US5100574A - Deinking agent - Google Patents
Deinking agent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5100574A US5100574A US07/431,187 US43118789A US5100574A US 5100574 A US5100574 A US 5100574A US 43118789 A US43118789 A US 43118789A US 5100574 A US5100574 A US 5100574A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- ethylene oxide
- propylene oxide
- pulp
- deinking
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
- D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
- D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
- D21C5/025—De-inking
- D21C5/027—Chemicals therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/64—Paper recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a deinking agent which is used for the reclamation of waste paper such as newspapers and magazines. More particularly, the present invention relates to a deinking agent which yields deinked pulp having a higher b value and containing a lower amount of sticky substance when used for the deinking treatment by floatation method, washing method, or a compromise method thereof.
- alkali agents such as sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, and sodium phosphate
- bleaching agents such as hydrogen peroxide, hyposulfite, hypochlorite
- sequestering agents such as EDTA and DTPA
- deinking agent examples include anionic surface active agents (such as alkylbenzenesulfonate, higher alcohol sulfate ester salt, ⁇ -olefinsulfonate, and dialkylsulfosuccinate) and nonionic surface active agents (such as an adduct of a higher alcohol, an alkylphenol or a fatty acid and an alkanolamide). These agents may be used singularly or in combination with one another.
- anionic surface active agents such as alkylbenzenesulfonate, higher alcohol sulfate ester salt, ⁇ -olefinsulfonate, and dialkylsulfosuccinate
- nonionic surface active agents such as an adduct of a higher alcohol, an alkylphenol or a fatty acid and an alkanolamide.
- the conventional deinking agent is poor in ink catching performance although it is good in foaming performance when used in the floatation process. Also, when it is used in the washing process, it is poor in detergency and generates a large amount of foam which causes trouble during draining. Thus, with the conventional deinking agent it was only possible to obtain deinked pulp of low grade.
- deinked pulp obtained by using the conventional deinking agent is limited in its application area because it looks dark and dull. Thus, it can only be used in a reduced amount in paper board and newsprint paper. To eliminate the dull appearance, it is necessary to use more bleaching agent than is required for deinking.
- One way of producing deinked pulp having a bright color tone is to increase the b value. It is possible to increase the b value if an alkaline agent is used in large quantities. However, this increases the amount of sticky substances and the water discharge load an makes the resulting pulp brittle. There has been no effective means to eliminate these disadvantages.
- the present inventors proposed using as a deinking agent a reaction product obtained by adding an alkylene oxide to a mixture composed of a natural fat or oil and a tri- or polyhydric alcohol (See Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 239585/1985.)
- an agent composed of a natural fat or oil and a tri-or polyhydric alcohol in a molar ration of 1:0.5 to 1:3 causes foaming troubles in the floatation step, dehydration step, draining step, and papermaking step. Moreover, it does not completely eliminate the dull appearance although it does provide deinked pulp having a high degree of whiteness.
- the present inventors carried out a series of researches on the development of a deinking agent which will exhibit the outstanding ink removing performance without foaming trouble in the floatation method or washing method or a compromise method thereof, and provide deinked pulp having a high b value (without dull appearance) and containing a lower amount of sticky substances. It was unexpectedly found that the above-mentioned requirements can be met when the deinking agent contains a specific nonionic surface active agent. This finding led to the present invention.
- a deinking agent which comprises a natural fat or oil and an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide adduct of glyceride mixture composed of 5-10 wt % of monoglyceride, 30-45 wt % of diglyceride, and 50-70 wt % of triglyceride, said adduct containing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in a molar ratio of 1.8-2.2 and also containing ethylene oxide in an amount of 30-80 mol.
- a deinking composition comprises a reaction product obtained by reacting a glyceride mixture derived from natural oil and fat with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, (a) said glyceride mixture (a) comprising 5 to 10 percent by weight of monoglycerides, 30 to 45 percent by weight of diglycerides and 50 to 70 percent by weight of triglycerides, (b) said reaction product having a molar ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide in the range between 1.8 and 2.2, (c) said reaction product having the mole number of added ethylene oxide in the range between 30 and 80 on the average based on a mole of glycerides.
- the reaction is normally conducted with natural oil and fat, glycerine, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkali catalyst.
- reaction is conducted with a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and the product is a reaction product obtained by random addition reaction of both oxides.
- the invention provides a method for reclamation of waste paper with the use of a deinking agent comprising the above defined reaction product and then the use of the reaction product for a deinking agent.
- the fat and oil that can be used in the present invention include vegetable oils (such as coconut oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, castor oil, and sunflower oil), land animal fat and oil (such as lard, beef tallow, and bone oil), aquatic animal fat and oil (such as sardine oil and herring oil), hardened oil and semihardened oil thereof, and recovered oil obtained in the purification step for these fats and oils.
