WO1986001303A1 - Method for impressing grating within fiber optics - Google Patents

Method for impressing grating within fiber optics Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1986001303A1
WO1986001303A1 PCT/US1985/001451 US8501451W WO8601303A1 WO 1986001303 A1 WO1986001303 A1 WO 1986001303A1 US 8501451 W US8501451 W US 8501451W WO 8601303 A1 WO8601303 A1 WO 8601303A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
core
grating
strain
gratings
impressing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1985/001451
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
William H. Glenn
Gerald Meltz
Elias Snitzer
Original Assignee
United Technologies Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by United Technologies Corporation filed Critical United Technologies Corporation
Priority to DE8585904033T priority Critical patent/DE3586052D1/en
Priority to DE198585904033T priority patent/DE191063T1/en
Publication of WO1986001303A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986001303A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
    • G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/022—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using mechanical stress, e.g. tuning by compression or elongation, special geometrical shapes such as "dog-bone" or taper
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/02204—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using thermal effects, e.g. heating or cooling of a temperature sensitive mounting body
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/124—Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S359/00—Optical: systems and elements
    • Y10S359/90—Methods

Definitions

  • This invention relates to impressing, establishing, printing or writing phase gratings in optical fibers or waveguides and the optical detection and measurement of strain distributions with multi-wavelength light provided to said phase gratings.
  • phase gratings are impressed along the core of an optical waveguide by the application of intense beams of ultraviolet light transverse to the axis of the core at selected angles of incidence and the complements thereto.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic drawing of the spatially resolving optical fiber strain gauge according to the invention addressed herein;
  • Figs. 2A through 2C are partial schematics. of selected sections of the optical waveguide including its cores, indicating grating patterns of varying spacing corresponding to selected regions A, B and C in a mechanical structure being monitored for strain;
  • Fig. 3 is a graph of the intensity spectrum of the reflected light produced by injecting broadband light into the core of the waveguide with shifts in the spectral lines indicating strain at specific stations;
  • Fig. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a • technique for " establishing a grating pattern of variable spacing at selected positions along the length of the optical waveguide.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the spatially resolving optical fiber strain gauge 13.
  • the gauge 13 includes an optical waveguide 15 or fiber operative to transmit a single or lowest order mode of injected light.
  • the core 19 of waveguide 15 is preferably a
  • Germanium-doped silica or glass filament The core
  • Figs. 2A through 2C shows the establishment of different wavelength gratings 16 corresponding to respective locations on core 19.
  • Each of selected gratings 16 is formed by transverse irradiation with a particular wavelength of light in the ultraviolet absorption band of the core material associated with a position in a structural component 22.
  • This procedure establishes a first order absorption process by which gratings 16 each characterized by a specific spacing and wavelength can be formed by illuminating core 19 from the side with two coplanar, coherent beams incident at selected and complementary angles thereto with respect to the axis of core 19.
  • the grating period is selected by varying the selected angles of incidence.
  • a permanent change, in the refractive index is induced in a predetermined region of core 19, in effect creating a phase grating effective for affecting light in core 19 at selected wavelengths.
  • the optical waveguide 15 and core 19 are attached or embedded in a section of structural component 22, in particular a plate for example.
  • Core 19 contains characteristic periodic refractive index perturbations or gratings 16 in regions A, B and C thereof.
  • a broadband light source 33 or tunable laser is focused through lens 33' onto the exposed end of core 19.
  • a beam splitter 34 serves to direct the return beam from core 19 toward a suitable readout or spectrometer 37 for analysis. Alternatively, a transmitted beam passing out of the end 19' of core 19 could be analyzed.
  • the spectrum of the reflected light intensities from strain gauge 13 is shown in Fig. 3.
  • a complementary tranmitted spectrum is also established passing out of the end 19' of core 19.
  • the spectrum contains three narrowband output lines centered at respective wavelengths: lambda,, lambda., and lambda... These output signals arise by Bragg reflection or diffraction from the phase gratings 16 at respective regions A, B and C.
  • regions A and C of structural component 22 have been strained by deformation, causing a compression and/or dilation of the periodic perturbations in the fiber core.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the formation of periodic perturbations or gratings 16 in a region of fiber core 19 in response to exposure of core 19 to intense transverse ultraviolet radiation.
  • Grating spacings - a and ⁇ c are controlled by the incidence angle of incident interfering beams 99 and beam 101.
  • the angles of incidence of beams 99 are complements (i.e. their sum equals 180 degrees) to each other with respect to the axis of core 19.
  • the incident pair of beams 99 can be derived from a single incident beam 101 passing in part through a beam splitter 103 and reflecting from spaced parallel reflectors 105.
  • the fringe spacing in grating 16 is varied as desired along the length of core 19, to permit a determination of . strain or temperature corresponding to location along gauge 13.
  • Sensitivity to external perturbations upon structural component 22 and thus also upon core 19 depends upon the Bragg condition for reflected wavelength.
  • the fractional change in wavelength due to mechanical strain or temperature change is:
  • thermooptic coefficient which is wavelength dependent
  • each of the two gratings will be subject to the same level of strain, but the fractional change in wavelength of each grating will be different because q is wavelength dependent. Accordingly, each pair of superimposed gratings will display a corresponding pair of peaks of reflected or transmitted intensity. Accordingly, the shifts of these peaks due to a combination of temperature and strain can be subtracted. The shifts in these peaks due to strain will be the same in magnitude. Accordingly, any remaining shift after subtraction is temperature related. Thus, when it is desired to know the strain difference as between several locations possibly subject to a temperature difference, the temperature factor can be compensated.

