US5772896A - Self-regulating water purification composition - Google Patents
Self-regulating water purification composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5772896A US5772896A US08/628,405 US62840596A US5772896A US 5772896 A US5772896 A US 5772896A US 62840596 A US62840596 A US 62840596A US 5772896 A US5772896 A US 5772896A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- water
- silver
- containing material
- metal
- ion concentration
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/70—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
- C02F1/705—Reduction by metals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
- A61L2/23—Solid substances, e.g. granules, powders, blocks, tablets
- A61L2/238—Metals or alloys, e.g. oligodynamic metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
- C02F1/505—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment by oligodynamic treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
- Y10S210/902—Materials removed
- Y10S210/911—Cumulative poison
- Y10S210/912—Heavy metal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
- Y10S210/902—Materials removed
- Y10S210/911—Cumulative poison
- Y10S210/912—Heavy metal
- Y10S210/914—Mercury
Definitions
- the invention relates to water purification.
- water is purified to remove micro-organisms, such as bacteria or algae, and harmful metal ions, such as mercury, lead and copper.
- Water purification may be accomplished by filtration, providing water suitable for consumption or for use in recirculating systems such as swimming pools, hot tubs, spas and cooling towers. Water purification may also be accomplished by adding chemicals like chlorine, bromine, or silver ions to the water.
- the present invention features a self-regulating water purification composition which imparts and maintains trace amounts of silver ions in water, effectively disinfecting the water while reducing the concentration of other undesirable metal ions in the water.
- the invention features a water purification composition including silver metal and a second metal (e.g., zinc), where the second metal has a reduction potential with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode (E h ) of less than 0.34 V.
- the purification material is exposed to water when it flows through or exchanges into and out of a device containing the composition
- the water purification composition is a silver-containing material.
- the invention features a water purification composition containing silver metal and a second metal which maintains a silver ion concentration in water between 0.01 and 0.1 ppm when water contacts the purification composition by flowing through or exchanging into and out of a device containing the purification composition.
- the invention features a method of purifying water by removing metal ions and killing bacteria by exposing the water to a silver-containing material and maintaining a silver ion concentration in said water of between 0.01 and 0.1 ppm.
- the silver-containing material also includes a second metal which has an E h less than 0.34 V.
- the purification composition also contains a support material such as an inorganic oxide (e.g., alumina) which has a zeta potential, or surface charge, which is less than or equal to +20 mV at the pH of the water being treated.
- a support material such as an inorganic oxide (e.g., alumina) which has a zeta potential, or surface charge, which is less than or equal to +20 mV at the pH of the water being treated.
- the inorganic oxide has a point of zero charge (i.e., a zeta potential of zero) of between approximately 4 and 9.
- the preferred inorganic oxide is alumina, most preferably basic alumina.
- the water to be purified for example, can be recirculated as in a swimming pool, spa, hot tub, or cooling tower, or may be drinking water.
- Oxidizing agents such as ozone, potassium peroxymonosulfate, or free available chlorine, may be dissolved in the water.
- the water purification composition may provide one or more of the following advantages. Since the silver ion concentration in the body of water is controlled by equilibrium reactions, the effectiveness of the composition is not dependent on flow rate. Therefore, there is no need to add filler material to inhibit particle erosion at high flow rates, and a device containing the purification composition can be used directly in high flow conditions such as spa filter cores without requiring modification of the plumbing system to control flow rates through the device.
- the purification composition releases and maintains a residual concentration of zinc ions which enhances disinfection and provides algaestatic properties. Furthermore, zinc helps remove hazardous metal ions (e.g., mercury, lead) and metal ions which are known to stain pool and spa surfaces (e.g., iron, copper, manganese) effectively.
- hazardous metal ions e.g., mercury, lead
- metal ions which are known to stain pool and spa surfaces (e.g., iron, copper, manganese) effectively.
- the inorganic oxide which has a slightly positive, zero, or negative surface charge, also assists in the adsorption of hazardous metal ions.
- the water purification composition does not significantly alter the pH, calcium hardness, or free available chlorine in the water.
- the purification composition can be used in swimming pools and spas where elevated pH reduces the effectiveness of chlorine, calcium hardness must be maintained to prevent corrosion, and chlorine residuals must be maintained for disinfection.
- zeta potential means surface charge.
- the zeta potential of the inorganic oxide can be determined, for example, by electrophoretic mobility.