- vegetable oils such as coconut oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, castor oil, and sunflower oil
- land animal fat and oil such as lard, beef tallow, and bone oil
- aquatic animal fat and oil such as sardine oil and herring oil
- hardened oil and semihardened oil thereof such as sardine oil and herring oil
- the glyceride mixture should be composed of 5-10 wt % of monoglyceride, 30-45 wt % of diglyceride, and 50-70 wt % of triglyceride.
- the glyceride mixture meeting this requirement effectively removes fine ink particles and yields deinked pulp having a bright color tone free of dull appearance and hence having a high b value. If this requirement is not met, it will not eliminate the dull appearance completely from deinked pulp.
- This requirement may be met by mixing ready-made monoglyceride, diglyceride, and triglyceride in a desired ratio, or by adding glycerin to a natural fat or oil (triglyceride) for the ester interchange reaction that brings about the desired ratio.
- the addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide may be accomplished simultaneously (random addition) or sequentially (block addition), with the former being preferable from the standpoint of decreasing the foaming troubles.
- the addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide should be carried out in a molar ratio of 1.8 to 2.2, and the amount of ethylene oxide added should be 30 to 80 mol. If this requirement is not met, the resulting deinking agent is poor in the ability to remove ink from waste paper and also poor in foaming performance in the case of floatation treatment or in ink removing performance in the case of washing treatment. Thus, only by using a compound which meets the above-mentioned requirements can a deinked pulp having a high b value and containing a lower amount of sticky substances be obtained.
- the adding ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is not specifically limited.
- the addition reaction may be carried out under the conditions which are usually employed when alkylene oxides are added to a compound containing an active hydrogen.
- the addition reaction involves the steps of charging glycerides in the above-mentioned ratio (by weight), adding a catalytic amount of alkaline substance to the glyceride mixture, and reacting the glyceride mixture with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide at about 100°-200° C. for several hours un of 1-3 kg/cm 2 G.
- the deinking agent of the invention may be advantageously used in combination any known deinking agent such as high alcohol sulfate, alkylbenzenesulfonate, higher alcohol, and ethylene adduct of alkylphenol.
- the deinking agent of the present invention may be added in portions to any or all of the waster paper breaking step, high-consistency bleaching step, and floatation preliminary step. It should be added an amount of 0.03 to 1.0 wt % of the amount of waste paper.
- the thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer ( ⁇ 40).
- the amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance. (The more the foamy liquid, the lower the yield and the poorer the froth handling in the water treatment.)
- the b value means the b value in the Lab color space of Hunter color difference. It has a relationship with the tristimulus values as represented by the following formula.
- the b value is a function of Y and Z, and positive b values indicate a yellowish tone and negative b values indicates a bluish tone.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of the glycerides in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
- the thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer ( ⁇ 40).
- the amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance.
- Table 2 shows the molar ratio of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
- the thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer ( ⁇ 40).
- the amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance.
- Table 3 shows the amount (in mol) of ethylene oxide added to the glycerides in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
- the thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer ( ⁇ 40).
- the amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance.
- Table 4 shows the sequence of adding alkylene oxides to glycerides in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
Abstract
A deinking composition comprising a reaction product of a glyceride mixture, derived from natural oil and fat with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The glyceride mixture comprises 5 to 10 percent by weight of monoglycerides, 30 to 45 percent by weight of diglycerides and 50 to 70 percent by weight of triglycerides. The reaction product has a molar ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide in the range of 1.8 to 2.2 and has, on average, from 30 to 80 moles of added ethylene oxide per mole of glycerides.
Description
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a deinking agent which is used for the reclamation of waste paper such as newspapers and magazines. More particularly, the present invention relates to a deinking agent which yields deinked pulp having a higher b value and containing a lower amount of sticky substance when used for the deinking treatment by floatation method, washing method, or a compromise method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
The reclamation of waste paper such as newspapers and magazines is an old practice. An importance is being attached to the effective reclamation of waste paper because of the recent supply shortage and price hike of pulp sources. In addition, deinked pulp is finding more valuable uses than before. On the other hand, the reclamation of waste paper is becoming more difficult from the standpoint of deinking because of recent changes in printing technology, printing methods, and printing ink, as well as the utilization of waste paper which was never been reclaimed in the past. For more effective deinking, improvements are being made on the existing machine.
A variety of chemicals have been used to separate and remove ink and other impurities from waste paper. They include alkali agents (such as sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, and sodium phosphate), bleaching agents (such as hydrogen peroxide, hyposulfite, hypochlorite), and sequestering agents (such as EDTA and DTPA), and deinking agent. Examples of the deinking agent include anionic surface active agents (such as alkylbenzenesulfonate, higher alcohol sulfate ester salt, α-olefinsulfonate, and dialkylsulfosuccinate) and nonionic surface active agents (such as an adduct of a higher alcohol, an alkylphenol or a fatty acid and an alkanolamide). These agents may be used singularly or in combination with one another.
