US5129269A - Meter for automobile - Google Patents
Meter for automobile Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5129269A US5129269A US07/521,369 US52136990A US5129269A US 5129269 A US5129269 A US 5129269A US 52136990 A US52136990 A US 52136990A US 5129269 A US5129269 A US 5129269A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- dial plate
- meter
- light
- metal film
- display area
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001883 metal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009828 non-uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K35/00—Arrangement of adaptations of instruments
-
- B60K35/60—
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D11/00—Component parts of measuring arrangements not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D11/28—Structurally-combined illuminating devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P1/00—Details of instruments
- G01P1/07—Indicating devices, e.g. for remote indication
- G01P1/08—Arrangements of scales, pointers, lamps or acoustic indicators, e.g. in automobile speedometers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S116/00—Signals and indicators
- Y10S116/05—Signals and indicators using light guides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S116/00—Signals and indicators
- Y10S116/41—Color comparison
Definitions
- This invention relates to a meter for an automobile, and more particularly to a meter mounted on an instrument panel in an automobile so as to display, for example, the speed of the automobile.
- An instrument panel in an automobile includes a meter case on which a speed meter displaying the speed of the automobile, a fuel gauge, a water temperature meter, various alarm lamps, etc. are disposed.
- a dial plate is fixed inside the meter case of the instrument panel of the automobile, and the speed meter, fuel gauge, water temperature meter, various alarm lamps, etc. are disposed on this dial plate.
- a plate permeable to light is disposed behind the dial plate, and, for example, a meter drive unit of the speed meter is fixed to the meter case on the rear side of the light-permeable plate.
- a pointer of the speed meter driven by the meter drive unit on the basis of the result of speed measurement is disposed on the front side of the dial plate.
- An illuminating lamp is mounted on the back wall of the meter case.
- a glass plate is disposed on the front side of the meter case.
- the light emitted from the lamp passes through the light-permeable plate to irradiate the back surface of the dial plate thereby illuminating the dial plate from the rear side by the light transmitting through the light-permeable plate.
- the light emitted from the lamp is guided through a light guide member toward the front side of the dial plate, thereby illuminating the dial plate from the front side.
- the dial plate used hitherto is provided by preparing a transparent base of, for example, a synthetic resin, printing a light-permeable ink providing a bright ground color of, for example, white on the transparent base to form a display area of the speed meter, and then selectively printing an ink of a dark color, for example, grey on the display area thereby forming a display part for displaying meter graduations, characters and patterns.
- An ink of black color is then printed on the dial plate except the display area so as to form an outer frame of the meter.
- the dial plate is provided by printing an ink providing a bright ground color, for example, white on the surface of the transparent base to form the graduations, characters and patterns display part, printing a light-permeable ink of a dark color, for example, grey on the surface of the display part to form the display area of the speed meter, and then printing an ink of black color on the meter surface except the speed display area of the dial plate to form an outer frame of the meter.
- the light emitted from the lamp permeates the display part only.
- the prior art meters described above are devoid of deluxe sense because a conventional color ink is merely printed on the surface of the transparent base. Even when, for example, a metallic ink is printed on the surface of the base, the desired metallic luster cannot be actually provided, and there remains the problem of impossibility of providing the dial plate showing the desired deluxe external appearance.
- the printed ink film does not permit permeation of light.
- the metallic ink is printed on the base with a small thickness, a non-uniform distribution of the metal particles is inevitably perceived by the eyes of the driver.
- a meter for an automobile comprising; a meter case, a pointer disposed in the meter case so as to be driven by a meter drive unit, a dial plate mounted in the meter case and having a display area and a graduations, characters and patterns display part formed on a base, the dial plate having a ground color providing a background to permit recognition of the position of the pointer, and an illuminating lamp located on the rear side of the dial plate mounted in the meter case so as to illuminate the dial plate from the rear side of the dial plate, wherein at least one of the display area and the display part of the dial plate is formed by evaporation of a metal film permeable to light.
- a meter for an automobile comprising: a meter case, a pointer disposed in the meter case so as to be driven by a meter drive unit, a dial plate mounted in the meter case and having a display area and a graduations, characters, patterns display part formed on a base, the dial plate having a ground color to provide a background to permit recognition of the position of the pointer, and an illuminating lamp located on the rear side of the dial plate mounted in the meter case so as to illuminate the dial plate from the front side of the dial plate through a light guide member, wherein at least one of the display area and the display part of the dial plate is formed by evaporation of a metal film permeable to light.
