US4847173A - Electrode for fuel cell - Google Patents
Electrode for fuel cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4847173A US4847173A US07/139,571 US13957187A US4847173A US 4847173 A US4847173 A US 4847173A US 13957187 A US13957187 A US 13957187A US 4847173 A US4847173 A US 4847173A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- catalyst
- matrix
- electrode
- fuel cell
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- This invention relates to an electrode for a fuel cell, and, more particularly, it is concerned with an improved structure of such electrode.
- FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawing indicates a cross-section of a conventional electrode for a fuel cell, in which a reference numeral 1 designates an electrode base, a numeral 2 refers to a catalyst layer, 3 denotes a catalyst penetrated layer, and 4 a matrix layer.
- the electrode base 1 should have electrical conductivity and gas permeability, and is obtained by immersing such porous and electrically conductive sheet like carbon paper in a dispersion liquid of polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter simply referred to as "PTFE") or by applying such dispersion liquid of PTFE onto such sheet to render it water-repellent.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the catalyst layer 2 is formed, for example, by applying on the above-mentioned electrode base 1 catalyst paste containing therein catalyst powder obtained by having fine particles of platinum carried on the surface of carbon powder and PTFE as a binder, which is heat-treated to a temperature of, for example, 300° C. to 350° C.
- the matrix layer 4 is formed, for example, by applying on the above-mentioned catalyst layer 2 matrix paste containing therein silicon carbide powder and PTFE as a binding agent, which is heat-treated to a temperature of, for example, 300° C. to 350° C.
- the catalyst layer 2 and the matrix layer 4 may be heat-treated either separately or jointly.
- the above-mentioned catalyst paste and matrix paste may be applied by the spraying method, the curtain coating method, the doctor blade method, and so on.
- the catalyst penetrated layer 3 owing to penetration of the catalyst paste into the electrode base 1, the depth of which varies depending on various conditions such as diameter of the pores in the electrode base 1, intensity of the water-repellent property, viscosity of the catalyst paste, and so forth. It can therefore be said that depth of the catalyst penetrated layer 3 tends to be readily affected by production lots of the electrode base 1 and the catalyst paste.
- PTFE used for treating the electrode base 1 to have the required water-repellent property becomes molten at the time of heat-treatment of the electrode base at a temperature of from 300° C. to 350° C. after application of the catalyst paste, which causes the pore structure of the catalyst layer 2 to change.
- the conventional electrode for the fuel cell is constructed as mentioned above, there has been a point of problem such that the catalyst paste penetrates into the interior of the electrode base 1 and the pore of the electrode base 1 are filled with the catalyst powder and the binding agent, on account of which the electrode base 1 has a reduced gas diffusibility.
- an electrode such as the electrode with rib, wherein an electrolyte is held in the interior of the electrode base 1
- there has been a point of problem such that the volume of pores decreases to lower the sustaining quantity of the electrolyte, hence shortened service life of the cell.
- the catalyst penetrated into the electrode base 1 is not effectively utilized in the cell reaction, there has been a point of problem such that the utility of the catalyst is low.
- the electrode base 1 subjected to the water-repellent treatment there has been a point of problem such that the electrolyte like phosphoric acid, etc. can be impregnated by application only from the surface side of the matrix layer.
- the conventional electrode for the fuel cell has its disadvantage such that the catalyst layer 2 and the matrix layer 3 have poor adhesive property, which readily brings about peeling and cracking of the matrix layer 3.
- an electrode for a fuel cell which comprises in combination an electrode base, a catalyst layer, and a matrix layer, a part or the entire part of said catalyst layer and a part of the entire part of said matrix layer being formed in a porous sheet in contiguity to each other.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the electrode for the fuel cell according to one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is also a cross-sectional view showing the electrode for the fuel cell according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an electrode/matrix combination according to further embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional electrode for a fuel cell.
- the porous sheet to be used for the fuel cell electrode according to the present invention should desirably have its porosity of, for example, 50% or above (or preferably, 75% or above), As an example, a carbon fiber sheet having thickness in a range of from 30 to 300 ⁇ m (or preferably, from 50 to 200 ⁇ m) is excellent.
