US5213093A - Endoscope with non-circular probe and method of making same - Google Patents
Endoscope with non-circular probe and method of making same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5213093A US5213093A US07/706,804 US70680491A US5213093A US 5213093 A US5213093 A US 5213093A US 70680491 A US70680491 A US 70680491A US 5213093 A US5213093 A US 5213093A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- configuration
- endoscope
- probe
- wall
- section
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- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003708 urethra Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002961 echo contrast media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002307 prostate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000811 surgical stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010966 surgical stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/00064—Constructional details of the endoscope body
- A61B1/0011—Manufacturing of endoscope parts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/012—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor characterised by internal passages or accessories therefor
- A61B1/018—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor characterised by internal passages or accessories therefor for receiving instruments
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S600/00—Surgery
- Y10S600/92—Method of making endoscopes
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to endoscopes which provide for visualization of body cavities, openings, and conduits for surgical, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
- An endoscope typically includes a housing which receives the fiberoptics and the surgical instruments from a location exterior of the patient, and a long narrow probe which extends from the housing to the operative site of interest.
- This probe may have an external diameter such as seven French and a length such as thirteen inches.
- the probe may be rigid, flexible, or semi-rigid depending primarily on the need to manipulate the tip of the probe through a torturous path. It is the configuration of this probe that is particular interest to the present invention.
- the probes of the past have typically been cylindrical in configuration with an outer surface, and an inner surface defining a central lumen.
- it has always been of interest to decrease the cross-sectional circumference of the outer surface. This requirement has been directly opposed to the need to increase the cross-sectional circumference of the inner surface in order to maximize the size of the central lumen.
- the probe lumen may have a diameter of 0.089 inches. Within this diameter the central lumen must provide for a working channel having an outside diameter such as 0.050 inches, and a bundle of image fibers having a diameter such as 0.021 inches. Incident light fibers are generally much smaller in diameter and can be positioned in any of the remaining space not occupied by the working channel or the image bundle.
- the present invention provides for an optimal configuration for the probe lumen without increasing the circumference of the outer surface of the probe. Reduced wall thicknesses for the probe can now be tolerated by providing the probe with a tapered configuration so that there are substantially no points of bending stress along the probe.
- the probe is provided with a wall which defines an interior lumen extending along an elongate axis from the housing to the distal end of the endoscope. At least a portion of the wall has an 15 outer surface with a tapered shape in axial cross-section and a non-circular shape in radial cross-section.
- the endoscope in another aspect of the invention, includes a housing and a probe which includes axial wall portions extending from a proximal region to a distal region of the probe.
- the thickness and geometry of the wall in the wall portion is substantially constant in any particular radial cross-section, but varies in progressive radial cross-sections along the wall portion of the probe.
- the invention also includes a method for making an endoscope having these preferred structural characteristics.
- the method includes steps for providing a probe with tubular walls having a substantially constant thickness, tapering the thickness of the walls along an axial portion of the probe, and providing the tubular walls with a shape which, in a particular plane perpendicular to the axis of the tube, has a non-circular configuration.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an endoscope illustrated in an operative disposition and including one embodiment of a probe associated with the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a radial cross-section view taken along lines 3--3 of FIG. 1a;
- FIG. 5 is a radial cross-section view taken along lines 5--5 of FIG. 1a;
- FIG. 6-11 illustrate various steps in a preferred method for manufacturing the endoscope of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a side view of an integral piece of cylindrical tubing for the probe
- FIG. 8 illustrates a step of drawing the tubing of FIG. 6 into a tapered configuration
- FIG. 9 illustrates a step for rolling the tubing of FIG. 6 into a non-circular cross-section
- FIG. 10 illustrates a step of cold forming the tubing of FIG. into a tapered configuration
- FIG. 10a is a cross-section view of the tool of FIG. 10 taken along lines 10a--10a of FIG. 10;
- FIG. 13 is a radial cross-section view taken along lines 13--13 of FIG. 11.
- light is introduced through light fibers 25 which extend into a side opening 26 in the housing 12 and through the probe 16 to illuminate the operative site 21.
- a bundle of image fibers 27, best shown in FIG. 2 extends from the distal end 18 of the endoscope 10 back to the housing 12 where it is coupled to an eyepiece 30.
