US9148200B1 - Determining power over ethernet impairment - Google Patents
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- US9148200B1 US9148200B1 US14/082,981 US201314082981A US9148200B1 US 9148200 B1 US9148200 B1 US 9148200B1 US 201314082981 A US201314082981 A US 201314082981A US 9148200 B1 US9148200 B1 US 9148200B1
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- H04B3/468—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/20—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other
- H04B3/23—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other using a replica of transmitted signal in the time domain, e.g. echo cancellers
- H04B3/237—Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other using a replica of transmitted signal in the time domain, e.g. echo cancellers using two adaptive filters, e.g. for near end and for end echo cancelling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/46—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B3/493—Testing echo effects or singing
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- H04B5/79—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
Definitions
- aspects of the present invention relate generally to Power over Ethernet technologies, and more particularly to a system and method of determining an unbalanced current condition in Power over Ethernet applications.
- PoE Power over Ethernet
- IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- MDI medium dependent interface
- PoE is similar to that of a traditional telephone network in which operating power necessary for the electrical components in the telephone is delivered from the central office through the telephone cable, i.e., it is not necessary to couple the telephone to an independent external power source.
- power is typically delivered to DTE devices from Ethernet switches or power sourcing equipment (PSE) via the local area network (LAN) cabling itself.
- PSE power sourcing equipment
- LAN local area network
- IP Internet Protocol
- Embodiments of the present invention overcome the above-mentioned and various other shortcomings of conventional technology, providing a system and method of determining an unbalanced current condition in Power over Ethernet applications.
- a user or network administrator may be notified of potential impairments due to unbalanced current.
- a method of determining an impairment in a Power over Ethernet application may generally comprise monitoring operation of an echo canceller associated with a PHY device, determining when an echo energy reflected back to the device is above a threshold, and triggering an alert responsive to the determination.
- Either a power sourcing equipment device or a data terminal equipment device may be configured to perform the forgoing method.
- a device for use in a Power over Ethernet application may generally comprise: a transmitter; a receiver; an echo canceller to remove echo energy from a signal received at the receiver; and a tap monitor to monitor operation of the echo canceller; wherein output from the tap monitor may be employed to trigger an alert responsive to a determination that the echo energy is above a threshold.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of one embodiment of a Power over Ethernet architecture.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are simplified graphs plotting tap adaptations in an echo canceller.
- FIG. 3 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating general operation of one embodiment of a method of determining signal impairment due to an unbalanced current condition.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of one embodiment of a Power over Ethernet architecture.
- PoE architecture 100 generally comprises a PSE device 110 coupled to a DTE device 120 via a network cable 190 .
- the PHY layer connection between PSE device 110 or DTE device 120 and the line-side i.e., the LAN cable, such as a Cat5 or Cat3 cable
- DSP digital signal processing
- the line-side i.e., the LAN cable, such as a Cat5 or Cat3 cable
- DSP digital signal processing
- hardware register settings may be accessed, for example, to determine that the transformer is saturated; additionally, certain hardware registers may be set or software interrupts may be generated to indicate this condition.
- higher level software may alert a system user or network administrator that corrective action may be appropriate or required. Such corrective action may include ensuring that contacts are clean, changing the LAN cable, or reducing current levels.
- PSE device 110 generally comprises PHY devices (i.e., PHY transmitters 111 A and 111 B and PHY receivers 112 A and 112 B), an echo canceller 113 , and a power source 119 .
- PHY transmitters 111 A and 111 B and PHY receivers 112 A and 112 B may be any PoE compliant PHY layer capable of full-duplex operation and suitable for use in connection with relevant standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.3ab, 802.3af, and 802.3at, as well as other standards developed and operative in accordance with known principles.
- the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to any particular PHY layer structure or architectural implementation.
- PHY transmitters 111 A and 111 B may be generally operative to transmit data signals to DTE device 120 via cable 190 .
- PHY transmitter 111 A may be coupled to a twisted pair of wires 191 and 192 associated with cable 190 via a transformer 114 A; similarly, PHY transmitter 111 B may be coupled to a twisted pair of wires 193 and 194 associated with cable 190 via a transformer 114 B.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the number of wires
- PHY receiver 112 A may be operative to receive data signals from DTE device 120 over twisted pair of wires 191 and 192 associated with cable 190 via transformer 114 A
- PHY receiver 112 B may be operative to receive data signals from DTE device 120 over twisted pair of wires 193 and 194 associated with cable 190 via a transformer 114 B.