- a catalyst adhered layer In case a catalyst adhered layer is provided to the side of the catalyst layer, its thickness should desirably be in a range of, for example, from 10 to 300 ⁇ m (or preferably from 50 to 150 ⁇ m); and, in the case of providing a matrix adhered layer to the side of the matrix layer, its thickness should desirably be in a range of, for example, from 30 to 300 ⁇ m (or preferably from 50 to 200 ⁇ m). Total thickness of the entire catalyst layer including the catalyst adhered layer should be in a range of, for example, from 50 to 400 ⁇ m (or preferably, from 100 to 300 ⁇ m). The entire matrix layer including the matrix adhered layer should have its total thickness in a range of, for example, from 50 to 500 ⁇ m (or preferably, from 100 to 300 ⁇ m).
- the above-mentioned catalyst layer is composed of catalyst powder and a binding agent.
- the catalyst powder consists of fine particles of platinum which is carried on the surface of carbon powder.
- fluorine-containing resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene (hereinafter referred to simply as "FEP"), and others are suitable.
- the above-mentioned matrix layer is composed of a matrix skeletal material and a binding agent.
- a matrix skeletal material use is made of carbon, inorganic compounds, phosphates of metals, and so forth.
- the inorganic compounds to be used as the matrix skeletal material there are zirconium oxide, silica alumina, silica-alumina, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, titanium oxide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, and so on, all being in the form of powder or fiber, of which silicon nitride and silicon carbide are excellent.
- phosphates of metals preferred use may be made of salts of phosphoric acid with silicon, titanium, tin, aluminum, zirconium, etc., for example, SiP 2 O 7 , ZrP 2 O 7 , and so forth.
- the binding agent PTFE, FEP, and other fluorine-containing resins are suitable.
- inclusion in the above-mentioned binding agent of polyether sulfone, polyether/etherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, and other hydrophilic thermoplastic resins may bring about favorable result.
- a reference numeral 1 designates the electrode base
- a numeral 4 refers to a porous sheet, inside which the catalyst layer 5 and the matrix layer 6 are formed in juxtaposition.
- FIG. 1 uses an electrically conductive carbon paper as the porous sheet 4, and the matrix layer 6 is also formed on the surface of the porous sheet 4 with a view to securing electronic insulation of the matrix layer 6.
- the electrode base 1 having both electric conductivity and gas permeability is obtained by immersing carbon paper having a thickness of, for example, 400 ⁇ m and porosity of, for example, 75% in a dispersion liquid of PTFE, after which it is dried and baked for rendering the same to be water-repellent.
- the catalyst paste prepared by mixing the catalyst of carbon powder, on which fine particles of platinum are carried, and the dispersion liquid of PTFE was filled in this carbon paper from one surface side thereof, followed by drying and baking the same to form the catalyst layer 5; thereafter, the matrix paste prepared by mixing fine particles of the matrix material (e.g., silicon carbide) and the dispersion liquid of PTFE as the binding agent was filled on this carbon paper from the other surface side thereof, followed by dring and baking the same to form the matrix layer 6.
- the matrix paste prepared by mixing fine particles of the matrix material e.g., silicon carbide
- catalyst paste and matrix paste are filled in the carbon paper by the spraying method, the filtration method, the doctor blade method, the reverse roll coater method, the screen printing method, and any other appropriate methods.
- the electrode base 1, the catalyst layer 5, and the matrix layer 6 may be combined into an integral member by laminating them at the time of assembling the fuel cell. It may however be more preferable that they are combined in advance by pressing or rolling.
- the electrically conductive carbon paper as the porous sheet 4 has been shown as an example, although it may be feasible to use a non-conductive sheet.
- the catalyst layer 5 should be formed on the surface thereof to the side of the electrode base 1 so as to secure the electrical conductivity between the electrode base 1 and the catalyst layer 5.
- this first embodiment of the present invention forms the catalyst layer and the matrix layer inside the porous sheet in a juxtaposed relationship, which gives effect of obtaining the fuel cell electrode of high performance and stable quality.
- a reference numeral 1 designates the electrode base
- a numeral 15 refers to a catalyst layer
- 16 denotes the matrix layer
- 17 the porous sheet, both catalyst layer 15 and matrix layer 16 forming an integral body of catalyst/matrix layer combination.
- the catalyst/matrix layer combination consists of: the catalyst layer 15 which is composed of a catalyst filled layer 18 formed by filling the porous sheet 17 with the catalyst powder and the binding agent from one surface side thereof, and a catalyst adhered layer 19 formed by adhering the catalyst powder and the binding agent onto the surface of the above-mentioned catalyst filled layer 18; and the matrix layer 16 which is composed of a matrix filled layer 20 formed by filling the above-mentioned porous sheet 17 with the matrix skeletal material and the binding agent from the other surface side thereof, and a catalyst adhered layer 21 formed by adhering the matrix skeletal material and the binding agent onto the surface of the above-mentioned matrix filled layer 20.
