WO1986002493A1 - Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell - Google Patents
Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1986002493A1 WO1986002493A1 PCT/US1984/001680 US8401680W WO8602493A1 WO 1986002493 A1 WO1986002493 A1 WO 1986002493A1 US 8401680 W US8401680 W US 8401680W WO 8602493 A1 WO8602493 A1 WO 8602493A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- photovoltaic cell
- layer
- ribbon
- cell
- silicon
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- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000005300 metallic glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 148
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 cobalt nitride Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- KKEBXNMGHUCPEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyl-1-(2-sulfanylethyl)imidazolidin-2-one Chemical compound N1C(=O)N(CCS)CC1C1=CC=CC=C1 KKEBXNMGHUCPEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-IGMARMGPSA-N Protium Chemical compound [1H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- QEZIKGQWAWNWIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+) antimony(5+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Sb+3].[Sb+5] QEZIKGQWAWNWIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910015900 BF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony trioxide Chemical compound O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HPGPEWYJWRWDTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium peroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][O-] HPGPEWYJWRWDTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 206010013710 Drug interaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;hydroxy-[hydroxy(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane;lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Al].O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O.O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003064 anti-oxidating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003416 augmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005234 chemical deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052670 petalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009718 spray deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YUOWTJMRMWQJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[Sn+4] YUOWTJMRMWQJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/075—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PIN type
- H01L31/076—Multiple junction or tandem solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/02168—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/20—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof such devices or parts thereof comprising amorphous semiconductor materials
- H01L31/206—Particular processes or apparatus for continuous treatment of the devices, e.g. roll-to roll processes, multi-chamber deposition
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of silicon photovoltaic cells and more particularly relatively thin, mass-produced, flexible, multi-layer silicon alloy solar cells having an enhanced efficiency and method and apparatus for producing same.
- Silicon is a quite brittle material which is quite difficult to slice thinner than approximately 250 microns. Since the minority electrical carrier dif ⁇ fusion length through single-crystal silicon material averages about 200 microns at an intensity of one sun through air mass one (AMI) , only a relatively small proportion of the electrical carriers generated by incident solar radiation can be collected in a silicon cell having such a thickness as 250 microns. Therefore, the overall conversion efficiency of such thick silicon solar cells is low.
- AMI air mass one
- ⁇ OI_E_C plagued by defects and have occasionally, but not consistently, exhibited conversion efficiencies in laboratory-produced (not commerically produced) units up to approximately 16% at one sun at AMI, with a ribbon thickness of aproximately 100 microns.
- the rate at which each such ribbon has been pulled from a melt is very slow, being of the order of one to twenty square centimeters of ribbon per minute at a thickness of less than 150 microns.
- one sun means the intensity of solar radiation as actually received from the sun without augmentation.
- air mass one or “AMI” means the average maximum solar radiation received at the earth's surface at sea level resulting from solar radiation passing vertically through one thickness of atmosphere.
- the present invention overcomes or substantially eliminates the shortcomings of the prior art as applied to thin silicon solar cells.
- This invention enables thin-film silicon- solar cells to be produced relatively rapidly and at significantly lower costs as compared with the prior art.
- a multi-layer, thin-film, flexible silicon alloy solar cell is described in which the multiple layers extend perpendicularly to the incident light.
- the flexible cell is mass-produced by rolling and laminating two thin ribbons of silicon alloy having thicknesses of the order of 10 to 50 microns with each ribbon passing through multiple rolling stages employ ⁇ ing a ceramic metallic glass semi-conductor alloy of silicon having approximately a zero coefficient of thermal expansion/contraction. The rolling pressure
- This ceramic metallic glass alloy of silicon melts at a relatively low temperature in the range from approximately 800° C. to 1,150° C. (1,472° F. to 2,102° F.). In contrast, the liquidus temperature of silicon is 1,410° C. (2,570° F.).
- the rolling and doping of each moving ribbon can be carried out at a correspondingly relatively low temperature, thereby considerably diminishing the tendency of this molten alloy to pick up contaminants from surfaces of the extruding and rolling processing apparatus. This diminished dissolving tendency is an advantage compared with the normal tendency of molten silicon to dissolve and absorb materials from surfaces with which it comes into contact. ⁇
- the two silicon alloy ribbons are laminated together with a very thin lattice matching layer of less than 60 Angstroms thickness between, and the resultant laminate serves as a substrate on which other layers are deposited. This laminate forms the two main active layers of the photovoltaic cell.
- the very thin lattice matching layer of less than 60 Angstroms thickness serves to match the crystal lattice structure of these two active layers.
- This lattice matching layer may be an insulating layer less than 20 Angstroms thick or a semi-conducting oxide layer less than 60 Angstroms thick.
- this laminate On the front of this laminate, i.e. facing the incident radiation, are six additional layers.
- the lowermost of these six additional layers that is, the closest to the laminate (called the "sixth" of these six layers) is a semi-insulating layer less than 10 Ang ⁇ stroms thick (preferably 6 to 9 Angstroms thick) con ⁇ taining cobalt and tin applied by metal organic chemical vapor deposition.
- This thin semi-insulating layer acts as a passivating layer for lowering surface recombinat- ion and for helping to minimize the crystal lattice mismatch.
- this sixth layer has a bright green-to-blue color and acts as a spectral filter for excluding incident radiation having a wave-length longer than the middle of the near infra-red range, i.e. having a wavelength longer than approxmately 12,000 Angstroms (visible light is in the range of from about 4,000 Angstroms to about 7,200 Angstroms) for keeping the cell operating relatively cool by filtering out the longer near infra-red and the far infra-red wavelengths which ' o not contribute to electrical output of the cell.
- the next lowermost (fifth) of these six layers is a semi-conductive "window" layer containing wet-chemical- vapor-deposited tin oxide having a thickness in the range from 300 to 850 Angstroms (preferably 650 to 750 Angstroms).
- This fifth layer serves as the primary protective layer for protecting the cell from degradat ⁇ ion due to attack from oxidizing agents or atmospheric pollution, such as sulphur-containing compounds.
- This semi-conductive "window” layer is transparent for incoming radiation, but it acts as an optical mirror for internal light rays which have been reflected from the back for preventing escape of these internal light rays.
- this semi-conductive window layer advantageously operates as a collection layer in cooperat ⁇ ion with the layers beneath.
- the next lowermost (fourth) of these six layers is a chemical-vapor-deposited, thin insulating layer less than 15 Angstroms thick for electrically insulat- ing a front electrical collection grid from the semi- conductive window layer described immediately above.
- This thin insulating layer acts as a tunneling layer for allowing the electrical current carriers to reach the collection grid.
- the front three-layer assembly of the -six com ⁇ prises a triple-layer, anti-reflection coating (ARC) covering the front face of the cell.
- ARC anti-reflection coating
- the middle (second) layer serves to bond the other two ARC layers together and advantageous- ly acts as a secondary, protective glass-like layer for protecting the photovoltaic cell from degradation due to attack from oxidizing agents or pollutants in the atmosphere.
- this three-layer ARC assembly there is a reflective rear (third) layer which cooperates with the transparent mirror-like "window” layer decribed above for advantageously acting as an internal mirror.
- This internal mirror advantageously causes radiation in the visible range of the electro-magnetic spectrum ("light rays") to be reflected back and forth within the cell between the rear and front of the cell for travers ⁇ ing the light rays multiple times back and forth through the cell for improving the likelihood of photovoltaic interaction between the photons of light and the active photovoltaic regions of this cell.
- a top (first) layer mainly comprised of silicon dioxide having a thickness in the range from 200 to 650 Ang ⁇ stroms.
- This top layer is on the front face of the solar cell.
- the six layers described above which are on the front of the ribbon laminate effectively adapt the overall cell to be receptive to incident solar radiation in the range from about 4,000 to about 12,000 Angstroms and effectively to exclude radiation outside of this range. This range comprises approximately 68 percent of the solar radiant energy reaching the earth's surface vertically through the thickness of one atmosphere.
