US4515700A - Gelled acid composition - Google Patents
Gelled acid composition Download PDFInfo
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- US4515700A US4515700A US06/487,367 US48736783A US4515700A US 4515700 A US4515700 A US 4515700A US 48736783 A US48736783 A US 48736783A US 4515700 A US4515700 A US 4515700A
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- acid
- polysaccharide
- phenol
- xanthan
- composition according
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/90—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds of natural origin, e.g. polysaccharides, cellulose
- C09K8/905—Biopolymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
Definitions
- This invention relates to the production of improved gelled acid compositions.
- gelled acids can be used as fracturing fluids in oil or gas containing formations to increase production of the desired oil or gas.
- Such gelled acids are generally formed by admixing any one of a variety of gelling agents including polymers such as polysaccharides with an aqueous solution of the acid.
- gelling agents including polymers such as polysaccharides
- the resulting gelled acid is unstable due to the susceptibility of the polysaccharide gelling agent to acid hydrolysis. Accordingly, in order to render such compositions useful as a fracturing fluid, it is necessary to overcome the problem of gelled acid instability.
- Any polysaccharide solution which has not been previously heated to temperature above about 60° C. may be utilized in the present invention.
- suitable polysaccharides include xanthan, dextrans, levans, pullulans, glucans, mannans, glucosylglucan, phosphomannan and mixtures thereof.
- polysaccharides produced by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas are commonly referred to as xanthan gums or xanthan biopolymers and are available commercially.
- Xanthan produced by Xanthomonas campestris, NRRL B-1459.
- Xanthan contains mannose, glucose, glucurionic acid, O-acetyl radicals and acetal-linked pyruvic acid in the molar ratio of 2:2:1:1:0.5.
- a polysaccharide solution is formed by dispersing the polysaccharide in any agent, typically an aqueous medium, which will solubilize the polysaccharide.
- the polysaccharide solution is heated in the range from about 60° C. up to the boiling point of the polysaccharide solution and preferably from about 80° C. up the boiling point of the polysaccharide solution.
- the time for heating will be from about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes.
- the polysaccharide solution when heated contains additionally a phenol or aldehyde.
- phenols those that contain 6 to 10 carbon atoms per moleculer are preferred.
- examples of such phenols include phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 2-ethylphenol, 3-isopropylphenol, 4-butylphenol, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and mixtures thereof.
- aldehydes those preferred contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms per moleculer.
- aldehydes include acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, benzaldehyde, vanillin, and mixtures thereof.
- the amount of phenol or aldehyde employed in this invention will generally be from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent based on the weight of the polysaccharide.
- an acid is added to the treated polysaccharide in the quantity of from about 0.4 to about 60 weight percent of the polysaccharide.
- Acids useful in the practice of the invention include any acid which is effective in increasing the flow of fluids, e.g., hydrocarbons through a formation.
- acids are non-oxidizing mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and phosphoric acid, and C 1 -C 6 organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, citric acid and mixtures thereof, and combinations of inorganic and organic acids.
- the concentration or strength of the acid can vary depending upon the type of acid, the type of formation being treated, the above-stated compatibility requirements, and the results desired in the particular treating operation.
- the resulting stabilized polysaccharide gelled acid is commercially useful, for example, as a fracturing fluid.
- polysaccharide employed in the following examples was xanthan produced from Xanthamonas campestris and available commercially from the Kelco Division, Merck and Company, Rahway, N.J.
- Xanthan solutions were prepared by dissolving 2.75 grams of xanthan powder in 100 cc water.
- the general polysaccharide treatment procedure employed involved placing 20 g of 2.75% xanthan polysaccharide solution in stoppered 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, adding treating agent (phenol or aldehyde) as appropriate, then heating to about 90° C. for 30 minutes. When heating was complete, 200 mL of tap water (Example II) or 200 mL of acid solution (Example III) was added, and the solution stirred until homogeneous. The aqueous samples (Example II) were then divided into two portions, each portion diluted with an equal volume of (a) water or (b) aqueous HCl, and viscosities measured. Samples were then stirred for an additional 24 hours, and viscosities measured again. Alternatively, the acidified samples (Example III) were stirred about 15 hours, then diluted 1:1 with tap water for viscosity measurement.
- treating agent phenol or aldehyde
- the viscosity of the resulting solution was measured with a Brookfield model LVF viscometer equipped with a UL adapter at 6 rpm and room temperature.
