US5690993A - Overcoated migration imaging members - Google Patents
Overcoated migration imaging members Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5690993A US5690993A US08/432,448 US43244895A US5690993A US 5690993 A US5690993 A US 5690993A US 43244895 A US43244895 A US 43244895A US 5690993 A US5690993 A US 5690993A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- poly
- layer
- cellulose
- styrene
- copolymers
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Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process
- G03G17/10—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process using migration imaging, e.g. photoelectrosolography
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process
- G03G17/04—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process using photoelectrophoresis
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to migration imaging members. More specifically, the present invention is directed to migration imaging members with improved overcoating layers.
- One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a migration imaging member comprising (1) a substrate, (2) a softenable layer situated on the substrate, said softenable layer comprising a softenable material and a photosensitive migration marking material, and (3) an overcoating layer situated on the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate, said overcoating layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of: (a) polyacrylic acids, (b) poly (hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), (c) poly (hydroxyalkylacrylates), (d) vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymers, (e) vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyral copolymers, (f) alkyl celluloses, (g) aryl celluloses, (h) hydroxyalkyl cellulose acrylates, (i) hydroxyaryl cellulose acrylates, (j) hydroxyalkyl cellulose meth
- Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process which comprises (a) providing a migration imaging member comprising (1) a substrate, and (2) a softenable layer situated on the substrate, said softenable layer comprising a softenable material and a photosensitive migration marking material; (b) applying to the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate a composition comprising (1) a solvent selected from the group consisting of (A) methanol, (B) ethanol, (C) isopropanol, (D) n-propanol, (E) acetone, (F) water, and (G) mixtures thereof, and (2) an overcoating material selected from the group consisting of (A) polyacrylic acids, (B) poly (hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), (C) poly (hydroxyalkylacrylates), (D) vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymers, (E) vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyral copolymers, (F) alkyl celluloses, (G) aryl celluloses
- Yet another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process which comprises (a) providing a migration imaging member comprising (1) a substrate, and (2) a softenable layer situated on the substrate, said softenable layer comprising a softenable material and a photosensitive migration marking material; (b) applying to the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate by a melt extrusion process an overcoating material selected from the group consisting of (1) propylene-acrylic acid copolymers, (2) propylene-ethylene-acrylic acid terpolymers, (3) poly (vinyl methyl ketones), (4) poly (trimethyl hexamethylene) terephthalamides, (5) chlorinated polypropylenes, (6) poly (hexamethylene sebacates), (7) poly(ethylene succinates), (8) poly (caprolactams), (9) poly (hexamethylene adipamides), (10) poly (hexamethylene nonaneamides), (11) poly (hexamethylene sebacamides), (12) poly (hexamethylene
- Migration imaging systems capable of producing high quality images of high optical contrast density and high resolution have been developed. Such migration imaging systems are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,215,838, 5,202,206, 5,102,756, 5,021,308, 4,970,130, 4,937,163, 4,883,731, 4,880,715, 4,853,307, 4,536,458, 4,536,457, 4,496,642, 4,482,622, 4,281,050, 4,252,890, 4,241,156, 4,230,782, 4,157,259, 4,135,926, 4,123,283, 4,102,682, 4,101,321, 4,084,966, 4,081,273, 4,078,923, 4,072,517, 4,065,307, 4,062,680, 4,055,418, 4,040,826, 4,029,502, 4,028,101, 4,014,695, 4,013,462, 4,012,250, 4,009,028, 4,007,042, 3,998,635, 3,985,560
- softenable as used herein is intended to mean any material which can be rendered more permeable, thereby enabling particles to migrate through its bulk.
- changing the permeability of such material or reducing its resistance to migration of migration marking material is accomplished by dissolving, swelling, melting, or softening, by techniques, for example, such as contacting with heat, vapors, partial solvents, solvent vapors, solvents, and combinations thereof, or by otherwise reducing the viscosity of the softenable material by any suitable means.
- fracturable layer or material as used herein means any layer or material which is capable of breaking up during development, thereby permitting portions of the layer to migrate toward the substrate or to be otherwise removed.
- the fracturable layer is preferably particulate in the various embodiments of the migration imaging members.
- Such fracturable layers of marking material are typically contiguous to the surface of the softenable layer spaced apart from the substrate, and such fracturable layers can be substantially or wholly embedded in the softenable layer in various embodiments of the imaging members.
- contiguous as used herein is intended to mean in actual contact, touching, also, near, though not in contact, and adjoining, and is intended to describe generically the relationship of the fracturable layer of marking material in the softenable layer with the surface of the softenable layer spaced apart from the substrate.
- optically sign-retained is intended to mean that the dark (higher optical density) and light (lower optical density) areas of the visible image formed on the migration imaging member correspond to the dark and light areas of the illuminating electromagnetic radiation pattern.
- optical sign-reversed as used herein is intended to mean that the dark areas of the image formed on the migration imaging member correspond to the light areas of the illuminating electromagnetic radiation pattern and the light areas of the image formed on the migration imaging member correspond to the dark areas of the illuminating electromagnetic radiation pattern.
- optical contrast density as used herein is intended to mean the difference between maximum optical density (D max ) and minimum optical density (D min ) of an image. Optical density is measured for the purpose of this invention by diffuse densitometers with a blue Wratten No. 94 filter.
- optical density as used herein is intended to mean “transmission optical density” and is represented by the formula:
- High optical density in migration imaging members allows high contrast densities in migration images made from the migration imaging members.
- High contrast density is highly desirable for most information storage systems. Contrast density is used herein to denote the difference between maximum and minimum optical density in a migration image.
- the maximum optical density value of an imaged migration imaging member is, of course, the same value as the optical density of an unimaged migration imaging member.
- Various means for developing the latent images can be used for migration imaging systems. These development methods include solvent wash away, solvent vapor softening, heat softening, and combinations of these methods, as well as any other method which changes the resistance of the softenable material to the migration of particulate marking material through the softenable layer to allow imagewise migration of the particles in depth toward the substrate.
- solvent wash away or meniscus development method the migration marking material in the light struck region migrates toward the substrate through the softenable layer, which is softened and dissolved, and repacks into a more or less monolayer configuration.
- this region exhibits a maximum optical density which can be as high as the initial optical density of the unprocessed film.
- the migration marking material in the unexposed region is substantially washed away and this region exhibits a minimum optical density which is essentially the optical density of the substrate alone. Therefore, the image sense of the developed image is optically sign reversed.