Unfortunately, the conventional deinking agent is poor in ink catching performance although it is good in foaming performance when used in the floatation process. Also, when it is used in the washing process, it is poor in detergency and generates a large amount of foam which causes trouble during draining. Thus, with the conventional deinking agent it was only possible to obtain deinked pulp of low grade.
Moreover, deinked pulp obtained by using the conventional deinking agent is limited in its application area because it looks dark and dull. Thus, it can only be used in a reduced amount in paper board and newsprint paper. To eliminate the dull appearance, it is necessary to use more bleaching agent than is required for deinking. One way of producing deinked pulp having a bright color tone is to increase the b value. It is possible to increase the b value if an alkaline agent is used in large quantities. However, this increases the amount of sticky substances and the water discharge load an makes the resulting pulp brittle. There has been no effective means to eliminate these disadvantages.
The present inventors proposed using as a deinking agent a reaction product obtained by adding an alkylene oxide to a mixture composed of a natural fat or oil and a tri- or polyhydric alcohol (See Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 239585/1985.)
After careful examination of its behavior in the deinking process, it was found that an agent composed of a natural fat or oil and a tri-or polyhydric alcohol in a molar ration of 1:0.5 to 1:3 causes foaming troubles in the floatation step, dehydration step, draining step, and papermaking step. Moreover, it does not completely eliminate the dull appearance although it does provide deinked pulp having a high degree of whiteness.
The present inventors carried out a series of researches on the development of a deinking agent which will exhibit the outstanding ink removing performance without foaming trouble in the floatation method or washing method or a compromise method thereof, and provide deinked pulp having a high b value (without dull appearance) and containing a lower amount of sticky substances. It was unexpectedly found that the above-mentioned requirements can be met when the deinking agent contains a specific nonionic surface active agent. This finding led to the present invention.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a deinking agent which comprises a natural fat or oil and an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide adduct of glyceride mixture composed of 5-10 wt % of monoglyceride, 30-45 wt % of diglyceride, and 50-70 wt % of triglyceride, said adduct containing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in a molar ratio of 1.8-2.2 and also containing ethylene oxide in an amount of 30-80 mol.
A deinking composition comprises a reaction product obtained by reacting a glyceride mixture derived from natural oil and fat with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, (a) said glyceride mixture (a) comprising 5 to 10 percent by weight of monoglycerides, 30 to 45 percent by weight of diglycerides and 50 to 70 percent by weight of triglycerides, (b) said reaction product having a molar ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide in the range between 1.8 and 2.2, (c) said reaction product having the mole number of added ethylene oxide in the range between 30 and 80 on the average based on a mole of glycerides.
The reaction is normally conducted with natural oil and fat, glycerine, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkali catalyst.
It is relatively free from sticky matters. It is preferred that the reaction is conducted with a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and the product is a reaction product obtained by random addition reaction of both oxides.
The invention provides a method for reclamation of waste paper with the use of a deinking agent comprising the above defined reaction product and then the use of the reaction product for a deinking agent.
The fat and oil that can be used in the present invention include vegetable oils (such as coconut oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, castor oil, and sunflower oil), land animal fat and oil (such as lard, beef tallow, and bone oil), aquatic animal fat and oil (such as sardine oil and herring oil), hardened oil and semihardened oil thereof, and recovered oil obtained in the purification step for these fats and oils.
According to the present invention, the glyceride mixture should be composed of 5-10 wt % of monoglyceride, 30-45 wt % of diglyceride, and 50-70 wt % of triglyceride. The glyceride mixture meeting this requirement effectively removes fine ink particles and yields deinked pulp having a bright color tone free of dull appearance and hence having a high b value. If this requirement is not met, it will not eliminate the dull appearance completely from deinked pulp. This requirement may be met by mixing ready-made monoglyceride, diglyceride, and triglyceride in a desired ratio, or by adding glycerin to a natural fat or oil (triglyceride) for the ester interchange reaction that brings about the desired ratio.
According to the present invention, the addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide may be accomplished simultaneously (random addition) or sequentially (block addition), with the former being preferable from the standpoint of decreasing the foaming troubles.
According to the present invention, the addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide should be carried out in a molar ratio of 1.8 to 2.2, and the amount of ethylene oxide added should be 30 to 80 mol. If this requirement is not met, the resulting deinking agent is poor in the ability to remove ink from waste paper and also poor in foaming performance in the case of floatation treatment or in ink removing performance in the case of washing treatment. Thus, only by using a compound which meets the above-mentioned requirements can a deinked pulp having a high b value and containing a lower amount of sticky substances be obtained.