- the electrode base 1 is obtained by immersing carbon paper having thickness of, for example, 300 ⁇ m and porosity of, for example, 75% in a dispersion liquid of PTFE, followed by drying the same, and then it is heat-treated at a temperature of, for example, 360° C. to render it water repellent.
- the catalyst layer 15 is manufactured in the following manner.
- the porous sheet is then filled with the catalyst powder prepared by having fine particles of platinum carried on the surface of carbon powder and PTFE as the binding agent, to thereby form the catalyst filled layer 18.
- the catalyst powder and the binding agent are prepared in the form of aqueous paste, which is filled in, and adhered onto, the porous sheet 17 by means of the reverse roll coater method, etc.
- the sheet as filled with the catalyst paste is dried and heat-treated at a temperature of, for example, 350° C. to complete formation of the catalyst layer 15.
- the total thickness of the catalyst layer 15 is, for example, 200 ⁇ m, while the thickness of the catalyst adhered layer 18 is, for example, 150 ⁇ m.
- This catalyst layer 15 is flexible, and constitutes an independent film layer having its self-sustaining property, which permits it to be handled manually.
- the matrix layer 16 is manufactured in the following manner. That is to say, the porous sheet 17, in and on which the above-mentioned catalyst layer 15 has been formed, is reversed , and then the matrix filled layer 20 is formed therein by filling silicon carbide powder as the matrix skeletal material and PTFE as the binding agent. Subsequently, onto the surface of this matrix filled layer 20, there are adhered silicon carbide powder, as the matrix skeletal material, of the exactly same composition as that used in the above-mentioned matrix filled layer 20, and PTFE as the binding agent to thereby form the matrix adhered layer 21.
- both matrix skeletal material and binding agent are prepared in the form of aqueous paste, which is filled in, and adhered onto, the porous sheet 17 by means of the reverse roll coater method, etc.
- the sheet as filled with the matrix paste is dried and heat-treated at a temperature of, for example, 250° C. to thereby complete formation of the matrix layer 16.
- the total thickness of the matrix layer 16 is, for example, 200 ⁇ m, while the thickness of the matrix adhered layer 21 is, for example, 150 ⁇ m. In this way, there can be obtained the catalyst/matrix layer combination, in which the catalyst layer 15 and the matrix layer 16 are made integral.
- This catalyst/matrix layer combination is flexible, and constitutes an independent film layer having its self-sustaining property, which permits it to be handled manually.
- the electrode base 1 and the catalyst/matrix layer combination obtained by the above-mentioned method are laminated into a single integral body at the time of assembling the fuel cell, thereby forming an electrode/matrix combination.
- the reverse roll coater method is employed for filling and adhering the catalyst paste and the matrix paste in and onto the porous sheet 17. While it may also be possible to use the spraying method, etc., the reverse roll coater method is the most suited. Further, in the above described embodiment, the electrode base 1 and the catalyst/matrix combination are laminated into a single integral body at the time of assembling the fuel cell. It is also possible that both of them are made integral beforehand by pressing or rolling.
- the electrode/matrix combination for the fuel cell is separated into the electrode base and the catalyst/matrix layer combination, and this catalyst/matrix layer combination is constructed with the catalyst layer which is composed of the catalyst filled layer formed by filling the porous sheet with the catalyst powder and the binding agent from one surface side thereof, and the catalyst adhered layer formed by adhesion of the catalyst powder and the binding agent on the surface of the above-mentioned catalyst filled layer; and the matrix layer which is composed of the matrix filled layer formed by filling the above-mentioned porous sheet with the matrix skeletal material and the binding agent from the other surface side thereof, and the matrix adhered layer formed by adhesion of the matrix skeletal material and the binding agent on the surface of the above-mentioned matrix filled layer.
- the electrode base has good gas diffusibility, so that, when it is assembled into the cell, the cell produces high output voltage, is stable in its quality, and gives a long service life; and the electrolyte such as phosphoric acid, etc. can be applied and impregnated from both surfaces of the catalyst layer and the matrix layer, hence the time required for application and impregnation of the electrolyte can be shortened.