- Various methods and materials and combinations thereof have previously been used to fix such unfixed migration images.
- One method is to overcoat the image with a transparent abrasion resistant polymer by solution coating techniques.
- the migration marking material in the light struck region disperses in the depth of the softenable layer after development and this region exhibits D min which is typically in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. This relatively high D min is a direct consequence of the depthwise dispersion of the otherwise unchanged migration marking material.
- the migration marking material in the unexposed region does not migrate and substantially remains in the original configuration, i.e. a monolayer.
- this region exhibits a maximum optical density (D max ) of about 1.8 to 1.9. Therefore, the image sense of the heat or vapor developed images is optically sign-retained.
- an imaging member comprising a softenable layer containing a fracturable layer of electrically photosensitive migration marking material is imaged in one process mode by electrostatically charging the member, exposing the member to an imagewise pattern of activating electromagnetic radiation, and softening the softenable layer by exposure for a few seconds to a solvent vapor thereby causing a selective migration in depth of the migration material in the softenable layer in the areas which were previously exposed to the activating radiation.
- the vapor developed image is then subjected to a heating step.
- the exposed particles gain a substantial net charge (typically 85 to 90 percent of the deposited surface charge) as a result of light exposure, they migrate substantially in depth in the softenable layer towards the substrate when exposed to a solvent vapor, thus causing a drastic reduction in optical density.
- the optical density in this region is typically in the region of 0.7 to 0.9 (including the substrate density of about 0.2) after vapor exposure, compared with an initial value of 1.8 to 1.9 (including the substrate density of about 0.2).
- the surface charge becomes discharged due to vapor exposure.
- the subsequent heating step causes the unmigrated, uncharged migration material in unexposed areas to agglomerate or flocculate, often accompanied by coalescence of the marking material particles, thereby resulting in a migration image of very low minimum optical density (in the unexposed areas) in the 0.25 to 0.35 range.
- the contrast density of the final image is typically in the range of 0.35 to 0.65.
- the migration image can be formed by heat followed by exposure to solvent vapors and a second heating step which also results in a migration image with very low minimum optical density.
- the softenable layer remains substantially intact after development, with the image being self-fixed because the marking material particles are trapped within the softenable layer.
- Agglomeration as used herein is defined as the coming together and adhering of previously substantially separate particles, without the loss of identity of the particles.
- coalescence as used herein is defined as the fusing together of such particles into larger units, usually accompanied by a change of shape of the coalesced particles towards a shape of lower energy, such as a sphere.
- the softenable layer of migration imaging members is characterized by sensitivity to abrasion and foreign contaminants. Since a fracturable layer is located at or close to the surface of the softenable layer, abrasion can readily remove some of the fracturable layer during either manufacturing or use of the imaging member and adversely affect the final image. Foreign contamination such as finger prints can also cause defects to appear in any final image. Moreover, the softenable layer tends to cause blocking of migration imaging members when multiple members are stacked or when the migration imaging material is wound into rolls for storage or transportation. Blocking is the adhesion of adjacent objects to each other. Blocking usually results in damage to the objects when they are separated.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,838 discloses a migration imaging member comprising a substrate, an infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer comprising a pigment predominantly sensitive to infrared or red light radiation, and a softenable layer comprising a softenable material, a charge transport material, and migration marking material predominantly sensitive to radiation at a wavelength other than that to which the infrared or red light radiation sensitive pigment is sensitive contained at or near the surface of the softenable layer.
- the migration imaging member is imaged and developed, it is particularly suitable for use as a xeroprinting master and can also be used for viewing or for storing data.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,318 discloses a process for forming secure images which comprises electrostatically charging an imaging member, imagewise exposing the charged member, thereby forming a latent image on the member, developing the latent image with a liquid developer comprising a liquid medium, a charge control additive, and toner particles comprising a colorant and a polymeric material, allowing the developed image to dry on the imaging member, contacting the portion of the imaging member with the dry developed image with a substantially transparent sheet having an adhesive material on the surface thereof in contact with the imaging member, thereby transferring the developed image from the imaging member to the substantially transparent sheet, contacting the adhesive surface of the substantially transparent sheet with the developed image with a paper sheet having a polymeric coating on the surface that is in contact with the substantially transparent sheet, and applying heat and pressure to the substantially transparent sheet and the paper sheet at a temperature and pressure sufficient to affix the image permanently to the paper.
- the resulting document is a process for forming secure images which comprises electrostatically charging an imaging member, imagewise
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,642 discloses an imaging member comprising a substrate, an electrically insulating swellable, softenable layer on the substrate, the softenable layer having particulate migration marking material located at least at or near the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate, and a protective overcoating comprising a film forming resin, a portion of which extends beneath the surface of the softenable layer.
- This migration imaging member may be prepared with the aid of a material which swells at least the surface of the softenable layer to allow the film forming resin to penetrate beneath the surface of the softenable layer.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,110 (Pundsack), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a camera/processor for continuously exposing and developing photographic migration imaging film.
- the apparatus can perform either heat or meniscus development and, optionally, film overcoating. After the film is exposed, it travels along a predetermined path, which path may include a plurality of separate film developing and film drying stations, toward a takeup reel.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,042 (Buckley et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a migration imaging system including imaging members comprising a substrate overcoated with a softenable layer, and migration marking material, with the softenable layer having a thin surface skin of material having a higher viscosity than the remainder of the softenable material layer.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,262 (Goffe et al.), the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses a migration imaging system wherein migration imaging members typically comprising a substrate, a layer of softenable material, and migration marking material, additionally contain one or more overlayers of material to produce improved results in the imaging system.
- the overlayer may variously comprise another layer of softenable material, a layer of material which is harder than the softenable material layer, or a gelatin layer.
- Migration imaging members are also suitable for use as masks for exposing the photosensitive material in a printing plate.
- the migration imaging member can be laid on the plate prior to exposure to radiation, or the migration imaging member layers can be coated or laminated onto the printing plate itself prior to exposure to radiation, and removed subsequent to exposure.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,756 discloses a printing plate precursor which comprises a base layer, a layer of photohardenable material, and a layer of softenable material containing photosensitive migration marking material.
- the precursor can comprise a base layer and a layer of softenable photohardenable material containing photosensitive migration marking material. Also disclosed are processes for preparing printing plates from the disclosed precursors.