- the rear of the laminate which forms the rear of the cell, preferably has an undulating configuration for redirecting the reflected light rays along random ⁇ ized paths for further improving the likelihood of inter-action of the photons with these active regions.
- FIGURE 1 is an enlarged cross section of a portion of a solar cell embodying the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of the front face of the solar cell drawn approximately one and a half times actual size.
- FIG. 3 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of a portion of FIG. 3 shown further enlarged.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial sectional view of a main bus taken along the line 5-5 in FIG. 2 ,
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial sectional view of one of the front contact members taken along the line 6 in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 6 also corresponds to an enlarge ⁇ ment of the front contact seen in FIG. 1 and an enlarge- ment of this same front contact seen at the left in FIG. 5.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial sectional view of an intermediate bus taken along the line 7-7 in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged partial sectional view of a side rail bus, being a section taken along the line 8-8 in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic illustration of the ribbon laminate production method and apparatus.
- FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic illustration of further production method and apparatus continuing from the right of FIG. 9.
- FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 9.
- FIGURE 1 is a partial cross-sectional elevational view of a multi-layer, thin-film, flexible photovoltaic cell 20 embodying the . present invention.
- the various layers of this cell are not drawn to scale whether vertically or horizontally, but rather are drawn to illustrate clearly the principles of this invention.
- the front (top) is indicated at 21 and is intended to face the incident solar radiation.
- This front 21 is generally planar except for the regions in which are located the front contact members 27 (FIG. 4) , the intermediate bus bars 28 (best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4), the main bus bars 29 (FIGS. 3 and 4), and the side rail buses 26 (FIGS. 2 and 8), which will be described in detail further below.
- the rear (bottom) is indicated at 22, and it preferably has a non-planar configuration, being defined by a sequence of pairs of sloping planes 23 and 24 with rear contact members 25 extending along the lowermost regions between these sloping planes 23 and 24, as will be described in detail further below.
- the first step is formation of a substrate ribbon laminate 100 by the method and appara ⁇ tus shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11.
- a first extruder 101 for extruding a molten viscous ceramic metallic glass silicon alloy forming a pre-ribbon 51A (FIGS. 9 and 11) passing through a sequence of rolling stations 102, 104, 106, respectively, including pairs of opposed rollers 111 and 112, 113 and 114, 115 and 116 located in a sequence of heated chambers 117, 118 and 119, respectively.
- These chambers are separated from each other by partitions 120.
- Each such partition 120 includes a baffled port 121 for enabling the moving ribbon to travel through this port while preventing any significant flow of the gaseous content of a chamber into a neighboring chamber. It is to be understood that each port 121 may include a plurality of baffles extend ⁇ ing close to the travelling ribbon for preventing the gaseous content of one chamber from entering the next chamber.
- gaseous diffusion tubes 131 and 132, 133 and 134, 135 and 136 extending into the respective chambers 117, 118 and 119.
- These gaseous diffusion tubes disperse gaseous dopants onto the opposite surfaces of the hot moving ribbon of silicon alloy.
- This hot silicon alloy ribbon 51A is reduced in thick ⁇ ness as it passes between the opposed pairs of rollers in the rolling stations 102, 104 and 106.
- the ribbon after reduction in thickness is shown at 51 in FIG. 9 exiting from the roller station 106 and entering an ion implant station 107.
- the substrate ribbon 51 has a planar front surface 47 and preferably an undulating rear surface 22.. This undulating rear surface 22
- OMPI includes a repetitive sequence of pairs of sloping planes 23 and 24 each of which slopes at an acute angle in the range from approximately 10° to 15° to the horizontal.
- planar areas 64 located between and contiguous with the lower limits 63 (FIG. 1) of the downwardly sloping planes 24 and the lower limits 65 of the next successive upwardly sloping planes 23.
- This ribbon 51 has a nominal thickness of approximately 35 microns plus or minus 5%, i.e. +_ 1.75 microns. In other words, this ribbon 51 has a thickness of approximately fourteen ten thousandths of an inch (0.0014) inch.
- This substrate ribbon 51 varies in thickness due to the presence of the sloping planes 23 and 24.
- the minimum thickness occurs in the vicinity of the peaks 68 of the pairs of sloping planes 23 and 24 and is in the range from approximately 18 microns to 26 mi ⁇ crons, depending upon the tolerances and depending upon whether the slope angle is nearer 15° to 10°.
- the peak-to-peak distance between the successive peaks 68 is approximately 150 microns (six thousandths of an inch).
- This ribbon 51 is formed as shown in FIG. 11 by extruding viscous molten silicon alloy material 70 from the extruder 101.
- This alloy 70 is a ceramic metallic glass alloy of silicon which melts at a rela ⁇ tively low temperature in the range of approximately 800° C. to 1,150° C.
- the alloy 70 is in a semi-liquidus condition as it enters the nip region (FIG. 11) between the first pair of rollers 111, 112.
- An example of this alloy compositon 70 for forming the rear ceramic metallic glass silicon alloy semiconductor ribbon 51 is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements: Range in Weight Percent
- the nip region 122 is between cooled circular cylindrical rollers 111 and 112.
- the surfaces of these opposed counter-rotating rollers 111 and 112 are micro-roughened by selectively etching their surfaces for providing a grip (traction) on the viscous alloy 70.
- These rollers 111, 112 are adjustably spaced apart for producing the first ribbon stage 51A. It is to be noted that these rollers have a diameter of at least 15 centimeters and are formed of a machineable ceramic glass alloy which is cast and then machined and ground to tolerance, fol ⁇ lowed by the etching step for producing traction as discussed.
- the ceramic glass alloy composition of the rollers 111, 112 is made as follows: Silica is dry mixed as a powder with alumina powder and with lithium dioxide powder. This lithium dioxide comes in the form of the naturally occurring mineral Petalite or Spodu- mene, preferably using the latter mineral, because it is more readily obtained in the United States.
- the dry mixture is heated in a crucible made of alumina or SIALON or SION, or fused quartz or silicon nitride. When molten, the composition is purified to remove substantially all oxygen and other trace elements which would contaminate the ribbon being rolled.
- the purified roller composition is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
- this machineable ceramic glass alloy composition is cast to shape, machined and ground to tolerance and then selectively etched for providing surface traction of the rollers 111, 112 on the molten alloy 70.
- the molten alloy 70 entering the nip 122 is formed by extrusion through a wide slot orifice 78 in the nozzle 80 of the extruder 101.
- the vertical dimen ⁇ sion of the slot orifice 78 is considerably greater than the spacing between the pair of opposed rolls 111, 112.
- the extruder and its interchangeable nozzle 80 are formed of a machineable ceramic glass composition including the above ingredients.
- the machineable ceramic glass for the extruder and its nozzle is more
- the width of the wide slot orifice 78 is at least 4 centi ⁇ meters, and the slot has a height of at least 100 microns for forming an extrudate ribbon mass 70 of approximately these dimensions.
- the rollers 111, 112 are adjustably spaced apart, thereby producing the first stage ribbon 5lA with a thickness reduction of at least 30% from the entering mass.
- gaseous diffusion tubes 131, 132 are shown between the nozzle 80 and this first pair of rollers, respectively, aimed at the opposite surfaces of the material 70 for dispersing gaseous dopants onto these surfaces.
- the gaseous dopants are being released from these tubes 131, 132 at a pressure exeeding one atmos- phere. These gaseous dopants are attracted to the hot upper and lower surfaces of the semi-liquidus alloy material 70.
- the advantage of the rolling action and pressure in the various rolling stations 102, 104, 106 enhancing the diffusion of the dopants into the ribbon 51A is discussed above. After the first stage ribbon 51A has passed between the cooled rollers 111 and 112, it is in a semi-solidus condition.
