WO1981001515A1 - Administration of medical active substances - Google Patents
Administration of medical active substances Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1981001515A1 WO1981001515A1 PCT/SE1980/000315 SE8000315W WO8101515A1 WO 1981001515 A1 WO1981001515 A1 WO 1981001515A1 SE 8000315 W SE8000315 W SE 8000315W WO 8101515 A1 WO8101515 A1 WO 8101515A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- channel
- active substance
- substance
- medical active
- means according
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M31/00—Devices for introducing or retaining media, e.g. remedies, in cavities of the body
- A61M31/002—Devices for releasing a drug at a continuous and controlled rate for a prolonged period of time
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/42—Gynaecological or obstetrical instruments or methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F6/00—Contraceptive devices; Pessaries; Applicators therefor
- A61F6/20—Vas deferens occluders; Fallopian occluders
- A61F6/22—Vas deferens occluders; Fallopian occluders implantable in tubes
- A61F6/225—Vas deferens occluders; Fallopian occluders implantable in tubes transcervical
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0034—Urogenital system, e.g. vagina, uterus, cervix, penis, scrotum, urethra, bladder; Personal lubricants
- A61K9/0039—Devices retained in the uterus for a prolonged period, e.g. intrauterine devices for contraception
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/20—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing organic materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L15/44—Medicaments
Definitions
- the present invention relates to means for administrating of medical active substances locally to certain parts of the body in human beings or animals .
- the mentioned problem of the invention is solved by using a body of hydrogel as a carrier for the medical active substance, which swells when absorbing body fluid.
- a body of hydrogel as a carrier for the medical active substance, which swells when absorbing body fluid.
- a suitable dimensioning and swelling factor of the body it can fill the body channel and remain in the same by means of a pressure against its walls .
- the active substance which is absorbed in the body can be made to act upon the walls of the channel during a longer period of time without any risk that the carrying member will be displaced or rinsed away .
- two special cases are suggested, whereby also specific medical substances are stated, which can establish a favourable medical effect at the application in question .
- Fig. 1 show s the device in applied condition in a first embodiment
- Figs . 2-4 show in longitudinal sections three different embodiments of the device, intended for the first applied condition
- Fig. 5 shows the device in applied condition in a second embodiment
- Figs . 6, 7 show a longitudinal and cross section of an embodiment of the device intended for the second applied condition .
- the means according to the invention is in the form of a material, which, when it is brought into contact with a body fluid, swells up volumetrically by at least 20% measured as linear expansion.
- the body is substantially inert to the body fluids, and surrounding tissues apart from its swelling property .
- the swelling of the body in contact with a body fluid is preferably at least 40 % by way of ex ample at least 80%.
- the swelling can vary between 20 - 300 % linear measurement.
- the body is intended to be inserted into body channels in human beings and animals according to the examples in the cervix channel and in the oviduct.
- the material in the body is hydrophilic, it can be made to absorb water soluble or emulsifiable substances , and the idea of the invention is to arrange the body so that its hydrophilic material contains active substances .
- the body is well suited to be introduced into and remain in body cavities on account of its swelling property , whereby the body . due to suitable dimensioning in size and swelling capacity can be brought to establish a good contact with the walls of the body cavity, it is also well adapted in such connections to serve as carrier of body active substances, which can suitabty be administered locally by letting the substance in question during a certain period of time remain in contact with the body tissue .
- the body tissue is in this case thus the walls of the cavity, i. e. a mucous membrane .
- an abortion by means of introducing a body with the mentioned properties through the cervix channel and into the uterus .
- the active substance can be prostaglandines , or analogous substances w-hich, after having acted for a certain time, produce an abortive effect.
- the body Before the connective tissue has been formed and occluded the oviduct, the body, which is anchored by its swelling and thereby occludes the oviduct, serves as a hindrance for the ovum to pass whereby a temporary preventive effect occurs .