- Limburg discloses a migration imaging member comprising a substrate, a first softenable layer comprising a first softenable material and a first migration marking material contained at or near the surface of the first softenable layer spaced from the substrate, and a second softenable layer comprising a second softenable material and a second migration marking material. Also disclosed is a migration imaging process employing the aforesaid imaging member.
- Pundsack discloses an apparatus for evaporation of a vacuum evaporatable material onto a substrate, said apparatus comprising (a) a walled container for the vacuum evaporatable material having a plurality of apertures in a surface thereof, said apertures being configured so that the vacuum evaporatable material is uniformly deposited onto the substrate; and (b) a source of heat sufficient to effect evaporation of the vacuum evaporatable material from the container through the apertures onto the substrate, wherein the surface of the container having the plurality of apertures therein is maintained at a temperature equal to or greater than the temperature of the vacuum evaporatable material.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide migration imaging members that can be prepared at relatively rapid speeds.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide migration imaging members which can be prepared with overcoatings compatible with the softenable layer.
- a migration imaging member comprising (1) a substrate, (2) a softenable layer situated on the substrate, said softenable layer comprising a softenable material and a photosensitive migration marking material, and (3) an overcoating layer situated on the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate, said overcoating layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of: (a) polyacrylic acids, (b) poly (hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), (c) poly (hydroxyalkylacrylates), (d) vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymers, (e) vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyral copolymers, (f) alkyl celluloses, (g) aryl celluloses, (h) hydroxyalkyl cellulose acrylates, (i) hydroxyaryl cellulose acrylates, (j) hydroxyalkyl cellulose methacrylates, (k) hydroxyaryl cellulose methacrylates, (l)
- Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process which comprises (a) providing a migration imaging member comprising (1) a substrate, and (2) a softenable layer situated on the substrate, said softenable layer comprising a softenable material and a photosensitive migration marking material; (b) applying to the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate a composition comprising (1) a solvent selected from the group consisting of (A) methanol, (B) ethanol, (C) isopropanol, (D) n-propanol, (E) acetone, (F) water, and (G) mixtures thereof, and (2) an overcoating material selected from the group consisting of (A) polyacrylic acids, (B) poly (hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), (C) poly (hydroxyalkylacrylates), (D) vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymers, (E) vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyral copolymers, (F) alkyl celluloses, (G) aryl celluloses
- Yet another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process which comprises (a) providing a migration imaging member comprising (1) a substrate, and (2) a softenable layer situated on the substrate, said softenable layer comprising a softenable material and a photosensitive migration marking material; (b) applying to the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the substrate by a melt extrusion process an overcoating material selected from the group consisting of (1) propylene-acrylic acid copolymers, (2) propylene-ethylene-acrylic acid terpolymers, (3) poly (vinyl methyl ketones), (4) poly (trimethyl hexamethylene) terephthalamides, (5) chlorinated polypropylenes, (6) poly (hexamethylene sebacates), (7) poly(ethylene succinates), (8) poly (caprolactams), (9) poly (hexamethylene adipamides), (10) poly (hexamethylene nonaneamides), (11) poly (hexamethylene sebacamides), (12) poly (hexamethylene
- FIG. 1 illustrates schematically one migration imaging member suitable for the present invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates schematically an infrared or red-light sensitive migration imaging member suitable for the present invention.
- FIG. 3 illustrates schematically another infrared or red-light sensitive migration imaging member suitable for the present invention.
- the present invention encompasses a migration imaging member having a substrate, a softenable layer containing migration marking material, and an overcoating layer.
- migration imaging member 1 comprises a substrate 2, an optional adhesive layer 3 situated on the substrate 2, an optional charge blocking layer 4 situated on optional adhesive layer 3, an optional charge transport layer 5 situated on optional charge blocking layer 4, and a softenable layer 6 situated on optional charge transport layer 5, said softenable layer 6 comprising softenable material 7, migration marking material 8 situated at or near the surface of the layer spaced from the substrate, and optional charge transport material 9 dispersed throughout softenable material 7.
- Overcoating layer 10 is situated on the surface of softenable layer 6 spaced from the substrate 2. Any or all of the optional layers and materials can be absent from the imaging member.
- the migration imaging member can be in any suitable configuration, such as a web, a foil, a laminate, a strip, a sheet, a coil, a cylinder, a drum, an endless belt, an endless mobius strip, a circular disc, or any other suitable form.
- the substrate can be either electrically conductive or electrically insulating.
- the substrate can be opaque, translucent, semitransparent, or transparent, and can be of any suitable conductive material, including copper, brass, nickel, zinc, chromium, stainless steel, conductive plastics and rubbers, aluminum, semitransparent aluminum, steel, cadmium, silver, gold, paper rendered conductive by the inclusion of a suitable material therein or through conditioning in a humid atmosphere to ensure the presence of sufficient water content to render the material conductive, indium, tin, metal oxides, including tin oxide and indium tin oxide, and the like.
- the substrate can be opaque, translucent, semitransparent, or transparent, and can be of any suitable insulative material, such as paper, glass, plastic, polyesters such as Mylar® (available from Du Pont) or Melinex® 442 (available from ICI Americas, Inc.), and the like.
- the substrate can comprise an insulative layer with a conductive coating, such as vacuum-deposited metallized plastic, such as titanized or aluminized Mylar® polyester, wherein the metallized surface is in contact with the softenable layer or any other layer situated between the substrate and the softenable layer.
- the substrate has any effective thickness, typically from about 6 to about 250 microns, and preferably from about 50 to about 200 microns, although the thickness can be outside these ranges.
- the softenable layer can comprise one or more layers of softenable materials, which can be any suitable material, typically a plastic or thermoplastic material which is soluble in a solvent or softenable, for example, in a solvent liquid, solvent vapor, heat, or any combinations thereof.
- softenable is meant any material that can be rendered by a development step as described herein permeable to migration material migrating through its bulk. This permeability typically is achieved by a development step entailing dissolving, melting, or softening by contact with heat, vapors, partial solvents, as well as combinations thereof.
- suitable softenable materials include styrene-acrylic copolymers, such as styrene-hexylmethacrylate copolymers, styrene acrylate copolymers, styrene butylmethacrylate copolymers, styrene butylacrylate ethylacrylate copolymers, styrene ethylacrylate acrylic acid copolymers, and the like, polystyrenes, including polyalphamethyl styrene, alkyd substituted polystyrenes, styrene-olefin copolymers, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymers, polyesters, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyterpenes, silicone elastomers, mixtures thereof, copolymers thereof, and the like, as well as any other suitable materials as disclosed, for example, in U.S.
