USRE39010E1 - Lightweight acoustical system - Google Patents

Lightweight acoustical system Download PDF

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Publication number
USRE39010E1
USRE39010E1 US10/171,181 US17118102A USRE39010E US RE39010 E1 USRE39010 E1 US RE39010E1 US 17118102 A US17118102 A US 17118102A US RE39010 E USRE39010 E US RE39010E
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
underlayment
per square
grams per
square meter
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Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US10/171,181
Inventor
Laura E. Gish
Liangyu Huang
Gordon Ebbitt
Barry Wyerman
David Boyles
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International Automotive Components Group North America Inc
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Lear Corp
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Priority to US10/171,181 priority Critical patent/USRE39010E1/en
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Assigned to JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT reassignment JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: LEAR CORPORATION
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. reassignment INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEAR CORPORATION
Assigned to GENERAL ELECTRIC CAPITAL CORPORATION, AS AGENT reassignment GENERAL ELECTRIC CAPITAL CORPORATION, AS AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC.
Assigned to THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION
Assigned to LEAR CORPORATION reassignment LEAR CORPORATION RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. reassignment INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. reassignment INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS GROUP NORTH AMERICA, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GENERAL ELECTRIC CAPITAL CORPORATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Assigned to LEAR CORPORATION reassignment LEAR CORPORATION RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS AGENT
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
    • B60R13/08—Insulating elements, e.g. for sound insulation
    • B60R13/0815—Acoustic or thermal insulation of passenger compartments
    • B60R13/083—Acoustic or thermal insulation of passenger compartments for fire walls or floors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
    • B60R13/08—Insulating elements, e.g. for sound insulation
    • B60R13/0892—Insulating elements, e.g. for sound insulation for humidity insulation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
    • G10K11/168—Plural layers of different materials, e.g. sandwiches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
    • B32B2307/7265—Non-permeable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2323/00—Polyalkenes
    • B32B2323/04—Polyethylene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2471/00—Floor coverings
    • B32B2471/02—Carpets

Definitions

  • This invention relates to acoustical systems.
  • This invention provides an improved acoustical system comprising a water-impermeable layer and an underlayment.
  • the underlayment is adjacent to the impermeable layer, and includes a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer.
  • the first fibrous layer has a density less than the density of the second fibrous layer, and the underlayment has an airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved acoustical system which functions sufficiently over a broad frequency range. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved acoustical barrier which is not susceptible to water intrusion.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an acoustical system according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system 10 for inhibiting noise in a motor vehicle.
  • the system 10 comprises a water-impermeable, relatively lightweight layer 12 and an underlayment 14 .
  • the underlayment 14 is situated next to the impermeable layer 12 , and includes a first or lofty fibrous layer 16 and a second or compressed fibrous layer 18 .
  • both of the layers 16 and 18 contain recycled, non-woven fibers which have been fluffed and combed to create a non-directional matrix or batt.
  • Both layers 16 and 18 preferably have a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
  • a semi-permeable layer 20 comprising a fusible plastic film or cellulose filter scrim with a heat-settable adhesive, is preferably positioned between the layers 16 and 18 to provide additional airflow resistance and to help bond the layers together.
  • the material preferably has a surface density in the range of about 44 grams per square meter.
  • a decorative layer 22 such as carpet or a face fabric may also be provided adjacent to the impermeable layer 12 .
  • approximately equal thicknesses of the layers 16 and 18 are first preferably heat set through an oven. One of the layers 16 or 18 is then bonded to the semi-permeable layer 20 , and the combination bonded to the other layer 18 or 16 . The resulting laminate is heated for about 30-40 seconds at about 400 to 450 degrees F, and then put into a cooled mold. When the mold is closed, the layers 16 and 18 are differentially compressed.
  • the facing 22 which is first coated with the impermeable layer 12 of a 200-500 grams per square meter polyethylene to a thickness less than 1 mm, and more preferably about 0.1 mm, is then bonded to the underlayment 14 by heating the impermeable layer to near its melting point, and then transferring it to a cool mold into which the underlayment has been placed.
  • the underlayment 14 preferably has a total thickness of 10-25 millimeters (mm), with the second or compressed layer 18 accounting for about 3 mm of that thickness and a resultingly higher as-molded density than the first or lofty layer 16 .
  • the underlayment has a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls, and preferably between about 2500 and 4500 mks Rayls.
  • the system 10 can be placed on the sheet metal 24 of the motor vehicle so that the lofty layer 16 is next to the metal and the compressed layer 18 is next to the impermeable layer 12 .
  • the invention is an improvement over the prior art. It modifies the construction for improved performance over a broad frequency range and eliminates the physical deficiencies.
  • the sound transmission loss of this system is significantly improved over a typical heavy barrier system in the mid-range frequencies of about 200 to 1000 Hz, and is roughly equivalent to a heavy barrier system at high frequencies as well. These results were not expected based on experience with previous lightweight systems. Other lightweight systems all demonstrate a significant reduction in transmission loss at higher frequencies.
  • the system 10 is preferably formed entirely from thermoplastics so as to be totally recyclable.
  • This invention is particularly applicable to floor systems for motor vehicles, but may have other vehicle or architectural noise attenuation applications. In some of those applications, such as dash insulators for motor vehicles, a carpet is not necessary.
  • the design of the impermeable layer allows the acoustical properties of the construction to be tailored for transmission loss and/or sound absorption over specific frequency regions.