- point of zero charge means the pH at which the surface charge of the inorganic oxide (i.e., zeta potential) is zero.
- E h means the reduction potential with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode.
- recirculated means continuous flow of the water to expose the water to the water purification device, for example, in cooling towers, spas, swimming pools, and hot tubs.
- the preferred water purification composition includes silver metal, an inorganic oxide having a point of zero charge between 4 and 9, and a second metal with an E h less than 0.34 V, such as zinc.
- the purification composition purifies water upon exposure to the water as it flows through a device containing the purification composition. Alternatively, the water can exchange into and out of a device containing the purification composition.
- the inorganic oxide has a zeta potential of less than +20 mV at the pH of the water being purified.
- Examples of inorganic oxides having a point of zero charge between 4 and 9 include alumina, zeolites, silica, and titania.
- Alumina is more preferred.
- the preferred alumina is basic (i.e. has a zeta potential less than zero) and has a surface area of at least 0.5 m 2 /g, and more preferably between 50 m 2 /g and 300 m 2 /g.
- the inorganic oxide has a zeta potential of less than +20 mV at the pH of the water being purified.
- the silver is chemically deposited on the surface of the alumina support medium by known methods.
- the silver can be deposited by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,369, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- silver can be deposited onto the support medium via chemical vapor deposition, ion exchange, electroplating methods, or coprecipitation.
- the preferred silver content of the purification composition is between 0.1 and 10 weight percent, and more preferably between 0.5 and 3 weight percent.
- the silver is reduced to its elemental state, for example, by heating the alumina containing the deposited silver in a reducing atmosphere (e.g., N 2 , H 2 , or mixtures thereof) to a temperature between approximately 300° C. and 1050° C.
- a reducing atmosphere e.g., N 2 , H 2 , or mixtures thereof
- the silver is exposed to solutions containing chemical reducing agents, e.g., dextrose, glucose, sucrose, fructose, or hydrazine, to reduce the silver to the metallic state.
- Exposure to ultraviolet light or microwave radiation can also be used to reduce the silver.
- the second metal component of the purification composition has an E h less than 0.34 V.
- the second metal may be in the form of a powder, shavings, turnings or larger pieces.
- the second metal may be incorporated on the inorganic oxide with the silver. It is preferred that the second metal be mixed thoroughly with the silver coated alumina.
- Preferred second metals include zinc, copper, aluminum, iron, or manganese. More preferably, the second metal is zinc.
- the second metal preferably comprises between 2 and 95 weight percent of said silver-containing material.
- Purification materials containing between 5 and 98 percent by weight, and more preferably between 50 and 90 percent by weight, of silver-coated alumina are preferred.
- the water purification composition preferably establishes an equilibrium silver ion concentration in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 ppm, and more preferably in the range of 0.01 and 0.05 ppm, in the water that is exposed to the purification composition.
- the silver ions kill bacteria living in the water.
- the purification material be used in the presence of oxidizing agents dissolved in the water, such as, for example, ozone, potassium peroxymonosulfate, or chlorine.
- the equilibrium silver ion concentration in the water is maintained by equilibrium reactions between: (1) the silver metal and oxidizing agents dissolved in the water; (2) silver ions dissolved in the water and the second metal; and (3) silver ions dissolved in the water and the inorganic oxide support medium.
- the second metal plays a key role in maintaining the equilibrium silver ion concentration in the water.
- the charged surface of the inorganic oxide can help maintain the silver ion concentration in the water and in removing hazardous metal ions.
- the water purification composition effectively removes metal ions, such as mercury, lead, cadmium, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, barium, and arsenate.
- metal ions such as mercury, lead, cadmium, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, barium, and arsenate.
- zinc ions are released into the water which enhance disinfection of the water and provide algaestatic properties.
- the water purification device does not significantly effect pH, calcium hardness, or free available chlorine in the water.
- this method of water purification is essentially flow rate independent.
- flow rates through a device containing the water purification composition preferably are between 0.01 and 3 gallons per minute per gram of purification composition.
- the water may exchange into and out of a device containing the purification composition.
- the water can recirculate through a water purification device that contains the water purification composition.
- the water purification device may be used to treat high flow rate recirculating water systems such as spas, hot tubs, swimming pools and cooling towers.
- the device is also suitable for purifying drinking water. It is preferred to locate the water purification composition so that it receives filtered water.