- the means according to the invention is moreover advantageous according to the pharmaceutical treatement because, of the fact that the swelled-up body, in its resilient condition provides a very good contact with the surrounding body tissues , whereby a very good and well adjustable transmission of the active substance can take place.
- the soft body is moreover compatible with body tissues and can remain for a long period of time without producing any irritation. It can be adapted whithin wide limits to a desired duration of its giving off the active substances as well as to the size of the dose. Besides , as mentioned previsously, expanding and occlusion respectively is obtained.
- the geometrical shape of the body, which is introduced into the cervix is not so critical, and the body for example can be of substantially cylindrical, spherical, egg-shaped or of hour-glass form . Its cross-section and design in other respects shall after the swelling-up has taken place be adapted to the intended cross-section and shape of the channel- shaped cavity.
- the cross-section of the not-swollen body is so adapted to the cross-section of the channel that the body can be introduced into the cavity with play or under a slight widening of its walls so that the introducing can be made with the least possible difficulty.
- a thread is suitably attached to the body in order to facilitate its extraction without any operative measure. This thread can be of radiopaque material, so that a control of the position of the body can be made .
- the body itself can alternatively be of radiopaque material.
- the material of the body swells up in contact with the body fluid by at least 40 %, suitably at least 80 %, and it can even swell as much as 300 % or more.
- the material shall otherwise essentially be inert to the body fluid and neither be harmful to the body tissues nor be absorbed by them.
- Hydrogels are a suitable group of material. These materials swell up by absorption of water out of the body fluid.
- Polymers and copolymers of the acrylic type are suitable hydrogels , as for example cross-linked polyacrylamide and polymers and copolymers of esters of metacrylic acid with at least one hydroxy-group in the lateral chain .
- 2-hydroxy-ethyl-metacrylate is a suitable monomer, in which the ester-group can be derived from diethyleneglyco! or triethyleneglycol. 2,3-dihydroxypropylmetacrylate is for example also useful.
- Polyfunctional acrylates as diesters or corresponding glycols by way of example ethylene-glycol-bis-metacrylate are useful as cross-linking agents .
- a copolymer of a hydr ⁇ philic monomer and a hydrophobic monomer is another example of material suitable for the body according to the invention .
- the water absorbing property and by that the- swelling-up can be varied within wide limits by means of a variation of the proportions between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic monomer of this material.
- Monomers within the group comprising N-viny l-pyrrolidones and vinyl-pyridines can be mentioned as examples of the hydrophilic component, and monomers of the group comprising metacrylates and methylmetacrylate ⁇ can be mentioned as examples of the hy drophobic component.
- a polymerisation does suitably take place by subjecting the starting material to electromagnetic radiation within the ultraviolet-gamma radiation range or by heating.
- a sterilization of the body is then also obtained, which is important in the present connection in order to avoid the risk of microbial organisms being brought into the body tissue. This is important, as the means is intended for use in internal body cavities susceptible to infections .
- the incorporation of the active substance into the material of the body can take place by said material after the polymerisation being placed in a sterile solution or possibly in an emulsion of the active substance or substances in water. The hydrophilic material of the body will then absorb the water solution or the emulsion respectively .
- the active substance remains in the material of the body, and it can subsequently be dissolved , when the body again is brought into contact with a fluid with abundant contents of water, thus , the body fluid after the body has been introduced.
- the body can be impregnated with the active substance to different depths by a control of the concentration of the fluid and the duration of the fluid absorption , which leads to different duration of the treatment, thus, the absorption by the body of the active substance, as well as the dosage. It is even possible to carry out the impregnation in several steps in order to obtain a gradually varying concentration and possibly varying kind of substance, whereby a treatment, which can be varied with respect to time, can be attained.
- the body should essentially be resilient and only to a very limited extent be plastic deformable. In non -swollen (non hydrated) condition it may be stiff and/or hard, but in connection with the swelling it should suitably get softer.
- the body may contain compounds that make it more radiopaque, by way of example salts of barium or bismuth or metallic powder (for example silver) .