- the dial plate in which the dial plate is irradiated from its rear side with the light emitted from the illuminating lamp, the light permeates the display area or display part formed by the evaporated metal film so that the graduations, characters and patterns on the display part of the dial plate can be easily recognized by the eyes of the driver. Because the light-permeable display area or display part is formed by the evaporated metal film, a metallic luster that cannot be obtained by printing with a metallic ink can be exhibited so that the dial plate can provide a deluxe sense. Further, the metal film can be evaporated to be very thin and uniform. Therefore, the light emitted from the lamp can uniformly permeate the metal film so that the dial plate can exhibit very beautiful external appearance.
- the dial plate is irradiated from its front side with the light emitted from the illuminating lamp, thereby illuminating the display area or display part of the dial plate, so that graduations, characters and patterns on the display part can be easily recognized by the eyes of the driver. Because the display area or display part is formed by the evaporated metal film, a metallic luster that cannot be obtained by printing with a metallic ink can be exhibited, so that the dial plate can provide a deluxe sense and can exhibit very beautiful external appearance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of part of a dial plate in a first embodiment of the automobile's meter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of part of a dial plate in a second embodiment of the automobile's meter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of part of a dial plate in a third embodiment of the automobile's meter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of part of a dial plate in a fourth embodiment of the automobile's meter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of an automobile's instrument panel.
- FIG. 6A and 6B are sectional side elevational views of two forms of the instrument panel shown in FIG. 5, respectively.
- FIGS. 5, 6A and 6B show two forms of an instrument panel for an automobile.
- the instrument panel includes a meter case 1 having a forwardly projecting upper wall, and a predetermined dial plate 2 is fixed inside the meter case 1.
- a speed meter 3, a fuel gauge 4, a water temperature meter 5, various alarms 6, etc. are disposed on this dial plate 2.
- a plate 7 permeable to light is disposed behind the dial plate 2, and, for example, a meter drive unit 8 of the speed meter 3 is fixed to the meter case 1 on the rear side of the light-permeable plate 7.
- a pointer 9 of the speed meter 3 driven by the meter drive unit 8 on the basis of the result of actual speed measurement is disposed on the front side of the dial plate 2.
- An illuminating lamp 10 is mounted on the back wall of the meter case 1.
- light emitted from the lamp 10 passes through the light-permeable plate 7 to irradiate the back surface of the dial plate 2, thereby illuminating the dial plate 2 from the rear side by the light permeating the light-permeable plate 7.
- a light guide member 16 is mounted on the upper wall of the meter case 1 to guide light emitted from the lamp 10 toward the front side of the dial plate 2 thereby illuminating the dial plate 2 from the front side.
- an inclined glass plate 11 is disposed on the front side of the meter case 1.
- FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention.
- a very thin evaporated film of a metal such as aluminum, cooper or chromium providing a ground color is deposited on the surface of a transparent base 12 of the dial plate 2 to form a display area 13 of, for example, the speed meter 3.
- the transparent base 12 is made of a synthetic resin or like material, and the speed display area 13 is permeable or not permeable to light.
- the very thin metal film forming the speed display area 13 can be deposited by directly evaporating the metal on the surface of the base 12 according to the sputtering method or by means such as inmolding or hot stamping.
- the evaporated metal film has a thickness of 100 to 150 ⁇ , and can provide a light transmissivity of about 25 to 30%.
- An ink of a dark color such as grey color is then selectively printed on the surface of the speed display area 13 to form a graduations, characters and patterns display part 14.
- a black ink is then printed on the dial plate 2 except the speed display area 13 to form an outer frame 15 of the meter.
- the light permeates the speed display area 13 only, so that the graduations, characters and patterns on the display part 14 can be recognized as silhouettes by the eyes of the driver.
- the graduations, characters and patterns on the display part 14 of the speed display area 13 can be directly recognized.
- the display area 13 is formed by evaporation of the metal film. Therefore, a metallic luster that cannot be obtained by printing with a metallic ink can be exhibited so that the dial plate 2 can provide a deluxe sense. Further, because the metal film is deposited by the evaporation, the metal film can be formed to be very thin and uniform. Therefore, the light emitted from the lamp 10 can uniformly permeate the metal film, so that the dial plate 2 can exhibit very beautiful external appearance.
- FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the present invention.