Abstract

A method of establishing a dielectric periodic index of refraction phase grating (16) upon the core (19) of an optical waveguide (15) by intense angled application of several tranverse beams (99) of ultraviolet light, enabling the establishment of a distributed, spatially resolving optical fiber strain gauge (13).

Description

Method For Impressing Grating Within Fiber Optics
Technical Field This invention relates to impressing, establishing, printing or writing phase gratings in optical fibers or waveguides and the optical detection and measurement of strain distributions with multi-wavelength light provided to said phase gratings.
Background Of the Invention
It is known to determine the distribution of axial strain or temperature along the length of a fiber optic sensor according to the technique described by S. K. Yao et al.. in 21 Applied Optics
(1982) pages 3059-3060.' According to this technique, very small deformations at the- interface between an optical core and its cladding will cause light measurably to couple from core to cladding modes. This permits measurements by time-domain reflectometry or a series of cladding taps to determine transmission loss and the distribution of applied perturbations.
Disclosure of Invention According to the invention, phase gratings are impressed along the core of an optical waveguide by the application of intense beams of ultraviolet light transverse to the axis of the core at selected angles of incidence and the complements thereto.
Brief Description of the Drawing
Fig. 1 is a schematic drawing of the spatially resolving optical fiber strain gauge according to the invention addressed herein;
Figs. 2A through 2C are partial schematics. of selected sections of the optical waveguide including its cores, indicating grating patterns of varying spacing corresponding to selected regions A, B and C in a mechanical structure being monitored for strain;
Fig. 3 is a graph of the intensity spectrum of the reflected light produced by injecting broadband light into the core of the waveguide with shifts in the spectral lines indicating strain at specific stations; and
Fig. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a •technique for "establishing a grating pattern of variable spacing at selected positions along the length of the optical waveguide.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the spatially resolving optical fiber strain gauge 13.
The gauge 13 includes an optical waveguide 15 or fiber operative to transmit a single or lowest order mode of injected light.
The core 19 of waveguide 15 is preferably a
Germanium-doped silica or glass filament. The core
15 contains a series of variable spacing Bragg reflection gratings 16 written, impressed or otherwise applied by application of a variable two-beam ultraviolet (less than 300 nanometer) interference pattern. These periodic gratings 16 or refractive index perturbations are permanently induced by exposure to intense radiation. Figs. 2A through 2C shows the establishment of different wavelength gratings 16 corresponding to respective locations on core 19.
Each of selected gratings 16 is formed by transverse irradiation with a particular wavelength of light in the ultraviolet absorption band of the core material associated with a position in a structural component 22. This procedure establishes a first order absorption process by which gratings 16 each characterized by a specific spacing and wavelength can be formed by illuminating core 19 from the side with two coplanar, coherent beams incident at selected and complementary angles thereto with respect to the axis of core 19. The grating period is selected by varying the selected angles of incidence. Thus, a permanent change, in the refractive index is induced in a predetermined region of core 19, in effect creating a phase grating effective for affecting light in core 19 at selected wavelengths. As indicated in Fig. 1 the optical waveguide 15 and core 19 are attached or embedded in a section of structural component 22, in particular a plate for example. Core 19 contains characteristic periodic refractive index perturbations or gratings 16 in regions A, B and C thereof. A broadband light source 33 or tunable laser is focused through lens 33' onto the exposed end of core 19. A beam splitter 34 serves to direct the return beam from core 19 toward a suitable readout or spectrometer 37 for analysis. Alternatively, a transmitted beam passing out of the end 19' of core 19 could be analyzed.
The spectrum of the reflected light intensities from strain gauge 13 is shown in Fig. 3. A complementary tranmitted spectrum is also established passing out of the end 19' of core 19. The spectrum contains three narrowband output lines centered at respective wavelengths: lambda,, lambda., and lambda... These output signals arise by Bragg reflection or diffraction from the phase gratings 16 at respective regions A, B and C. In this example, regions A and C of structural component 22 have been strained by deformation, causing a compression and/or dilation of the periodic perturbations in the fiber core.