- the housing 12 is held by the hand of a user and his eye 32 views the illuminated operative site 21 through the eyepiece 30.
- the probe 16 can be attached to the housing 12 in any conventional manner.
- the probe 16 has a tubular configuration and includes a wall 41 having an outer surface 43 and an inner surface 45. It is this inner surface 45 which defines a lumen 47 that extends the entire length of the probe 16.
- the probe 16 is relatively long in order to provide access to distant locations within the body.
- the probe 16 is very thin in order to facilitate its passage through narrow passages 23 such as the urethra.
- the probe 16 may have a relatively large aspect ratio (a length to average outside diameter ratio) such as 350.
- the outer surface 43 is configured with a taper which extends at an angle ⁇ relative to the axis 17. This taper can occur along any portion of the wall 41 between the housing 12 and the distal end 18. However, in a preferred embodiment, the outer surface 43 is tapered along the entire length of the probe 16.
- the inner surface 45 maintains a fairly constant geometry for the lumen 47 through the entire probe 16.
- the thickness of the wall 41 which forms the probe 16 will vary from a relatively thick wall 41 at the proximal end 14 of the probe 16 to a relatively thin wall 41 at the distal end 18 of the probe 16.
- the entire probe 16 is formed from a single piece of material, such as stainless steel, and tapered from the proximal end 14 to the distal end 18.
- This structural configuration offers the further advantage of a continuous and smooth outer surface 43 which is totally free of bumps or undulations.
- the lumen 47 is adapted to receive a cylinder 50, which defines the working channel 34, as well as the bundle of image fibers 27 and the individual light fibers 25. It is the shape and relative size of the cylinder 50 and fibers 25 and 27 which are of particular interest to the present invention.
- the cylinder 50 and fibers 25, 27 are commonly provided with a circular outer diameter.
- the size of the cylinder 50 will be relatively large with an outer diameter such as 0.050 inches.
- the image fibers 27 form a bundle which may be only slightly smaller with a diameter such as 0.021 inches.
- the individual light fibers 25 have a relatively small diameter such as 0.001.
- the lumen 47 be maintained at a minimum size or cross-sectional area. This is achieved in a preferred embodiment where the lumen 47 is provided with a non-circular shape.
- this shape in a preferred embodiment is an oval having a major axis 51 and a minor axis 52.
- the cylinder 50 and image fibers 27 are disposed generally along the major axis 51 of the oval and the remaining space at the sides of the major axis 51 are filled with multiple light fibers 25.
- the light fibers 25 can be disposed adjacent the cylinder 50 and image fibers 27, generally along the minor axis 52 of the oval.
- the oval lumen 47 has a length along the major axis 51 of 0.078 inches, and a width along the minor axis 52 of 0.062 inches. This shape is constant along the entire length of the probe 16.
- the outer surface 43 of the wall 41 is similar in shape to the surface 45 but is tapered along its entire thirteen inch length at an angle ⁇ equal to 0.044 degrees or 2.64 minutes. It follows, that if the walls 41 at the proximal end 14 of the probe 16 have a thickness of 0.016 inches, at the distal end 18 of the probe 16 the walls 41 will have a thickness of 0.007 inches.
- Another feature associated with the present invention is an increased bending modulus which results from the non-circular cross section of the probe 16.
- the non-circular cross-section will provide at least one plane having a relatively higher bending modulus.
- this particular plane includes the axis 17 of the probe 16 and the major axis 51 of the oval.
- the bending moment along the major axis 5 is greater than the bending moment along the minor axis 52. Given this increased bending modulus, torque can be applied to the probe 16 along the particular plane without increasing the risk of bending.
- a preferred method for manufacturing the endoscope 10 includes the step of providing a tube 53 for the probe 16.
- This tube 53 is illustrated in FIG. 6 and commonly has a constant wall thickness defined by an outer surface and an inner surface both of which are circular in radial cross-section.
- This cylindrical tube 53 can be seamless or welded and drawn with a specific outside diameter such as 0.109 and inside diameter such as 0.075 inches.
- the cylinder 53 is formed from a single piece of surgical stainless steel.