- this silicon alloy material 70 between these rollers enables- the alloy to be very rapidly cooled from its semi-liquidus to its semi-solidus condition, thereby advantageously causing plastic deformation with quick cooling for orienting the multi-crystalline structure in the direction of rolling, i.e. parallel with the front and rear surfaces of the ribbon 51 being formed.
- the gaseous dopant which may be supplied through the tube 131 is a phosphorus-containing gas, for example, phosphine (PH3).
- PH3 phosphine
- This same gaseous dopant is supplied through the other tubes 133 and 135 which face the same "front" surface of the ribbon 51 being formed. De- pending upon desired dopant density and gaseous distri ⁇ bution, any one, or more, or all of these tubes 131, 133 and 135 may be utilized.
- front or “top” is intended to indicate a region in the completed cell 20 facing toward the incident light radiation
- rear or “bottom” is intended to mean a region in the cell facing away from the incident light
- the gaseous dopant being supplied through the tubes 132, 134 and 136 to the "rear" surface of the ribbon 51 being formed is a boron-containing gas, for example, boron trifluoride (BF3).
- boron-containing gas for example, boron trifluoride (BF3).
- BF3 boron trifluoride
- any one, or more, or all of these tubes 132, 134 and 136 may be utilized.
- the second pair of adjustably spaced circular cylindrical rollers 113 and 114 in station 104 are
- rollers 113 and 114 are adjusted to produce a reduction in thickness in the travelling ribbon of at least 30%.
- the third pair of rollers 115 and 116 are adjust ⁇ ably spaced and are arranged to produce the exiting ribbon 51 having the thickness dimensions described above.
- This exiting ribbon has a width of at least 11 centimeters.
- the rollers 115 and 116 are constructed of the same material as the first and second pairs 111, 112 and 113, 114.
- the roller 115 is at least 20 cm in diameter and has a ground micro-smooth circular cylind ⁇ rical surface.
- the circular cylindrical surface of the roller 116 which has a diameter of at least 20 cm is preferably machined to have a textured pattern which is the negative of the desired rear pattern 22 (FIG.
- the surface of the roller 116 may be micro-smooth for producing a planar rear surface 22 on the ribbon 51.
- the planar areas 64 and peaks 68 in the rear surface 22 extend parallel with each other and are oriented at an angle of approximately 60° with the length of the ribbon. They are arranged in a chevron pattern similar to the chevron pattern of the front contact members 27 (FIG. 3).
- the chevron pattern on the rear 22 is shifted laterally relative to the chevron pattern on the front 21 by an amount equal to the spacing between the intermediate bus bars 28 (FIG. 3), so that the planar areas 64 with their contact members 25 are oriented at an angle with respect to the front contact members 27.
- the ion implant station 107 there is an evacuated chamber 123 containing ion guns 137, 138 which are preferably aimed at an acute angle, as shown, toward opposite surfaces of the advancing ribbon 51.
- the ion gun 137 is supplied with a gas containing phosphorous, for example, a mixture of phosphine and hydrogen.
- the other ion gun 138 is supplied with a gas containing boron, for example, a mixture of boron trifluoride and hydrogen.
- the ribbon 51 passes a guide roller 124 and enters a laminating station 108.
- this laminating station 108 there is a chamber 124a containing a plural ⁇ ity of electric heaters 140 for raising the temperature of the front surface 47 (FIG. 9) of the ribbon 51.
- a tube 142 feeds oxygen onto the heated front surface 47 for causing diffusion of the oxygen into this surface for forming the thin lattice matching layer 46 (FIG.
- This lattice matching layer 46 may be an insulating oxide layer less than 20 Angstroms thick or a semi ⁇ conducting oxide layer less than 60-Angstroms thick.
- Another tube 144 for aiding in forming this lattice matching layer 46 feeds oxygen into the region where the heated ribbon 51 is pressed by opposed adjustably spaced rollers 145, 146 against another heated ribbon 49 for forming the laminated ribbon 100.
- These laminating- pressure rollers 145 and 146 are constructed of the same material as the rollers 111 and 112. The laminating- pressure rollers 145 and 146 have micro-smooth surfaces and a dia ⁇ ieter of at least 15 cm.
- roller 116 is textured
- roller 146 is similarly textured and is synchronized in motion with the existing pattern on the rear of the ribbon 51 for engaging this existing pattern without unduly distorting it.
- the roller 146 will then have the same diameter as the roller 116, and the roller 145 will have the same diameter as its opposed roller 146.
- the ribbon 49 is formed as shown in FIG. 9 by extrusion of an extrudate 270 plus rolling, utilizing an extruder 201 followed by rolling stations 202, 204, 206 in which there are chambers 217, 218, 219, contain ⁇ ing pairs of adjustably spaced rollers 211 and 212, 213 and 214, 215 and 216, respectively.
- the extruder 201 is identical to the extruder 101, and the rollers 211, 212, 213 and 214 are identical to the rollers 111, 112, 113 and 114.
- the rollers 215 and 216 are identical to the roller 115, and each has a micro-smooth surface for forming the planar front and rear surfaces 71 and 72 (FIG. 9) of the ribbon 49.
- the ribbon 49 has a thickness in the range from 15 to 20 microns and is at least 11 cm wide.
- the ceramic metallic glass semiconductor silicon alloy composition of the extrudate 270 for forming the ribbon 49 is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the
- This ceramic metallic glass semiconductor silicon alloy material 270 is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
- each rolling station 202, 204, 206 may be included, depending upon the initial thickness of the extrudate 270 (FIG. 9) and the percent- age reduction in each station. Also, it is to be understood that these stations 202, 204 and 206 and an ion implant station 207 may be arranged in a vertical line for causing the ribbon being rolled to travel vertically in the earth's gravitational field.
- the laminating station 108 may be arranged for travelling the two ribbons 49 and 51 essentially vertically as they are directed along converging paths and laminated.
- tubes 231, 233, 235 and 232, 234, 236 for feeding gaseous dopants onto the front and rear surfaces, respectively, of the ribbon being rolled.
- the gaseous dopant supplied for the front surface of the ribbon 49 is phosphine, and that supplied for the rear surface is boron trifluoride.
- any one, or more, or all of these tubes 231 through 236 may be utilized.
- the ribbon 49 passes through an ion implant station 207 in which there is an evacuated chamber 223 containing ion guns 237, 238 which are preferably aimed at an acute angle, as shown, toward opposite surfaces
- the ion gun 237 is supplied with a gas containing phosphorous, for example a mixture of phosphine and hydrogen.
- a gas containing phosphorous for example a mixture of phosphine and hydrogen.
- boron 238 is supplied with a gas containing boron, for example, a mixture of boron trifluoride and hydrogen.
- the ribbon 49 passes a guide roller 224 and enters the laminating station 108 in which the electric heaters 240 raise the temperature of the rear surface
- a series of tubes 242 and 142 and 144 feeds oxygen or nitrogen onto the heated rear surface 72 for causing diffusion of oxygen or nitrogen into this surface for forming the thin lattice matching layer 46 (FIG. 1) described above.
- the laminating-pressure rollers 145, 146 press the rear surface 72 of ribbon 49 against the front surface 47 of ribbon 51 for laminating them together to form the laminated ribbon 100.
- the thin lattice matching layer 46 (FIG. 1) formed in the laminated ribbon 100 includes thin portions of the rear and front surfaces 72 and 47, respectively, of the ribbons 49 and 51.
- the laminated ribbon 100 passes between other pairs of opposed adjustably spaced rollers 147 and 148 in a heated bonding chamber 125 for causing the laminat ⁇ ed ribbon to bond securely together. If the roller 116 is textured, then the rollers 148 and 147 preferably meet the same criteria as discussed above for rollers 146 and 145.
- the ribbon 51 being formed is heated preferably to be at a level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below the semi-liquidus condition.
