US9054668B2 - Broadband absorptive-loading filter - Google Patents
Broadband absorptive-loading filter Download PDFInfo
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- US9054668B2 US9054668B2 US13/435,961 US201213435961A US9054668B2 US 9054668 B2 US9054668 B2 US 9054668B2 US 201213435961 A US201213435961 A US 201213435961A US 9054668 B2 US9054668 B2 US 9054668B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/0115—Frequency selective two-port networks comprising only inductors and capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/17—Structural details of sub-circuits of frequency selective networks
- H03H7/1741—Comprising typical LC combinations, irrespective of presence and location of additional resistors
- H03H7/175—Series LC in series path
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/17—Structural details of sub-circuits of frequency selective networks
- H03H7/1741—Comprising typical LC combinations, irrespective of presence and location of additional resistors
- H03H7/1758—Series LC in shunt or branch path
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/17—Structural details of sub-circuits of frequency selective networks
- H03H7/1741—Comprising typical LC combinations, irrespective of presence and location of additional resistors
- H03H7/1766—Parallel LC in series path
Definitions
- the present disclosure is generally related to signal processing and, more particularly, is related to filters and reflection mitigation.
- a settop box comprising front end circuitry comprising an input port followed by a passband filter (and optionally a resistive pad).
- a passband filter and optionally a resistive pad.
- return loss in a filter passband is acceptable and provides proper circuit loading.
- the return loss becomes reflective and all or a significant portion of the signal energy is reflected back to the source.
- This reflection may cause a non-compliant broadband return loss issue at the input to, or at a component upstream of, the settop box or an unwanted reflected energy back into a component of another electronic appliance, such as a mixer or other circuit of a transceiver device or other signal source.
- FIG. 1 is block diagram that illustrates an example environment in which certain embodiments of a broadband absorptive-loading (BAL) filter may be implemented.
- BAL broadband absorptive-loading
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram that illustrates an example embodiment of a BAL filter implemented in a front end circuitry.
- FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an example embodiment that illustrates a BAL filter with an impedance load.
- FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram that illustrates a reactive component of an embodiment of a BAL filter.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram that illustrates an example embodiment of a front end circuitry comprising a parallel configuration of a BAL filter and an input filter.
- FIG. 5 is a graph diagram that illustrates certain performance features of an example embodiment of a front end circuitry comprising a parallel configuration of a BAL filter and an input filter.
- FIG. 6 is a flow diagram that illustrates an example embodiment of a method of processing an input signal using broadband absorptive-loading.
- a broadband absorptive-loading filter that enables signal coupling and circuit termination in a multimedia, signal processing environment.
- a broadband communication system such as cable or satellite television, or Internet-based television
- certain embodiments of a broadband absorptive-loading filter minimize interaction between a plurality of different signals over a wideband input frequency spectrum.
- a broadband absorptive-loading filter comprises a reactive network coupled between an input port and an impedance load and also disposed in parallel arrangement with an input filter, such as a low pass or high pass filter.
- the broadband absorptive-loading filter absorbs signals that would otherwise be reflected back to the source of the signal (e.g., outside the passband of the input filter, referred to as the stopband).
- settop boxes or other electronic appliances in a network that are designed to handle multiple input signals provide adequate broadband return loss.
- This broadband return loss is a requirement from service providers that allow them to maintain certain fidelity on their networks.
- front end circuitry may provide filtering for the signal of interest, yet reject or reflect unwanted signals back on the network.
- One solution is to provide a broadband absorptive-loading filter, which makes the front end solution compliant to the broadband return loss requirement.
- Another signal processing environment comprises newer frequency plans to address the Internet protocol (IP) low noise block (LNB) market with wideband analog to digital (A/D) demodulators.
- IP Internet protocol
- LNB wideband analog to digital
- A/D analog to digital
- the addition of a broadband absorptive-loading filter absorbs most if not all of the unwanted energy.
- having a broadband absorptive-loading filter provides an innovative solution by providing a constant load (acceptable return loss) over the entire input frequency spectrum.
- the focus is on the use of a broadband absorptive-loading filter in the context of a cable television network and a MoCA subsystem or sub-network residing in one or more subscriber locations (e.g., residence, business, etc.), with the understanding that other environments, such as satellite, terrestrial, phone, and IP-based environments, among other systems or networks, may likewise benefit from the disclosed embodiments, and hence are contemplated to be within the scope of the disclosure.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example environment 100 in which certain embodiments of a broadband absorptive-loading filter may be implemented.
- the environment 100 comprises a broadband cable television network.
- the example environment 100 is merely illustrative, and that other environments are contemplated to be within the scope of the disclosure, including satellite, terrestrial, Internet, cellular, phone (e.g., landline), among other wired and/or wireless networks.
- satellite terrestrial
- Internet Internet
- cellular phone
- phone e.g., landline
- the environment 100 comprises a headend 102 , a network 104 , and a plurality of subscriber locations 106 (e.g., 106 A, 106 B, and 106 C).
- the headend 102 may receive and process multimedia content (e.g., video, audio (including voice), graphics, and/or data) from servers or storage devices of one or more upstream providers (not shown) and distribute the multimedia content (among other, perhaps locally generated multimedia content) over the network 104 to the plurality of subscriber locations 106 .
