US5142395A

US5142395A - Liquid crystal display with spacers of specific densities which are adhesive and elastic

Info

Publication number: US5142395A
Application number: US07/503,517
Authority: US
Inventors: Shunpei Yamazaki; Toshio Watanabe; Hideiaka Nakajima
Original assignee: Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
Current assignee: Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
Priority date: 1987-10-27
Filing date: 1990-03-23
Publication date: 1992-08-25
Anticipated expiration: 2009-08-25
Also published as: DE3855344D1; EP0314048A2; DE3855344T2; EP0314048B2; EP0314048B1; US4973138A; EP0314048A3; DE3855344T3

Abstract

An improved liquid crystal device is described. The distance between a pair of substrates is kept constant by means of spacers interposed therebetween. The spacers consist of two kinds of spacers. One kind of spacers is fusable and functions to prevent the distance from expanding. The other kind of spacers is non-fusable and functions to prevent the distance from contracting.

Description

This is a divisional application of Ser. No. 260,605, filed Oct. 21, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,138.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal device and manufacturing method for the same.

In recent years, ferroelectric liquid crystal materials have attracted the interest of researchers due to their quasi-hysteresis characteristics. The performance of this type liquid crystal device depends largely on the distance between a pair of substrates in which liquid crystal material is disposed. If there is substantial disparity in distance between the substrates, the response times of respective constituent cell elements are dispersed, and degradation of display performance and irregular color result.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal device in which a liquid crystal layer is formed with a constant thickness.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing liquid crystal devices without causing coming-off of spacers which function to maintain the distant between a pair of substrates constant, and without causing the occurance of void spaces in a liquid crystal layer formed between the pair of substrates.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view showing a liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the points of a liquid crystal device at which distances were measured in order to evaluate the disparity of the substrate gap of the liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for disposing a liquid crystal material between a pair of substrates of a liquid crystal device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, a liquid crystal display is illustrated in accordance with the present invention. In the figure, the display comprises a pair of 310 mm×220 mm glass substrates 1, transparent electrode arrangements 2 formed on the opposed insides of the substrates 1 by a known sputtering, orientation control films made of polyimide covering the inside surfaces of the substrates over the electrode arrangement, fusible spacers 5 and non-fusible spacers 4 both interposed between the substrates 1, a sealing member 7 for preventing the loss of liquid crystal material and a liquid crytal layer 9 made of a ferroelectric liquid crystal material disposed between the substrates 1. For operation, crossed Nicols 8 are placed on the both external sides of the displays. The electrode arrangements are provided with two sets of parallel electrode strips in an orthgonal relationship by a known photolithography. Adjacent strips are spaced by distances of 20 microns. Generally speaking, the average diameter of the fusible spacers is 3-5 times larger than that of the non-fusible spacers.

The non-fusible spacers 4 are made of a plurality of segments of a glass fiber. The fusible spacers 5 are made of plurality of epoxy particles of 5.5 micron diameter (Toraypearl, a trademark of spacers manufactured by Toray Co.). The

spacers

4 and 5 are distributed between the substrates 1 by the following procedure. Glass fiber segments of 2.5 microns average diameter and 10 microns average length are mixed with a freon (CFCl₂) at 2 gram/liter and sufficiently dispersed by applying ultrasonic vibration. The dispersed fiber freon mixture is sprayed on the surface of a glass substrate. In the same way, the epoxy particles are mixed with and dispersed in freon at a proportion of 1.0 gram/liter, and distributed on the surface of the substrate. On the other hand, an opposed glass substrate is provided at the periphery thereof with a sealing member of a thermosetting resin such as an epoxy adhesive by screen press printing. The two substrates are joined and heated at 180° C. for two hours under a pressure of 2 Kg/cm² in order to fix the fusible spacers 5 and the sealing member 7. Then, an amount of ferroelectric liquid crystal material (CS-1011 manufactured by Tisso Co.) is interposed between the substrates by vacuum charging method.

By virtue of the two kinds of spacers, the distance between the substrates is maintained constant. The fusible spacers prohibit the expansion of the distance while the non-fusible spacers prohibit the contraction of the distance. In this description, "non-fusible" is also meant "non-contracting."

The distributed densities of these spacers are controlled by adjusting the spraying time. Average distance (gap) in microns and standard deviation (S.D.) were measured in cases with varied densities of

spacers

4 and 5. Following are experimental results.

______________________________________                                    
       Density   Density   Average                                        
Sample (spacer 5)                                                         
                 (spacer 4)                                               
                           Gap (u)                                        
                                  S. D. Defects                           
______________________________________                                    
A       50-100   10-15     2.45   0.50  few                               
B      100-150   10-15     2.49   0.01  few                               
C      150-200   10-15     2.53   0.09  much                              
D      100-150   1-5       2.45   0.20  few                               
E      100-150   20-25     2.55   0.05  much                              
______________________________________

As shown in the above results, samples B and D were good devices. Particularly, sample B was confirmed to have a uniform substrate gap, few defects and little irregular color. Although a glass fiber is used to make the non-fusible spacers in this embodiment, alumina or suitable organic material can be used instead.

