US6997467B2 - Reconfigurable strut assembly - Google Patents

Reconfigurable strut assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
US6997467B2
US6997467B2 US10/349,726 US34972603A US6997467B2 US 6997467 B2 US6997467 B2 US 6997467B2 US 34972603 A US34972603 A US 34972603A US 6997467 B2 US6997467 B2 US 6997467B2
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United States
Prior art keywords
knuckles
suspension system
vehicle suspension
strut
vehicle
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US10/349,726
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US20040145143A1 (en
Inventor
Simon Dean
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Arvin Technologies Inc
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Arvin Technologies Inc
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Priority to US10/349,726 priority Critical patent/US6997467B2/en
Assigned to ARVIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment ARVIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DEAN, SIMON
Priority to US10/680,685 priority patent/US7140625B2/en
Publication of US20040145143A1 publication Critical patent/US20040145143A1/en
Priority to US11/295,288 priority patent/US7216879B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6997467B2 publication Critical patent/US6997467B2/en
Assigned to JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, FOR ITSELF AND AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT FOR THE LENDERS reassignment JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, FOR ITSELF AND AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT FOR THE LENDERS SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: ARVIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Assigned to MOTOR HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS, LLC, AXLETECH INTERNATIONAL IP HOLDINGS, LLC, MERITOR TECHNOLOGY, LLC, ARVINMERITOR, INC., MERITOR TRANSMISSION CORPORATION, EUCLID INDUSTRIES, LLC, GABRIEL RIDE CONTROL PRODUCTS, INC., MAREMOUNT CORPORATION, ARVINMERITOR TECHNOLOGY, LLC, MERITOR HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS, LLC, ARVIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC., ARVINMERITOR OE, LLC reassignment MOTOR HEAVY VEHICLE SYSTEMS, LLC RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Adjusted expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G15/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
    • B60G15/02—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring
    • B60G15/06—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper
    • B60G15/07—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring and fluid damper the damper being connected to the stub axle and the spring being arranged around the damper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G13/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers
    • B60G13/001—Arrangements for attachment of dampers
    • B60G13/005—Arrangements for attachment of dampers characterised by the mounting on the axle or suspension arm of the damper unit
    • B60G13/006—Arrangements for attachment of dampers characterised by the mounting on the axle or suspension arm of the damper unit on the stub axle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32—Details
    • F16F9/3207—Constructional features
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32—Details
    • F16F9/54—Arrangements for attachment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
    • B60G2202/30—Spring/Damper and/or actuator Units
    • B60G2202/31—Spring/Damper and/or actuator Units with the spring arranged around the damper, e.g. MacPherson strut
    • B60G2202/312—The spring being a wound spring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
    • B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
    • B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
    • B60G2204/129—Damper mount on wheel suspension or knuckle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
    • B60G2204/40—Auxiliary suspension parts; Adjustment of suspensions
    • B60G2204/43—Fittings, brackets or knuckles
    • B60G2204/4304—Bracket for lower cylinder mount of McPherson strut
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/90—Maintenance
    • B60G2206/91—Assembly procedures
    • B60G2206/911—Assembly procedures using a modification kit