In the present invention, the adding ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is not specifically limited. The addition reaction may be carried out under the conditions which are usually employed when alkylene oxides are added to a compound containing an active hydrogen. Thus, the addition reaction involves the steps of charging glycerides in the above-mentioned ratio (by weight), adding a catalytic amount of alkaline substance to the glyceride mixture, and reacting the glyceride mixture with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide at about 100°-200° C. for several hours un of 1-3 kg/cm2 G.
The deinking agent of the invention may be advantageously used in combination any known deinking agent such as high alcohol sulfate, alkylbenzenesulfonate, higher alcohol, and ethylene adduct of alkylphenol. The deinking agent of the present invention may be added in portions to any or all of the waster paper breaking step, high-consistency bleaching step, and floatation preliminary step. It should be added an amount of 0.03 to 1.0 wt % of the amount of waste paper.
The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following manufacturing examples and working examples, which are not intended to restrict the scope of the invention.
In a 1.5-liter autoclave were placed 16.2 g of monoglyceride of coconut oil, 52.0 g of diglyceride of coconut oil, 97.2 g of triglyceride of coconut oil, and 1.9 g of 100% KOH. The contents were heated to 150° C. with stirring at about 600 rpm. To the glycerides was slowly added 479.9 g of ethylene oxide at 150°-160° C. under a pressure of 1-3 kg/cm2 G. After the completion of the addition reaction of ethylene oxide, the reaction system was cooled to 120°-130° C., and 350.9 g of propylene oxide was added under a pressure of 1-3 kg/cm2 G. The reaction product was cooled to 80° C. and neutralized to pH 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the reaction product (No. 1 in Table 1) was 97%.
In a 1.5-liter autoclave were placed 9.3 g of monoglyceride of beef tallow, 69.1 g of diglyceride of beef tallow, 103.3 g of triglyceride of beef tallow, and 1.9 g of 100% KOH. The contents were heated to 130° C. with stirring at about 600 rpm. To the glycerides was added 814.5 g of a mixture composed of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in a molar ratio of 2:1. The addition reaction was carried out at 130°-140° C. under a pressure of 1-3 kg/cm2 G. After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction system was cooled to 80° C. and neutralized to pH 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the reaction product (No. 20 in Table 2) was 98%.
Various deinking agents as shown in Table 1 were evaluated in the following manner. Waste paper composed of 50 wt % of news and 50 wt % of magazine was cut into small pieces (2×5 cm), and a certain amount of cut waste paper was placed in a desk-top breaker. To the breaker were added water, 1.0% of sodium hydroxide, 2.5% of sodium silicate No. 3, 3.0% of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2% of the deinking agent shown in Table 1. (The percentage is based on the amount of waste paper.) Breaking was carried out in a 5% pulp concentration at 45° C. for 20 minutes, followed by aging at 45° C. for 60 minutes. After dilution with water to a pulp concentration of 1.0%, floatation was carried out at 30° C. for 10 minutes until the pulp slurry was concentrated to 6%. The pulp slurry was diluted with water to 1% and then made into a pulp sheet by means of a TAPPI standard sheet machine.
The thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer (×40). The amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance. (The more the foamy liquid, the lower the yield and the poorer the froth handling in the water treatment.)
The b value means the b value in the Lab color space of Hunter color difference. It has a relationship with the tristimulus values as represented by the following formula.
b=7.0(Y-0.847Z)/√Y
It is noted that the b value is a function of Y and Z, and positive b values indicate a yellowish tone and negative b values indicates a bluish tone.
Table 1 shows the ratio of the glycerides in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
Various deinking agents as shown in Table 2 were evaluated in the following manner. Waste paper of magazine was cut into small pieces (2×5 cm), and a certain amount of cut waste paper was placed in a high-consistency pulper. To the pulper were added water, 0.5% of sodium hydroxide, 1.5% of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0% of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.05% of the deinking agent shown in Table 2. (The percentage is based on the amount of waste paper.) Breaking was carried out in a 15% pulp concentration at 45° C. for 20 minutes. The pulp slurry was diluted with water to a pulp concentration of 4.0%, and further diluted with water to a pulp concentration of 1.0%. The pulp slurry was subjected to floatation at 30° C. for 10 minutes until the pulp slurry was concentrated to 6%. The pulp slurry was diluted with water to 1% and then made into a pulp sheet by means of a TAPPI standard sheet machine.
The thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer (×40). The amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance.