Next, a second embodiment will be described. This embodiment is suitable for the case that the main problem is void spaces which occur in the liquid crystal layer because of the contraction of the liquid crystal material ensuing from cooling completion of liquid crystal disposing. In this case, it is undesired to perfectly prohibit the change of the distance between the pair of substrates. The liquid crystal layer contracts due to the differential temperature during manufacture, and if the distance change is impossible by virtue of the spacers, void spaces have to occur in the layer to compensate the contraction of the liquid crystal material. In turn, the liquid crystal layer urges the distance between the pair of substrates to increase during disposing process thereof.

The spacers used for the second embodiment are made of a resilient fusible material which allows contraction and expansion to some extent. The construction and the manufacturing process are substantially same as those of the first embodiment. Uniformity of the distance between the substrates and the orientation of liquid crystal material were evaluated with varied densities (/mm²) of spacers. Followings are the experimental results.

______________________________________                                    
        Density of    Uniformity                                          
                                Orientation of                            
Sample  Spacers       of Distance                                         
                                liquid crystal                            
______________________________________                                    
1       1.2           bad       good                                      
2       2.8           not so good                                         
                                good                                      
3       3.1           good      good                                      
4       4.5           good      good                                      
5       6.9           good      good                                      
6       9.1           good      good                                      
7       12.1          good      good                                      
8       14.8          good      good                                      
9       15.5          not so good                                         
                                good                                      
10      17.3          not so good                                         
                                not so good                               
11      19.5          bad       not so good                               
______________________________________

In case of sample 1, spacers came off from the surface of the substrate during disposing of liquid crystal into the space between the pair of substrates and eventually the distance became unequal. Sample 2 followed suit but the number of coming-off spacers was smaller than that of the sample 1. In

samples

9, 10 and 11, the distances were increased. In samples 10 and 11, the orientation of liquid crystal was disturbed. Followings are data of the distances measured in microns at the points as shown in FIG. 2 for samples 1, 5 and 10. Accordingly, the desirable density of spacers is 3 to 15 mm^-2.

______________________________________                                    
Point   Sample 1     Sample 5 Sample 10                                   
______________________________________                                    
A       2.4          2.1      2.3                                         
B       2.6          2.2      2.4                                         
C       2.5          2.2      2.4                                         
D       2.4          2.1      2.6                                         
E       3.2          2.2      2.7                                         
F       3.0          2.3      2.9                                         
G       2.9          2.2      2.9                                         
H       3.1          2.3      2.8                                         
I       3.0          2.2      2.5                                         
J       2.7          2.2      2.3                                         
K       2.5          2.2      2.4                                         
L       2.3          2.1      2.3                                         
______________________________________

The conspicuous difference between the first and the second embodiments is the number of the spacers. The spacer 5 of the first embodiment is such that no expansion is allowed, and therefore coming-off of the spacers is very likely and eventually the number of the spacers must be increased. In case of the second embodiment, the spacers can absorb the expansion of the distance between the substrates and therefore the neccessary number of the spacers is small.

Uniformity and void spaces were evaluated in cases with varied degrees of elasticity of the spacers. The results are as below.

______________________________________                                    
          Degree of                                                       
Sample    Elasticity  Uniformity                                          
                                Void Space                                
______________________________________                                    
1          5.0 (%)    good      exist                                     
2          8.3        good      exist                                     
3         11.4        good      none                                      
4         18.4        good      none                                      
5         22.5        good      none                                      
6         30.2        good      none                                      
7         33.7        good      none                                      
8         36.4        not so good                                         
                                none                                      
9         40.5        bad       none                                      
10        48.3        bad       none                                      
______________________________________

From the above results, the preferred degree of elasticity ranges from 10% to 35%. Samples 8, 9 and 10 were not acceptable because of expansion of the distance due to the high degrees of elasticity. Followings are data of the distances measured in microns at the points as shown in FIG. 2 for samples 1, 5 and 10.

______________________________________                                    
Point   Sample 1     Sample 5 Sample 10                                   
______________________________________                                    
A       2.1          2.1      2.2                                         
B       2.9          2.2      2.5                                         
C       2.1          2.3      2.4                                         
D       2.2          2.3      2.6                                         
E       2.1          2.3      2.8                                         
F       2.1          2.2      3.0                                         
G       2.2          2.2      2.8                                         
H       2.1          2.1      2.7                                         
I       2.0          2.2      2.7                                         
J       2.1          2.3      3.0                                         
K       2.1          2.2      2.7                                         
L       2.2          2.2      2.4                                         
______________________________________

In practice, spacers having varied degrees of elasticity can be prepared by making combination use of a mixture of plural kinds of spacers having different degrees of elasticity. For instance, an effective 27.5% degree is obtained by use of first spacers of 5% degree and second spacers of 50% degree at 1:1 proportion. Followings are data of the distances measured in microns at the points as shown in FIG. 2 in cases with the combination use, the use of the first spacers only and the use of second spacers only.

