US6007274A - In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption - Google Patents
In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6007274A US6007274A US08/858,267 US85826797A US6007274A US 6007274 A US6007274 A US 6007274A US 85826797 A US85826797 A US 85826797A US 6007274 A US6007274 A US 6007274A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- well
- groundwater
- gas bubbles
- conduit
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 28
- 241000529895 Stercorarius Species 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013520 petroleum-based product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/002—Reclamation of contaminated soil involving in-situ ground water treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/005—Extraction of vapours or gases using vacuum or venting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for removing contaminants from groundwater, and, more particularly to an in-situ air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption method for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from groundwater.
- VOCs volatile organic compounds
- Contamination of the phreatic zone, also known as zone of saturation, or, groundwater, with potentially hazardous materials is a common problem facing industry, the government and the general public.
- the most common type of VOC pollutants are petroleum based products and chlorinated solvents. Frequently, as a result of spills, leakage from storage facilities or surface discharges, contaminants percolate into groundwater, thereby posing a threat to drinking water supplies.
- groundwater While groundwater is not as susceptible to pollution as surface water, once polluted, its restoration is difficult and long term. Typically, contaminated groundwater is removed from the phreatic zone, treated and discharged or returned to the phreatic zone. These "pump-and-treat", or above ground, methods, are relatively expensive. There have been some recent developments in insitu water treatment which employ air lift pumping as a means of producing gas bubbles to remove VOCs. The theory of these known methods is that gas is pumped into the wells which causes water and subsequently formed gas bubbles to rise upward. VOCs are transferred from the contaminated water to the gas bubbles which can then be collected for treatment.
- the present invention involves new concepts for in-well removal of contaminants from the saturation zone. It avoids expensive "above ground” remediation methods, and provides a more efficient method of mass removal of dissolved contaminants.
- the present invention combines packing/stripping materials (balls) with air stripping techniques in the well. In addition oxidation and adsorption techniques can also be incorporated to compliment the air stripping effect to achieve higher mass removal efficiencies.
- the injected gas may be air or any specific or combination of gases such as nitrogen gas.
- the injected gas can be at any desired temperature.
- Objects of the invention are accomplished by injecting a gas into the lower extent of a well to force groundwater up the well through air lifting, causing VOCs to be transferred to rising gas bubbles inside the well.
- the available surface area for contaminant mass transfer within the flow of the mixture of groundwater and gas bubbles is increased by placing packing balls (preferably JAEGER TRIPACK packing material) into the well. This step significantly increases the overall mass transfer efficiency of this device.
- the gas bubbles, containing VOC vapors are then separated from the groundwater at the upper extent of the well. As this process is repeated and the groundwater continues to circulate, the VOC concentrations in the water are reduced.
- ozone can be mixed with the injected gas to enhance the mass removal by direct oxidation of the contaminants present.
- the air be supplied to the lower extent of the well by operating an air pump which is in fluid communication with a tube positioned in the well in a conduit, where the tube has an opening at its lower extent. Ozone can be added to this line of injection.
- the separated gas bubbles and captured air be stored upon being released from the conduit. It is also preferable that the contaminants be removed from the captured air prior to discharge to the atmosphere.
- the system for removing VOCs from contaminated groundwater is comprised of a means for supplying gas and ozone to the lower extent of a well which induces a flow of groundwater and gas bubbles up the well.
- the system contains a conduit within the well, which extends below the water table
- the conduit has a lower fluid-permeable section which is located below the water table and an upper fluid-permeable section which is adjacent the water table.
- the present invention is further comprised of an internal pipe or eductor tube contained in the conduit which extends from the top extent of the conduit to the saturation zone. Packing materials are located between the eductor tube and the means for supplying gas to the lower extent of the well to increase the available surface area for mass transfer.
- the present invention also contains a means, which is located near the top of the conduit, for separating the gas bubbles from the groundwater.
- the system of the present invention contain a gas supplying means which includes a tube contained within the conduit and eductor tube, which extends from above the ground surface to below the water table, a pump which supplies air to the tube and an ozone generator to provide the right amount of ozone.
- a gas supplying means which includes a tube contained within the conduit and eductor tube, which extends from above the ground surface to below the water table, a pump which supplies air to the tube and an ozone generator to provide the right amount of ozone.