- the body in its introduced position obtains a good anchoring in the body channel or the cavity, where it is introduced after the material of the body has absorbed body fluid and swelled up . However, this takes some time, and before the sw elled-up condition has been reached, the body exhibits a play relative to the surrounding walls of the tissue.
- the body is so adapted in dimension to the channel that it can easily be introduced in said cavity .
- the body may however be provided with at least one means of a material of adapted stiffness .
- This means exhibits outer portions , which at least in the non-swollen condition of the body project outside of the body and so far that they will arrive in contact with the w ⁇ alls surrounding the cavity, when the insertion of the body has taken place in the desired manner.
- these projection portions act as blocking means , which under spring action keep the body in its inserted place.
- These springing portions are suitably made with "ratchet" locking property, so that they springingly yield in the direction of insertion, but tend to expand in connection with a movement out of the channel.
- the projecting portions of the means serve the purpose of anchoring means only or substantially before the body has acquired its swollen condition . They can therefore be of such dimension that for the most part they will be inside the surface of the body, when the same has acquired its swollen condition and thereby is held well in place.
- a means 1 according to the invention and of a preferred embodiment intended for insertion into the cervix channel of a woman is shown in Figs. 1-4. It is formed as a body 2 of long extension made of the swelling material and exhibiting a thin end 3 and a mid-portion 7 and an outer bulb-shaped end 4.
- a thread 5 preferably made of polyamide fibre is incorporated into the body 2 and terminates inside the end 3 , but extends outside of the bod ⁇ ' at the end 4 with a free portion 6. It should be radiopaque.
- a draining duct 8 with openings 9 and 10 may extend through the body.
- a length of the body in the unswollen state of 70 mm apart of the free portion of the thread 6 and a greatest diameter of 4 mm at the end 4 and 12 mm at the midportion 7.
- FIG. 4 A variant of the means for insertion in the cervix channel and the uterus is shown in Fig. 4. If with respect to the means of the form illustrated in Fig. 3 it can be said that it is of mushroom-like shape, the means according to Fig. 4 exhibits a rather hour-glass shape, both its ends thus being expanded and the mid-portion made as a narrower waist.
- the means extends through the same and in the non-swollen condition of the same exhibits projecting portions 12.
- the mid-portion, from which the outer portions 12 depart, is located inside the mate- rial of the body 2 in its non-swollen condition and thus forms an anchoring device for the means 11.
- a body 31 according to the invention intended to be inserted in a woman's oviduct is shown in longitudinal section in Figs . 6 and 7. It consists of a prolonged cylindric (compare Fig. 7) body 32 of the mentioned swellable material with an inner rounded end 33 and an outer ball-shaped edge 34. In the body 32 is inserted a thread 35 which terminates inside the inner edge 33 but stretches out of the body close to the edge 34 with a free portion 36.
- the thread 35 is preferably of polyamide fibres, at least partly opaque for X-rays or the body can be provided with an opaque reinforced element. Even in this case the body has the function as a carrier of a medical active substance. It has as a purpose to initiate a forming of connective tissue in the oviduct so that the same will be occluded. For this a substance is required to initiate the bod y to form connective tissue. For this purpose certain cytotoxins are available. Among such cytotoxic sclerosic substances quinacrine-hydrocloride and ethanolformalin can be mentioned.
- the body can be provided with the mentioned anchoring means, shown in Fig. 4.
- the means 1 according to Fig. 3 inserted in the cervix of a woman is illustrated in Fig. 1.
- the womb cavity is indicated with 20 and the cervix or neck of the uterus with 24.
- the knob-shaped expanded portion 4 of the means is in the cavity of the uterus whereas the rest of the means extends through the cervix channel.
- the body absorbs water from the body fluid and swells up . It then fills up the cervix channel and expands the same.
- the latter ones By contact with the surrounding body tissues the latter ones absorb the active substance carried by the material of the body, in this case thus prostaglandines or analogous substances, which after some time of action produce an abortive effect. Fluid formed but not absorbed by the material of the body can escape through the drainage duct 8.