- Output of power source 119 may be electrically coupled to the line-side of transformers 114 A and 114 B as illustrated.
- power source 119 may be operative to supply 48 volts of electric potential in accordance with the IEEE 802.3af standard, but other voltages may be desirable in some circumstances. Accordingly, it is contemplated that power source 119 may be implemented to produce electric potentials less than or greater than a nominal 48 volts, depending upon the overall operational characteristics or requirements of the system or communications protocol in connection with which PSE device 110 is intended to be used.
- DTE device 120 generally comprises PHY transmitters 121 A and 121 B, PHY receivers 122 A and 122 B, and a load 128 .
- PHY transmitters 121 A and 121 B and PHY receivers 122 A and 122 B associated with DTE device 120 may be implemented as or generally comprise any PHY layer compatible with (or otherwise suitable for use in connection with) a desired communications standard.
- PHY receiver 122 A and PHY transmitter 121 A may be coupled to twisted pair 191 , 192 via a transformer 124 A
- PHY transmitter 121 B and PHY receiver 122 B may be coupled to twisted pair 193 , 194 via a transformer 124 B.
- Load 128 may be electrically coupled to the line-side of transformers 124 A and 124 B as illustrated.
- the depiction of load 128 in FIG. 1 is intended to represent any generic electrical load requiring power to operate DTE device 120 for its intended purpose.
- Load 128 may generally represent any electrical or electronic component such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a microprocessor, for example.
- ASIC application specific integrated circuit
- DTE device 120 is illustrated as comprising a central processing unit 129 , but the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to any particular electrical component or structural arrangement at DTE device 120 .
- DTE device 120 may comprise a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone, a wireless (e.g., wireless LAN or Bluetooth) router or access point, a security camera or building access control system, a web camera, or some other electronic device requiring operating power.
- VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
- DTE device 120 may have different components (such as microprocessors, memories, displays, or a combination of these and other components) requiring power, and these components and component combinations are generically illustrated in FIG. 1 as load 128 .
- DTE device 120 may comprise additional components, such as DC/DC converters, transformers, or voltage regulators, for instance, as necessary or desired to control or otherwise to regulate the operating voltage supplied to load 128 . These additional components may be selected, for example, depending upon the nature and operational characteristics of load 128 and the overall design parameters of DTE device 120 .
- network cable 190 may generally comprise twisted pair 191 , 192 and twisted pair 193 , 194 that are operative to carry data signals and operating power from PHY transmitter 111 A associated with PSE device 110 to PHY receiver 122 A associated with DTE device 120 ; similarly, additional twisted pair 193 , 194 may be coupled between PHY transmitter 111 B associated with DTE device 120 and PHY receiver 122 B associated with PSE device 110 .
- FIG. 1 embodiment represents only one example of a typical PoE architecture.
- a conventional Cat5 network cable generally comprises four twisted pairs, only two of which are employed for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet communications.
- two spare pairs of wires may be used to supply power in PoE applications; this is in contrast to the FIG. 1 embodiment in which the signal pairs ( 191 , 192 and 193 , 194 , respectively) are used to deliver power.
- the signal pairs 191 , 192 and 193 , 194 , respectively
- voltage supplied from power source 119 to transformer 114 A induces currents i 1 and i 2 in wires 191 and 192 , respectively.
- currents i 1 and i 2 are matched or balanced, i.e., of equal magnitude, however, this condition is not always satisfied.
- respective resistances R 1 and R 2 in wires 191 and 192 , respectively may differ for various reasons, causing a mismatch or unbalanced current condition in which i 1 is not equal to i 2 .
- the various PHY layers at PSE device 110 and DTE device 120 are coupled to cable 190 via an RJ-45 connector, for example, in Ethernet implementations; an imperfect connection caused by pin misalignment or soiled contacts may create a small resistance, resulting in mismatched currents.
- the line-side coil on transformer 114 A carries a residual current equal to i 1 ⁇ i 2 (as illustrated in FIG. 1 ), which tends to induce a magnetic field between the coils of transformer 114 A.
- transformer 114 A may become saturated, significantly degrading the quality of the data signal transmitted on the signal pair 191 , 192 , increasing bit error rates and instances of packet loss; additionally, link stability may be jeopardized, possibly resulting in link loss in some circumstances.
- a desired magnitude for currents i 1 and i 2 is about 350 mA or greater, even a small percentage difference in R 1 and R 2 may result in a difference between i 1 and i 2 on the order of about 100 mA.