- the network 104 may be a hybrid-fiber coaxial (HFC) network, among other types of networks, such as digital subscriber line (DSL), or a mix of a plurality of networks, including a mix of wired and wireless networks.
- HFC hybrid-fiber coaxial
- the plurality of subscriber locations 106 may each comprise a tap or generally a network interface connection to receive the multimedia content from the network 104 .
- the connection shown in FIG. 1 from the network 104 may be omitted and each subscriber location may comprise a satellite dish, or in some embodiments, there may be a mix of subscriber locations 106 with some equipped with satellite dishes and others equipped for connection to the network 104 .
- each of the plurality of subscriber locations 106 comprises one or more electronic appliances, the electronic appliances equipped with a broadband absorptive-loading filter.
- the subscriber location 106 C as one illustrative example, shown is an internal network of a plurality of electronic appliances.
- the internal network is configured in one embodiment as a Multi-Media Coaxial (MoCA) network 108 having plural electronic appliances configured as settop boxes (STB) 110 (e.g., 110 A, 110 B, 110 C, and 110 D).
- MoCA Multi-Media Coaxial
- tuning functionality may occur at the settop box 110 A, which serves a master function in providing the multimedia content received over the network 104 to the plural settop boxes 110 B- 110 D serving the functionality of slaves.
- the settop boxes 110 may be integrated in another device, such as a television, or standalone units that are coupled to another device (e.g., television).
- Each of the plural settop boxes 110 may comprise front end circuitry 112 , the front end circuitry comprising an input filter, and a broadband absorptive-loading filter that absorbs reflective content to prohibit or mitigate interference among other settop boxes 110 or other electronic appliances (e.g., located in other subscriber locations 106 A, 106 B, etc.).
- the front end circuitry of the settop box 110 C receives the signal or signals from the settop box 110 A and filters the signals in a passband and absorbs the signals in a stopband.
- the electronic appliance 110 depicted in FIG. 1 is for illustrative purposes, and that in some embodiments, the electronic appliance may be other types of devices, such as a cellular phone, smartphone, landline phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet, laptop or other computing device, television, or multimedia or multichannel playback device, etc.
- PDA personal digital assistant
- FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of front end circuitry, such as front end circuitry 112 .
- front end circuitry 112 is merely illustrative, and that additional and/or other components may be used in some embodiments to achieve similar functionality.
- the front end circuitry 112 comprises an input port 202 , a input filter 204 , a broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 , and an impedance load 208 (Z load ).
- the input port 202 may comprise an input connector (e.g., coaxial connector), or a trace serving as a node on a printed circuit board, among other types of conductors of an incoming signal or signals.
- the input port 202 serves as an interface between a signal source 210 and the input filter 204 and the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 .
- the signal source 210 may comprise the conductive medium over which one or more electronic signals are carried, as well as the current and/or voltage parameters of that signal.
- the signal source 210 may be represented as a voltage source 212 coupled at one end to ground and at the other end to a characteristic impedance 214 of the conductive medium and/or interface (e.g., coaxial cable, coaxial cable plus input connector, etc.).
- a characteristic impedance 214 of the conductive medium and/or interface e.g., coaxial cable, coaxial cable plus input connector, etc.
- an equivalent current source and source impedance may be used.
- the signal source 210 comprises a device or component that provides the voltage and the characteristic impedance (e.g., a transceiver, a mixer, among other components serving as a source of a signal and having a characteristic source impedance).
- the input filter 204 may comprise one of a variety of types of filters to filter a signal received from the signal source 210 .
- the input filter 204 may comprise a low pass filter.
- the input filter 204 may comprise a high pass filter.
- the input filter 204 comprises a frequency band that provides a filtering function for the desired frequency of interest (frequency band or passband) of a signal received at the input port 202 , and otherwise inhibits or prohibits the passage of a signal outside of the frequency band (stopband).
- the passband signals are filtered by the input filter 204 (the passband), and beyond a defined frequency, the signal amplitude falls off or degrades significantly (beyond a 3 dB point, for instance), the latter band referred to as a stopband.
- the passband signals are provided from the input filter 204 to signal processing circuitry 216 , which processes the signal (e.g., change the gain, demodulate the passband signal, parse and/or extract data, etc.) according to well-known post filtering functions.
- the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 is also coupled to (e.g., connected) to the input port 202 , and is configured to absorb signals in the stopband to prohibit or mitigate reflectivity that may potentially be returned back to the signal source (and possibly degrade the signal).
- z filter is the impedance of the input filter 204 and z BAL is the impedance of the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 , and w represents the frequency. Transconductance is represented with “y”.
- the z load e.g., impedance load 208
- FIG. 3A provides an example embodiment of a broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 A, which comprises a network of plural reactive elements 302 (e.g., 302 A- 302 E).
- a broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 A which comprises a network of plural reactive elements 302 (e.g., 302 A- 302 E).
- reactive element 302 A is configured to receive an incoming signal (e.g., from input port 202 ), and at is output end, is coupled to inputs of reactive elements 302 B and 302 C.