Abstract

A vehicle includes front and rear suspension systems. The vehicle includes front left and right strut assemblies respectively including front left and right knuckles. Rear left and right strut assemblies respectively include rear left and right knuckles. The knuckles are common with one another with each knuckle having a common lower attachment boss. The front left and right knuckles respectively receive front left and right connection members at the lower attachment boss. The lower attachment boss is respectively interconnected to the front left and right suspension components. The rear left and right knuckles respectively receive rear left and right connection members at the lower attachment boss respectively interconnected to rear left and right suspension components. The overall suspension for the vehicle is designed by determining the left knuckle position parameters such as suspension member, brake, and wheel assembly attachment points. Similarly, the right knuckle position parameters are determined. Alternatively and/or additionally, front and rear knuckle portion parameters may be determined. Common vehicle attachment points on the knuckles are then calculated for the vehicle. Several iterations of the above design process may take place to commonize the suspension for a particular vehicle or across particular vehicle lines.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a suspension system for a passenger vehicle, and more particularly, the invention relates to a reconfigurable strut assembly including an integrated strut cylinder and knuckle for use on at least two and preferably all of the corners of a vehicle.
Vehicle suspension designs typically use an individual knuckle at each corner of a vehicle to allow for various lower suspension geometry. Specifically, the orientation and attachment of the brakes, steering components, struts relative to the vehicle body, and other features are particular to each corner of the vehicle such that a unique strut and knuckle is required at each corner of the vehicle. That is, the front and rear struts and knuckles are different, and the left and right struts and knuckles are different. Furthermore, the knuckle designs are often specific only to one vehicle line. The lack of interchangeability of struts and knuckles within a vehicle line and with other vehicles adds significant tooling costs to the suspension component. Therefore, what is needed is an interchangeable strut assembly that may be used on more than one corner of a vehicle and across vehicle lines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION AND ADVANTAGES
The present invention provides a vehicle with front and rear suspension systems. The vehicle includes front left and right strut assemblies respectively including front left and right knuckles. Rear left and right strut assemblies respectively include rear left and right knuckles. The knuckles are common with one another with each knuckle having a common lower attachment boss. The front left and right knuckles respectively receive front left and right connection members at the lower attachment boss. The lower attachment boss is respectively interconnected to the front left and right suspension components. The rear left and right knuckles respectively receive rear left and right connection members at the lower attachment boss respectively interconnected to rear left and right suspension components. The overall suspension for the vehicle is designed by determining the left knuckle position parameters such as suspension member, brake, and wheel assembly attachment points. Similarly, the right knuckle position parameters are determined. Alternatively and/or additionally, front and rear knuckle portion parameters may be determined. Common vehicle attachment points on the knuckles are then calculated for the vehicle. Several iterations of the above design process may take place to commonize the suspension for a particular vehicle or across particular vehicle lines.
Accordingly, the above invention provides an interchangeable strut assembly that may be used on more than one corner of a vehicle and across vehicle lines.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other advantages of the present invention can be understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top elevational schematic view of a front and rear suspension system for a vehicle;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a common front strut assembly for the vehicle shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of a rear strut assembly for the vehicle shown in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the present invention design process for designing and manufacturing interchangeable strut assemblies for a vehicle or between vehicle lines.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention provides a single integrated strut and knuckle casting that can be used on different corners of a particular vehicle and even across vehicle lines by commonizing the basic structure of the strut-knuckle and various bolt-on attachments. The attachments provide for several lower geometry configurations providing the ability of the knuckle to be used on all four corners of the vehicle as well as across vehicle lines.
A vehicle 10 is shown in FIG. 1. The vehicle 10 includes a front suspension system 12 and a rear suspension system 14. The front suspension system 12 includes front left 18 and front right 20 strut assemblies each supporting wheels 16. Although the suspension components for a particular vehicle may be different than shown, the depicted front suspension system 12 utilizes a McPherson strut geometry. The front left strut assembly 18 includes a left lower control arm 22 connected to the vehicle frame 11 by left pivotal frame connections 26, as is known in the art. Similarly, the front right strut assembly 20 includes a right lower control arm 24 pivotally connected to the vehicle frame 11 by a right pivotal frame connections 28, as is known in the art. The strut assemblies 18 and 20 are connected between the vehicle frame 11 and are attached to the lower control arms 22 and 24 typically by a ball joint, which is discussed in more detail below.
The rear suspension system 14 includes left rear 32 and right rear 34 strut assemblies. The rear suspension system 14 is of an independent trailing arm configuration. The left rear strut assembly 32 is connected to the vehicle frame 11 at the upper portion and is supported at the lower portion by a pair of spaced apart left lateral links 36 and 38. A longitudinal link 40 is connected between the lower portion of the strut assembly and the vehicle frame 11. The lateral 36, 38 and longitudinal 40 left links are pivotally supported on the vehicle frame 11 respectively by a pair of left lateral 42 and a forward 44 pivotal frame connections. Similarly, the right rear strut assembly 34 is supported by the vehicle frame 11 at an upper portion. The lower portion of the right rear strut assembly 34 is supported by a pair of spaced apart right lateral links 46 and 48. A longitudinal link 50 is interconnected between the lower portion of the strut assembly 34 and the vehicle frame 11. The right lateral links 46 and 48 and longitudinal link 50 are pivotally supported on the vehicle frame 11 respectively by a pair of right lateral 52 and a forward 54 pivotal frame connections.
The front suspension system 12 and rear suspension system 14 described above is merely illustrative of two suspension configurations to which the present invention may apply. That is, the reconfigurable strut assembly described in further detail below may be used for suspension configurations other than those described above or depicted in the figures.
A rear strut assembly is depicted in FIG. 2. The strut assembly includes an integrated strut cylinder 51 and knuckle 53. The integrated strut cylinder 51 and knuckle 53 may be manufactured of a single metal casting. The strut assembly includes an upper attachment point 57 that may include fasteners 55 for attaching the upper portion of the strut assembly to the vehicle frame 11. A spring 59 is shown arranged between the upper attachment point 57 and the cylinder 51, although an air bag may also be used. The knuckle 53 includes a lower attachment boss 56 to which a connection member 58 may be attached using fastening elements. It is most desirable that the strut cylinder 51, knuckle 53, and lower attachment boss 56 be common for both sides of the rear strut assemblies, and preferably the strut assemblies for both the front and rear of the vehicle. Alternatively, these may be interchangeable between strut assemblies on only one side. The connection member 58 may provide a plurality of attachment points 60, 61 and 62 specific to the left or right side of the rear suspension system 14. For a strut assembly common to both the front and rear suspension system, a connection member may be provided for each side of the front suspension system, as will be discussed relative to FIG. 3 below.
With continuing reference to FIG. 2, the knuckle 53 includes a brake attachment feature 64 and wheel assembly attachment feature 66 that are common to both sides of the rear suspension system and preferably all four corners of the vehicle. In this manner, the strut cylinder 51 and knuckle 53 may be oriented differently for the front and rear and left and right side of the vehicle. The attachment features 64 and 66 and lower attachment boss 56 may be generally coplanar so that they may be rotated 180° from one side to the other.
The damping characteristics of the strut assembly may be tailored for the front or rear suspension of a vehicle or between vehicle lines by providing an external valve housing 68 extending from a portion of the strut cylinder 51. Depending upon the desired damping for the application, a particular valve assembly 70 may be installed within the external valve housing 68 to provide the desired damping characteristics for the application. In this manner, the reconfigurable strut assembly may be more specifically tailored for the desired application so that the flexibility using the common design of the present invention is not sacrificed.
Referring to FIG. 3, a front suspension strut assembly is shown. A different connection member 72, such as a ball joint may be secured to the lower attachment boss 56 to provide the particular attachment feature typically used for a McPherson strut configuration. A different valve assembly 74 may be installed in the external valve housing 68 to provide a damping characteristic for the front suspension that is different than the rear suspension. Components such as the upper attachment point 57 and the spring element 59 may also be varied.
Referring to FIG. 4, the design process for the present invention reconfigurable strut assembly requires the consideration of various design features for the left and right sides and front and rear sides of a particular vehicle and potentially between or across vehicle lines. First, the desired attachment points such as brake attachment features, wheel assembly attachment features, and upper and lower attachment points must be determined, as indicated in block 76. The vehicle attachment points must then be commonized by calculating the most desirable attachment points for the strut assemblies, as shown at block 78. Several iterations of the design process depicted in FIG. 4 may be required to obtain the desired common strut assembly.
The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology that has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation. Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