- This second embodiment is generally the same as the first embodiment, except that a coating layer 16 such as a hairline pattern layer or a mat pattern layer provided by printing with a light-permeable color ink is formed on the surface of the display area 13 formed by evaporation of the metal on the dial plate 2 shown in FIG. 1.
- a coating layer 16 such as a hairline pattern layer or a mat pattern layer provided by printing with a light-permeable color ink is formed on the surface of the display area 13 formed by evaporation of the metal on the dial plate 2 shown in FIG. 1.
- the provision of the coating layer 16 is effective in that the surface of the evaporated metal film forming the display area 13 can be made smoother, and a more effective metallic luster can be provided. Further, because the coating layer 16 is formed by the color ink, a colored metallic luster can be provided.
- FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of the present invention, and, in FIG. 3, like reference numerals are used to designate like parts appearing in FIG. 1.
- a very thin evaporated film of a metal such as aluminum, copper or chromium providing a ground color is deposited on the surface of a transparent or opaque base 12 of a dial plate 2 to form a graduations, characters and patterns display part 14a which is permeable or not permeable to light.
- a light-permeable ink of a dark color, for example, grey color is then selectively printed on the surface of this display part 14a to form a display area 13a of, for example the speed meter 3.
- a black ink is then printed on the dial plate 2 except the speed display area 13a to form an outer frame 15 of the meter.
- the light permeates the display part 14a only, so that the graduations, characters and patterns can be recognized by the eyes of the driver.
- the graduations, characters and patterns can also be easily recognized.
- the display part 14a permeable to light is formed by the metal evaporation. Therefore, a very beautiful metallic luster can be exhibited, so that the dial plate 2 can provide a deluxe sense. Further, because the metal film is deposited by evaporation, the metal film can be formed to be very thin and uniform. Therefore, the light emitted from the lamp 10 can uniformly permeate the metal film, so that the dial plate 2 can exhibit very beautiful external appearance.
- FIG. 4 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- This fourth embodiment is generally the same as the third embodiment, except that a coating layer 16 is formed on the surface of the display part 14a formed by evaporation of the metal on the dial plate 2 shown in FIG. 3.
- the provision of the coating layer 16 is effective in that the surface of the evaporated metal film forming the display part 14a can be further made smoother, and a more effective metallic luster can be provided. Further, when the coating layer 16 is formed by the color ink, a colored metallic luster can be provided.
- the meter can be illuminated by light which permeates the display area and display part of the meter.
Abstract
Description
Claims (7)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1-54445[U] | 1989-05-15 | ||
JP1-54446[U] | 1989-05-15 | ||
JP5444689U JPH02146317U (en) | 1989-05-15 | 1989-05-15 | |
JP5444589U JPH02146316U (en) | 1989-05-15 | 1989-05-15 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5129269A true US5129269A (en) | 1992-07-14 |
Family
ID=26395211
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/521,369 Expired - Lifetime US5129269A (en) | 1989-05-15 | 1990-05-10 | Meter for automobile |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5129269A (en) |
DE (1) | DE4015170C2 (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE9301584U1 (en) * | 1993-02-05 | 1993-03-25 | Kastner, Reinhard, 8678 Schwarzenbach A Wald, De | |
US5353735A (en) * | 1991-04-23 | 1994-10-11 | Yazaki Corporation | Indicating instrument system |
US5790322A (en) * | 1991-08-30 | 1998-08-04 | Kansei Corporation | Optical system and apparatus for magnifying a display panel |
EP1271109A2 (en) * | 2001-06-19 | 2003-01-02 | Yazaki Corporation | Illuminable pointer instrument |
US20030123259A1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-03 | Yazaki Corporation | Instrument for vehicle |
US20030121467A1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-03 | Yazaki Corporation | Indicator |
US20040239750A1 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2004-12-02 | Bernward Kneer | Method for the production of a dial and dial produced according to said method |
US20060083001A1 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2006-04-20 | Ching Fong | Instrument cluster with hidden telltale indicators |
DE102007038475A1 (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2009-02-26 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Automotive display |
US20090205560A1 (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2009-08-20 | Johnson Control Technology Company | Three dimensional dial |
US20100237197A1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2010-09-23 | Rosenfield Gary C | Rocket ejection delay apparatus and/or method |
US20100253958A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Measurement of optical transmittance of printed matter |