______________________________________                                    
Point  Combination  First Spacer                                          
                               Second Spacer                              
______________________________________                                    
A      2.1          2.0        2.2                                        
B      2.1          2.1        2.4                                        
C      2.2          2.0        2.5                                        
D      2.1          2.1        2.9                                        
E      2.2          2.1        2.8                                        
F      2.1          2.0        2.5                                        
G      2.2          2.0        2.7                                        
H      2.1          2.0        2.6                                        
I      2.2          2.1        2.4                                        
J      2.2          2.0        2.5                                        
K      2.1          2.1        2.3                                        
L      2.2          2.0        2.5                                        
______________________________________

The expansion of the mated substrate and ensuing excess charge of liquid crystal material can be avoided by employing the following method for disposing liquid crystal material.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for disposing liquid crytal material between a pair of substrates of liquid crystal device. The apparatus comprises a vacuum chamber 10, a vacuum pump 19 for evacuating the vacuum chamber, a press 12 equipped with torque screws 15, a pair of

plates

12 and 14 having opposed smooth inside surfaces which are finely oriented parallel with each other, an accumlator 7 containing liquid crystal material therein and adapted to pour the liquid crystal material into the space between the pair of substrates and a heater 16 located just below the plate 14.

A liquid crystal device in advance of disposing procedure is placed between the pair of

plates

12 and 14 and pressed by rotating the torque screws 15 at 1 Kg/cm². In this condition, the pressure in the chamber 10 is reduced by the vacuum pump 19 to 1×10^-4 Torr. The temperature of the device is elevated at the same time to 150° C. by means of the heater. Then, an amount of liquid crystal material such as a ferroelectric liquid crystal is poured into an inlet port provided at the periphery of the liquid crystal device, and the pressure in the chamber is returned to an atmospheric pressure by leaking N₂ gas thereinto at 20 cc/min. Followings are data of the distances measured in microns at the points as shown in FIG. 2 in cases that liquid crystal is disposed into the liquid crystal device with and without application of a pressure and without a pressure.

______________________________________                                    
Point     Pressed Device                                                  
                      Non-pressed Device                                  
______________________________________                                    
A         2.1         2.0                                                 
B         2.4         2.0                                                 
C         2.1         2.1                                                 
D         2.2         2.1                                                 
E         3.4         2.0                                                 
F         2.2         2.0                                                 
G         2.2         2.1                                                 
H         3.5         2.1                                                 
I         2.2         2.0                                                 
J         2.1         2.0                                                 
K         2.4         2.0                                                 
L         2.1         2.1                                                 
______________________________________

The present invention is effective particularly when used in ferroelectric liquid crystal devices. In the liquid crystal devices of this type, substantial volume change takes place during operation and the operational life time is greatly dependent of the resistance to the volume change which may appear in the form of microvibrations. The use of spacers made of a resilient material can absorb such microvibrations. The resilient material may be organic resilient materials or suitable inorganic materials.

While several embodiments have been specifically described, it is to be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the particular examples described and that modifications and variations can be made without departure from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

We claim:

1. A liquid crystal device comprising:

a pair of substrates;

an electrode arrangement formed on at least one of said substrates;

a plurality of spacers disposed between said pair of substrates in order to maintain a gap between the substrates; and

a liquid crystal layer interposed between said substrates,

wherein said spacers contain fusible spacers and non-fusible spacers and a dispersion density of said non-fusible spacers is 1-15 particles/mm² and wherein a dispersion density of said fusible spacer is 50-150 particles/mm².

2. The liquid crystal device of claim 1, wherein said non-fusible spacers are made of glass fibers.

3. The liquid crystal device of claim 1 wherein a diameter of said fusible spacers is 1.5-3 times said non-fusible spacers.

4. A liquid crystal device comprising:

a pair of substrates;

an electrode arrangement formed on the inside surfaces of the pair of substrates;

a liquid crystal layer disposed between said substrates; and

a plurality of spacers distributed between said substrates in order to maintain the distance between said substrates constant wherein the distribution density of said spacers is 3 to 15 mm^-2,

wherein said spacers are made of a resilient material having adhesivity and wherein said spacers consist of plural kinds of spacers having different degrees of elasticity.

5. An electro-optical liquid crystal device comprising:

a pair of substrates;

a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer disposed between said substrates; and

a plurality of spacers distributed between said substrates in order to maintain the distance between said substrates constant;

wherein said spacers are made of a resilient material having adhesivity and have an elasticity of 10-35%.

6. The device of claim 5 wherein the distribution density of said spacers is 3 to 15 mm^-2.