- a solution containing 2.75% of xanthan was prepared as described in Example I, and 20 g aliquots treated with a variety of treating agents as described above, diluted with 200 mL of tap water, stirred about 15 hours, then split into two fractions.
- One fraction (a) was diluted 1:1 with tap water and the other (b) diluted 1:1 with about 11% solution (30 mL concentrated HCl per 100 mL solution). Viscosities were measured at the time of mixing and about 48 hours later.
- Samples employed a sample of xanthan gum which had been sterilized prior to drying, i.e., the biopolysaccharide had been treated to conditions of temperature within the contemplation of the present invention prior to redissolution and treatment according to the present invention.
- Samples 5-8 employed bispolysaccharide which had been recovered by alcohol precipitation, followed by drying at 125° F. (52° C.).
- Samples 5-8 employed xanthan gum which had not previously been subjected to heating conditions within the treating range disclosed herein.
Abstract
A stable polysaccharide gelled acid is produced by heating a polysaccharide solution which has not previously been heated at temperatures in excess of about 60° F. at a temperature of from about 60° C. up to the boiling point of the polysaccharide solution for about 5 minutes to 120 minutes and subsequently adding acid. Preferably, the polysaccharide solution when heated contains a phenol or aldehyde.
Description
This invention relates to the production of improved gelled acid compositions.
It is known that gelled acids can be used as fracturing fluids in oil or gas containing formations to increase production of the desired oil or gas.
Such gelled acids are generally formed by admixing any one of a variety of gelling agents including polymers such as polysaccharides with an aqueous solution of the acid. However, when a polysaccharide is utilized as the gelling agent, the resulting gelled acid is unstable due to the susceptibility of the polysaccharide gelling agent to acid hydrolysis. Accordingly, in order to render such compositions useful as a fracturing fluid, it is necessary to overcome the problem of gelled acid instability.
It is thus an object of this invention to provide a stabilized polysaccharide gelled acid.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for making a stabilized polysaccharide gelled acid.
Other aspects, objects, and the several advantages of the present invention are apparent from this specification and the claims.
In accordance with the present invention I have discovered that a polysaccharide solution which has not previously been heat treated at temperatures above about 60° C. can be used as a gelling agent for acid solutions.
Any polysaccharide solution which has not been previously heated to temperature above about 60° C. may be utilized in the present invention. Examples of suitable polysaccharides include xanthan, dextrans, levans, pullulans, glucans, mannans, glucosylglucan, phosphomannan and mixtures thereof.
Presently preferred are the polysaccharides produced by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas. These polysaccharides are commonly referred to as xanthan gums or xanthan biopolymers and are available commercially.
Most preferred is the polysaccharide xanthan produced by Xanthomonas campestris, NRRL B-1459. Xanthan contains mannose, glucose, glucurionic acid, O-acetyl radicals and acetal-linked pyruvic acid in the molar ratio of 2:2:1:1:0.5.
A polysaccharide solution is formed by dispersing the polysaccharide in any agent, typically an aqueous medium, which will solubilize the polysaccharide.
Generally, the polysaccharide solution is heated in the range from about 60° C. up to the boiling point of the polysaccharide solution and preferably from about 80° C. up the boiling point of the polysaccharide solution.
Generally, the time for heating will be from about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes.
In a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polysaccharide solution when heated contains additionally a phenol or aldehyde.
Among the applicable phenols, those that contain 6 to 10 carbon atoms per moleculer are preferred. Examples of such phenols include phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 2-ethylphenol, 3-isopropylphenol, 4-butylphenol, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and mixtures thereof.
Among the applicable aldehydes, those preferred contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms per moleculer. Examples of such aldehydes include acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, benzaldehyde, vanillin, and mixtures thereof.
The amount of phenol or aldehyde employed in this invention will generally be from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent based on the weight of the polysaccharide.
Following heating of the polysaccharide solution, an acid is added to the treated polysaccharide in the quantity of from about 0.4 to about 60 weight percent of the polysaccharide.
Acids useful in the practice of the invention include any acid which is effective in increasing the flow of fluids, e.g., hydrocarbons through a formation. Examples of such acids are non-oxidizing mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and phosphoric acid, and C1 -C6 organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, citric acid and mixtures thereof, and combinations of inorganic and organic acids. The concentration or strength of the acid can vary depending upon the type of acid, the type of formation being treated, the above-stated compatibility requirements, and the results desired in the particular treating operation.