- This tube 53 can be mounted on a grinder, such as the centerless grinder 54 illustrated in FIG. 7, and ground to form the tapered outer surface 43 previously discussed.
- the tube 53 can be configured to form tapers, step diameters, grooves, or the like, to provide the outer surface 43 with any desired configuration. This formation of the outer surface 43 can also be accomplished by lathe turning or lathe grinding.
- the tube 52 including the tapered outer surface 43 is forced through rollers which are loaded against opposite sides of the tube 52.
- the tube 52 may be pushed between the compressing rollers 61 and 63, from right to left in FIG. 9. This results in a preferred embodiment of the probe 16 which includes the tapered outer surface 43, the progressively reduced thickness of the wall 41, and the desired oval configuration for the lumen 47.
- the tube 53 can be tapered otherwise by placing it between dies 65 and 67 of a forming tool as illustrated in FIG. 10. These dies 65 and 67 may be longitudinally tapered to accommodate the taper on the tube 52 and provided with cross-sectional shapes such as the oval shape and "v" shape illustrated in the cross-section view of 10a. As the dies 65 and 67 are forced together, the tube 52 is compressed along the minor axis 52 to obtain its final form. Once the probe 16 has been formed, it can be joined to the housing 12 in a conventional manner, and the cylinder 50 and fibers 25, 27 can be loaded as illustrated in FIG. 3.
- cross-sectional views taken at any two points along the probe 16, as illustrated in FIG. 11, will show an outer surface 43 having a first configuration in the first cross-section and a second configuration that is different from the first configuration in the second cross-section.
- the outer surface 43 has an oval shape in FIG. 12 and a circular shape in FIG. 13.
- These two configurations of the outer surface 43 may be different in shape, as in the embodiment of FIG. 11, or they may be similar in shape but different in size, as in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the inner surface 45 of the probe 16 has a circular shape in FIG. 12 and an oval shape in FIG. 13.
- the shape of the inner surface 45 can be similar to the shape of the outer surface 43 in which case the thickness of the wall 41 does not vary in radial cross-section.
- the inner surface 45 may not be dissimilar in shape to the outer surface 43, in which case the walls 41 vary in thickness radially of the axis 17.
- the endoscope 10 can be provided with a probe 16 which includes stress relief along any axial portion of the probe 16 or along the entire length of the probe 16. This stress relief can be accomplished without increasing the outside circumference of the probe 16. In fact, by defining the lumen 47 with a non-circular shape, such as the shape of an oval, the overall size or cross-sectional area of the probe 16 can be reduced.
- the preferred embodiment includes an outer surface 43 and an inner surface 45 which have shapes that are similar in cross-section, this is not required by the present invention.
- the inner surface 45 may have a shape, such as the shape of an oval, which is different from the shape of the outer surface 43, such as the shape of a circle. These shapes may also vary along the length of the probe 16 with consequential variations in the thickness of the wall 41. Wall thickness variations may occur not only axially as in the 15 embodiment of FIG. 3, but also radially as in the embodiment of FIG. 11.