- the softenable layer can be of any effective thickness, typically from about 1 to about 30 microns, preferably from about 2 to about 25 microns, and more preferably from about 2 to about 10 microns, although the thickness can be outside these ranges.
- the softenable layer can be applied to the conductive layer by any suitable coating process. Typical coating processes include draw bar coating, spray coating, extrusion, dip coating, gravure roll coating, wire-wound rod coating, air knife coating and the like.
- the softenable layer also contains migration marking material.
- the migration marking material can be electrically photosensitive, photoconductive, or of any other suitable combination of materials, or possess any other desired physical property and still be suitable for use in the migration imaging members of the present invention.
- the migration marking materials preferably are particulate, wherein the particles are closely spaced from each other.
- Preferred migration marking materials generally are spherical in shape and submicron in size.
- the migration marking material generally is capable of substantial photodischarge upon electrostatic charging and exposure to activating radiation and is substantially absorbing and opaque to activating radiation in the spectral region where the photosensitive migration marking particles photogenerate charges.
- the migration marking material is generally present as a thin layer or monolayer of particles situated at or near the surface of the softenable layer spaced from the conductive layer.
- the particles of migration marking material When present as particles, the particles of migration marking material preferably have an average diameter of up to 2 microns, and more preferably of from about 0.1 to about 1 micron.
- the layer of migration marking particles is situated at or near that surface of the softenable layer spaced from or most distant from the conductive layer.
- the particles are situated at a distance of from about 0.01 to 0.1 micron from the layer surface, and more preferably from about 0.02 to 0.08 micron from the layer surface.
- the particles are situated at a distance of from about 0.005 to about 0.2 micron from each other, and more preferably at a distance of from about 0.05 to about 0.1 micron from each other, the distance being measured between the closest edges of the particles, i.e. from outer diameter to outer diameter.
- the migration marking material contiguous to the outer surface of the softenable layer is present in any effective amount, preferably from about 5 to about 80 percent by total weight of the softenable layer, and more preferably from about 25 to about 80 percent by total weight of the softenable layer, although the amount can be outside of this range.
- suitable migration marking materials include selenium, alloys of selenium with alloying components such as tellurium, arsenic, antimony, thallium, bismuth, or mixtures thereof, selenium and alloys of selenium doped with halogens, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,548, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, and the like, phthalocyanines, and any other suitable materials as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,975,195 and other U.S. patents directed to migration imaging members and incorporated herein by reference.
- two or more softenable layers, each containing migration marking particles can be present in the imaging member as disclosed in copending application U.S. Ser. No. 08/353,461, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,129, filed Dec. 9, 1994, entitled "Improved Migration Imaging Members,” with the named inventors Edward G. Zwartz, Carol A. Jennings, Man C. Tam, Philip H. Soden, Arthur Y. Jones, Arnold L. Pundsack, Enrique Levy, Ah-Mee Hor, and William W. Limburg, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
- the migration imaging members can optionally contain a charge transport material.
- the charge transport material can be any suitable charge transport material either capable of acting as a softenable layer material or capable of being dissolved or dispersed on a molecular scale in the softenable layer material. When a charge transport material is also contained in another layer in the imaging member, preferably there is continuous transport of charge through the entire film structure.
- the charge transport material is defined as a material which is capable of improving the charge injection process for one sign of charge from the migration marking material into the softenable layer and also of transporting that charge through the softenable layer.
- the charge transport material can be either a hole transport material (transports positive charges) or an electron transport material (transports negative charges).
- the sign of the charge used to sensitize the migration imaging member during imaging can be of either polarity.
- Charge transporting materials are well known in the art. Typical charge transporting materials include the following:
- Typical diamine transport molecules include N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3"-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(2-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-ethylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis
- Typical pyrazoline transport molecules include 1- lepidyl-(2)!-3-(p-diethylaminophenyl)-5-(p-diethylaminophenyl)pyrazoline, 1- quinolyl-(2)!-3-(p-diethylaminophenyl)-5-(p-diethylaminophenyl)pyrazoline, 1- pyridyl(2)!-3-(p-diethylaminostyryl)-5-(p-diethylaminophenyl)pyrazoline, 1- 6-methoxypyridyl-(2)!-3-(p-diethylaminostyryl)-5-(p-diethylaminophenyl) pyrazoline, 1-phenyl-3- p-dimethylaminostyryl!-5-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)pyrazoline, 1-phenyl-3- p-diethylaminostyryl!-5-(p-diethylaminostyryl)pyrazoline,
- Typical fluorene charge transport molecules include 9-(4'-dimethylaminobenzylidene)fluorene, 9-(4'-methoxybenzylidene)fluorene, 9-(2',4'-dimethoxybenzylidene)fluorene, 2-nitro-9-benzylidene-fluorene,2-nitro-9-(4'-diethylaminobenzylidene)fluorene, and the like.
- Oxadiazole transport molecules such as 2,5-bis(4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, pyrazoline, imidazole, triazole, and the like.
- Other typical oxadiazole transport molecules are described, for example, in German Patent 1,058,836, German Patent 1,060,260, and German Patent 1,120,875, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.
- Hydrazone transport molecules such as p-diethylamino benzaldehyde-(diphenylhydrazone), o-ethoxy-p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde-(diphenylhydrazone), o-methyl-p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde-(diphenylhydrazone), o-methyl-p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-(diphenylhydrazone), 1-naphthalenecarbaldehyde 1-methyl-1-phenylhydrazone, 1-naphthalenecarbaldehyde 1,1-phenylhydrazone, 4-methoxynaphthlene-1-carbaldeyde 1-methyl-1-phenylhydrazone, and the like.
- Carbazole phenyl hydrazone transport molecules such as 9-methylcarbazole-3-carbaldehyde-1,1-diphenylhydrazone, 9-ethylcarbazole-3-carbaldehyde-1-methyl-1-phenylhydrazone, 9-ethylcarbazole-3-carbaldehyde-1-ethyl-1-phenylhydrazone, 9-ethylcarbazole-3-carbaldehyde-1-ethyl-1-benzyl-1-phenylhydrazone, 9-ethylcarbazole-3-carbaldehyde-1,1-diphenylhydrazone, and the like.