The resulting stabilized polysaccharide gelled acid is commercially useful, for example, as a fracturing fluid.
The following examples illustrate the present invention.
Polysaccharide Treatment
The polysaccharide employed in the following examples was xanthan produced from Xanthamonas campestris and available commercially from the Kelco Division, Merck and Company, Rahway, N.J.
Xanthan solutions were prepared by dissolving 2.75 grams of xanthan powder in 100 cc water.
The general polysaccharide treatment procedure employed involved placing 20 g of 2.75% xanthan polysaccharide solution in stoppered 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, adding treating agent (phenol or aldehyde) as appropriate, then heating to about 90° C. for 30 minutes. When heating was complete, 200 mL of tap water (Example II) or 200 mL of acid solution (Example III) was added, and the solution stirred until homogeneous. The aqueous samples (Example II) were then divided into two portions, each portion diluted with an equal volume of (a) water or (b) aqueous HCl, and viscosities measured. Samples were then stirred for an additional 24 hours, and viscosities measured again. Alternatively, the acidified samples (Example III) were stirred about 15 hours, then diluted 1:1 with tap water for viscosity measurement.
The viscosity of the resulting solution was measured with a Brookfield model LVF viscometer equipped with a UL adapter at 6 rpm and room temperature.
A solution containing 2.75% of xanthan was prepared as described in Example I, and 20 g aliquots treated with a variety of treating agents as described above, diluted with 200 mL of tap water, stirred about 15 hours, then split into two fractions. One fraction (a) was diluted 1:1 with tap water and the other (b) diluted 1:1 with about 11% solution (30 mL concentrated HCl per 100 mL solution). Viscosities were measured at the time of mixing and about 48 hours later.
TABLE I
______________________________________
Viscosity (cp)
Initial 48 Hours
Water Acid Water Acid
Sample
Added Reagent
(a) (b) (a) (b)
______________________________________
1 None* 44.0 16.6 45.5 9.1
2 None 63.1 25.9 67.4 13.2
3 1% Phenol 66.8 25.6 64.4 10.9
4 2% Phenol 72.8 26.0 77.7 12.9
5 0.5% o-Vanillin
73.3 28.1 72.7 13.7
6 1% o-Vanillin
69.1 29.5 77.8 13.4
7 0.5% Vanillin
72.0 26.4 78.7 13.5
8 1% Vanillin 76.7 28.5 80.9 14.6
9 0.2% HCHO 65.2 22.3 69.4 11.2
10 0.5% HCHO 71.4 23.9 68.7 12.6
______________________________________
*Sample not heated
The above data demonstrate that merely heating the polysaccharide (Sample 2) results in a substantial increase in viscosity over an unheated polysaccharide (Sample 1). Furthermore, heating the polysaccharide in the presence of agents such as phenol, o-vanillin and vanillin in some instances results in higher viscosities than achieved by mere heating of the polysaccharide (see Samples 4-8). Samples 9 and 10 demonstrate that the use of formaldehyde does not give enhanced viscosities for gelled acid solutions compared to heat treated Sample 2.
Several 20 g 2.75% xanthan solution samples were heat treated as described above and then diluted with (a) 200 mL of tap water or (b) 200 mL of about 6% HCl solution (15 mL concentrated HCl per 100 mL solution). Samples were stirred about 15 hours, then divided into four fractions each--viscosity of one fraction was measured immediately, while the other samples were sealed in serum bottles under a nitrogen atmosphere for viscosity measurement after 24, 72 and 192 hours of storage at 45° C.
Group I Samples (Samples 1-4) employed a sample of xanthan gum which had been sterilized prior to drying, i.e., the biopolysaccharide had been treated to conditions of temperature within the contemplation of the present invention prior to redissolution and treatment according to the present invention.
In contrast, Group II Samples (Samples 5-8) employed bispolysaccharide which had been recovered by alcohol precipitation, followed by drying at 125° F. (52° C.). Thus, Samples 5-8 employed xanthan gum which had not previously been subjected to heating conditions within the treating range disclosed herein.