- the resulting residual current may significantly reduce the inductance of the magnetic coil on the line-side of transformer 114 A.
- the reduced inductance produces a high-pass filter effect on the data signal to be transmitted via twisted pair 191 , 192 through transformer 114 A.
- a significant portion (generally at lower frequencies) of the signal sought to be transmitted by PSE device 110 is reflected back as echo, creating poor signal to noise characteristics, particularly in full-duplex communications mode.
- Echo canceller 113 may be employed to reduce some of the effects of an induced magnetic field at transformer 114 A.
- echo canceller 113 may generally be operative to identify and remove (from a received data signal) data signals that were transmitted from PHY transmitter 111 A (echoes) such that what is received at PHY receiver 112 A is only that signal transmitted by DTE device 120 .
- Echo canceller 113 may employ adaptive echo cancelling techniques, for instance, based upon knowledge of the data signal transmitted by PHY transmitter 111 A. When magnetic saturation reflects transmitted energy due to reduced inductance at transformer 114 A, echo canceller 113 may remove such reflected energy using any of various echo cancelling strategies.
- echo canceller 113 may also be implemented in a similar manner to remove energy transmitted by PHY transmitter 111 B that is reflected when transformer 114 B is saturated or otherwise suffers from reduced inductance.
- PSE device 110 may include multiple echo cancelling hardware devices or functional blocks.
- DTE device 120 may employ one or more echo cancellers (not shown in FIG. 1 for clarity) and tap monitors (described below) in a similar manner as that set forth with reference to PSE device 110 .
- a static strategy of echo cancellation may simply subtract a portion of the transmitted data signal from a received data signal; the net result of such subtraction should be a “net” received signal, i.e., the signal transmitted from DTE device 120 with any contributions of the signal transmitted by PSE device 110 removed.
- a more sophisticated hybrid strategy may be employed in accordance with which dedicated circuitry may cooperate with the digital signal processing (DSP) operations of echo canceller 113 to eliminate, from a received signal, any echo associated with a transmitted signal.
- DSP digital signal processing
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are simplified graphs plotting tap adaptations in an echo canceller.
- the curves plot echo energy on a channel as a function of time.
- echo canceller 113 may generally employ a plurality of taps, or delays. A respective copy of the received signal, delayed by a predetermined time increment, may be processed at each respective one of the plurality of taps. Scaled or weighted signals at each tap may be subtracted from the received signal, removing echo energy.
- the small area 201 of the curve represents echo energy that is effectively handled by echo canceller 113 .
- the plot in FIG. 2B illustrates an unbalanced current condition in which transformer 114 A produces a high-pass filter effect with respect to twisted pair 191 , 192 .
- the large area 299 of the curve represents echo energy that taxes the capabilities of echo canceller 113 .
- the signature large area 299 beneath the abscissa in FIG. 2B indicates that an induced magnetic field has saturated, or is threatening to saturate, transformer 114 A.
- a system and method of determining PoE impairment may leverage this signature large area 299 by monitoring the adaptation of taps in echo canceller 113 .
- the area beneath the abscissa may be integrated; computations resulting in areas above a certain threshold may be interpreted as indicating a saturation condition, whereas computations resulting in areas below certain threshold (which may be different) may be interpreted as an indication of operation within normal parameters.
- a tap monitor 115 may be implemented in cooperation with echo canceller 113 to monitor the operation of echo canceller 113 .
- tap monitor 115 may monitor the tap adaptations as set forth above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B .
- Tap monitor 115 may be implemented as hardware (such as embodied in an ASIC, for instance) or as software instruction sets. In an embodiment in which tap monitor 115 is integrated with echo canceller 113 , for example, it may be desirable that tap monitor 115 is a hardware implementation. Alternatively, tap monitor 115 may be incorporated into or used in conjunction with a multi-purpose microprocessor or microcontroller.
- tap monitor 115 may be apprised of the ongoing operation of echo canceller 113 and may examine the function of tap adaptations to identify areas representative of echo energy above a particular threshold.
- This threshold may be devised from empirical data, for instance, or may be predetermined based upon theoretical or expected values; additionally or alternatively, it may be desirable to implement the threshold as a selectively or dynamically adjustable threshold.
- a user or network administrator may be enabled to alter the threshold in accordance with desirable or experienced operational characteristics of the network.
- tap monitor 115 may receive additional input from another component of PSE 110 , for instance from a transceiver pair ( 111 A/ 112 A or 111 B/ 112 B), a microprocessor or other controller, or software 116 (described below); accordingly, tap monitor 115 may also be apprised of bit error rates, packet loss, or other relevant communications parameters such that the threshold may be adjusted in real time based upon current operating conditions.