- Reactive element 302 B is coupled to ground at its output end.
- Reactive element 302 C is coupled at its output to inputs of reactive elements 302 D and 302 E.
- Reactive element 302 D is coupled at its output end to ground.
- Reactive element 302 E is coupled at its output to impedance load 208 , the latter which is coupled to ground.
- FIG. 3B shows one example of a reactive element 302 , which in one embodiment comprises an inductor 304 (or equivalent inductive element) and a capacitor 306 (or equivalent capacitive element).
- additional components may comprise the reactive element 302 .
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram that illustrates an example embodiment of at least a portion of front end circuitry, referred to as front end circuitry 112 A.
- front end circuitry 112 A One having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate in the context of the present disclosure that the example front end circuitry 112 A is merely illustrative, and that additional and/or fewer components may be used in some embodiments.
- Depicted in this example is the input port 202 , input filter 204 , and an embodiment of a broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 B.
- the input ends of the input filter 204 and the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 B are coupled to the input port 202 .
- the output of the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 B is coupled to the impedance load 208 , which is grounded.
- nH 1 nano-Henry, or nH
- b 1.5 pico-Farad, or pF
- c (1 nH), d (1.5 pF), e (4.3 nH), f (100 pF), g (0.5 pF), h (3 pF), j (0.8 pF), j (2.2 pF), k (12 nH), l (5.6 nH), m (1.2 nH), n (4.3 nH), o (3 pF), p (4.7 pF), and q (4.3 pF).
- FIG. 5 is an example graph diagram 500 that illustrates certain performance measures of the front end circuitry 112 A shown in FIG. 4 . It should be appreciated that different performance measures may be depicted based on a difference in values used or different topologies for the front end circuitry 112 . As shown, the graph diagram 500 comprises a vertical axis 502 corresponding to gain (in dB) and a horizontal axis 504 corresponding to frequency (in MHz).
- the graph diagram 500 provides a plot of performance measures (e.g., frequency response along with return loss and insertion loss) for the front end circuitry 112 A comprising the input filter 204 configured as a low pass filter, the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 B with a network of reactive elements (e.g., three (3) of them as arranged in FIG. 4 ), and an impedance load 208 . Shown are two primary regions—a passband 506 and a stopband 508 . As explained above, in general, in a filter stopband, the return loss becomes reflective and all or most of the signal energy is reflected back to the source.
- performance measures e.g., frequency response along with return loss and insertion loss
- pass band insertion loss (shown in passband 506 ) is equal to about 2 dB, as shown by plot 510 .
- the return loss over the passband 506 and stopband 508 is substantially constant (e.g., at or below ⁇ 12 dB).
- This depicted performance is in contrast to conventional, known front end circuitry that uses, for instance, resistive pads.
- the insertion loss (depicted in the present, non-conventional example by plot 510 ) is increased (e.g., attenuation occurs) by the resistive pad (e.g., a 6 dB pad is required to keep the filter stop band return loss at or below ⁇ 12 dB), the insertion loss comparable to the rating or performance of the pad (e.g., 6 dB, versus approximately ⁇ 2 dB in FIG. 5 ).
- the return loss over the stopband 508 becomes 0 dB, which results in high (e.g., higher) reflectivity.
- the front end circuitry 112 A with its parallel combination of the input filter 204 and the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 B, enables a constant load and acceptable return loss over the entire input frequency spectrum without disrupting the original performance parameters of the input filter 204 .
- the broadband absorptive-loading filter 206 B helps to maintain the filter return loss to under ⁇ 12 dB across the entire bandwidth of interest, without double loading the signal source, and without degrading the filter passband insertion loss.
- one method embodiment depicted in FIG. 6 and denoted as method 600 , comprises receiving at a first port signals from a signal source, the signals comprising a first signal and a second signal ( 602 ); filtering by a first filter the first signal according to a first frequency band and outputting the filtered first signal for further processing, the first filter coupled to the first port ( 604 ); and absorbing by a second filter the second signal according to a second frequency band that is a stopband for the first filter, the second filter coupled to the first port and arranged in parallel with the first filter, the second filter coupled to a grounded impedance load ( 606 ).
- one advantage of using certain embodiments of a broadband absorptive-loading filter is improved performance and/or cost savings.
- implementing a filter with such a topology as disclosed enables a cost effective and technically sound solution to a difficult requirement.
- some of the return loss issues have been solved by a broadband resistive pad, which may introduce other issues into front end circuitry.
- the insertion loss affects noise figure and increases the amount of gain that is required in the design.
- the above described embodiments contemplate tweaking the broadband absorptive-loading filter (e.g., as implemented on a printed circuit board) for each electronic appliance, in some embodiments, a more automated tuning may be implemented where the broadband absorptive-loading filter is embedded in a semiconductive chip that may incorporate registers to control/adjust the various capacitive values.
Abstract
Description
z total(w)=z filter(w)∥Z BAL(w) or y total(w)=y filter(w)+y BAL(w) (1)
z load =z source (2)
RL(dB)=−20 log(RL) and RL=(z total −z source)/(z total +z source) (3)
Claims (20)
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