TABLE II
______________________________________
Added Viscosity
Sam- Re- Initial 24 Hrs. 72 Hrs. 192 Hrs.
ple agent (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)
______________________________________
1 None* 50.3 10.6 54.4 8.9 49.2 6.2 50.9 4.1
2 None 51.9 8.8 45.4 7.2 40.9 6.0 39.1 3.7
3 2% 44.0 8.2 37.4 6.9 37.2 5.4 39.6 3.7
Phenol
4 1% o- 53.7 7.6 48.4 6.6 44.3 5.3 41.6 3.6
Vanil-
lin
II
5 None* 36.4 7.8 36.8 7.2 35.3 6.0 35.0 3.6
6 None 51.1 10.3 54.5 9.2 52.8 7.0 53.3 5.1
7 2% 60.9 11.0 59.1 9.9 59.4 7.6 59.3 5.4
Phenol
8 1% o- 65.4 12.4 62.3 11.3 62.8 8.4 65.6 5.9
Vanil-
lin
______________________________________
*Redissolved sample not heated
The data from Sample Group I demonstrate that a polysaccharide previously heated treated, dried, and then redissolved in aqueous solution and treated as in the present invention (Samples 2-4) does not result in a polysaccharide gelled acid of enhanced viscosity. Conversely, the data from Sample Group II show that use of a polysaccharide solution not previously heated as in Group I results in a polysaccharide gelled acid of enhanced viscosity (Samples 6-8).
Reasonable variations and modifications are possible from the foregoing without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (13)
1. A stabilized polysaccharide gelled acid composition produced by the process which comprises:
(a) heating an aqueous solution of at least one polysaccharide sellected from the group consisting of xanthan, dextrans, levans, pullulans, glucans, mannans, glucosylglucan and phosphomannan which has not been previously heated to temperatures above about 60° C. at a temperature in the range of 60° C. to the boiling point of said solution for about 5 minutes to 2 hours; and
(b) thereafter adding from about 0.4 to about 60 weight percent of at least one acid selected from a non-oxidizing mineral acid of the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid or a C1 to C6 organic acid.
2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said polysaccharide is xanthan.
3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein there is added to said aqueous solution of at least one polysaccharide from about 0.5 to about 5.0 weight percent of at least one phenol having 6 to 10 carbon atoms per molecule or an aldehyde having 2 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule prior to heating.
4. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said phenol is phenol.
5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said organic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and citric acid.
6. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said polysaccharide is xanthan, said acid is hydrochloric acid, and said phenol is phenol.
7. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said polysaccharide is xanthan, said acid is hydrochloric acid, and said aldehyde is vanillin.
8. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said polysaccharide is xanthan, said acid is hydrochloric acid, and said aldehyde is o-vanillin.
9. A process for preparing a stabilized polysaccharide gelled and comprising:
(a) heating an aqueous solution of at least one polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of xanthan, dextrans, levans, pullulans, glucans, mannans, glucosylglucan and phosphomannan which has not been previously heated to temperatures above about 60° C. at a temperature in the range of 60° C. to the boiling point of said solution for about 5 minutes to 2 hours; and
(b) thereafter adding from about 0.4 to about 60 weight percent of at least one acid selected from a non-oxidizing mineral acid of the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid or a C1 to C6 organic acid.
10. A process according to claim 9 wherein said polysaccharide is xanthan.
11. A process according to claim 9 wherein there is added to said aqueous solution of at least one polysaccharide from about 0.5 to about 5.0 weight percent of at least one phenol having 6 to 10 carbon atoms per molecule or an aldehyde having 2 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule prior to heating.