Abstract

An improved acoustical system for inhibiting noise in a motor vehicle. The system comprises an impermeable layer and an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer. The underlayment includes a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer. The underlayment has an airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to acoustical systems.
BACKGROUND ART
The use of a permeable facing fabric or film on an acoustical absorber to improve its low frequency response has been shown in the literature and in numerous commercial applications, primarily in the building and construction field. Recently this concept has been applied to motor vehicle interior acoustical products. While these arrangements may demonstrate improved sound transmission loss in the mid-frequency range as compared to a double-walled system, they also typically exhibit decreased sound transmission loss at higher frequencies. Furthermore, a porous surface may cause several practical problems. When used on the floor of a motor vehicle, an acoustical absorber having a water-permeable facing is susceptible to water intrusion which may cause formation of mildew and odor in the underpad, as well as rust the floor pan in some cases.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
This invention provides an improved acoustical system comprising a water-impermeable layer and an underlayment. The underlayment is adjacent to the impermeable layer, and includes a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer. The first fibrous layer has a density less than the density of the second fibrous layer, and the underlayment has an airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved acoustical system which functions sufficiently over a broad frequency range. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved acoustical barrier which is not susceptible to water intrusion.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an acoustical system according to the present invention.
 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
With reference to the drawing, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described. FIG. 1 shows a system 10 for inhibiting noise in a motor vehicle. The system 10 comprises a water-impermeable, relatively lightweight layer 12 and an underlayment 14.
The underlayment 14 is situated next to the impermeable layer 12, and includes a first or lofty fibrous layer 16 and a second or compressed fibrous layer 18. In a preferred embodiment, both of the layers 16 and 18 contain recycled, non-woven fibers which have been fluffed and combed to create a non-directional matrix or batt. Both layers 16 and 18 preferably have a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
A semi-permeable layer 20, comprising a fusible plastic film or cellulose filter scrim with a heat-settable adhesive, is preferably positioned between the layers 16 and 18 to provide additional airflow resistance and to help bond the layers together. In the case of a scrim, the material preferably has a surface density in the range of about 44 grams per square meter. A decorative layer 22 such as carpet or a face fabric may also be provided adjacent to the impermeable layer 12.
To make the acoustical system 10, approximately equal thicknesses of the layers 16 and 18 are first preferably heat set through an oven. One of the layers 16 or 18 is then bonded to the semi-permeable layer 20, and the combination bonded to the other layer 18 or 16. The resulting laminate is heated for about 30-40 seconds at about 400 to 450 degrees F, and then put into a cooled mold. When the mold is closed, the layers 16 and 18 are differentially compressed. The facing 22, which is first coated with the impermeable layer 12 of a 200-500 grams per square meter polyethylene to a thickness less than 1 mm, and more preferably about 0.1 mm, is then bonded to the underlayment 14 by heating the impermeable layer to near its melting point, and then transferring it to a cool mold into which the underlayment has been placed.
In the final product, the underlayment 14 preferably has a total thickness of 10-25 millimeters (mm), with the second or compressed layer 18 accounting for about 3 mm of that thickness and a resultingly higher as-molded density than the first or lofty layer 16. In this configuration, the underlayment has a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls, and preferably between about 2500 and 4500 mks Rayls. The system 10 can be placed on the sheet metal 24 of the motor vehicle so that the lofty layer 16 is next to the metal and the compressed layer 18 is next to the impermeable layer 12.
The invention is an improvement over the prior art. It modifies the construction for improved performance over a broad frequency range and eliminates the physical deficiencies. The sound transmission loss of this system is significantly improved over a typical heavy barrier system in the mid-range frequencies of about 200 to 1000 Hz, and is roughly equivalent to a heavy barrier system at high frequencies as well. These results were not expected based on experience with previous lightweight systems. Other lightweight systems all demonstrate a significant reduction in transmission loss at higher frequencies. Furthermore, the system 10 is preferably formed entirely from thermoplastics so as to be totally recyclable.
This invention is particularly applicable to floor systems for motor vehicles, but may have other vehicle or architectural noise attenuation applications. In some of those applications, such as dash insulators for motor vehicles, a carpet is not necessary. The design of the impermeable layer allows the acoustical properties of the construction to be tailored for transmission loss and/or sound absorption over specific frequency regions.
While the embodiments of the invention shown and described above constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, they are not intended to illustrate all possible forms thereof. It should also be understood that the words used are words of description rather than limitation, and various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention disclosed.