Claims (20)

1. A vehicle suspension system comprising: front left and front right strut assemblies respectively including front left and front right knuckles, rear left and rear right strut assemblies respectively including rear left and rear right knuckles, wherein said front left, front right, rear left and rear right knuckles are common with one another and include a common lower attachment boss, said front left and front right knuckles respectively receiving a front left and front right connection member at said lower attachment bosses respectively interconnected to front left and front right suspension components, and said rear left and rear right knuckles respectively receiving a rear left and rear right connection member at said lower attachment bosses and respectively interconnected to rear left and rear right suspension components.
2. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said front left and front right connection members are a ball joint secured to said lower attachment bosses with said front left and front right suspension components and each having an aperture for respectively receiving said ball joint.
3. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 2, wherein at least one of said front left and front right suspension components is a lower A-arm.
4. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said rear left and rear right connection members are each a multi-link bracket secured to said lower attachment bosses, each of said multi-link brackets having a plurality of attachment points with said rear left and rear right suspension components respectively connected to said plurality of attachment points.
5. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 4, wherein said rear left and rear right suspension components each include a pair of lateral links and a longitudinal link, said pair of lateral and said longitudinal links secured to three attachment points provided by said each of said multi-link brackets.
6. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said front left, front right rear left and rear right strut assemblies include strut cylinders, said strut cylinders and front left, front right, rear left and rear right knuckles respectively are constructed from a unitary cast metal structure.
7. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said front left, front right, rear left and rear right strut assemblies each include an external valve housing with said front left and front right strut assemblies having a first valve assembly disposed within said external valve housing having a first damping characteristic, and said rear left and rear right strut assemblies having a second valve assembly disposed within said external valve housing of said rear left and rear right strut assemblies and having a second damping characteristic different than said first damping characteristic.
8. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said front left, front right, rear left and rear right knuckles include common brake attachment features.
9. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said front left, front right, rear left and rear right knuckles include common wheel assembly attachment features.
10. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said front left, front right, rear left and rear right knuckles include common brake and wheel assembly attachment features, and said lower attachment boss and said attachment features of each of said front left, front right, rear left and rear right knuckles being generally coplanar with one another.
11. A vehicle suspension system comprising: left and right strut assemblies respectively including left and right knuckles, wherein said left and right knuckles are common with one another, each of said left and right knuckles having a common lower attachment boss with said left and right knuckles respectively receiving a left and right connection member at said lower attachment boss of each said of said left and right knuckles and respectively interconnected to left and right suspension components.
12. A vehicle suspension system comprising: front and rear strut assemblies respectively including front and rear knuckles, wherein said front and rear knuckles are common with one another, each of said front and rear knuckles having a common lower attachment boss with said front and rear knuckles respectively receiving a front and rear connection member at said lower attachment boss of said each of said front and rear knuckles respectively interconnected to front and rear suspension components.
13. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 11, wherein said left and right strut assemblies include strut cylinders, said strut cylinders and said left and right knuckles are respectively constructed from a unitary cast metal structure.
14. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 12, wherein said front and rear strut assemblies include strut cylinders, said strut cylinders and said front and rear knuckles are constructed from a unitary cast metal structure.
15. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 12, wherein said front and rear strut assemblies each include an external valve housing with said front strut assembly having a first valve assembly disposed within said external valve housing having a first damping characteristic, and said rear strut assembly having a second valve assembly disposed within said external valve housing and having a second damping characteristic different than said first damping characteristic.
16. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 11, wherein said left and right knuckles include common brake and wheel assembly attachment features, and said lower attachment boss and said attachment features of each said left and right knuckles being generally coplanar with one another.
17. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 12, wherein said front and rear knuckles include common brake and wheel assembly attachment features, and said lower attachment boss and said attachment features of each of said front and rear knuckles being generally coplanar with one another.
18. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 1, wherein said knuckles are structurally identical to one another.
19. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 11, wherein said knuckles are structurally identical to one another.
20. The vehicle suspension system according to claim 12, wherein said knuckles are structurally identical to one another.
US10/349,726 2003-01-23 2003-01-23 Reconfigurable strut assembly Expired - Fee Related US6997467B2 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/349,726 US6997467B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2003-01-23 Reconfigurable strut assembly
US10/680,685 US7140625B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2003-10-07 Reconfigurable strut assembly
US11/295,288 US7216879B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2005-12-06 Reconfigurable strut assembly