- output from tap monitor 115 either in isolation or in conjunction with other processing steps, may be employed to trigger an alert as set forth below.
- tap monitor 115 may trigger a warning event.
- tap monitor 115 may set hardware registers at PSE device 110 (or cause such registers to be set); additionally or alternatively, tap monitor 115 may generate, or cause to be generated, one or more software interrupts. These register settings or interrupts (or some other equivalent trigger mechanism) may generally be indicative of a magnetic saturation condition at transformer 114 A, and may be received or retrieved by higher-level software 116 for additional operations.
- Software 116 may alert a user or network administrator of the condition, for example, and may additionally recommend corrective action to rectify the unbalanced current at the source of the condition.
- such corrective action may include ensuring that RJ-45 contacts are clean, changing the LAN cable, or reducing current levels.
- the foregoing components and functionality may be implemented at DTE device 120 in a manner similar to that described with reference to PSE device 110 .
- FIG. 3 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating general operation of one embodiment of a method of determining signal impairment due to an unbalanced current condition.
- the sequence of operations depicted in FIG. 3 may be performed by a PSE device 110 or a DTE device 120 as described above with reference to FIG. 1 , for example, or by another suitably configured PoE compatible device.
- an embodiment of a method of determining signal impairment may begin with a PSE transmitting a data signal and DC power.
- This transmission generally involves coupling a PHY layer to a network cable using appropriate hardware connectors; in one embodiment described above, the transmitting comprises coupling a PSE to a Cat5 cable using an RJ-45 connector.
- Echo cancellation may be performed as indicated at block 302 .
- Typical PSE devices employ various types of echo cancellation to improve signal to noise ratios.
- a method may monitor operation of an echo canceller associated with the PSE device (block 303 ) to identify a signature representative of magnetic saturation (block 304 ) at a transformer at the connection between the PHY layer and the line-side of the network cable. As described above with reference to FIGS. 1 , 2 A, and 2 B, this monitoring may comprise monitoring the tap adaptations of the echo canceller in some embodiments.
- DSP algorithms at a tap monitor, the echo canceller, or both may be employed to integrate echo energy over time to identify conditions that are characteristic of magnetic saturation. In the foregoing manner, the method may determine when echo energy reflected back to the PSE is above a predetermined or dynamically variable threshold.
- the method may trigger an alert (block 305 ).
- This alert may be operative to inform a user or network administrator that an unbalanced current condition may be causing magnetic saturation that may adversely affect communications signaling.
- hardware register settings or software interrupts may be employed to enable software or other instruction sets to generate the alert; as an alternative, an alert may be solely hardware-based, in which case one or more bits in a hardware register may be set as an indication of a fault condition, and the alert may be triggered by this alone. Responsive to the alert being triggered, an output may be provided.
- the alert may include an audible alarm, for example, or a visual display.
- a recommendation may be supplied along with the alert; for example, the method may recommend, among other things, that contacts be cleaned, that the network cable be replaced, or that current be reduced.
- the trigger operation at block 305 may be responsive to the identification and determination operation at block 304 .
- optional additional factors may be considered as indicated at decision block 311 .
- a determination may be made at block 311 whether additional factors may affect the trigger operation. If no additional factors are involved, flow goes directly to block 305 and the alert is generated. If additional factors are involved, flow goes to decision block 321 , where a determination may be made regarding whether certain criteria are satisfied. For example, minimum or maximum bit error rates or packet loss parameters may be examined, and a decision to generate an alert at block 305 may be influenced not only by reflected energy, but also from these or other real time conditions of network communications.
- a maximum bit error rate threshold has been set, and a determination is made that the threshold has been exceeded, then that criterion has been satisfied; flow would proceed from decision block 321 to trigger operation at block 305 . If, however, the bit error rate threshold has not been exceeded, then flow may loop back to block 303 . Any of various additional factors or communications parameters may be considered at blocks 311 and 321 , and these may be application-specific or otherwise influenced by the system in which the PSE is deployed.
- FIG. 3 does not necessarily imply a particular order or sequence of events, nor is it intended to exclude other possibilities.
- the operations depicted at 303 and 304 or at 304 and 305 may occur substantially simultaneously with each other; similarly, the determinations made at decision blocks 311 and 321 may be incorporated in a single operation, or may be eliminated in some instances.
Abstract
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