- the ribbon 49 being formed is heated preferably to be at said temperature level.
- the ribbons 49, 51 and the laminated ribbon 100 are heated preferably to a level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below their semi-liquidus temperature. This temperature level is the preferred temperature for promoting crystal growth and orientation of crystals in the ribbons while rolling.
- each pair is inter- connected for causing them to rotate in opposite direct ⁇ ions at the same speed.
- Each pair of rollers is driven independently of the other pairs.
- Means are provided, for example, optical sensors, for sensing any deflection or sag in the moving ribbons or in the laminate.
- the successive pairs of rollers are driven at appropriate speeds for minimizing any deflection or sag of the travelling ribbon or laminate away from the desired path.
- the walls 90 of the chambers 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 217, 218 and 219 are formed of or lined with the same machineable ceramic glass alloy as the rollers therein.
- there are numerous vents 94 leading into the respective chambers which are normally closed by shut-off valves, as indicated in FIG. 11, but which may be opened for removing and changing the gaseous content of any chamber.
- the gaseous diffusion and ion implant of dopant produce an n+ type layer 40 and a p+ type layer 44, while the main body 42 of the region 49 of the cell 20 is p type.
- the gaseous diffusion and ion implant of dopant produce an n+ type layer 48 and a p+ type layer 52, while the main body 50 of the region 51 of the cell 20 is p type.
- the laminated ribbon passes a guide roller 150 and travels through baffled ports 121 in a series of partitions 120 and passes a guide roller 151, entering etching chamber 126.
- the etchant 152 is maintained at a temperature of 90° C. and comprises a one normal solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. The purpose of this etching step is to thoroughly clean the front and rear surfaces of the laminate ribbon 100.
- the temperature levels in the rolling, laminating and' bonding staions as decribed promote crystal growth and orientation of the crystals.
- the relativively cool etchant 152 at a temperature of 90° C. produces a rapid quench, thereby supercooling the laminate 100 and immediately stopping further crystal growth when the
- ⁇ __/__ crystals are at their optimum crystalline size.
- the guide roller 151 is formed of material not dissolvable in the etchant 152. After the etching is completed, the travelling ribbon 100 passes another guide roller at the opposite end of the etching bath 152 from the guide roller 151 and exits from this bath.
- the etched ribbon 100 is introduced into a rinse bath 154 (FIG. 10) in a rinse chamber 128.
- the rinse bath 154 is methanol.
- the travelling laminate ribbon 100 passes a guide roller 156 and exits from the rinse bath 154.
- the rinsed travelling ribbon 100 passes through a series of baffled ports 121 in a sequence of partitions 120 and passes a guide roller 158 in readiness for further processing steps to be described.
- the layer 38 (FIG. 1) is a semi-insulating layer less than 10 Angstroms thick and preferably in the range from 6 to 9 Angstroms thick. This thin, semi- insulating layer acts as a passivating layer for lower- ing surface recombination and for helping to minimize crystal lattice mismatch.
- This layer 38 is formed by metal organic chemical vapor deposition of cobalt nitride (CoN) together with tin oxide (Sn ⁇ 2) onto the front surface of the laminate 100, at a ratio of approxi- mately 58% cobalt nitride and approximately 42% tin oxide by weight at a temperature of approximately 460° C.
- This layer 38 containing cobalt and tin has a bright green-to-blue color and also advantageously acts as a spectral filter for excluding incident radiation having a wavelength longer than the middle of the near infra-red range. In other words, this layer 38 excludes
- incident radiation having a wavelength longer than approximately 12,000 Angstroms for keeping the cell operating relatively cool by filtering out the longer near infra-red, i.e. wavelengths longer than approxi ⁇ mately 12,000 Angstroms, and the far infra-red wave- lengths, all of which do not contribute to electrical output of the cell.
- the layer 38 also filters out ultraviolet radiation and thus prevents cell degradation by ultraviolet radiation damage.
- the layer 36 is a semi-conductive "window" layer formed by wet chemical deposition spray of a tin-containing compound in solution, for example of tin fluoride (SnF3) in alcohol in a 75% molar solution or tin chloride (SnCl4) in ethyl acetate in an 80% molar solution.
- This wet chemical spray deposition is carried out at a temperature in the range from 380° C. to 430° C.
- This layer 36 has a thickness in the range from 300 to 850 Angstroms (preferably 650 to 750 Angstroms). It acts as the primary protective layer for protecting the cell 20 from degradation due to attack from oxidizing agents or from atmospheric pollution, such as sulphur- containing compounds.
- This semi-conductive “window” layer 36 advantageously acts as a one-way optical mirror. It is transparent for incoming radiation, but it acts as an optical mirror for internal light rays which have been reflected from the back 22 (FIG. 1) for preventing escape of these internal light rays.
- this semi-conductive layer 36 advantageously serves as a collection layer in cooperation with the layers beneath it. photo litho resist is applied to the rear 22 (FIG. 1) of the cell for masking the regions 54B. Then, the interdigitated n+ type narrow stripes 54A are doped by chemical vapor deposition of phosphorous- containing dopant to a depth of approximately 1.5 microns.
- This resist is removed and is applied to the doped stripes 54A, and then the interdigitated p+ type narrow stripes 54B are doped by chemical vapor deposit ⁇ ion of a boron-containing dopant to a depth of approxi ⁇ mately 1.5 microns.
- These narrow interdigitated stripes each have a width in the range of approximately 7 to 15 microns, depending upon their number. There are a plurality of them located between each of the-rear contact members 25, for example, in the range from ten to twenty such interdigitated stripes. Eighteen of them are shown in FIG. 1.
- the first back surface reflector (BSR) mirror layer 56 of tin is plated or applied by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) preferably at least 50 Anstro s thick. On this layer 56 is then applied by plating or MOCVD a chromium layer 58 forming a seond back surface reflector (BSR) having a thickness in the range from 0.5 to 2 microns.
- MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- Each such double BSR 56, 58 may, if desired, also be used as charge carrier collection means by electrically connecting the double BSR to the rear contact members 25.
- Strike barriers 59 are then deposited by MOCVD in the rear contact regions. Each such barrier is approximately 100 Angstroms thick and approximately 6 microns wide.
- These strike barriers 59 are formed of titanium nitride and cobalt nitride, at least 90% titan- ium nitride by weight and in the range of 1% to 10% cobalt nitride by weight of the total composition of the strike barrier. They prevent migration of silver atoms from the contact member 25 into the silicon alloy 51. They reduce the contact resistance and assure good electroplating adhesion of the silver contact layers 33 to be formed. The resist still covers the entire rear 22 of the cell 20 except at the strike barriers 59.
- a thin insulating layer 34 less than 15 Angstroms thick of silicon dioxide is formed by chemical vapor deposition.
- This thin insulating layer 34 electrically insulates the front contact members 27 to be formed from the semi-conductive window and one-way mirror layer 36 described above.
- This thin layer 34 acts as a tunneling layer for allow- ing the electrical current carriers to reach the front collection grid contact members 27.
- a resist is applied over the layer 34 except in the regions where the front contact members 27 are to be located. Strike barriers 59 are then chemical vapor deposited similar to those on the rear of the cell for the same purposes.
- OMPI Silver is then plated onto the strike barriers 59 to a depth of approximately 2 microns.
- This plated silver forms the front contact members 27, which are approximately 6 microns wide, being spaced apart approxi ⁇ mately 151 microns on centers and having a chevron pattern as seen in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4.
- This plated silver also forms the layers 33 as shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 7 and 8.
- the silver layer 33 approximately 2 microns thick is also seen in FIG. 1 as the front layer of the rear contacts 25. resist is applied over the front contacts
- a copper layer 35 (FIGS. 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8) approximately 10 microns thick is then plated over the silver layer 33 for forming the intermediate, main and side rail buses 28, 29 and 26, respectively, and rear contact members 25 (FIG. 1).