Table 2 shows the molar ratio of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
Various deinking agents as shown in Table 3 were evaluated in the following manner. Waste paper of magazine was cut into small pieces (2×5 cm), and a certain amount of cut waste paper was placed in a low-consistency pulper. To the pulper were added water, 0.5% of sodium hydroxide, 1.5% of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0% of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.06% of the deinking agent shown in Table 3. (The percentage is based on the amount of waste paper.) Breaking was carried out in a 4% pulp concentration at 40° C. for 15 minutes. The pulp slurry was diluted with water to a pulp concentration of 1.0%. The pulp slurry was subjected to floatation at 30° C. for 10 minutes until the pulp slurry was concentrated to 6%. The pulp slurry was diluted with water to 1% and then made into a pulp sheet by means of a TAPPI standard sheet machine.
The thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer (×40). The amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance.
Table 3 shows the amount (in mol) of ethylene oxide added to the glycerides in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
Various deinking agents as shown in Table 4 were evaluated in the following manner. Waste paper composed of 50 wt % of news and 50 wt % of magazine was cut into small pieces (2×5 cm), and a certain amount of cut waste paper was placed in a desk-top breaker. To the breaker were added water, 0.8% of sodium hydroxide, 2.0% of sodium silicate No. 3, 2.0% of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.5% of the deinking agent shown in Table 4. (The percentage is based on the amount of waste paper.) Breaking was carried out in a 5% pulp concentration at 50° C. for 15 minutes, followed by aging at 50° C. for 2 hours. After dilution with water to a pulp concentration of 1.0%, floatation was carried out at 30° C. for 10 minutes until the pulp slurry was concentrated to 6%. The pulp slurry was diluted with water to 1% and then made into a pulp sheet by means of a TAPPI standard sheet machine.
The thus obtained pulp sheet was tested for b value by the aid of a color difference meter and also for the number of sticky objects by the aid of an image analyzer (×40). The amount of foamy liquid (required to form the foam layer) which was generated during floatation was measured as a measure of foaming performance.
Table 4 shows the sequence of adding alkylene oxides to glycerides in each deinking agent and the performance of each deinking agent.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
Glyceride Ratio and Deinking Performance
Alkylene oxide Deinked pulp
Ratio of glycer- EO/PO
Number Number
Foamy
Natural ide mono/di/tri molar
of moles
b value
of sticky
liquid
Example
fat or oil
(wt %) Compound* ratio
of EO
(%) objects
(mL)
__________________________________________________________________________
1 Coconut oil
10/31/59
EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 9.80
3 420
2 Hardened tallow
9/41/50 EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 10.21
4 370
3 Fish oil 5/32/63 EO/PO (block)
1.9 58 9.65
3 450
4 Beef tallow
8/35/57 EO/PO/EO (block)
2.0 60 9.83
2 455
(5) Coconut oil
12/32/66
EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 9.32
21 425
(6) Coconut oil
4/42/54 EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 9.04
16 420
(7) Coconut oil
5/46/49 EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 8.76
13 410
(8) Coconut oil
6/28/66 EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 9.24
15 415
(9) Coconut oil
8/30/72 EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 9.34
19 440
(10) Coconut oil
10/42/48
EO/PO (block)
1.8 33 8.76
14 415
(11) Hardened tallow
15/30/55
EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 9.12
16 420
(12) Hardened tallow
2/40/58 EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 9.27
13 345
(13) Hardened tallow
6/50/43 EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 8.67
12 405
(14) Hardened tallow
6/25/69 EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 9.32
21 355
(15) Hardened tallow
9/16/75 EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 9.34
15 365
(16) Hardened tallow
9/45/46 EO/PO (random)
2.1 74 8.73
10 405
(17) Ammonium stearate 9.03
17 120
(18) Polyoxyethylene (15 mol) polyoxypropylene (9 mol) lauryl
7.45r
23 855
(19) Sodium dedecylbenzenesulfonate 7.56
29 460
__________________________________________________________________________
*EO: ethylene oxide, PO: propylene oxide; Parenthesized number indicate
Comparative Examples.
TABLE 2
__________________________________________________________________________
Molar Ratio of Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide and Deinking
Performance
Alkylene oxide Deinked pulp
Ratio of glycer- EO/PO
Number Number
Foamy
Natural
ide mono/di/tri molar
of moles
b value
of sticky
liquid
Example
fat or oil
(wt %) Compound*
ratio
of EO
(%) objects
(mL)
__________________________________________________________________________
20 Beef tallow
5/38/57 EO/PO (random)
2.0 42 7.87
5 260
21 Linseed oil
6/39/55 EO/PO (block)
1.8 74 7.36
3 355
22 Rapeseed oil
7/40/53 EO/PO (block)
2.2 32 7.93
3 320
(23) Beef tallow
5/38/67 EO/PO (random)
2.5 42 7.07
16 270
(24) Beef tallow
5/38/67 EO/PO (random)
1.7 42 7.01
13 270
(25) Linseed oil
6/39/55 EO/PO (block)
2.3 74 6.83
10 350
(26) Linseed oil
6/39/55 EO/PO (block)
1.5 74 6.80
14 355
(27) Rapeseed oil
7/40/53 EO/PO (block)
2.4 32 6.68
10 320
(28) Rapeseed oil
7/40/53 EO/PO (block)
1.6 32 6.65
9 325
__________________________________________________________________________
*EO: ethylene oxide, PO: propylene oxide; Parenthesized number indicate
Comparative Examples.