- the thread 5 extends out through the uterine entrance 21, whereby an indication is obtained that the means remains in place and a possibility is provided to pull out the body , when the treatment shall be discontinued.
- a means of similar kind as the means 1 can be used for treatment of inflammatory conditions in the uterus .
- the body shall in such a case be carrier of for example some kind of antibiotics .
- Fig. 5 In Fig. 5 is shown how the device 31 is inserted in the oviducts 37 of a woman. To the right is shown how immediately after the insertion, the body 31 still keeps its prolonged thin shape whereby it is easy to insert in the oviduct 37. To the left is shown how the body after having been in contact with the body tissues for a time has swollen by absorbing body fluids, whereby it completely occludes the channel and obtains a good anchoring to the same. The free portion 36 of the thread 35 extends downwards to the uterus 38 and makes it possible to remove the device in a simple way and also to control that the same remains in place.
- the body 31 After insertion the body 31 encloses the oviduct 37 so that a preventive effect arises, and an ovum cannot pass down through the same, nor can sperms pass upp through the same. After a period of time the previously described substance initiates a forming of connective tissue in the oviduct which finally occludes the same. After this has taken place the body 31 is not necessary. It can however remain as it has no damaging effect. If it should be discharged after that the connective tissue is formed, the fertility is not effected.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR8009059A BR8009059A (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1980-12-04 | ADMINISTRATION OF ACTIVE MEDICAL SUBSTANCE |
AU66427/81A AU6642781A (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1980-12-04 | Administration of medical active substances |
DK313281A DK313281A (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1981-07-14 | DEVICE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES |
FI820004A FI820004L (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1982-01-04 | ANORDINATION FOR THE MEDICAL ACTIVITY OF AN ACTIVE SUBSTANCE |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE7910018 | 1979-12-05 | ||
SE7910018A SE447446B (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1979-12-05 | DEVICE FOR SUPPLYING MEDICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES TO PROMOTE ABORTION |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1981001515A1 true WO1981001515A1 (en) | 1981-06-11 |
Family
ID=20339475
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE1980/000315 WO1981001515A1 (en) | 1979-12-05 | 1980-12-04 | Administration of medical active substances |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0046761A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS57500362A (en) |
BR (1) | BR8009059A (en) |
DK (1) | DK313281A (en) |
NO (1) | NO812642L (en) |
SE (2) | SE447446B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1981001515A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1983000011A1 (en) * | 1981-06-22 | 1983-01-06 | Brundin, Jan-Olof | Arrangement for sealing of body canals |
FR2522959A1 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1983-09-16 | Hamou Jacques | Tubular pessary for reversible pregnancy protection - has soft central tubular section with proximal and distal loop of fibrous material |
GB2120937A (en) * | 1982-05-10 | 1983-12-14 | Ahi Operations Ltd | Implant for sustained release of pharmaceutical agents |
FR2577797A1 (en) * | 1985-02-22 | 1986-08-29 | Benardin Henri | Female contraceptive device |
FR2582944A1 (en) * | 1985-06-11 | 1986-12-12 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Article made of polymer, in particular made of polyoxyethylene polyurethane, with anisotropic expansion, its method of manufacture and its use as a dilator of the neck of the uterus |
WO1994024944A1 (en) * | 1993-04-23 | 1994-11-10 | Bohdan Babinec | Method, device and apparatus for reversible contraceptive sterilization |
WO2002096302A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2002-12-05 | Microvention, Inc. | Method of manufacturing expansile filamentous embolization devices |
WO2007030002A1 (en) * | 2005-09-07 | 2007-03-15 | Gynaecologiq B.V. | Sealing stopper and assembly comprising such a sealing stopper |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3220960A (en) * | 1960-12-21 | 1965-11-30 | Wichterle Otto | Cross-linked hydrophilic polymers and articles made therefrom |