- solder 37 is applied by a wave solder application technique to form the solder layer 37 of the main buses 29 and of the side rail buses 26 (FIGS. 5 and 7).
- This solder layer 37 has a thickness of approxi ⁇ mately 20 microns.
- the molten solder bath is vibrationally agitated for forming standing waves on the surface of the molten solder.
- the copper layers 35 to be plated with solder are positioned above the solder bath, so that these copper layers touch the crests of the standing waves, without immersion of the remainder of the cell 20 into the solder bath.
- the resist is then removed from the front and rear of the cell, and the lowest (rear) layer 32 of the anti-reflection-coating (ARC) assembly 39 is applied.
- This ARC assembly 39 is a three-layer coating, and it is applied over the contact members 27, as seen in FIGS. 1, 4, 5 and 6.
- This ARC assembly 39 also is applied over the intermediate buses 28, over the main buses 29, and over the side rail buses 26, as seen in FIGS. 4, 5, 7 and 8.
- the lowest anti-reflection-coating layer 32 comprises a mixture of cobalt nitride and titanium nitride which is formed by chemical vapor deposition.
- This layer 32 is less than 100 Angstroms thick, and it cooperates with the transparent mirror-like "window" layer 36 described above for advantageously acting as an internal mirror.
- This internal miror advantageously causes radiation in the visible range of the electro ⁇ magnetic spectrum ("light rays") to be reflected back and forth within the cell between the rear and front of the cell for traversing the light rays multiple times back and forth through the cell for improving the likelihood of photovoltaic interaction between the photons of light and the active photovoltaic regions of this cell.
- the middle ARC layer 31 serves to bond the other two ARC layers 30 and 32 together and advantageous ⁇ ly acts as a secondary, protective glass-like layer for protecting the photovoltaic cell from degradation due to attack from oxidizing agents or pollutants in the atmosphere.
- This middle ARC layer 31 is a semi-vitreous glass which advantageously serves also as an encapsulant anti-oxidation protective layer.
- this layer 31 also protects the interior by acting partially as a heat-conducting layer which diminishes and disperses any tendency toward localized heating resulting from non-uniform illumination.
- this middle layer 31 serves as a semi-vitreous bonding medium for bonding together these three ARC layers 30, 31 and 32 to form the assembly 39.
- the middle anti-reflection layer 31 is a light- transparent, semi-vitreous glass composition containing silicon dioxide (Si ⁇ 2), alumina (AI2O3), boron trioxide (B2O3), sodium oxide (Na2 ⁇ ) and phosphor ⁇ ous pentoxide (P2O5). It has a thickness in the range from 50 to 400 Angstroms, the presently preferred thickness being approximately 150 Angstroms.
- This semi-vitreous glass composition layer 31 contains said ingredients in the following ranges of weight percent of the total composition:
- the ratio of Si ⁇ 2 to AI2O3 in the composi- tion is in the range of 4.8 to 1 to 16.4 to 1.
- composition of this middle anti-reflection layer 31 which advantageously serves the various functions decsribed above is: Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition Si ⁇ 2 73
- the ratio of Si ⁇ 2 to AI2O3 is 10.4 to 1.
- composition of this middle anti-reflection layer 31 which advantageously serves the various functions described above is:
- the layer 31 is bonded to the front surface of said layer 32 by heating the layer 31 to a tempera ⁇ ture of from about 750° C. to a temperature of less than about 850° C.
- the front light-transparent ARC layer 30 is mainly comprised of silicon dioxide (Si ⁇ 2) having a thickness in the range from 200 to 650 Angstroms, the presently preferred thickness being approximately 450 Angstroms. It constitutes the top ARC layer, is formed by chemical vapor deposition, and is at the very front of the solar cell 20.
- the intermediate bus bars 28 (FIGS. 4 and 7) have a width of approximately 15 microns and a thickness of approximately 12 microns, including a silver layer 33 which is 2 microns thick and a copper layer 35 which is 10 microns thick.
- the main bus bars 29 (FIGS. 4 and 5) have a width of approximately 48 microns and a thickness of approximately 32 microns, comprising a silver layer 33 (FIG. 5) which is approximately 2 microns thick, a copper layer 35 which is approximately 10 microns thick and a solder layer 37 which is approximately 20 microns thick.
- the side rail buses 26 (FIG. 8) have a width of approximately 96 microns and a thickness of approxi ⁇ mately 32 microns, the same as the main buses 29, as seen in FIGS. 5 and 8.
- the side rail buses 26 have respective silver, copper and solder layers 33, 35, and 37 which are of the same thicknesses as these three respective layers of the main bus 29 (FIG. 5).
- the region 42 has a resistivity in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 ohm centimeters and preferably has a resistivity of 0.05 ohm centimeters.
- the region 50 has a resistivity in the range of 0.15 to 1.0 ohm centi ⁇ meters and preferably has a resistivity in this range and less than 0.5 ohm centimeters.
- the regions 49 and 51 are each shown in an n+- ⁇ -p+ type configuration, but the cell 20 would also be operable with these regions each in p+-n-n+ type configuration. This latter configuration is obtained by interchanging the locations of the phosphorous-containing dopant and boron-containing dopant in FIG. 11.
- the laminate 100 (FIG. 10) after rinsing and after passing the guide roller 158, is edge trimmed by laser beams to a width of 10 centimeters.
- FIGURE 8 shows the edge region of the edge-trimmed laminate substrate.
- the front contact members 27 in the chevron pattern are spaced 151 microns on centers and as shown in FIG. 4, extend at an angle of 60° to the intermediate buses 28.
- the rear contact members 25 (FIG. 1) have a width of approximately 6 microns and a thickness of approximately 12 microns, comprising the layer of silver 33 which is approximately 2 microns thick and the layer of copper 35 which is approximately 10 microns thick.
- the rear contact members 25 are in a chevron pattern and are also spaced 151 microns on centers. Electrical connection with the rear contact members 25 is made by placing their copper layers 35 against a conductive mount (not shown).
- the intermediate bus bars 28 are spaced 0.5 centimeters on centers.
- the main bus bars 29 are spaced 1.0 centimeters on centers, and they connect at their respective ends with both of the side rail buses 26. These side rail buses 26 extend along opposite edges of the cell 20 which is trimmed to a width of 10 centi ⁇ meters, as described above, and thus these side rail buses 26 are spaced apart slightly less than 10 centi ⁇ meters.
- the cell 20 is a continuous ribbon and can be cut to any desired length for forming an individual photovoltaic cell for a particular application. Electrical connection with the front 21 of the cell 20 is made by a plurality of conductive clamps (not shown) which clamp onto the side rail buses 26 at spaced points along the length of these side rail buses in regions where the ARC layer assembly 39 (FIG. 8) has been removed from these side rail buses.
- the ceramic metallic glass semi-conductor alloy compositions of the front region 49 and rear region 51 of the cell 20 enable the respective spectral sensi ⁇ tivities, i.e. the respective band gaps, of these two regions to be individually tailored to the desired frequency ranges of the incident light rays for optimiz ⁇ ing the collection efficiency of the cell 20.
- the preferred band gap for the front cell region 49 is in the range from 1.35 to 1.65 electron volts
- the prefer- red band gap for the rear cell region 51 is in the range from 0.9 to 1.35 electron volts with these two cell regions operating in series electrically as shown in FIG. 1.
- the metalization on the front 21 of the cell provided by the contact members 27 and the intermediate and main buses 28, 29 and the side rail buses 26 enable this cell 20 to be operated at a solar radiation concen ⁇ tration intensity up to 250 suns.
- the metalization on the front 21 including contact members 27, intermediate bus bars 28 and main bus bars 29 is a three-level metalization.
- the shadowing caused by this metalization is less than 5%.
- the active, unshadowed area of this cell is advantageously more than 95%.
- the compositions of this layer 31 may include a flux for lowering its melting temperature.