- Vinyl-aromatic polymers such as polyvinyl anthracene, polyacenaphthylene; formaldehyde condensation products with various aromatics such as condensates of formaldehyde and 3-bromopyrene; 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone, and 3,6-dinitro-N-t-butylnaphthalimide as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,717, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
- Oxadiazole derivatives such as 2,5-bis-(p-diethylaminophenyl)-oxadiazole-1,3,4 described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,895,944, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
- Tri-substituted methanes such as alkyl-bis(N,N-dialkylaminoaryl)methane, cycloalkyl-bis(N,N-dialkylaminoaryl)methane, and cycloalkenyl-bis(N,N-dialkylaminoaryl)methane as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,820,989, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
- 9-Fluorenylidene methane derivatives having the formula ##STR1## wherein X and Y are cyano groups or alkoxycarbonyl groups; A, B, and W are electron withdrawing groups independently selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, alkylaminocarbonyl, and derivatives thereof; m is a number of from 0 to 2; and n is the number 0 or 1 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,865, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
- Typical 9-fluorenylidene methane derivatives encompassed by the above formula include (4-n-butoxycarbonyl-9-fluorenylidene)malonontrile, (4-phenethoxycarbonyl-9-fluorenylidene)malonontrile, (4-carbitoxy-9-fluorenylidene)malonontrile, (4-n-butoxycarbonyl-2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenylidene)malonate, and the like.
- charge transport materials include poly-1-vinylpyrene, poly-9-vinylanthracene, poly-9-(4-pentenyl)-carbazole, poly-9-(5-hexyl)carbazole, polymethylene pyrene, poly-1-(pyrenyl)-butadiene, polymers such as alkyl, nitro, amino, halogen, and hydroxy substitute polymers such as poly-3-amino carbazole, 1,3-dibromo-poly-N-vinyl carbazole, 3,6-dibromo-poly-N-vinyl carbazole, and numerous other transparent organic polymeric or non-polymeric transport materials as described in U.S. Pat. No.
- charge transport materials are phthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, benzil, mellitic anhydride, S-tricyanobenzene, picryl chloride, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrobromobenzene, 4-nitrobiphenyl, 4,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,4,6-trinitroanisole, trichlorotrinitrobenzene, trinitro-O-toluene, 4,6-dichloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene, 4,6-dibromo-1,3-dinitrobenzene, P-dinitrobenzene, chloranil, bromanil, and mixtures thereof, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone, trinitroanthracene, dinitroacridene, tetracyanopyrene
- charge transport materials such as triarylamines, including tritolyl amine, of the formula ##STR2## and the like, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,240,597 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, and substituted diarylmethane and triarylmethane compounds, including bis-(4-diethylamino-2-methylphenyl)phenylmethane, of the formula ##STR3## and the like, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,551, U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,310, U.S. Pat. No. 3,647,431, British Patent 984,965, British Patent 980,879, and British Patent 1,141,666, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.
- the amount of charge transport molecule which is used can vary depending upon the particular charge transport material and its compatibility (e.g. solubility) in the continuous insulating film forming binder phase of the softenable matrix layer and the like. Satisfactory results have been obtained using between about 5 percent to about 50 percent by weight charge transport molecule based on the total weight of the softenable layer.
- a particularly preferred charge transport molecule is one having the general formula ##STR4## wherein X, Y and Z are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and chlorine, and at least one of X, Y and Z is independently selected to be an alkyl group having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms or chlorine.
- the compound can be named N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(alkylphenyl)- 1,1'-biphenyl!-4,4'-diamine wherein the alkyl is, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, or the like, or the compound can be N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(chlorophenyl)- 1,1'-biphenyl!-4,4'-diamine. results can be obtained when the softenable layer contains between about 8 percent to about 40 percent by weight of these diamine compounds based on the total weight of the softenable layer.
- the softenable layer contains between about 16 percent to about 32 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3"-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine based on the total weight of the softenable layer.
- the charge transport material is present in the softenable material in any effective amount, typically from about 5 to about 50 percent by weight and preferably from about 8 to about 40 percent by weight, although the amount can be outside these ranges.
- the softenable layer can employ the charge transport material as the softenable material if the charge transport material possesses the necessary film-forming characteristics and otherwise functions as a softenable material.
- the charge transport material can be incorporated into the softenable layer by any suitable technique. For example, it can be mixed with the softenable layer components by dissolution in a common solvent. If desired, a mixture of solvents for the charge transport material and the softenable layer material can be employed to facilitate mixing and coating.
- the charge transport molecule and softenable layer mixture can be applied to the substrate by any conventional coating process. Typical coating processes include draw bar coating, spray coating, extrusion, dip coating, gravure roll coating, wire-wound rod coating, air knife coating, and the like.
- the optional adhesive layer can include any suitable adhesive material.
- Typical adhesive materials include copolymers of styrene and an acrylate, polyester resin such as DUPONT 49000® (available from E. I. duPont de Nemours Company), copolymer of acrylonitrile and vinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral and the like and mixtures thereof.
- the adhesive layer can have any thickness, typically from about 0.05 to about 1 micron, although the thickness can be outside of this range. When an adhesive layer is employed, it preferably forms a uniform and continuous layer having a thickness of about 0.5 micron or less to ensure satisfactory discharge during the imaging process. It can also optionally include charge transport molecules.
- the optional charge transport layer can comprise any suitable film forming binder material.
- Typical film forming binder materials include styrene acrylate copolymers, polycarbonates, co-polycarbonates, polyesters, co-polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polystyrenes, alkyd substituted polystyrenes, styrene-olefin copolymers, styrene-co-n-hexylmethacrylate, an 80/20 mole percent copolymer of styrene and hexylmethacrylate having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.179 dl/gm; other copolymers of styrene and hexylmethacrylate, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymers, polyalpha-methylstyrene, mixtures thereof, and copolymers thereof.
- the above group of materials is not intended to be limiting, but merely illustrative of materials suitable as film forming binder materials in the optional charge transport layer.
- the film forming binder material typically is substantially electrically insulating and does not adversely chemically react during the imaging process.
- the optional charge transport layer has been described as coated on a substrate, in some embodiments, the charge transport layer itself can have sufficient strength and integrity to be substantially self supporting and can, if desired, be brought into contact with a suitable conductive substrate during the imaging process. As is well known in the art, a uniform deposit of electrostatic charge of suitable polarity can be substituted for a conductive layer.
- a uniform deposit of electrostatic charge of suitable polarity on the exposed surface of the charge transport spacing layer can be substituted for a conductive layer to facilitate the application of electrical migration forces to the migration layer.