- the water purification composition can be located in the core of a filter.
- a cartridge containing 50 g of 2 wt % Ag/Al 2 O 3 and 50 g Zn shot (2-14 mesh) was placed into the core of the spa filter. The cartridge was exposed to flow rates which ranged from 0 to 2 gallons per minute per gram of purification material.
- a 350 gallon spa containing a cartridge with 50 g of 2 wt % Ag/Al 2 O 3 and 50 g of Zn shot (2-14 mesh) inside the core of a spa filter was operated for 2 months with spa use (5 bather-hours/week).
- Flow rates through the system varied from 0 to 2 gallons per minute per gram of purification material.
- silver and zinc ion levels were measured to be 0.04 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively.
- Heterotrophic plate counts taken before and after bathing periods over four consecutive days all showed less than 2 CFU/mL.
- Monopersulfate levels were maintained at approximately 6 ppm (in chlorine equivalent units) during bathing periods when the samples were collected.
- the bather demand corresponded to 7 bather-hours/week and monopersulfate levels (measured in chlorine equivalent units) ranged from 0 to 6 mg/L, with 3 to 5 mg/L being typical at the beginning of the bathing periods.
- the bacterial counts are summarized in Table II.
- a 350 gallon spa contained a cartridge with 50 g of 2 wt % Ag/Al 2 O 3 and 50 g of Zn shot (2-14 mesh) inside the core of the filter.
- the system in the presence of 2.0 ppm monopersulfate (in chlorine equivalent units) was tested for its disinfection efficacy against E. coli (ATCC 14948).
- the flow rate through the system was 2 gallons per minute per gram of purification material for the first minute and 1 gallon per minute per gram of purification material thereafter.
- the inoculum was prepared by growing cells in Lauria Broth for 24 hours at 37° C. Inoculum was added to the spa at a concentration of approximately 6.3 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/100 mL. Samples were taken 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 5.0 minutes after inoculation and immediately neutralized with 0.2 mL Deox (Taylor technologies R-0867) and 1.0 mL of a 10% sodium thioglycolate/14.6% sodium thiosulfate solution. Samples were analyzed to determine the number of remaining viable cells (shown in Table V) using serial dilutions and the spread plate method on Tryptic Soy agar and the membrane filtration method (Standard Methods, 9215D).
- a cartridge containing 50 g of 2 wt % Ag/Al 2 O 3 and 50 g of Zn shot (2-14 mesh) was tested by Herbert V. Shuster Laboratories (Quincy, Mass.) using the ANSI/NSF 50-1992 disinfection protocol.
- the ANSI/NSF 50 standard covers circulating system components, treatment devices, and related materials for use with swimming pools, spas, or hot tubs.
- the water contained Ag + ! 0.03 mg/L.
- the challenge materials were 4.18 g Lander's baby oil, 1.77 g urea, 2 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa, and 2.2 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL E. faecium.
- Chlorine bleach was delivered to the drum following the ANSI/NSF protocol where residual chlorine levels were 0.3 mg/L after 10 minutes and 0.2 mg/L after 15 minutes. Within two minutes, E. faecium and P. aeruginosa were reduced to less than one organism/mL.
- the media-containing cartridge in conjunction with 0.2-0.3 mg/L chlorine was effective in disinfection of the test water within the acceptance criteria of ANSI/NSF 50-1992.
- the solutions with monopersulfate were prepared from potassium peroxymonosulfate and contained 3.8 mg/L monopersulfate (in chlorine equivalent units) and the solutions with hydrogen peroxide were prepared from 27% hydrogen peroxide and contained 30 mg/L H 2 O 2 .
- the solutions were challenged with 27 mg Lander's baby oil, 30 mg urea, 1 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa, and 1 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL E. faecium.
- the data show that the media-containing cartridge in conjunction with either (1) 3.8 mg/L monopersulfate, (2) 30 mg/L H 2 O 2 or (3) 3.8 mg/L monopersulfate+30 mg/L H 2 O 2 exceeded the 3 logarithmic unit reduction of P. aeruginosa and the 6 logarithmic unit reduction of E. faecium required by ANSI/NSF 50-1992.
- the silver may be added a powder, shavings or turnings,) rather than being chemically deposited on the support medium.