- Said flux is in an amount less than 20% by weight of the total composition and includes a fluxing compound selected from the group consisting of tin dioxide, antimony dioxide and antimony trioxide.
- the balance of said total composition of layer 31 is trace elements in an amount less than 2% by weight of the total.
- the ceramic metallic glass semi-conductive silicon alloy ribbons 49, 51 and the laminate 100 are preferably heated to be at a level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below their semi-liquidus condition.
- Said alloy advantageously melts in the range of approximately 800° C. to 1,150° C.
- the preferred temperature of the silicon alloy in said chambers is in the range from 740° C. to 1,130° c.
Abstract
The flexible photovoltaic cell (20) includes thin front (49) and rear (51) junction regions electrically in series each formed of ceramic metallic glass semi-conductor alloys of silicon of approximately zero thermal expansion/contraction coefficient laminated with an intervening semi-conducting layer less than 60 Angstroms thick or an insulating layer (46) less than 20 Angstroms thick. The respective spectral sensitivities of front and rear junction regions are tailored to different frequency ranges. In front are six layers described in sequence rear to front. The lowermost (sixth) layer (38) is a green/blue semi-insulating cobalt and tin passivating and filter layer less than 10 Angstroms thick. The fifth layer (36) is a semi-conductive, degradation-protective "window" and one-way mirror for returning back-reflected light. The fourth layer (34) is an insulating tunneling layer less than 15 Angstroms thick for coupling a front collection grid to the "window". Covering the fourth layer is a triple-layer, anti-reflection coating (ARC) (39) whose middle layer (31) bonds the outer ARC layers and secondarily protects the cell from atmospheric degradation. An internally reflective rear ARC layer (32) cooperates with the "window" for returning back-reflected light. The frontmost ARC layer (30) is mainly comprised of Al2O3/SiO2 in the range of 200 to 6500 Angstroms thickness. The cell backside (22) is shown having undulations (23, 24) for randomizing reflected light rays. The six front layers effectively adapt the cell for receptivity to solar radiation from about 4,000 to about 12,000 Angstroms, excluding radiation outside thereof, thus accepting 68 percent of solar energy vertically reaching the earth's surface.
Description
MULTI-LAYER THIN FILM, FLEXIBLE SILICON ALLOY PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is in the field of silicon photovoltaic cells and more particularly relatively thin, mass-produced, flexible, multi-layer silicon alloy solar cells having an enhanced efficiency and method and apparatus for producing same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Silicon is a quite brittle material which is quite difficult to slice thinner than approximately 250 microns. Since the minority electrical carrier dif¬ fusion length through single-crystal silicon material averages about 200 microns at an intensity of one sun through air mass one (AMI) , only a relatively small proportion of the electrical carriers generated by incident solar radiation can be collected in a silicon cell having such a thickness as 250 microns. Therefore, the overall conversion efficiency of such thick silicon solar cells is low.
Consequently, attempts have been made in the prior art to produce thinner, wafer-type silicon solar cells. Prior art attempts to produce silicon photo¬ voltaic cells much thinner than 250 microns have involv¬ ed expensive, time-consuming lapping procedures for producing a micro-smooth surface, followed by expensive, time-consuming etching procedures considerably raising the cost of the completed .cell and considerably limiting the overall production rate capability. Even when these procedures are used to produce thin silicon solar cells, their conversion efficiencies in commercially produced wafer-type units seldom exceed 15% at one sun at AMI. Attempts have been made in the prior art to pull ribbons of silicon directly from a melt. To date such ribbon-pulling-produced solar cells have been
^OI_E_C
plagued by defects and have occasionally, but not consistently, exhibited conversion efficiencies in laboratory-produced (not commerically produced) units up to approximately 16% at one sun at AMI, with a ribbon thickness of aproximately 100 microns. The rate at which each such ribbon has been pulled from a melt is very slow, being of the order of one to twenty square centimeters of ribbon per minute at a thickness of less than 150 microns.
As used herein, "one sun" means the intensity of solar radiation as actually received from the sun without augmentation.
As used herein, "air mass one" or "AMI" means the average maximum solar radiation received at the earth's surface at sea level resulting from solar radiation passing vertically through one thickness of atmosphere.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The present invention overcomes or substantially eliminates the shortcomings of the prior art as applied to thin silicon solar cells. This invention enables thin-film silicon- solar cells to be produced relatively rapidly and at significantly lower costs as compared with the prior art.
A multi-layer, thin-film, flexible silicon alloy solar cell is described in which the multiple layers extend perpendicularly to the incident light. The flexible cell is mass-produced by rolling and laminating two thin ribbons of silicon alloy having thicknesses of the order of 10 to 50 microns with each ribbon passing through multiple rolling stages employ¬ ing a ceramic metallic glass semi-conductor alloy of silicon having approximately a zero coefficient of thermal expansion/contraction. The rolling pressure
in at least one of the rolling stages is applied while this silicon alloy is in a semi-liquidus condition for producing plastic deformation enhancement of the material.
This ceramic metallic glass alloy of silicon melts at a relatively low temperature in the range from approximately 800° C. to 1,150° C. (1,472° F. to 2,102° F.). In contrast, the liquidus temperature of silicon is 1,410° C. (2,570° F.). By virtue of this relatively low melting temperature of the silicon alloy, the rolling and doping of each moving ribbon can be carried out at a correspondingly relatively low temperature, thereby considerably diminishing the tendency of this molten alloy to pick up contaminants from surfaces of the extruding and rolling processing apparatus. This diminished dissolving tendency is an advantage compared with the normal tendency of molten silicon to dissolve and absorb materials from surfaces with which it comes into contact. ^
During the rolling of the two silicon alloy ribbons, gaseous dopants -are applied to them. The rolling pressure on each ribbon facilitates orientation of the crystal lattice structure in the desired direct¬ ion in the ribbons with relatively few undesired grain boundaries occurring in each ribbon. The two silicon alloy ribbons are laminated together with a very thin lattice matching layer of less than 60 Angstroms thickness between, and the resultant laminate serves as a substrate on which other layers are deposited. This laminate forms the two main active layers of the photovoltaic cell. The very thin lattice
matching layer of less than 60 Angstroms thickness serves to match the crystal lattice structure of these two active layers. This lattice matching layer may be an insulating layer less than 20 Angstroms thick or a semi-conducting oxide layer less than 60 Angstroms thick.
On the front of this laminate, i.e. facing the incident radiation, are six additional layers. The lowermost of these six additional layers, that is, the closest to the laminate (called the "sixth" of these six layers) is a semi-insulating layer less than 10 Ang¬ stroms thick (preferably 6 to 9 Angstroms thick) con¬ taining cobalt and tin applied by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. This thin semi-insulating layer acts as a passivating layer for lowering surface recombinat- ion and for helping to minimize the crystal lattice mismatch. Moreover, this sixth layer has a bright green-to-blue color and acts as a spectral filter for excluding incident radiation having a wave-length longer than the middle of the near infra-red range, i.e. having a wavelength longer than approxmately 12,000 Angstroms (visible light is in the range of from about 4,000 Angstroms to about 7,200 Angstroms) for keeping the cell operating relatively cool by filtering out the longer near infra-red and the far infra-red wavelengths which 'o not contribute to electrical output of the cell.
The next lowermost (fifth) of these six layers is a semi-conductive "window" layer containing wet-chemical- vapor-deposited tin oxide having a thickness in the range from 300 to 850 Angstroms (preferably 650 to 750 Angstroms). This fifth layer serves as the primary protective layer for protecting the cell from degradat¬ ion due to attack from oxidizing agents or atmospheric pollution, such as sulphur-containing compounds.
This semi-conductive "window" layer is transparent for incoming radiation, but it acts as an optical mirror for internal light rays which have been reflected from the back for preventing escape of these internal light rays. Moreover, this semi-conductive window layer advantageously operates as a collection layer in cooperat¬ ion with the layers beneath.