TABLE 3
__________________________________________________________________________
Number of Moles of Ethylene Oxide Added and Deinking Performance
Alkylene oxide Deinked pulp
Ratio of glycer- EO/PO
Number Number
Foamy
Natural
ide mono/di/tri molar
of moles
b value
of sticky
liquid
Example
fat or oil
(wt %) Compound* ratio
of EO
(%) objects
(mL)
__________________________________________________________________________
29 Olive oil
6/32/62 EO/PO/EO (block)
2.05
58 7.45
6 450
30 Bone oil
5/30/65 EO/PO (random)
2.1 40 7.38
4 320
31 Soybean oil
9/40/51 EO/PO (random)
1.9 60 7.82
3 340
(32) Olive oil
6/32/62 EO/PO/EO (block)
2.05
28 6.98
12 430
(33) Olive oil
6/32/62 EO/PO/EO (block)
2.05
82 6.86
11 670
(34) Bone oil
5/30/65 EO/PO (random)
2.1 29 7.01
16 315
(35) Bone oil
5/30/65 EO/PO (random)
2.1 81 6.92
13 385
(36) Soybean oil
9/40/51 EO/PO (random)
1.9 28 6.34
12 325
(37) Soybean oil
9/40/51 EO/PO (random)
1.9 101 6.38
10 390
__________________________________________________________________________
*EO: ethylene oxide, PO: propylene oxide; Parenthesized number indicate
Comparative Examples.
TABLE 4
__________________________________________________________________________
Sequence of Addition of Alkylene Oxides and Deinking Performance
Alkylene oxide Deinked pulp
Ratio of glycer- EO/PO
Number Number
Foamy
Natural
ide mono/di/tri molar
of moles
b value
of sticky
liquid
Example
fat or oil
(wt %) Compound* ratio
of EO
(%) objects
(mL)
__________________________________________________________________________
38 Beef tallow
5/33/62 EO/PO (random)
2.0 58 9.81
5 365
39 Fish oil
8/34/58 EO/PO (random)
1.8 35 9.36
2 320
(40) Beef tallow
5/33/62 EO/PO (block)
2.0 58 9.60
8 420
(41) Fish oil
8/34/58 EO/PO (block)
1.8 35 9.05
5 375
(33) Olive oil
6/32/62 EO/PO/EO (block)
2.05
82 6.86
11 670
(34) Bone oil
5/30/65 EO/PO (random)
2.1 29 7.01
16 315
(35) Bone oil
5/30/65 EO/PO (random)
2.1 81 6.92
13 385
(36) Soybean oil
9/40/51 EO/PO (random)
1.9 28 6.34
12 325
(37) Soybean oil
9/40/51 EO/PO (random)
1.9 101 6.38
10 390
__________________________________________________________________________
*EO: ethylene oxide, PO: propylene oxide; Parenthesized number indicate
Comparative Examples.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (3)
1. A deinking composition which comprises a reaction product obtained by reacting a glyceride mixture from a natural oil or a fat with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, (a) said glyceride mixture comprising 5 to 10 percent by weight of monoglycerides, 30 to 45 percent by weight of diglycerides and 50 to 70 percent by weight of triglycerides, (b) said reaction product having a molar ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide in the range of between 1.8 and 2.2, (c) said reaction product having on the average from 30 to 80 moles of added ethylene oxide per mole of glycerides.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which the reaction is conducted with natural oil and fat, glycerine, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkali catalyst.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, in which the reaction is conducted with a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and the product is a reaction product obtained by random addition reaction of both oxides.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63-291952 | 1988-11-18 | ||
| JP63291952A JPH02139486A (en) | 1988-11-18 | 1988-11-18 | Deinking agent |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US5100574A true US5100574A (en) | 1992-03-31 |
Family
ID=17775587
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/431,187 Expired - Lifetime US5100574A (en) | 1988-11-18 | 1989-11-03 | Deinking agent |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5100574A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0369667B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH02139486A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR930001838B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE91516T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2003079C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68907563T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK574189A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2042007T3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI895290A0 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO176213C (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5281358A (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1994-01-25 | Kao Corporation | Deinking agent |
| WO1994006573A1 (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1994-03-31 | Deluxe Corporation | Oil based composition clean up method and composition for use therein |
| US5302243A (en) * | 1991-05-31 | 1994-04-12 | Kao Corporation | Deinking method |
| US5403440A (en) * | 1990-10-09 | 1995-04-04 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Use of compounds containing polyether chains prepared from epoxidized carboxylic acid derivatives for the removal of printing inks from wastepaper |
| US5417807A (en) * | 1993-05-27 | 1995-05-23 | Kao Corporation | Deinking formulation for flexographic inks |
| US5442082A (en) * | 1990-01-26 | 1995-08-15 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Alkoxylated compounds produced from epoxidized carboxylic acid derivatives |
| US5512134A (en) * | 1992-02-03 | 1996-04-30 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Process for removing printing inks from printed wastepaper or from paper circuit waters |
| US5560805A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1996-10-01 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Enhanced decolorization of waste paper with selected amines |
| WO1997004163A1 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 1997-02-06 | Henkel Corporation | Alkoxylated lanolin derivatives as deinking agents |
| US5660684A (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1997-08-26 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Deinking electrostatic waste paper |