- the carbon paper as the electrode base 1, which has been rendered water-repellent.
- an electrode base of a type, in which the electrolyte is held such as, for example, the electrode with rib.
- the electrode base has advantageous effect such that it can sustain more quantity of the electrolyte such as phosphoric acid, etc. for the lacked portion of the catalyst penetrated layer, in comparison with the conventional method, in which the catalyst paste is directly applied onto the electrode base 1.
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP62012815A JPS63181262A (en) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-01-21 | Electrode for fuel cell |
JP62012812A JPH0628163B2 (en) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-01-21 | Fuel cell electrode / matrix combination |
JP62-12815 | 1987-01-21 | ||
JP62-12812 | 1987-01-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4847173A true US4847173A (en) | 1989-07-11 |
Family
ID=26348486
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/139,571 Expired - Lifetime US4847173A (en) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-12-30 | Electrode for fuel cell |
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US (1) | US4847173A (en) |
Cited By (38)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5217821A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1993-06-08 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | High current acid fuel cell electrodes |
US5354626A (en) * | 1991-02-22 | 1994-10-11 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Distributor for a solid oxide fuel cell and manufacturing process thereof |
EP0681339A2 (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1995-11-08 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical cell |
US5480735A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1996-01-02 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | High current alkaline fuel cell electrodes |
US5620807A (en) * | 1995-08-31 | 1997-04-15 | The Dow Chemical Company | Flow field assembly for electrochemical fuel cells |
US5670270A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 1997-09-23 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode structure for solid state electrochemical devices |
US5702755A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1997-12-30 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for preparing a membrane/electrode assembly |
US5783325A (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 1998-07-21 | The Research Foundation Of State Of New York | Gas diffusion electrodes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) carbon blends |
US5840414A (en) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-11-24 | International Fuel Cells, Inc. | Porous carbon body with increased wettability by water |
US5922486A (en) * | 1997-05-29 | 1999-07-13 | The Dow Chemical Company | Cosintering of multilayer stacks of solid oxide fuel cells |
US5935727A (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 1999-08-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Solid oxide fuel cells |
US5993986A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 1999-11-30 | The Dow Chemical Company | Solide oxide fuel cell stack with composite electrodes and method for making |
US6117582A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 2000-09-12 | The Dow Chemical Company | Cathode composition for solid oxide fuel cell |
US6228520B1 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 2001-05-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Consinterable ceramic interconnect for solid oxide fuel cells |
US6312845B1 (en) | 1995-10-06 | 2001-11-06 | The Dow Chemical Company | Macroporous flow field assembly |
US20030165732A1 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2003-09-04 | Ion America Corporation | Environmentally tolerant anode catalyst for a solid oxide fuel cell |
US6656526B2 (en) * | 2001-09-20 | 2003-12-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Porously coated open-structure substrate and method of manufacture thereof |
US20040185325A1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2004-09-23 | Faguy Peter M | Fuel cell having improved catalytic layer |
US20050112443A1 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2005-05-26 | Jane Allin | Coated aluminum separator plates for fuel cells |
US20050202308A1 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-15 | Ryoichiro Takahashi | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
US20070111069A1 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2007-05-17 | General Electric Company | Method and materials for bonding electrodes to interconnect layers in solid oxide fuel cell stacks |
US20080076006A1 (en) * | 2006-09-25 | 2008-03-27 | Ion America Corporation | High utilization stack |
US20080096080A1 (en) * | 2006-10-18 | 2008-04-24 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Anode with remarkable stability under conditions of extreme fuel starvation |
US20080254336A1 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-16 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Composite anode showing low performance loss with time |
US20080261099A1 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-23 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Heterogeneous ceramic composite SOFC electrolyte |
US20100047637A1 (en) * | 2008-07-23 | 2010-02-25 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Operation of fuel cell systems with reduced carbon formation and anode leading edge damage |
US20110039183A1 (en) * | 2009-08-12 | 2011-02-17 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Internal reforming anode for solid oxide fuel cells |
US20110183233A1 (en) * | 2010-01-26 | 2011-07-28 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Phase Stable Doped Zirconia Electrolyte Compositions with Low Degradation |
US8067129B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2011-11-29 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Electrolyte supported cell designed for longer life and higher power |
US8460831B2 (en) | 1998-10-20 | 2013-06-11 | Leclanche' Sa | Paste-like mass with inorganic, liquid conductors and layers and electrochemical elements produced therefrom |
US8822101B2 (en) | 2010-09-24 | 2014-09-02 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Fuel cell mechanical components |