- This technique of "double charging" is well known in the art.
- the charge transport layer is of any effective thickness, typically from about 1 to about 25 microns, and preferably from about 2 to about 20 microns, although the thickness can be outside these ranges.
- Charge transport molecules suitable for the charge transport layer are described in detail hereinabove.
- the specific charge transport molecule utilized in the charge transport layer of any given imaging member can be identical to or different from the charge transport molecule employed in the adjacent softenable layer.
- the concentration of the charge transport molecule utilized in the charge transport spacing layer of any given imaging member can be identical to or different from the concentration of charge transport molecule employed in the adjacent softenable layer.
- the amount of charge transport material used can vary depending upon the particular charge transport material and its compatibility (e.g. solubility) in the continuous insulating film forming binder.
- the charge transport material can be incorporated into the charge transport layer by techniques similar to those employed for the softenable layer.
- the optional charge blocking layer can be of various suitable materials, provided that the objectives of the present invention are achieved, including aluminum oxide, polyvinyl butyral, silane and the like, as well as mixtures thereof.
- This layer which is generally applied by known coating techniques, is of any effective thickness, typically from about 0.05 to about 0.5 micron, and preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.1 micron. Typical coating processes include draw bar coating, spray coating, extrusion, dip coating, gravure roll coating, wire-wound rod coating, air knife coating and the like.
- migration imaging member 11 comprises in the order shown a substrate 12, an optional adhesive layer 13 situated on substrate 12, an optional charge blocking layer 14 situated on optional adhesive layer 13, an optional charge transport layer 15 situated on optional charge blocking layer 14, a softenable layer 16 situated on optional charge transport layer 15, said softenable layer 16 comprising softenable material 17, charge transport material 18, and migration marking material 19 situated at or near the surface of the layer spaced from the substrate, and an infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer 20 situated on softenable layer 16 comprising infrared or red light radiation sensitive pigment particles 21 optionally dispersed in polymeric binder 22.
- infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer 20 can comprise infrared or red light radiation sensitive pigment particles 21 directly deposited as a layer by, for example, vacuum evaporation techniques or other coating methods.
- Overcoating layer 23 is situated on the surface of imaging member 11 spaced from the substrate 12.
- migration imaging member 24 comprises in the order shown a substrate 25, an optional adhesive layer 26 situated on substrate 25, an optional charge blocking layer 27 situated on optional adhesive layer 26, an infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer 28 situated on optional charge blocking layer 27 comprising infrared or red light radiation sensitive pigment particles 29 optionally dispersed in polymeric binder 30, an optional charge transport layer 31 situated on infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer 28, and a softenable layer 32 situated on optional charge transport layer 31, said softenable layer 32 comprising softenable material 33, charge transport material 34, and migration marking material 35 situated at or near the surface of the layer spaced from the substrate.
- Overcoating layer 36 is situated on the surface of imaging member 24 spaced from the substrate 25.
- the infrared or red light sensitive layer generally comprises a pigment sensitive to infrared and/or red light radiation. While the infrared or red light sensitive pigment may exhibit some photosensitivity in the wavelength to which the migration marking material is sensitive, it is preferred that photosensitivity in this wavelength range be minimized so that the migration marking material and the infrared or red light sensitive pigment exhibit absorption peaks in distinct, different wavelength regions.
- This pigment can be deposited as the sole or major component of the infrared or red light sensitive layer by any suitable technique, such as vacuum evaporation or the like.
- An infrared or red light sensitive layer of this type can be formed by placing the pigment and the imaging member comprising the substrate and any previously coated layers into an evacuated chamber, followed by heating the infrared or red light sensitive pigment to the point of sublimation.
- the sublimed material recondenses to form a solid film on the imaging member.
- the infrared or red light sensitive pigment can be dispersed in a polymeric binder and the dispersion coated onto the imaging member to form a layer.
- red light sensitive pigments examples include perylene pigments such as benzimidazole perylene, dibromoanthranthrone, crystalline trigonal selenium, beta-metal free phthalocyanine, azo pigments, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof.
- suitable infrared sensitive pigments include X-metal free phthalocyanine, metal phthalocyanines such as vanadyl phthalocyanine, chloroindium phthalocyanine, titanyl phthalocyanine, chloroaluminum phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, magnesium phthalocyanine, and the like, squaraines, such as hydroxy squaraine, and the like as well as mixtures thereof.
- suitable optional polymeric binder materials include polystyrene, styrene-acrylic copolymers, such as styrene-hexylmethacrylate copolymers, styrene-vinyl toluene copolymers, polyesters, such as PE-200®, available from Goodyear, polyurethanes, polyvinylcarbazoles, epoxy resins, phenoxy resins, polyamide resins, polycarbonates, polyterpenes, silicone elastomers, polyvinylalcohols, such as GELVATOL® 20-90, 9000, 20-60, 6000, 20-30, 3000, 40-20, 40-10, 26-90, and 30-30, available from Monsanto Plastics and Resins Co., St.
- polystyrene styrene-acrylic copolymers, such as styrene-hexylmethacrylate copolymers, styrene-vinyl
- polyvinylformals such as FORMVAR® 12/85, 5/95E, 6/95E, 7/95E, and 15/95E, available from Monsanto Plastics and Resins Co., St. Louis, Mo.
- polyvinylbutyrals such as BUTVAR® B-72, B-74, B-73, B-76, B-79, B-90, and B-98, available from Monsanto Plastics and Resins Co., St. Louis, Mo., Zeneca resin A622, available from Zeneca Colours, Wilmington, Del., and the like as well as mixtures thereof.
- the layer typically comprises the binder in an amount of from about 5 to about 95 percent by weight and the pigment in an amount of from about 5 to about 95 percent by weight, although the relative amounts can be outside this range.
- the infrared or red light sensitive layer comprises the binder in an amount of from about 40 to about 90 percent by weight and the pigment in an amount of from about 10 to about 60 percent by weight.
- the infrared sensitive layer can contain a charge transport material as described herein when a binder is present; when present, the charge transport material is generally contained in this layer in an amount of from about 5 to about 30 percent by weight of the layer.
- the optional charge transport material can be incorporated into the infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer by any suitable technique.
- it can be mixed with the infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer components by dissolution in a common solvent.
- a mixture of solvents for the charge transport material and the infrared or red light sensitive layer material can be employed to facilitate mixing and coating.