Abstract
Description
Claims (24)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/706,804 US5213093A (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1991-05-29 | Endoscope with non-circular probe and method of making same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/706,804 US5213093A (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1991-05-29 | Endoscope with non-circular probe and method of making same |
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US5213093A true US5213093A (en) | 1993-05-25 |
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US07/706,804 Expired - Fee Related US5213093A (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1991-05-29 | Endoscope with non-circular probe and method of making same |
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Cited By (62)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5373840A (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1994-12-20 | Knighton; David R. | Endoscope and method for vein removal |
WO1995005112A1 (en) * | 1993-08-18 | 1995-02-23 | Vista Medical Technologies | Optical surgical device |
US5395349A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1995-03-07 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve reinforced sheath and method |
US5408991A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1995-04-25 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Endoscope system wherein cleaning solution flows at same speed in cleaning solution supply section and in all flow paths of internal conduits |
US5588949A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1996-12-31 | Heartport, Inc. | Stereoscopic percutaneous visualization system |
US5707389A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-01-13 | Baxter International Inc. | Side branch occlusion catheter device having integrated endoscope for performing endoscopically visualized occlusion of the side branches of an anatomical passageway |
US5728151A (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 1998-03-17 | Heartport, Inc. | Intercostal access devices for less-invasive cardiovascular surgery |
US5772576A (en) * | 1995-12-11 | 1998-06-30 | Embro Vascular L.L.C. | Apparatus and method for vein removal |
US5790586A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1998-08-04 | Amorphous Materials, Inc. | Method and apparatus for simultaneously illuminating, viewing and measuring the temperature of a body |
US5810790A (en) | 1996-11-19 | 1998-09-22 | Ebling; Wendell V. | Catheter with viewing system and port connector |
US5935122A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1999-08-10 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible expandable sheath and method |
US5957832A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1999-09-28 | Heartport, Inc. | Stereoscopic percutaneous visualization system |
US5980520A (en) * | 1996-01-16 | 1999-11-09 | Vancaillie; Thierry G. | Desiccation electrode |
US6010531A (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 2000-01-04 | Heartport, Inc. | Less-invasive devices and methods for cardiac valve surgery |
US6178968B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2001-01-30 | Edwards Lifesciences Corp. | Method of endoscopically visualized occlusion of the side branches of an anatomical passageway |
US20020056460A1 (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 2002-05-16 | Boyd Stephen W. | Devices and methods for port-access multivessel coronary artery bypass surgery |
US20030036681A1 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2003-02-20 | Aviv Jonathan E. | Optical transesophageal echocardiography probe |
US20030167062A1 (en) * | 2003-03-13 | 2003-09-04 | Gambale Richard A | Suture clips,delivery devices and methods |
US20030171760A1 (en) * | 2000-05-19 | 2003-09-11 | Gambale Richard A | Tissue capturing and suturing device and method |
US20030208209A1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2003-11-06 | Gambale Richard A. | Endoscopic tissue apposition device with multiple suction ports |
US6652492B1 (en) | 1991-12-13 | 2003-11-25 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible sheath and method |
US20040158125A1 (en) * | 2002-09-06 | 2004-08-12 | Aznoian Harold M. | Integrated endoscope and accessory treatment device |
US6808520B1 (en) | 1991-12-13 | 2004-10-26 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible expandable sheath and method |
US20050273125A1 (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-12-08 | Opie John C | Percutaneous vein harvester with shielded blade |
US20060009789A1 (en) * | 2002-09-06 | 2006-01-12 | C. R. Bard, Inc. | Tissue capturing devices |
US7017581B2 (en) | 1993-02-22 | 2006-03-28 | Boyd Stephen W | Devices and methods for port-access multivessel coronary artery bypass surgery |
US20070005084A1 (en) * | 2004-06-16 | 2007-01-04 | Clague Cynthia T | Minimally invasive coring vein harvester |
US20070060984A1 (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-15 | Webb James S | Apparatus and method for optical stimulation of nerves and other animal tissue |
US20070225554A1 (en) * | 2006-03-22 | 2007-09-27 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Endoscope working channel with multiple functionality |
US20080058798A1 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2008-03-06 | Wallace Jeffrey M | Suturing devices and methods with energy emitting elements |
US20080077198A1 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2008-03-27 | Aculight Corporation | Miniature apparatus and method for optical stimulation of nerves and other animal tissue |
US20080161841A1 (en) * | 2006-10-16 | 2008-07-03 | Clague Cynthia T | Cutting device and method of vessel harvesting |
US20080208001A1 (en) * | 2007-02-26 | 2008-08-28 | Ron Hadani | Conforming endoscope |
US20100016732A1 (en) * | 2008-07-17 | 2010-01-21 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Apparatus and method for neural-signal capture to drive neuroprostheses or control bodily function |