CN102642471A (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2012-08-22 | 内蒙古第一机械集团有限公司 | Vehicle safety instrument with shock-proof and explosion-proof screen |
US9483965B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2016-11-01 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Optical sheet for graphic image displays |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2687102B1 (en) * | 1992-02-12 | 1994-05-20 | Jaeger | METHOD FOR PERSONALIZING VEHICLE DASHBOARDS, SYSTEM USING THE SAME AND DASHBOARD THUS OBTAINED. |
FR2701110B1 (en) * | 1993-02-02 | 1995-04-07 | Sagem | Indicator dial hand. |
FR2709708B1 (en) * | 1993-09-07 | 1995-11-10 | Sagem | Advanced dashboard. |
FR2718393B1 (en) * | 1994-04-07 | 1996-06-14 | Sagem | Dashboard with unitary screen-printed film. |
DE19549328B4 (en) * | 1995-11-02 | 2011-06-30 | Continental Automotive GmbH, 30165 | dial |
DE19705536A1 (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 1998-08-20 | Mannesmann Vdo Ag | Clock face |
DE19755470A1 (en) * | 1997-02-24 | 1998-09-24 | Marius Dipl Ing Tegethoff | Display system for vehicles |
DE19831849A1 (en) * | 1998-07-16 | 2000-01-20 | Aeg Hausgeraete Gmbh | Control panel unit for electrically operated household appliances |
DE10114588A1 (en) * | 2001-03-24 | 2002-10-10 | Schneider Eng Gmbh | Back lit plastic part for display and/or function control elements consists of transparent plastic with thin metal coating and point or flat illumination body(ies) behind or in plastic part |
DE102004043555A1 (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-30 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Meter with an illuminable scale |
DE102004060453A1 (en) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-29 | Rehau Ag + Co. | Multilayer plastic part |
DE102005047239B4 (en) * | 2005-10-01 | 2016-02-11 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Faceplate for a gauge and gauge with this faceplate |
DE102006055971B4 (en) | 2006-11-24 | 2012-04-26 | Preh Gmbh | Control element with metallic coating for a motor vehicle |
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US2805637A (en) * | 1955-08-10 | 1957-09-10 | W C Dillon & Company Inc | Instrument visual indicating means |
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-
1990
- 1990-05-10 US US07/521,369 patent/US5129269A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-05-11 DE DE4015170A patent/DE4015170C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5353735A (en) * | 1991-04-23 | 1994-10-11 | Yazaki Corporation | Indicating instrument system |
US5790322A (en) * | 1991-08-30 | 1998-08-04 | Kansei Corporation | Optical system and apparatus for magnifying a display panel |
DE9301584U1 (en) * | 1993-02-05 | 1993-03-25 | Kastner, Reinhard, 8678 Schwarzenbach A Wald, De | |
EP1271109A2 (en) * | 2001-06-19 | 2003-01-02 | Yazaki Corporation | Illuminable pointer instrument |
US6802276B2 (en) * | 2001-06-19 | 2004-10-12 | Yazaki Corporation | Meter apparatus and a character plate thereof |
EP1271109A3 (en) * | 2001-06-19 | 2005-08-03 | Yazaki Corporation | Illuminable pointer instrument |
US20040239750A1 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2004-12-02 | Bernward Kneer | Method for the production of a dial and dial produced according to said method |
DE10257876B4 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2011-09-29 | Yazaki Corp. | Vehicle instrument |
US20030123259A1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-03 | Yazaki Corporation | Instrument for vehicle |
US20030121467A1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-03 | Yazaki Corporation | Indicator |
US6904866B2 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2005-06-14 | Yazaki Corporation | Indicator |
US7152987B2 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2006-12-26 | Yazaki Corporation | Instrument for vehicle |
US20060083001A1 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2006-04-20 | Ching Fong | Instrument cluster with hidden telltale indicators |
US7246911B2 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2007-07-24 | Yazaki North America, Inc. | Instrument cluster with hidden telltale indicators |
US20100237197A1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2010-09-23 | Rosenfield Gary C | Rocket ejection delay apparatus and/or method |
US20090205560A1 (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2009-08-20 | Johnson Control Technology Company | Three dimensional dial |
DE102007038475A1 (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2009-02-26 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Automotive display |
US20110126756A1 (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2011-06-02 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Motor Vehicle Display |
US8443751B2 (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2013-05-21 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Motor vehicle display |
US20100253958A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Measurement of optical transmittance of printed matter |
US9483965B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2016-11-01 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Optical sheet for graphic image displays |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE4015170A1 (en) | 1990-11-22 |
DE4015170C2 (en) | 1994-02-17 |
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