US3551556A (en) * | 1966-01-06 | 1970-12-29 | Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved | Carriers for biologically active substances |
US3674901A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1972-07-04 | Nat Patent Dev Corp | Surgical sutures |
US3695921A (en) * | 1970-09-09 | 1972-10-03 | Nat Patent Dev Corp | Method of coating a catheter |
-
1979
- 1979-12-05 SE SE7910018A patent/SE447446B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1980
- 1980-12-04 WO PCT/SE1980/000315 patent/WO1981001515A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-12-04 JP JP56500174A patent/JPS57500362A/ja active Pending
- 1980-12-04 EP EP81900021A patent/EP0046761A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-12-04 BR BR8009059A patent/BR8009059A/en unknown
-
1981
- 1981-07-14 DK DK313281A patent/DK313281A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1981-08-04 NO NO812642A patent/NO812642L/en unknown
-
1982
- 1982-01-04 SE SE8200004A patent/SE8200004L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3220960A (en) * | 1960-12-21 | 1965-11-30 | Wichterle Otto | Cross-linked hydrophilic polymers and articles made therefrom |
US3551556A (en) * | 1966-01-06 | 1970-12-29 | Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved | Carriers for biologically active substances |
US3674901A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1972-07-04 | Nat Patent Dev Corp | Surgical sutures |
US3695921A (en) * | 1970-09-09 | 1972-10-03 | Nat Patent Dev Corp | Method of coating a catheter |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1983000011A1 (en) * | 1981-06-22 | 1983-01-06 | Brundin, Jan-Olof | Arrangement for sealing of body canals |
FR2522959A1 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1983-09-16 | Hamou Jacques | Tubular pessary for reversible pregnancy protection - has soft central tubular section with proximal and distal loop of fibrous material |
EP0089035A2 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1983-09-21 | MED-Inventio AG | Tube pessary |
EP0089035A3 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1983-10-19 | Med-Inventio Ag | Tube pessary |
WO1984003619A1 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1984-09-27 | Med Inventio Ag | Tubal pessary |
GB2120937A (en) * | 1982-05-10 | 1983-12-14 | Ahi Operations Ltd | Implant for sustained release of pharmaceutical agents |
FR2577797A1 (en) * | 1985-02-22 | 1986-08-29 | Benardin Henri | Female contraceptive device |
FR2582944A1 (en) * | 1985-06-11 | 1986-12-12 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Article made of polymer, in particular made of polyoxyethylene polyurethane, with anisotropic expansion, its method of manufacture and its use as a dilator of the neck of the uterus |
WO1994024944A1 (en) * | 1993-04-23 | 1994-11-10 | Bohdan Babinec | Method, device and apparatus for reversible contraceptive sterilization |
US7014645B2 (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2006-03-21 | Microvention Inc. | Method of manufacturing expansile filamentous embolization devices |
US7491214B2 (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2009-02-17 | Microvention, Inc. | Filamentous embolization device with expansible elements |
US7842054B2 (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2010-11-30 | Microvention, Inc. | Method of manufacturing expansile filamentous embolization devices |
US8603128B2 (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2013-12-10 | Microvention, Inc. | Filamentous embolization device with expansible elements |
WO2002096302A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2002-12-05 | Microvention, Inc. | Method of manufacturing expansile filamentous embolization devices |
AU2002344223B2 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2006-07-06 | Microvention, Inc. | Method of manufacturing expansile filamentous embolization devices |
EP2319430A3 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2011-09-28 | Microvention, Inc. | Medical device and method of manufacture |
WO2007030002A1 (en) * | 2005-09-07 | 2007-03-15 | Gynaecologiq B.V. | Sealing stopper and assembly comprising such a sealing stopper |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
SE8200004L (en) | 1982-01-04 |
JPS57500362A (en) | 1982-03-04 |
NO812642L (en) | 1981-08-04 |
SE447446B (en) | 1986-11-17 |
DK313281A (en) | 1981-07-14 |
EP0046761A1 (en) | 1982-03-10 |
BR8009059A (en) | 1982-04-06 |
SE7910018L (en) | 1981-06-06 |
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