Claims (32)

1. An acoustical system comprising:
a water-impermeable layer;
an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer, the underlayment including a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer, the first fibrous layer having a density less than a density of the second fibrous layer;
the underlayment having a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls; and
a semi-permeable layer disposed between the first and second fibrous layers.
2. The acoustical system of claim 1 wherein the semi-permeable layer comprises a film.
3. The acoustical system of claim 1 wherein the first fibrous layer has a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
4. The acoustical system of claim 1 wherein the second fibrous layer has a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
5. The acoustical system of claim 1 wherein the second fibrous layer is adjacent to the impermeable layer.
6. The acoustical system of claim 1 wherein the second fibrous layer is a composite.
7. The acoustical system of claim 1 wherein the underlayment is situated between the impermeable layer and a noise source.
8. The acoustical system of claim 1 further comprising a decorative layer situated adjacent to the impermeable layer.
9. A carpet with noise-inhibiting characteristics for use in a motor vehicle, the carpet comprising:
a water-impermeable layer; and
an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer, the underlayment including a first fibrous layer and a second fibrous layer, the first fibrous layer having a density less than a density of the second fibrous layer;
the underlayment having a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls;
wherein the first and second fibrous layers have a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
10. The carpet of claim 9 further comprising a semi-permeable layer disposed between the first and second fibrous layers.
11. The carpet of claim 10 wherein the semi-permeable layer comprises a film.
12. The carpet of claim 9 wherein the second fibrous layer is adjacent to the impermeable layer.
13. The carpet of claim 9 wherein the second fibrous layer is a composite.
14. The carpet of claim 9 wherein the underlayment is situated between the impermeable layer and a noise source.
15. The carpet of claim 9 wherein the first layer is situated between the second layer and a noise source.
16. A system for inhibiting noise in a motor vehicle, the system comprising:
an impermeable layer; and
an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer, the underlayment including a first fibrous layer, a second fibrous layer, and a semi-permeable layer, the first layer having a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grains grams per square meter, and the second layer having a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter;
the underlayment having a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.
17. An acoustical system comprising:
a water-impermeable layer;
an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer, the underlayment including a first layer and a second layer, the first layer having a density less than a density of the second layer, and a semi-permeable layer disposed between the first and second layers; and
the underlayment having a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.
18. The acoustical system of claim 17 wherein the semi-permeable layer comprises a film.
19. The acoustical system of claim 17 wherein the first layer has a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
20. The acoustical system of claim 17 wherein the second layer has a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
21. The acoustical system of claim 17 wherein the second layer is adjacent to the impermeable layer.
22. The acoustical system of claim 17 wherein the second layer is a composite.
23. The acoustical system of claim 17 wherein the underlayment is situated between the impermeable layer and a noise source.
24. The acoustical system of claim 17 further comprising a decorative layer situated adjacent to the impermeable layer.
25. A carpet with noise-inhibiting characteristics for use in a motor vehicle, the carpet comprising:
a water-impermeable layer; and
an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer, the underlayment including a first layer and a second layer, the first layer having a density less than a density of the second layer;
the underlayment having a specific air flow resistance between about 2000 and 5000 mks Rayls;
wherein the first and second layers have a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter.
26. The carpet of claim 25 further comprising a semi-permeable layer disposed between the first and second layers.
27. The carpet of claim 26 wherein the semi-permeable layer comprises a film.
28. The carpet of claim 25 wherein the second layer is adjacent to the impermeable layer.
29. The carpet of claim 25 wherein the second layer is a composite.
30. The carpet of claim 25 wherein the underlayment is situated between the impermeable layer and a noise source.
31. The carpet of claim 25 wherein the first layer is situated between the second layer and a noise source.
32. A system for inhibiting noise in a motor vehicle, the system comprising:
an impermeable layer; and
an underlayment adjacent to the impermeable layer, the underlayment including a first layer, a second layer, and a semi-permeable layer, the first layer having a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter, and the second layer having a surface density between about 500 grams per square meter and about 1400 grams per square meter;
the underlayment having a specific airflow resistance between about 2000 and about 5000 mks Rayls.
US10/171,181 2000-06-02 2002-06-13 Lightweight acoustical system Expired - Fee Related USRE39010E1 (en)

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US20070122608A1 (en) * 2003-09-26 2007-05-31 L&P Property Management Company Anti-microbial carpet underlay and method of making
US20080017445A1 (en) * 2006-07-21 2008-01-24 Lear Corporation Lightweight dash insulator construction
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US20100095846A1 (en) * 2006-01-18 2010-04-22 Buckeye Technologies Inc. Tacky allergen trap and filter medium, and method for containing allergens
US20100200327A1 (en) * 2007-07-25 2010-08-12 Faurecia Automotive Industrie Moulded soundproofing component, and manufacturing method thereof
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US7918313B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2011-04-05 Buckeye Technologies Inc. Nonwoven material for acoustic insulation, and process for manufacture
US8418806B1 (en) 2012-01-13 2013-04-16 Janesville Acoustics, a Unit of Jason Incorporated Sound attenuating device using an embedded layer for acoustical tuning
US20140262606A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and device

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DE10126306A1 (en) 2002-01-03
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