| US5672244A (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1997-09-30 | Kao Corporation | High temperature deinking method using an alkylene oxide adduct |
| US5712233A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1998-01-27 | Witco Corporation | Alkoxylate surfactant compositions and the use thereof in paper deinking |
| US5919975A (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1999-07-06 | Witco Corporation | Aromatic and aliphatic sulfonates and properties and applications thereof |
| US5968313A (en) * | 1994-11-12 | 1999-10-19 | Morton International, Inc. | Process for deinking pulp fibers using ethoxylated lanolin |
| US6666950B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2003-12-23 | Basf Ag | Process for deinking paper using a triglyceride |
| US20090215661A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-08-27 | Klinkhammer Michael E | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US20090215909A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-08-27 | Wortley Russell B | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US20090325839A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-12-31 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US20100093586A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2010-04-15 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US8980813B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-03-17 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion on a vertical hard surface and providing residual benefits |
| US9169456B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-10-27 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition comprising an ethoxylated alcohol blend, having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US9481854B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-11-01 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0694633B2 (en) * | 1991-05-31 | 1994-11-24 | 花王株式会社 | Deinking agent |
| US5505817A (en) * | 1993-10-19 | 1996-04-09 | Henkel Corporation | Deinking wastepaper using reaction products of castor oil with an alkoxylated material |
| RU2502839C2 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2013-12-27 | Геркулес Инкорпорейтед | Cellulose additives for reducing resin content in kraft pulp |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1062850A (en) * | 1964-12-17 | 1967-03-22 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for the production of foamed phenolic resins |
| GB1347971A (en) * | 1971-04-23 | 1974-02-27 | Ici Ltd | Paper treatment process |
| JPS60239585A (en) * | 1984-05-02 | 1985-11-28 | 花王株式会社 | Deinking agent for regenerating old paper |
| EP0241224A2 (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1987-10-14 | Kao Corporation | Deinking composition for reclamation of waste paper |
| JPH02243892A (en) * | 1989-03-17 | 1990-09-27 | Sankyo Seiki Mfg Co Ltd | Door closer |
| JPH02250291A (en) * | 1989-03-24 | 1990-10-08 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Thin film el device and multi-color emitting film type el device |
| JPH0350592A (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1991-03-05 | Hitachi Ltd | Projection type image display device and its lens |
| JPH03182489A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-08-08 | Hitachi Ltd | Elevator system |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS62257489A (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1987-11-10 | 花王株式会社 | Deinking agent for regenerating old paper |
-
1988
- 1988-11-18 JP JP63291952A patent/JPH02139486A/en active Granted
-
1989
- 1989-11-03 US US07/431,187 patent/US5100574A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-11-07 FI FI895290A patent/FI895290A0/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-08 ES ES89311550T patent/ES2042007T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-11-08 AT AT89311550T patent/ATE91516T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-08 DE DE1989607563 patent/DE68907563T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-11-08 EP EP19890311550 patent/EP0369667B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-11-13 KR KR1019890016399A patent/KR930001838B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-16 CA CA 2003079 patent/CA2003079C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-11-16 DK DK574189A patent/DK574189A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-11-16 NO NO894564A patent/NO176213C/en unknown
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1062850A (en) * | 1964-12-17 | 1967-03-22 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for the production of foamed phenolic resins |
| GB1347971A (en) * | 1971-04-23 | 1974-02-27 | Ici Ltd | Paper treatment process |
| JPS60239585A (en) * | 1984-05-02 | 1985-11-28 | 花王株式会社 | Deinking agent for regenerating old paper |
| EP0241224A2 (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1987-10-14 | Kao Corporation | Deinking composition for reclamation of waste paper |
| JPH02243892A (en) * | 1989-03-17 | 1990-09-27 | Sankyo Seiki Mfg Co Ltd | Door closer |
| JPH02250291A (en) * | 1989-03-24 | 1990-10-08 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Thin film el device and multi-color emitting film type el device |
| JPH0350592A (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1991-03-05 | Hitachi Ltd | Projection type image display device and its lens |
| JPH03182489A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-08-08 | Hitachi Ltd | Elevator system |
Cited By (37)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5442082A (en) * | 1990-01-26 | 1995-08-15 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Alkoxylated compounds produced from epoxidized carboxylic acid derivatives |
| US5403440A (en) * | 1990-10-09 | 1995-04-04 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Use of compounds containing polyether chains prepared from epoxidized carboxylic acid derivatives for the removal of printing inks from wastepaper |
| US5281358A (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1994-01-25 | Kao Corporation | Deinking agent |