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US10/349,726 US6997467B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2003-01-23 Reconfigurable strut assembly

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US10/680,685 Continuation-In-Part US7140625B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2003-10-07 Reconfigurable strut assembly
US11/295,288 Division US7216879B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2005-12-06 Reconfigurable strut assembly

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060027987A1 (en) * 2004-08-04 2006-02-09 Prohaska James B Sprayer strut suspension
US7281723B2 (en) * 2004-08-04 2007-10-16 Miller-St. Nazianz, Inc. Sprayer strut suspension
US7398982B2 (en) * 2004-03-12 2008-07-15 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Suspension device

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JP2007216732A (en) * 2006-02-14 2007-08-30 Toyota Motor Corp Vehicular steering device
US8414047B2 (en) 2011-09-06 2013-04-09 Nissan North America, Inc. Reconfigurable console reinforcement bracket

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US5257801A (en) * 1991-03-08 1993-11-02 Yorozu Corporation Independent wheel suspension apparatus for vehicle
US5538274A (en) 1993-04-14 1996-07-23 Oshkosh Truck Corporation Modular Independent coil spring suspension
US5782484A (en) * 1996-05-14 1998-07-21 Chrysler Corporation Short long arm independent suspension
US5836599A (en) 1997-01-21 1998-11-17 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Independent suspension apparatus for a wheeled vehicle
US6105984A (en) 1993-04-14 2000-08-22 Oshkosh Truck Corporation Independent coil spring suspension for driven wheels
EP1043212A2 (en) 1999-03-15 2000-10-11 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Steering knuckle and suspension module

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GB9902598D0 (en) * 1999-02-06 1999-03-24 Rover Group A suspension arrangement
US6893033B2 (en) * 2002-09-13 2005-05-17 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Integrated air spring and strut

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5112077A (en) * 1990-01-20 1992-05-12 Tokico Ltd. Suspension system
US5257801A (en) * 1991-03-08 1993-11-02 Yorozu Corporation Independent wheel suspension apparatus for vehicle
US5538274A (en) 1993-04-14 1996-07-23 Oshkosh Truck Corporation Modular Independent coil spring suspension
US6105984A (en) 1993-04-14 2000-08-22 Oshkosh Truck Corporation Independent coil spring suspension for driven wheels
US5782484A (en) * 1996-05-14 1998-07-21 Chrysler Corporation Short long arm independent suspension
US5836599A (en) 1997-01-21 1998-11-17 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Independent suspension apparatus for a wheeled vehicle
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7398982B2 (en) * 2004-03-12 2008-07-15 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Suspension device
US20060027987A1 (en) * 2004-08-04 2006-02-09 Prohaska James B Sprayer strut suspension
US7281723B2 (en) * 2004-08-04 2007-10-16 Miller-St. Nazianz, Inc. Sprayer strut suspension
US7284764B2 (en) * 2004-08-04 2007-10-23 Miller-St. Nazianz, Inc. Sprayer strut suspension

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US7216879B2 (en) 2007-05-15
US20040145143A1 (en) 2004-07-29
US20060082092A1 (en) 2006-04-20

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