12. A process according to claim 11 wherein said phenol is phenol.
13. A process according to claim 9 wherein said organic acid is at least one selected from the gorup consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and citric acid.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/487,367 US4515700A (en) | 1983-04-21 | 1983-04-21 | Gelled acid composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/487,367 US4515700A (en) | 1983-04-21 | 1983-04-21 | Gelled acid composition |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US4515700A true US4515700A (en) | 1985-05-07 |
Family
ID=23935454
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/487,367 Expired - Fee Related US4515700A (en) | 1983-04-21 | 1983-04-21 | Gelled acid composition |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4515700A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0255405A1 (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1988-02-03 | Celgene Corporation | Production of heat-modified heteropolysaccharides |
| US5112965A (en) * | 1988-02-18 | 1992-05-12 | Director-General Of The Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology | Thickner composition and a method for the preparation thereof |
| US5198469A (en) * | 1990-12-11 | 1993-03-30 | Shigenobu Sakata | Bath lotion and body lotion with pharmaceutical effect |
| US6015535A (en) * | 1995-04-06 | 2000-01-18 | Cabot Corporation | Process for producing purified cesium compound from cesium alum |
| US20110028804A1 (en) * | 2009-07-28 | 2011-02-03 | Lisa Jernigan | Use of Heat Sensitive Color Changing Formula to Detect and Prevent the Onset of Decubitus Ulcers |
| WO2013154717A1 (en) * | 2012-04-12 | 2013-10-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Acidizing fluids comprising a salt block inhibitor and methods for use thereof |
Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3355447A (en) * | 1964-04-28 | 1967-11-28 | Kelco Co | Treatment of xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid and resulting product |
| US3801502A (en) * | 1971-09-23 | 1974-04-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Waterflood bacterial viscosifier |
| US3960736A (en) * | 1974-06-03 | 1976-06-01 | The Dow Chemical Company | Self-breaking viscous aqueous solutions and the use thereof in fracturing subterranean formations |
| US4044833A (en) * | 1976-06-08 | 1977-08-30 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Acid foam fracturing |
| US4095991A (en) * | 1975-01-31 | 1978-06-20 | Rhone-Poulenc Industries | Enhancement of heteropolysaccharide solubility |
| US4103742A (en) * | 1975-12-24 | 1978-08-01 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Method for acidizing subterranean formations |
| US4143175A (en) * | 1977-06-09 | 1979-03-06 | Cpc International Inc. | Cheese food product |
| US4146486A (en) * | 1975-12-24 | 1979-03-27 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Composition for acidizing subterranean formations |
| US4205724A (en) * | 1978-05-23 | 1980-06-03 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Well treating compositions |
| US4244826A (en) * | 1978-07-17 | 1981-01-13 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Gelled acidic well treating composition and process |
-
1983
- 1983-04-21 US US06/487,367 patent/US4515700A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3355447A (en) * | 1964-04-28 | 1967-11-28 | Kelco Co | Treatment of xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid and resulting product |
| US3801502A (en) * | 1971-09-23 | 1974-04-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Waterflood bacterial viscosifier |
| US3960736A (en) * | 1974-06-03 | 1976-06-01 | The Dow Chemical Company | Self-breaking viscous aqueous solutions and the use thereof in fracturing subterranean formations |
| US4095991A (en) * | 1975-01-31 | 1978-06-20 | Rhone-Poulenc Industries | Enhancement of heteropolysaccharide solubility |
| US4103742A (en) * | 1975-12-24 | 1978-08-01 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Method for acidizing subterranean formations |
| US4146486A (en) * | 1975-12-24 | 1979-03-27 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Composition for acidizing subterranean formations |
| US4044833A (en) * | 1976-06-08 | 1977-08-30 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Acid foam fracturing |
| US4143175A (en) * | 1977-06-09 | 1979-03-06 | Cpc International Inc. | Cheese food product |
| US4205724A (en) * | 1978-05-23 | 1980-06-03 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Well treating compositions |
| US4244826A (en) * | 1978-07-17 | 1981-01-13 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Gelled acidic well treating composition and process |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0255405A1 (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1988-02-03 | Celgene Corporation | Production of heat-modified heteropolysaccharides |
| US5112965A (en) * | 1988-02-18 | 1992-05-12 | Director-General Of The Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology | Thickner composition and a method for the preparation thereof |
| US5198469A (en) * | 1990-12-11 | 1993-03-30 | Shigenobu Sakata | Bath lotion and body lotion with pharmaceutical effect |
| US6015535A (en) * | 1995-04-06 | 2000-01-18 | Cabot Corporation | Process for producing purified cesium compound from cesium alum |
| US6436879B1 (en) | 1995-04-06 | 2002-08-20 | Cabot Corporation | Process for producing a predetermined cesium compound |
| US20110028804A1 (en) * | 2009-07-28 | 2011-02-03 | Lisa Jernigan | Use of Heat Sensitive Color Changing Formula to Detect and Prevent the Onset of Decubitus Ulcers |
| US8622904B2 (en) | 2009-07-28 | 2014-01-07 | Lisa Jernigan | Use of heat sensitive color changing formula to detect and prevent the onset of decubitus ulcers |
| WO2013154717A1 (en) * | 2012-04-12 | 2013-10-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Acidizing fluids comprising a salt block inhibitor and methods for use thereof |
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