- system of the present invention contain a bentonite seal located between said conduit and well wall to separate the treated clean water from the contaminated water.
- the system of the present invention contain a means for capturing the gas bubbles which have been separated from the groundwater.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention removes VOCs from contaminated groundwater by supplying a gas such as air and ozone mixture into a well 18.
- a gas such as air and ozone mixture
- groundwater is lifted upward through the well creating a recirculating cleaning process.
- VOCs are transferred from the contaminated groundwater to rising air bubbles created by the air supply in addition to direct oxidation by ozone.
- the VOC vapor is then released at the top of the well or, alternatively captured for treatment.
- the treated water which is now free of a portion of VOCs, flows out of the conduit 16 to mix with the groundwater.
- FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention.
- a borehole 12 is positioned in the contaminated area extending down into the phreatic, or saturated, zone 14 of the well 18.
- the external conduit 16 is positioned within the borehole 12.
- the conduit 16 has two fluid-permeable sections: one located near the base of the conduit at 20 below the water table and the other 21 located near the water table 22, but below ground level 24.
- the fluid-permeable sections may be comprised of screened PVC pipe or another suitable material.
- the remaining portions of conduit 16 may be comprised of impermeable material such as PVC pipe or another suitable material.
- An internal pipe 30, or eductor pipe, is placed between the air tube 26 and the external pipe 16.
- the air being pumped into the well is contained in the eductor pipe.
- the eductor pipe 30 may also be closed at the lower end. If the eductor pipe is closed at the lower end, slots placed at the lower end can allow water to flow into the pipe while preventing air bubbles from escaping.
- a compressed air tube 26 is positioned within the conduit 16 and extends substantially to the base of the conduit 16 at 28.
- the tube 26 may be open at the base at 26 and attached to an air pump 29 and an ozone generator 54 at the top of the conduit.
- an air pump may be located at the base of the conduit 16 and connected to tube 26 at 28 (not shown).
- a packer 56 may be placed inside the well.
- Groundwater may flow through the phreatic zone 14 as illustrated by the solid line arrows 38. Alternatively, the groundwater may not flow through the phreatic zone.
- the present invention operates effectively in either case.
- An air pump is operated to force air into the air tube 26 down to the base of the conduit 16 at 28.
- a gas such as carbon monoxide, can also be used as appropriate.
- the air can be injected at various rates to vary the rate at which groundwater circulates toward the well.
- the air/ozone mixture being pumped into the tube, is released at the base of the conduit 28, creating air bubbles and introducing ozone molecules. Subsequently, water flows up the well, while water surrounding the well is pulled towards the well. The water/air mixture rises up in the space, or "mixing zone" 40, between the air tube 26 and the eductor tube 30. As the air rises, it mixes with the water within the eductor tube and creates water flow from the lower permeable section 20 of the conduit 16 upwards through the conduit and out of the upper permeable section of the conduit 21.
- VOCs are transferred from the water to the gas phase in addition to oxidation of contaminants to inert end products.
- the air strips the water of volatile contaminants in the mixing zone 40 in addition to direct oxidation.
- the air/contaminant gas mixture is then separated from the water/air mixture near the top of the conduit 16. Once the gas is separated from the water, the gas mixture is then released above the water table into the atmosphere. Alternatively, the air/contaminant gas mixture may be captured for treatment or discharge.
- the VOC vapor can be extracted from the gas mixture using vacuum vapor extraction techniques also to enhance the stripping efficiencies of contaminants. Once the air is separated from the water, the water, less a portion of VOCs, is passed back into the aquifer through the upper permeable section 21 of the conduit 16.
- Adsorption media 50 may be placed in a trench 52 or annular holes near the top of the well for use in remediating residue of contamination not removed by the air stripping and/or contaminants, such as heavy metals, which are not removed by air stripping or oxidation by ozone. As the water and vapor leave the screened portion 21 of the well, in the preferred embodiment it must pass through the adsorption media 50 that resides in the trench 52.
- An example of an adsorption media is activated carbon or ion exchange material.