The next lowermost (fourth) of these six layers is a chemical-vapor-deposited, thin insulating layer less than 15 Angstroms thick for electrically insulat- ing a front electrical collection grid from the semi- conductive window layer described immediately above. This thin insulating layer acts as a tunneling layer for allowing the electrical current carriers to reach the collection grid. The front three-layer assembly of the -six com¬ prises a triple-layer, anti-reflection coating (ARC) covering the front face of the cell. In this three- layer ARC assembly the middle (second) layer serves to bond the other two ARC layers together and advantageous- ly acts as a secondary, protective glass-like layer for protecting the photovoltaic cell from degradation due to attack from oxidizing agents or pollutants in the atmosphere.
In this three-layer ARC assembly there is a reflective rear (third) layer which cooperates with the transparent mirror-like "window" layer decribed above for advantageously acting as an internal mirror. This internal mirror advantageously causes radiation in the visible range of the electro-magnetic spectrum ("light rays") to be reflected back and forth within the
cell between the rear and front of the cell for travers¬ ing the light rays multiple times back and forth through the cell for improving the likelihood of photovoltaic interaction between the photons of light and the active photovoltaic regions of this cell. In this three-layer ARC asembly, there is a top (first) layer mainly comprised of silicon dioxide having a thickness in the range from 200 to 650 Ang¬ stroms. This top layer is on the front face of the solar cell. The six layers described above which are on the front of the ribbon laminate effectively adapt the overall cell to be receptive to incident solar radiation in the range from about 4,000 to about 12,000 Angstroms and effectively to exclude radiation outside of this range. This range comprises approximately 68 percent of the solar radiant energy reaching the earth's surface vertically through the thickness of one atmosphere.
The rear of the laminate, which forms the rear of the cell, preferably has an undulating configuration for redirecting the reflected light rays along random¬ ized paths for further improving the likelihood of inter-action of the photons with these active regions.
Method and apparatus are described for producing the two ceramic metallic glass semi-conductor silicon alloy ribbons and for laminating them together.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention, together with further objects, features, advantages and aspects thereof will become more clearly undertood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the accompany¬ ing drawings in which like elements will bear the same
reference numerals. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating this invention in the best mode now contemplated for putting this invention into practice. FIGURE 1 is an enlarged cross section of a portion of a solar cell embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the front face of the solar cell drawn approximately one and a half times actual size. FIG. 3 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG.
2.
FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of a portion of FIG. 3 shown further enlarged.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial sectional view of a main bus taken along the line 5-5 in FIG. 2 ,
FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial sectional view of one of the front contact members taken along the line 6 in FIG. 2. FIG. 6 also corresponds to an enlarge¬ ment of the front contact seen in FIG. 1 and an enlarge- ment of this same front contact seen at the left in FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial sectional view of an intermediate bus taken along the line 7-7 in FIG. 2. FIG. 8 is an enlarged partial sectional view of a side rail bus, being a section taken along the line 8-8 in FIG. 2.
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic illustration of the ribbon laminate production method and apparatus. FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic illustration of further production method and apparatus continuing from the right of FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIGURE 1 is a partial cross-sectional elevational view of a multi-layer, thin-film, flexible photovoltaic cell 20 embodying the .present invention. The various layers of this cell are not drawn to scale whether vertically or horizontally, but rather are drawn to illustrate clearly the principles of this invention. The front (top) is indicated at 21 and is intended to face the incident solar radiation. This front 21 is generally planar except for the regions in which are located the front contact members 27 (FIG. 4) , the intermediate bus bars 28 (best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4), the main bus bars 29 (FIGS. 3 and 4), and the side rail buses 26 (FIGS. 2 and 8), which will be described in detail further below. The rear (bottom) is indicated at 22, and it preferably has a non-planar configuration, being defined by a sequence of pairs of sloping planes 23 and 24 with rear contact members 25 extending along the lowermost regions between these sloping planes 23 and 24, as will be described in detail further below.
During fabrication of this flexible, thin-film photovoltaic cell 20, the first step is formation of a substrate ribbon laminate 100 by the method and appara¬ tus shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. There is a first extruder 101 for extruding a molten viscous ceramic metallic glass silicon alloy forming a pre-ribbon 51A (FIGS. 9 and 11) passing through a sequence of rolling stations 102, 104, 106, respectively, including pairs of opposed rollers 111 and 112, 113 and 114, 115 and 116 located in a sequence of heated chambers 117, 118 and 119, respectively. These chambers are separated from
each other by partitions 120. Each such partition 120 includes a baffled port 121 for enabling the moving ribbon to travel through this port while preventing any significant flow of the gaseous content of a chamber into a neighboring chamber. It is to be understood that each port 121 may include a plurality of baffles extend¬ ing close to the travelling ribbon for preventing the gaseous content of one chamber from entering the next chamber.
There are pairs of gaseous diffusion tubes 131 and 132, 133 and 134, 135 and 136 extending into the respective chambers 117, 118 and 119. These gaseous diffusion tubes disperse gaseous dopants onto the opposite surfaces of the hot moving ribbon of silicon alloy. By virtue of the fact that the rolling pressure of the opposed pairs of rollers 111 and 112, 113 and 114, 115 and 116 is applied to the hot silicon alloy ribbon soon after the gaseous dopant has been dispersed onto the hot upper and lower surfaces thereof, the rate of diffusion of the dopant into the ribbon is enhanced, as compared with the prior art procedures of diffusing dopant into alreadly crystallized silicon material. This hot silicon alloy ribbon 51A is reduced in thick¬ ness as it passes between the opposed pairs of rollers in the rolling stations 102, 104 and 106. The ribbon after reduction in thickness is shown at 51 in FIG. 9 exiting from the roller station 106 and entering an ion implant station 107.
Before describing the ribbon laminate production method and apparatus further, attention is invited to FIG. 1. It is seen that the substrate ribbon 51 has a planar front surface 47 and preferably an undulating rear surface 22.. This undulating rear surface 22
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includes a repetitive sequence of pairs of sloping planes 23 and 24 each of which slopes at an acute angle in the range from approximately 10° to 15° to the horizontal. There are planar areas 64 located between and contiguous with the lower limits 63 (FIG. 1) of the downwardly sloping planes 24 and the lower limits 65 of the next successive upwardly sloping planes 23. This ribbon 51 has a nominal thickness of approximately 35 microns plus or minus 5%, i.e. +_ 1.75 microns. In other words, this ribbon 51 has a thickness of approximately fourteen ten thousandths of an inch (0.0014) inch. This substrate ribbon 51 varies in thickness due to the presence of the sloping planes 23 and 24. The minimum thickness occurs in the vicinity of the peaks 68 of the pairs of sloping planes 23 and 24 and is in the range from approximately 18 microns to 26 mi¬ crons, depending upon the tolerances and depending upon whether the slope angle is nearer 15° to 10°. The peak-to-peak distance between the successive peaks 68 is approximately 150 microns (six thousandths of an inch). This ribbon 51 is formed as shown in FIG. 11 by extruding viscous molten silicon alloy material 70 from the extruder 101. This alloy 70 is a ceramic metallic glass alloy of silicon which melts at a rela¬ tively low temperature in the range of approximately 800° C. to 1,150° C. The alloy 70 is in a semi-liquidus condition as it enters the nip region (FIG. 11) between the first pair of rollers 111, 112. An example of this alloy compositon 70 for forming the rear ceramic metallic glass silicon alloy semiconductor ribbon 51 is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition
Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 1 - 12%
Vanadium 0 - 5%
An example of a presently preferred composition of this ceramic metallic glass silicon alloy semicon¬ ductor material 70 is:
Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition
Silicon 66.5 to 68.1%
Lithium 22.6%
Alumina 2.3%
Fluorine 1.5%
Hydrogen 5.5%
Vanadium Less than 1.5%
Inviting attention back to FIG. 11, the nip region 122 is between cooled circular cylindrical rollers 111 and 112. The surfaces of these opposed counter-rotating rollers 111 and 112 are micro-roughened by selectively etching their surfaces for providing a grip (traction) on the viscous alloy 70. These rollers 111, 112 are adjustably spaced apart for producing the first ribbon stage 51A. It is to be noted that these rollers have a diameter of at least 15 centimeters and are formed of a machineable ceramic glass alloy which is cast and then machined and ground to tolerance, fol¬ lowed by the etching step for producing traction as discussed.