US7867163B2 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2011-01-11 | Maquet Cardiovascular Llc | Instrument and method for remotely manipulating a tissue structure |
US7883536B1 (en) | 2007-01-19 | 2011-02-08 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Hybrid optical-electrical probes |
US7938842B1 (en) | 1998-08-12 | 2011-05-10 | Maquet Cardiovascular Llc | Tissue dissector apparatus |
US7972265B1 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2011-07-05 | Maquet Cardiovascular, Llc | Device and method for remote vessel ligation |
US20110172725A1 (en) * | 2008-10-03 | 2011-07-14 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Nerve stimulator and method using simultaneous electrical and optical signals |
US7981133B2 (en) | 1995-07-13 | 2011-07-19 | Maquet Cardiovascular, Llc | Tissue dissection method |
US8012189B1 (en) | 2007-01-11 | 2011-09-06 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Method and vestibular implant using optical stimulation of nerves |
EP2380485A1 (en) * | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-26 | Richard Wolf GmbH | Rigid endoscope |
US8075573B2 (en) | 2003-05-16 | 2011-12-13 | C.R. Bard, Inc. | Single intubation, multi-stitch endoscopic suturing system |
US8105351B2 (en) | 2001-05-18 | 2012-01-31 | C.R. Bard, Inc. | Method of promoting tissue adhesion |
US8160696B2 (en) | 2008-10-03 | 2012-04-17 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Nerve stimulator and method using simultaneous electrical and optical signals |
US8241210B2 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2012-08-14 | Maquet Cardiovascular Llc | Vessel retractor |
US8475506B1 (en) | 2007-08-13 | 2013-07-02 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | VCSEL array stimulator apparatus and method for light stimulation of bodily tissues |
US8652187B2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2014-02-18 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Cuff apparatus and method for optical and/or electrical nerve stimulation of peripheral nerves |
US8709078B1 (en) | 2011-08-03 | 2014-04-29 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Ocular implant with substantially constant retinal spacing for transmission of nerve-stimulation light |
US8744570B2 (en) | 2009-01-23 | 2014-06-03 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Optical stimulation of the brainstem and/or midbrain, including auditory areas |
US8747447B2 (en) | 2011-07-22 | 2014-06-10 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Cochlear implant and method enabling enhanced music perception |
US8882785B2 (en) | 2008-09-29 | 2014-11-11 | Paul C. DiCesare | Endoscopic suturing device |
US8929973B1 (en) | 2005-10-24 | 2015-01-06 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Apparatus and method for characterizing optical sources used with human and animal tissues |
US8945197B1 (en) | 2005-10-24 | 2015-02-03 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Sight-restoring visual prosthetic and method using infrared nerve-stimulation light |
US8956396B1 (en) | 2005-10-24 | 2015-02-17 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Eye-tracking visual prosthetic and method |
US8996131B1 (en) | 2006-09-28 | 2015-03-31 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Apparatus and method for managing chronic pain with infrared light sources and heat |
WO2018187751A1 (en) * | 2017-04-06 | 2018-10-11 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Access device methods of using the same |
US10299770B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2019-05-28 | Maquet Cardiovascular Llc | Endoscopic vessel harvesting system components |
WO2019120384A3 (en) * | 2017-12-21 | 2019-08-15 | Blazejewski Medi-Tech Gmbh | Endoscope |
US10507012B2 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2019-12-17 | Maquet Cardiovascular Llc | Vein harvesting system and method |
US20210007587A1 (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2021-01-14 | The Catholic University Of Korea Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation | Openable spinal endoscope apparatus |
US11540703B2 (en) | 2014-10-20 | 2023-01-03 | Research Development International Corporation | Steerable micro-endoscope |
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Cited By (128)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6197016B1 (en) | 1991-12-13 | 2001-03-06 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible expandable sheath and method |
US5395349A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1995-03-07 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve reinforced sheath and method |
US6808520B1 (en) | 1991-12-13 | 2004-10-26 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible expandable sheath and method |
US6652492B1 (en) | 1991-12-13 | 2003-11-25 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible sheath and method |
US5935122A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1999-08-10 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Dual valve, flexible expandable sheath and method |
US5408991A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1995-04-25 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Endoscope system wherein cleaning solution flows at same speed in cleaning solution supply section and in all flow paths of internal conduits |
USRE36043E (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1999-01-12 | Embro Vascular, L.L.C. | Endoscope and method for vein removal |
US5373840A (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1994-12-20 | Knighton; David R. | Endoscope and method for vein removal |
US7017581B2 (en) | 1993-02-22 | 2006-03-28 | Boyd Stephen W | Devices and methods for port-access multivessel coronary artery bypass surgery |
US6651671B1 (en) | 1993-02-22 | 2003-11-25 | Heartport, Inc. | Lens-invasive devices and methods for cardiac valve surgery |
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