Abstract
Description
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/858,267 US6007274A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-05-19 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
AU75890/98A AU7589098A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-19 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
PCT/US1998/010453 WO1998052873A2 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-19 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
US09/140,244 US6174108B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-08-26 | In-well air stripping and gas adsorption |
US09/313,678 US6102623A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1999-05-18 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
US09/566,508 US6254310B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-05-08 | In-well air stripping and adsorption |
US09/566,513 US6283674B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-05-08 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/858,267 US6007274A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-05-19 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/140,244 Continuation-In-Part US6174108B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-08-26 | In-well air stripping and gas adsorption |
US09/313,678 Continuation US6102623A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1999-05-18 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US6007274A true US6007274A (en) | 1999-12-28 |
Family
ID=25327912
Family Applications (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/858,267 Expired - Fee Related US6007274A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-05-19 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
US09/140,244 Expired - Lifetime US6174108B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-08-26 | In-well air stripping and gas adsorption |
US09/313,678 Expired - Lifetime US6102623A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1999-05-18 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
US09/566,508 Expired - Fee Related US6254310B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-05-08 | In-well air stripping and adsorption |
US09/566,513 Expired - Fee Related US6283674B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-05-08 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
Family Applications After (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/140,244 Expired - Lifetime US6174108B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-08-26 | In-well air stripping and gas adsorption |
US09/313,678 Expired - Lifetime US6102623A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1999-05-18 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
US09/566,508 Expired - Fee Related US6254310B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-05-08 | In-well air stripping and adsorption |
US09/566,513 Expired - Fee Related US6283674B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-05-08 | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US6007274A (en) |
AU (1) | AU7589098A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998052873A2 (en) |
Cited By (30)
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US6102623A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 2000-08-15 | Arcadis Geraghty & Miller, Inc. | In-well air stripping, oxidation, and adsorption |
US6116816A (en) | 1998-08-26 | 2000-09-12 | Arcadis Geraghty & Miller, Inc. | In situ reactive gate for groundwater remediation |
US6143177A (en) | 1995-04-11 | 2000-11-07 | Arcadis Geraghty & Miller, Inc. | Engineered in situ anaerobic reactive zones |
US6206098B1 (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-03-27 | Kent Cooper | In situ water and soil remediation method and system |
US20020134733A1 (en) * | 1995-05-05 | 2002-09-26 | Kerfoot William B. | Microporous diffusion apparatus |
US20020144953A1 (en) * | 1995-05-05 | 2002-10-10 | Kerfoot William B. | Gas-gas-water treatment system for groundwater and soil remediation |
US6502633B2 (en) | 1997-11-14 | 2003-01-07 | Kent Cooper | In situ water and soil remediation method and system |
US20030029792A1 (en) * | 2001-05-18 | 2003-02-13 | Kerfoot William B. | Environmental remediation method and apparatus |
US6533499B2 (en) | 2001-03-13 | 2003-03-18 | Boyd Breeding | Soil and groundwater remediation system |
US20050133456A1 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2005-06-23 | Beretta David Iii | System and method for in-well aeration |
US20060016763A1 (en) * | 2004-07-20 | 2006-01-26 | Kerfoot William B | Superoxidant poiser for groundwater and soil treatment with in-situ oxidation-reduction and acidity-basicity adjustment |
US7033492B2 (en) | 2000-07-06 | 2006-04-25 | Kerfoot William B | Groundwater and subsurface remediation |
US20060175265A1 (en) * | 1999-12-22 | 2006-08-10 | Kerfoot William B | Coated microbubbles for treating an aquifer or soil formations |
US20080061006A1 (en) * | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-13 | Kerfoot William B | Enhanced reactive ozone |
US20080237141A1 (en) * | 2007-03-28 | 2008-10-02 | Kerfoot Technologies, Inc. | Treatment for Recycling Fracture Water Gas and Oil Recovery in Shale Deposits |
US20090080979A1 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2009-03-26 | Fruits & Associates, Inc. | System and method for decontaminating soil and groundwater |
US7645384B2 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2010-01-12 | Thinkvillage-Kerfoot, Llc | Environmental remediation method using ozonophilic bacteria within a liquid coating of bubbles |
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US7651611B2 (en) | 2006-07-12 | 2010-01-26 | Thinkvillage-Kerfoot, Llc | Directional microporous diffuser and directional sparging |
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Also Published As
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US6174108B1 (en) | 2001-01-16 |
WO1998052873A2 (en) | 1998-11-26 |
US6102623A (en) | 2000-08-15 |
AU7589098A (en) | 1998-12-11 |
US6283674B1 (en) | 2001-09-04 |
US6254310B1 (en) | 2001-07-03 |
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