US9246184B1 (en) | 2007-11-13 | 2016-01-26 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Electrolyte supported cell designed for longer life and higher power |
US9515344B2 (en) | 2012-11-20 | 2016-12-06 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Doped scandia stabilized zirconia electrolyte compositions |
US9755263B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-09-05 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Fuel cell mechanical components |
US10347930B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 | 2019-07-09 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Perimeter electrolyte reinforcement layer composition for solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes |
US10615444B2 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2020-04-07 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Anode with high redox stability |
US10651496B2 (en) | 2015-03-06 | 2020-05-12 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Modular pad for a fuel cell system |
US10680251B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2020-06-09 | Bloom Energy Corporation | SOFC including redox-tolerant anode electrode and system including the same |
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Cited By (64)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5217821A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1993-06-08 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | High current acid fuel cell electrodes |
US5480735A (en) * | 1990-06-25 | 1996-01-02 | International Fuel Cells Corporation | High current alkaline fuel cell electrodes |
US5354626A (en) * | 1991-02-22 | 1994-10-11 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Distributor for a solid oxide fuel cell and manufacturing process thereof |
EP0681339A2 (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1995-11-08 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical cell |
EP0681339A3 (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1996-03-27 | Hoechst Ag | Electrochemical cell. |
US5656389A (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1997-08-12 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical cell |
US5853911A (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1998-12-29 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical cell |
US5620807A (en) * | 1995-08-31 | 1997-04-15 | The Dow Chemical Company | Flow field assembly for electrochemical fuel cells |
US6312845B1 (en) | 1995-10-06 | 2001-11-06 | The Dow Chemical Company | Macroporous flow field assembly |
US5702755A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1997-12-30 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for preparing a membrane/electrode assembly |
US5869416A (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1999-02-09 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode ink for membrane electrode assembly |
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US5670270A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 1997-09-23 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode structure for solid state electrochemical devices |
US6117582A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 2000-09-12 | The Dow Chemical Company | Cathode composition for solid oxide fuel cell |
US5937264A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 1999-08-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode structure for solid state electrochemical devices |
US6017647A (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 2000-01-25 | The Dow Chemical Company | Electrode structure for solid state electrochemical devices |
US5783325A (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 1998-07-21 | The Research Foundation Of State Of New York | Gas diffusion electrodes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) carbon blends |
US5840414A (en) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-11-24 | International Fuel Cells, Inc. | Porous carbon body with increased wettability by water |
US6228520B1 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 2001-05-08 | The Dow Chemical Company | Consinterable ceramic interconnect for solid oxide fuel cells |
US5935727A (en) * | 1997-04-10 | 1999-08-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Solid oxide fuel cells |
US5922486A (en) * | 1997-05-29 | 1999-07-13 | The Dow Chemical Company | Cosintering of multilayer stacks of solid oxide fuel cells |
US8460831B2 (en) | 1998-10-20 | 2013-06-11 | Leclanche' Sa | Paste-like mass with inorganic, liquid conductors and layers and electrochemical elements produced therefrom |
US20040185325A1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2004-09-23 | Faguy Peter M | Fuel cell having improved catalytic layer |
US6656526B2 (en) * | 2001-09-20 | 2003-12-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Porously coated open-structure substrate and method of manufacture thereof |
US6800323B2 (en) * | 2001-09-20 | 2004-10-05 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Porously coated open-structure substrate and method of manufacture thereof |
US20030165732A1 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2003-09-04 | Ion America Corporation | Environmentally tolerant anode catalyst for a solid oxide fuel cell |
US7255956B2 (en) | 2002-02-20 | 2007-08-14 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Environmentally tolerant anode catalyst for a solid oxide fuel cell |
US20050112443A1 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2005-05-26 | Jane Allin | Coated aluminum separator plates for fuel cells |
US20050202308A1 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-15 | Ryoichiro Takahashi | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
US7601454B2 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2009-10-13 | Honda Motor Co. Ltd. | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
US20070111069A1 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2007-05-17 | General Electric Company | Method and materials for bonding electrodes to interconnect layers in solid oxide fuel cell stacks |
US7645535B2 (en) | 2005-11-14 | 2010-01-12 | General Electric Company | Method and materials for bonding electrodes to interconnect layers in solid oxide fuel cell stacks |
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