0.4,Br0.6):0.0001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaF(Cl0.4,Br0.6):0.0001Ce,0.00005Sm phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 11 times as high as that of the conventional BaF(Cl0.4,Br0.6):0.0001Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 6 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2   175.3 grams                                    
Ammonium bromide                                                          
               NH.sub.4 Br 97.9 grams                                     
Cerium nitrate Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                           0.163 grams                                    
Thallium nitrate                                                          
               TlNO.sub.3  0.053 grams                                    
______________________________________
Employing the above raw materials, BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Tl phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Tl phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Tl phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 6 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 7 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                      
Ammonium bromide                                                          
               NH.sub.4 Br                                                
                         97.9 grams                                       
Cerium nitrate Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.163 grams                                      
Zirconium sulfate                                                         
               Zr(SO.sub.4).sub.2                                         
                         0.057 grams                                      
______________________________________
Employing the above raw materials, BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Zr phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Zr phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.0002Zr phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 4.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 8 
______________________________________                                    
Barium fluoride                                                           
               BaF.sub.2 175.3 grams                                      
Ammonium bromide                                                          
               NH.sub.4 Br                                                
                         97.9 grams                                       
Cerium nitrate Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.163 grams                                      
Samarium nitrate                                                          
               Sm(NO.sub.3).sub.3                                         
                         0.017 grams                                      
Indium chloride                                                           
               InCl.sub.3                                                 
                         0.004 grams                                      
______________________________________
Employing the above raw materials, BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Sm,0.00002In phosphor was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1.
Then, the luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Sm,0.00002In phosphor obtained was measured in the same manner as described in Example 4. The luminance of stimulated emission of the BaFBr:0.0005Ce,0.00005Sm,0.00002In phosphor (the height of stimulated emission peak) was about 10.5 times as high as that of the conventional BaFBr:0.0005Ce phosphor measured under the same conditions.

Claims (3)

We claim:
1. A barium fluorohalide phosphor represented by the formula
BaFX:xCe,yA
wherein X is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine, A is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of indium, thallium, gadolinium, samarium and zirconium, and x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 10-6 ≦x≦2×10-1 and 10-5 ≦y≦5×10-2, respectively.
2. A barium fluorohalide phosphor as defined in claim 1 wherein said x is a number satisfying the condition of 10-6 ≦x≦5×10-3.
3. A barium fluorohalide phosphor as defined in claim 1 wherein said y is a number satisfying the condition of 10-5 ≦y≦10-3.
US06/104,857 1978-12-21 1979-12-18 Phosphor Expired - Lifetime US4261854A (en)

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US4618778A (en) * 1983-06-07 1986-10-21 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiographic intensifying screen
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US4855603A (en) * 1985-10-10 1989-08-08 Quantex Corporation Photoluminescent materials for radiography
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US4879186A (en) * 1985-10-10 1989-11-07 Quantex Corporation Photoluminescent materials for outputting reddish-orange light and a process for making the same
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US4947465A (en) * 1989-07-25 1990-08-07 Mathur Veerendra K Method of laser discrimination using stimulated luminescence
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US5140163A (en) * 1987-08-17 1992-08-18 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Reproduction of X-ray images with photostimulable phosphor
US5360578A (en) * 1993-03-09 1994-11-01 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Preparation of metal halide phosphor particles of selected particle size range with improved powder flowability
US5391884A (en) * 1993-05-24 1995-02-21 Eastman Kodak Company Barium gadolinate phosphor activated by terbium and/or samarium
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US4733090A (en) * 1981-02-26 1988-03-22 Eastman Kodak Company Screens for storing X-ray images and methods for their use
US4521904A (en) * 1981-10-12 1985-06-04 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of and cassette for taking X-ray photograph
US4654534A (en) * 1981-11-20 1987-03-31 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiation image storage panel
US4505989A (en) * 1982-09-27 1985-03-19 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Phosphor and radiation image storage panel employing the same
US4926047A (en) * 1982-10-22 1990-05-15 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiation image recording and reproducing method and radiation image storage panel employed for the same
US4987308A (en) * 1983-01-21 1991-01-22 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Cassette for stimulable phosphor sheet
US4621196A (en) * 1983-03-07 1986-11-04 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiation image storage panel
US4618778A (en) * 1983-06-07 1986-10-21 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiographic intensifying screen
US4931652A (en) * 1984-01-27 1990-06-05 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiation image recording and reproducing method
US4785183A (en) * 1985-09-18 1988-11-15 Konishiroku Photo Industry Co., Ltd. Method for reading radiation image information
US4839092A (en) * 1985-10-10 1989-06-13 Quantex Corporation Photoluminescent materials for outputting orange light
US4842960A (en) * 1985-10-10 1989-06-27 Quantex Corporation High efficiency photoluminescent material for optical upconversion
US4855603A (en) * 1985-10-10 1989-08-08 Quantex Corporation Photoluminescent materials for radiography
US4879186A (en) * 1985-10-10 1989-11-07 Quantex Corporation Photoluminescent materials for outputting reddish-orange light and a process for making the same
US4983834A (en) * 1985-10-10 1991-01-08 Quantex Corporation Large area particle detector system
US5140163A (en) * 1987-08-17 1992-08-18 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Reproduction of X-ray images with photostimulable phosphor
US5124564A (en) * 1987-12-22 1992-06-23 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method for recording and reproducing a radiation image, apparatus using said method, panel for storing a radiation image and photostimulable phosphors
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JPS5584389A (en) 1980-06-25
DE2951516C2 (en) 1986-05-07
DE2951516A1 (en) 1980-07-10
NL7909225A (en) 1980-06-24
NL189764B (en) 1993-02-16
NL189764C (en) 1993-07-16
JPS5944334B2 (en) 1984-10-29

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