- the infrared or red light radiation sensitive layer mixture can be applied to the substrate by any conventional coating process. Typical coating processes include draw bar coating, spray coating, extrusion, dip coating, gravure roll coating, wire-wound rod coating, air knife coating, and the like.
- An infrared or red light sensitive layer wherein the pigment is present in a binder can be prepared by dissolving the polymer binder in a suitable solvent, dispersing the pigment in the solution by ball milling, coating the dispersion onto the imaging member comprising the substrate and any previously coated layers, and evaporating the solvent to form a solid film.
- the selected solvent is capable of dissolving the polymeric binder for the infrared or red sensitive layer but does not dissolve the softenable polymer in the layer containing the migration marking material.
- a suitable solvent is isobutanol with a polyvinyl butyral binder in the infrared or red sensitive layer and a styrene/ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid terpolymer softenable material in the layer containing migration marking material.
- the infrared or red light sensitive layer can be of any effective thickness. Typical thicknesses for infrared or red light sensitive layers comprising a pigment and a binder are from about 0.05 to about 2 microns, and preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.5 microns, although the thickness can be outside these ranges. Typical thicknesses for infrared or red light sensitive layers consisting of a vacuum-deposited layer of pigment are from about 200 to about 2,000 Angstroms, and preferably from about 300 to about 1,000 Angstroms, although the thickness can be outside these ranges.
- the overcoating layer can be substantially electrically insulating, or have any other suitable properties.
- the overcoating preferably is substantially transparent, at least in the spectral region where electromagnetic radiation is used for imagewise exposure step in the imaging process.
- the overcoating layer is continuous and preferably of a thickness up to about 1 to 2 microns. More preferably, the overcoating has a thickness of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 micron to minimize residual charge buildup. Overcoating layers greater than about 1 to 2 microns thick can also be used.
- the overcoating layer is applied by a solvent coating method or a melt extrusion method.
- the overcoating material is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, acetone, water, and mixtures thereof, followed by coating the solution or dispersion onto the imaging member.
- the melt extrusion method the polymer is melted and applied via extrusion die directly onto the imaging member.
- overcoating materials include polyacrylic acid, such as #598, #599, #600, #413, available from Scientific Polymer Products, poly (hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), wherein alkyl has from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexadecyl, and the like, including poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), such as #414, #815, available from Scientific Polymer Products, and poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylate), such as #232 available from Scientific Polymer Products, poly (hydroxyalkylacrylates), wherein alkyl is methyl, ethyl, or propyl, including poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), such as #850, available from Scientific Polymer Products, and poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate), such as #851, available from Scientific Polymer Products, vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymers, including those with a vinyl alcohol content of about 9 percent by weight, such as #379
- Suitable overcoating materials also include polymer latices.
- the polymer capable of forming a latex is, for the purposes of the present invention, a polymer that forms in water or in an organic solvent a stable colloidal system in which the disperse phase is polymeric.
- suitable latex-forming polymers include polyester latex such as Eastman AQ 29D available from Eastman Chemical Company, vinyl chloride latex, such as GEON® 352 from B. F.
- ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer emulsions such as AIRFLEX® ethylene-vinyl chloride from Air Products and Chemicals
- poly vinyl acetate homopolymer emulsions such as VINAC from Air Products and Chemicals
- carboxylated vinyl acetate emulsion resins such as SYNTHEMUL® synthetic resin emulsions 40-502, 40-503, and 97-664 from Reichhold Chemicals Inc.
- vinyl acetate copolymer latex such as 76 RES 7800 from Union Oil Chemicals Divisions and RESYN 25-1103®, RESYN 25-1109®, RESYN 25-1119®, and RESYN 25-1189® from National Starch and Chemical Corporation
- ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer emulsions such as AIRFLEX® ethylene-vinylacetate from Air Products and Chemicals Inc.
- acrylic-vinyl acetate copolymer emulsions such as RHOPLEX® AR-74 from Rohm and Haas Co, SYNTHEMUL® 97-726 from Reichhold Chemicals Inc., RESYN® 25-1140, 25-1141, 25-1142, and RESYN-6820® from National Starch and Chemical Corporation
- vinyl acrylic terpolymer latex such as 76 RES 3103 from Union Oil Chemical Division and RES
- polystyrene latex such as DL6622A, DL6688A, and DL6687A from Dow Chemical Company
- styrene-butadiene latexes such as 76 RES 4100 and 76 RES 8100 available from Union Oil Chemicals Division
- TYLAC® resin emulsion 68-412 TYLAC® resin emulsion 68-067, 68-319, 68-413, 68-500, 68-501, available from Reichhold Chemical Inc.
- butadiene-acrylonitrile latex such as HYCAR 1561® and HYCAR 1562® from B.
- melt extrudable polymers suitable as binder polymers for the first coating layer include (a) propylene-acrylic acid copolymers, such as those with a propylene content of 94 percent by weight (#585, available from Scientific Polymer Products); (b) propylene-ethylene-acrylic acid terpolymers, such as those with a propylene content of 75 percent by weight, ethylene content of 19 percent by weight, and acrylic acid content of 6 percent by weight (#586, available from Scientific Polymer Products); (c) poly (vinyl methyl ketone) (#280 Scientific Polymer Products); (d) poly (trimethyl hexamethylene) terephthalamide Nylon 6(3)T!
- the overcoating layer is generally applied by known coating techniques, including (but not limited to) draw bar coating, spray coating, extrusion, dip coating, gravure roll coating, wire-wound rod coating, air knife coating and the like.
- Migration imaging members were prepared as follows.
- a solution for an adhesive layer was prepared by dissolving about 2.3 parts by weight of a polyester resin (DU PONT 49K® obtained from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.) in about 97.7 parts by weight of a solvent containing 70 percent by weight tetrahydrofuran and 30 percent by weight cyclohexanone.
- the resulting solution was coated by a solvent extrusion technique onto 4 mil thick polyester substrates (MELINEX 442®, obtained from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), aluminized to 50 percent light transmission), and the deposited adhesive layers were allowed to dry at about 60° C. for about 2 minutes, resulting in dried adhesive layers with thicknesses of about 500 Angstroms.
- a solution for a charge blocking layer was then prepared by dissolving about 3 parts by weight of a silane (A-1100, obtained from Union Carbide, Montreal, Canada) in about 97 parts by weight of a solvent containing 71 percent by weight ethanol, 21 percent by weight heptane, 1 percent by weight acetic acid, and 7 percent by weight water.