| US5302243A (en) * | 1991-05-31 | 1994-04-12 | Kao Corporation | Deinking method |
| US5512134A (en) * | 1992-02-03 | 1996-04-30 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Process for removing printing inks from printed wastepaper or from paper circuit waters |
| WO1994006573A1 (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1994-03-31 | Deluxe Corporation | Oil based composition clean up method and composition for use therein |
| US5417807A (en) * | 1993-05-27 | 1995-05-23 | Kao Corporation | Deinking formulation for flexographic inks |
| US5560805A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1996-10-01 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Enhanced decolorization of waste paper with selected amines |
| US5672244A (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1997-09-30 | Kao Corporation | High temperature deinking method using an alkylene oxide adduct |
| US5660684A (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1997-08-26 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Deinking electrostatic waste paper |
| US5968313A (en) * | 1994-11-12 | 1999-10-19 | Morton International, Inc. | Process for deinking pulp fibers using ethoxylated lanolin |
| WO1997004163A1 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 1997-02-06 | Henkel Corporation | Alkoxylated lanolin derivatives as deinking agents |
| US5658426A (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 1997-08-19 | Geo Specialty Chemicals, Inc. | Alkoxylated lanolin derivatives as deinking agents |
| US5712233A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1998-01-27 | Witco Corporation | Alkoxylate surfactant compositions and the use thereof in paper deinking |
| US5919975A (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1999-07-06 | Witco Corporation | Aromatic and aliphatic sulfonates and properties and applications thereof |
| US6666950B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2003-12-23 | Basf Ag | Process for deinking paper using a triglyceride |
| US20090325839A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-12-31 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US9296980B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-03-29 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US20090215661A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-08-27 | Klinkhammer Michael E | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US20100093586A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2010-04-15 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US8143206B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2012-03-27 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US8143205B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2012-03-27 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US8980813B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-03-17 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion on a vertical hard surface and providing residual benefits |
| US9169456B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-10-27 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition comprising an ethoxylated alcohol blend, having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US9175248B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-11-03 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Non-ionic surfactant-based cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US9181515B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2015-11-10 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US9243214B1 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-01-26 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US20090215909A1 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-08-27 | Wortley Russell B | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US9399752B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-07-26 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US9410111B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-08-09 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US9481854B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-11-01 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US9771544B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2017-09-26 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US9982224B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2018-05-29 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits comprising a cationic/nonionic surfactant system |
| US10266798B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2019-04-23 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
| US10392583B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2019-08-27 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition with a hydrophilic polymer having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US10435656B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2019-10-08 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition comprising a fatty alcohol mixture having high self-adhesion and providing residual benefits |
| US10597617B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2020-03-24 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning composition that provides residual benefits |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DK574189D0 (en) | 1989-11-16 |
| FI895290A0 (en) | 1989-11-07 |
| KR900008110A (en) | 1990-06-02 |
| DK574189A (en) | 1990-05-19 |
| ES2042007T3 (en) | 1993-12-01 |
| EP0369667B1 (en) | 1993-07-14 |
| DE68907563D1 (en) | 1993-08-19 |
| ATE91516T1 (en) | 1993-07-15 |
| NO894564D0 (en) | 1989-11-16 |
| JPH0447075B2 (en) | 1992-07-31 |
| CA2003079A1 (en) | 1990-05-18 |
| CA2003079C (en) | 1999-09-28 |
| KR930001838B1 (en) | 1993-03-15 |
| NO176213B (en) | 1994-11-14 |
| EP0369667A3 (en) | 1990-10-10 |
| NO176213C (en) | 1995-02-22 |
| JPH02139486A (en) | 1990-05-29 |
| DE68907563T2 (en) | 1993-10-28 |
| NO894564L (en) | 1990-05-21 |
| EP0369667A2 (en) | 1990-05-23 |
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