- the support material of the water purification composition can include other ceramic or ceramic foam materials, such as silicon carbide foams.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Ag.sup.+ +1 e.sup.- →Ag.sup.0 E.sub.h = =0.80 V
TABLE I ______________________________________ CFU/mL CFU/mL Day Before Bathing After Bathing ______________________________________ 1 <1 <1 2 <1 <1 3 <1 <1 4 <1 <1 7 <1 <1 8 <1 <1 9 <1 <1 10 <1 <1 11 <1 <1 ______________________________________
TABLE II ______________________________________ CFU/mL CFU/mL Day Before Bathing After Bathing ______________________________________ 1 5 2 2 <1 <1 6 >20 17 7 5 6 8 <1 <1 9 <1 no sample taken 12 <1 <1 13 3 <1 14 <1 no sample taken 15 <1 <1 16 2 no sample taken 19 3 2 ______________________________________
TABLE III __________________________________________________________________________ Initial Final Initial Final Calcium Calcium Initial Final Alkalinity Alkalinity Hardness Hardness Ag.sup.+ ! Ag.sup.+ ! Flask (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) __________________________________________________________________________ 1 140 140 150 150 <0.01 0.019 2 150 135 160 150 <0.01 0.015 3 (control) 140 140 160 160 <0.01 <0.01 __________________________________________________________________________
TABLE IV ______________________________________ Initial Final Concentration Concentration Percent Metal Ion (mg/L) (mg/L) Reduction ______________________________________ Arsenic 0.6 0.09 85 Cadmium 0.7 0.16 77 Chromium 0.6 <0.05 >92 Copper 0.6 0.05 92 Iron 0.9 <0.1 >89 Lead 1.0 <0.05 >95 Manganese 0.7 <0.3 >57 Mercury 1.2 0.29 76 Nickel 0.8 <0.4 >55 ______________________________________
TABLE V ______________________________________ Time (min) Log CFU remaining/100 mL ______________________________________ 0.0 5.80 0.5 5.18 1.0 5.03 1.5 4.57 2.0 4.26 2.5 3.41 3.0 2.82 5.0 1.49 ______________________________________
Claims (25)
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/628,405 US5772896A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1996-04-05 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
ES97920149T ES2227690T3 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | SELF-REGULATING COMPOSITION OF WATER PURIFICATION. |
AU24414/97A AU718005B2 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
DE69730433T DE69730433T2 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | SELF-REGULATING COMPOSITION FOR WATER CLEANING |
CA 2248992 CA2248992C (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
EP97920149A EP0917520B1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
ZA972867A ZA972867B (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
PCT/US1997/005655 WO1997037939A1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-04 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
US09/028,599 US5935609A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1998-02-24 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
US09/349,826 US6254894B1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1999-07-08 | Silver self-regulating water purification compositions and methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/628,405 US5772896A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1996-04-05 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/028,599 Division US5935609A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1998-02-24 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US5772896A true US5772896A (en) | 1998-06-30 |
Family
ID=24518745
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/628,405 Expired - Lifetime US5772896A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1996-04-05 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
US09/028,599 Expired - Lifetime US5935609A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1998-02-24 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/028,599 Expired - Lifetime US5935609A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1998-02-24 | Self-regulating water purification composition |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5772896A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0917520B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU718005B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69730433T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2227690T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997037939A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA972867B (en) |
Cited By (44)
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US6200487B1 (en) | 1997-11-05 | 2001-03-13 | Zodiac Pool Care, Inc. | In-line, in-pool water purification system |
US6210566B1 (en) * | 1996-09-25 | 2001-04-03 | Joseph A. King | Nestable containers and improved water treatment materials |
US6217780B1 (en) * | 1998-01-23 | 2001-04-17 | Zodiac Pool Care, Inc. | Biocidal compositions for treating water |
US6254894B1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 2001-07-03 | Zodiac Pool Care, Inc. | Silver self-regulating water purification compositions and methods |
US6254788B1 (en) | 1997-01-29 | 2001-07-03 | H-Tech, Inc. | Method of sanitizing water in a bathing pool |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0917520B1 (en) | 2004-08-25 |
AU718005B2 (en) | 2000-04-06 |
US5935609A (en) | 1999-08-10 |
DE69730433T2 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
ES2227690T3 (en) | 2005-04-01 |
WO1997037939A1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
ZA972867B (en) | 1999-01-25 |
EP0917520A1 (en) | 1999-05-26 |
DE69730433D1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
AU2441497A (en) | 1997-10-29 |
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