- the resulting solution was coated by a solvent extrusion technique onto the adhesive layers of the imaging members and the deposited charge blocking layers were allowed to dry at about 60° C. for about 2 minutes, resulting in dried adhesive layers with thicknesses of about 500 Angstroms.
- a solution for the softenable layer was then prepared by dissolving about 15 parts by weight of a terpolymer of styrene/ethylacrylate/acrylic acid (prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,307, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference) in about 85 parts by weight of toluene.
- the resulting solution was coated by a solvent extrusion technique onto the charge blocking layers, and the deposited softenable layers were allowed to dry at about 115° C. for about 2 minutes, resulting in dried softenable layers with thicknesses of about 2.0 microns. The temperature of the softenable layers was then raised to about 115° C.
- a solution for one overcoating layer was prepared by dissolving about 5 parts by weight of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPmcp HP-50, obtained from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in about 95 parts by weight of a solvent containing 80 percent by weight ethanol and 20 percent by weight water.
- HPmcp HP-50 hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate
- the resulting solution was coated by a solvent extrusion technique onto the softenable layer of one of the imaging members, and the deposited overcoating layer was allowed to dry at about 115° C. for about 2 minutes, resulting in a dried overcoating layer with a thickness of about 3 or 4 microns.
- the overcoating process was repeated with different overcoating compositions and solvents as indicated in the table below.
- the imaging members thus formed were fingerprint and scratch resistant.
- the migration imaging members thus formed were uniformly negatively charged to a surface potential of -142 Volts with a corona charging device and were subsequently optically exposed by placing test pattern masks comprising silver halide images in contact with the imaging members and exposing the members to blue light of 480 nanometers through the mask for a period of 5 seconds.
- the imaging members were then developed by heating them with an aluminum heating block in contact with the polyester substrates at temperatures of from about 85° to about 100° C. for about 5 seconds. Images corresponding to the images on the test pattern masks were subsequently visible in the developed imaging members.
- the optical densities of the D max and the D min areas of the migration imaging members were measured with a Macbeth TR927 densitometer in the visible range using a Wratten No. 47 filter for the measurements. The results were as follows:
- a migration imaging member was prepared as described in Example I except that the softenable layer contained about 84 percent by weight of the terpolymer of styrene/ethylacrylate/acrylic acid and about 16 percent by weight of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3"-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,990, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference).
- N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3"-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine is a charge transport material capable of transporting positive charges (holes).
- an infrared sensitive layer was applied as follows. A pigment dispersion was prepared by ball milling for 24 hours a mixture comprising 10.6 parts by weight solids in a solvent (wherein the solvent comprised 40 percent by weight 2-propanol and 60 percent by weight deionized water), wherein the solids comprised 20 percent by weight X-metal-free phthalocyanine (prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No.
- a solution for an overcoating layer was prepared by dissolving about 5 parts by weight of a vinyl alcohol/vinyl acetate copolymer (#379, obtained from Scientific Polymer Products, Inc., Ontario, N.Y.) in about 95 parts by weight of methanol.
- the resulting solution was coated by a solvent extrusion technique onto the infrared sensitive layer of the imaging member, and the deposited overcoating layer was allowed to dry at about 115° C. for about 2 minutes, resulting in a dried overcoating layer with a thickness of about 3 microns.
- the imaging member thus formed was fingerprint and scratch resistant.
Abstract
Description
D=log.sub.10 I.sub.o /I!
______________________________________ Coating Imaging Results Overcoating Thickness Contr Material Solvent (microns) D.sub.max D.sub.min ast ______________________________________ none -- -- 2.06 1.01 1.05 hydroxypropyl 80% ethanol 3-4 2.02 1.20 0.82methyl 20% water cellulose phthalate hydroxypropyl 80% ethanol 3-4 1.92 1.14 0.78methyl 20% water cellulosesuccinate vinyl methanol 3 2.05 1.05 1.00 alcohol/vinyl acetate copolymer Hycar 26138 latex 4 2.05 1.18 0.87 heat reactive (polymer acrylic suspension or polymer emulsion in emulsion water) Rhoplex AR- latex 3-4 1.80 1.17 0.63 74 acrylic-vinyl (polymer acetate suspension or copolymer emulsion in emulsion water) ______________________________________
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/432,448 US5690993A (en) | 1995-05-01 | 1995-05-01 | Overcoated migration imaging members |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/432,448 US5690993A (en) | 1995-05-01 | 1995-05-01 | Overcoated migration imaging members |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US5690993A true US5690993A (en) | 1997-11-25 |
Family
ID=23716204
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US08/432,448 Expired - Fee Related US5690993A (en) | 1995-05-01 | 1995-05-01 | Overcoated migration imaging members |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US5690993A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20030019898A (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2003-03-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
US6561383B1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-05-13 | Nestec S.A. | Food pouch assembly for dispensing a flowable food product from a cassette-type dispenser |
US20050181290A1 (en) * | 2004-02-13 | 2005-08-18 | Xerox Corporation | Photosensitive member having vision pigment deletion control additive |
US20060130690A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2006-06-22 | Avigdor Bieber | Printing member having a transferred image and a method for fabricating it |
US20070039502A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2007-02-22 | Avigdor Bieber | Imaged printing member, method and system for manufacturing it |
US20100048784A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2010-02-25 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Aqueous dispersion, its production method, and its use |
US10166809B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2019-01-01 | Bank Of Canada | Optically variable devices, their production and use |
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20030019898A (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2003-03-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
US6561383B1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-05-13 | Nestec S.A. | Food pouch assembly for dispensing a flowable food product from a cassette-type dispenser |
US20060130690A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2006-06-22 | Avigdor Bieber | Printing member having a transferred image and a method for fabricating it |
US20070039502A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2007-02-22 | Avigdor Bieber | Imaged printing member, method and system for manufacturing it |
US20100048784A1 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2010-02-25 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Aqueous dispersion, its production method, and its use |
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US20050181290A1 (en) * | 2004-02-13 | 2005-08-18 | Xerox Corporation | Photosensitive member having vision pigment deletion control additive |
US7144664B2 (en) * | 2004-02-13 | 2006-12-05 | Xerox Corporation | Photosensitive member having vision pigment deletion control additive |
US10166809B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2019-01-01 | Bank Of Canada | Optically variable devices, their production and use |
US10414194B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2019-09-17 | Bank Of Canada | Optically variable devices, their production and use |
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