As a result, the corresponding spectral lines are shifted as shown in Fig. 3 to the dotted lines indicated. The respective wavelength differences delta lambda, and delta lambda-, are proportional to strain in respective regions A and C.
Fig. 4 illustrates the formation of periodic perturbations or gratings 16 in a region of fiber core 19 in response to exposure of core 19 to intense transverse ultraviolet radiation. Grating spacings - a and Δc are controlled by the incidence angle of incident interfering beams 99 and beam 101. As can be seen, the angles of incidence of beams 99 are complements (i.e. their sum equals 180 degrees) to each other with respect to the axis of core 19. The incident pair of beams 99 can be derived from a single incident beam 101 passing in part through a beam splitter 103 and reflecting from spaced parallel reflectors 105. By increasing the separation between reflectors 105 and correspondingly varying the angles of incidence of beam 101, the angles of incidence of beams 99 upon core 19 can be controlled. Accordingly, the fringe spacing in grating 16 is varied as desired along the length of core 19, to permit a determination of. strain or temperature corresponding to location along gauge 13.
Several spacings can be superimposed or colocated by this technique for the response set forth below.
Sensitivity to external perturbations upon structural component 22 and thus also upon core 19 depends upon the Bragg condition for reflected wavelength. In particular, the fractional change in wavelength due to mechanical strain or temperature change is:
d(lambda. )/lambdai = (q +_ )Δτ+(l+
Figure imgf000007_0001
M+ 8 x 10"6/°C
+ 8 x 10 /microstrain, where;
q is the thermooptic coefficient, which is wavelength dependent;
°<is the expansion coefficient; £is the axial or longitudinal strain; lambda, is the wavelength reflected by the grating at location i along the core 19; n is the refractive index of the optical waveguide; and dT is the change in temperature.
This relationship suggests a way to compensate for temperature changes along the length of the fiber sensor. In particular, if superimposed gratings of different spacings are provided, each of the two gratings will be subject to the same level of strain, but the fractional change in wavelength of each grating will be different because q is wavelength dependent. Accordingly, each pair of superimposed gratings will display a corresponding pair of peaks of reflected or transmitted intensity. Accordingly, the shifts of these peaks due to a combination of temperature and strain can be subtracted. The shifts in these peaks due to strain will be the same in magnitude. Accordingly, any remaining shift after subtraction is temperature related. Thus, when it is desired to know the strain difference as between several locations possibly subject to a temperature difference, the temperature factor can be compensated.
The relationship therefore permits compensation for temperature variation during -measurement, since the photoelastic and thermoptic effects are wavelength dependent. In other words, by superimposing two or more gratings at each, location of interest, two or more spectral lines are established at each point of measurement. Strain will affect both lines equally; temperature will not. Thus, sufficient information is available to permit determination of the magnitude of strain and the temperature difference. The information above is likely to cause others skilled in the art to conceive of other variations in carrying out the invention addressed herein, which nonetheless are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, reference to the claims which follow is urged, as those specify with particularly the metes and bounds of the invention.

Claims

Claims
1. A method of impressing selected regions of the core of an optical waveguide with periodic dielectric index of refraction variation upon said core, comprising the steps of positioning each of said regions of core under a coherent light source of intense ultraviolet radiation; and directing respective first and second coherent, coplanar beams, of said intense ultraviolet light transversely upon selected portions of said core at selected angles of incidence and its complement with respect to the axis of said core.
PCT/US1985/001451 1984-08-13 1985-07-31 Method for impressing grating within fiber optics WO1986001303A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8585904033T DE3586052D1 (en) 1984-08-13 1985-07-31 METHOD FOR STORING OPTICAL GRIDS IN FIBER OPTICS.
DE198585904033T DE191063T1 (en) 1984-08-13 1985-07-31 METHOD FOR STORING OPTICAL GRIDS IN FIBER OPTICS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US64048984A 1984-08-13 1984-08-13
US640,489 1984-08-13

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EP0191063A4 (en) 1988-05-25
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EP0191063B1 (en) 1992-05-13
US4725110A (en) 1988-02-16
US4807950A (en) 1989-02-28
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DE191063T1 (en) 1987-01-15
JPS62500052A (en) 1987-01-08

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