The ceramic glass alloy composition of the rollers 111, 112 is made as follows: Silica is dry mixed as a powder with alumina powder and with lithium dioxide powder. This lithium dioxide comes in the form of the naturally occurring mineral Petalite or Spodu- mene, preferably using the latter mineral, because it is more readily obtained in the United States. The dry mixture is heated in a crucible made of alumina or SIALON or SION, or fused quartz or silicon nitride. When molten, the composition is purified to remove substantially all oxygen and other trace elements which would contaminate the ribbon being rolled. The purified roller composition is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition
Silicon 50 to 70
Alumina 10 to 25
Lithium 5 to 35
As explained above, this machineable ceramic glass alloy composition is cast to shape, machined and ground to tolerance and then selectively etched for providing surface traction of the rollers 111, 112 on the molten alloy 70.
The molten alloy 70 entering the nip 122 is formed by extrusion through a wide slot orifice 78 in the nozzle 80 of the extruder 101. The vertical dimen¬ sion of the slot orifice 78 is considerably greater than the spacing between the pair of opposed rolls 111, 112. The extruder and its interchangeable nozzle 80 are formed of a machineable ceramic glass composition including the above ingredients. The machineable ceramic glass for the extruder and its nozzle is more
OMPI
refractory than that used to make the rollers. The width of the wide slot orifice 78 is at least 4 centi¬ meters, and the slot has a height of at least 100 microns for forming an extrudate ribbon mass 70 of approximately these dimensions. As described above, the rollers 111, 112 are adjustably spaced apart, thereby producing the first stage ribbon 5lA with a thickness reduction of at least 30% from the entering mass.
Between the nozzle 80 and this first pair of rollers are shown gaseous diffusion tubes 131, 132, respectively, aimed at the opposite surfaces of the material 70 for dispersing gaseous dopants onto these surfaces. The gaseous dopants are being released from these tubes 131, 132 at a pressure exeeding one atmos- phere. These gaseous dopants are attracted to the hot upper and lower surfaces of the semi-liquidus alloy material 70. The advantage of the rolling action and pressure in the various rolling stations 102, 104, 106 enhancing the diffusion of the dopants into the ribbon 51A is discussed above. After the first stage ribbon 51A has passed between the cooled rollers 111 and 112, it is in a semi-solidus condition. The relatively minute mass of this silicon alloy material 70 between these rollers enables- the alloy to be very rapidly cooled from its semi-liquidus to its semi-solidus condition, thereby advantageously causing plastic deformation with quick cooling for orienting the multi-crystalline structure in the direction of rolling, i.e. parallel with the front and rear surfaces of the ribbon 51 being formed.
It is my theory that this orientation will slightly raise the upper limit of the band gap of the
silicon alloy ribbon for making the substrate 51 of the solar cell responsive photovoltaically to visible light over a broader frequency range, i.e. extending up to a slightly higher frequency than would occur in this same alloy material without such rolling. However, this theory, whether borne out in practice or not, is not critical to the present invention. Its effect, if present, is a further advantage of this production method and apparatus. The gaseous dopant which may be supplied through the tube 131 is a phosphorus-containing gas, for example, phosphine (PH3). This same gaseous dopant is supplied through the other tubes 133 and 135 which face the same "front" surface of the ribbon 51 being formed. De- pending upon desired dopant density and gaseous distri¬ bution, any one, or more, or all of these tubes 131, 133 and 135 may be utilized.
It is noted, as indicated above, that the term "front" or "top" is intended to indicate a region in the completed cell 20 facing toward the incident light radiation, while the term "rear" or "bottom" is intended to mean a region in the cell facing away from the incident light.
The gaseous dopant being supplied through the tubes 132, 134 and 136 to the "rear" surface of the ribbon 51 being formed is a boron-containing gas, for example, boron trifluoride (BF3). Depending upon desired dopant density and gaseous distribution, any one, or more, or all of these tubes 132, 134 and 136 may be utilized.
The second pair of adjustably spaced circular cylindrical rollers 113 and 114 in station 104 are
constructed the same and have micro-roughened surfaces the same as the first pair 111, 112 in station 102.
These rollers 113 and 114 are adjusted to produce a reduction in thickness in the travelling ribbon of at least 30%. The third pair of rollers 115 and 116 are adjust¬ ably spaced and are arranged to produce the exiting ribbon 51 having the thickness dimensions described above. This exiting ribbon has a width of at least 11 centimeters. The rollers 115 and 116 are constructed of the same material as the first and second pairs 111, 112 and 113, 114. The roller 115 is at least 20 cm in diameter and has a ground micro-smooth circular cylind¬ rical surface. The circular cylindrical surface of the roller 116 which has a diameter of at least 20 cm is preferably machined to have a textured pattern which is the negative of the desired rear pattern 22 (FIG. 1) for producing this rear pattern 22. Alternatively, the surface of the roller 116 may be micro-smooth for producing a planar rear surface 22 on the ribbon 51. The planar areas 64 and peaks 68 in the rear surface 22 extend parallel with each other and are oriented at an angle of approximately 60° with the length of the ribbon. They are arranged in a chevron pattern similar to the chevron pattern of the front contact members 27 (FIG. 3). The chevron pattern on the rear 22 is shifted laterally relative to the chevron pattern on the front 21 by an amount equal to the spacing between the intermediate bus bars 28 (FIG. 3), so that the planar areas 64 with their contact members 25 are oriented at an angle with respect to the front contact members 27.
CMPI
' *
-16-
Although three rolling stations 102, 104, 106 are shown, it is to be understood that more such sta¬ tions may be included, depending upon the initial thickness of the extrudate 70 and the percentage reduc¬ tion in each station. Also, it is to be understood that these stations 102, 104 and 106, and the ion implant station 107, may be arranged in a vertical line for causing the ribbon being rolled to travel vertically in the earth's gravitational field.
In the ion implant station 107, there is an evacuated chamber 123 containing ion guns 137, 138 which are preferably aimed at an acute angle, as shown, toward opposite surfaces of the advancing ribbon 51. The ion gun 137 is supplied with a gas containing phosphorous, for example, a mixture of phosphine and hydrogen. The other ion gun 138 is supplied with a gas containing boron, for example, a mixture of boron trifluoride and hydrogen.
The ribbon 51 passes a guide roller 124 and enters a laminating station 108. In this laminating station 108 there is a chamber 124a containing a plural¬ ity of electric heaters 140 for raising the temperature of the front surface 47 (FIG. 9) of the ribbon 51. A tube 142 feeds oxygen onto the heated front surface 47 for causing diffusion of the oxygen into this surface for forming the thin lattice matching layer 46 (FIG.
1) . This lattice matching layer 46 may be an insulating oxide layer less than 20 Angstroms thick or a semi¬ conducting oxide layer less than 60-Angstroms thick. Another tube 144 for aiding in forming this lattice matching layer 46 feeds oxygen into the region where the heated ribbon 51 is pressed by opposed adjustably spaced rollers 145, 146 against another heated ribbon 49 for
forming the laminated ribbon 100. These laminating- pressure rollers 145 and 146 are constructed of the same material as the rollers 111 and 112. The laminating- pressure rollers 145 and 146 have micro-smooth surfaces and a diaπieter of at least 15 cm. If the roller 116 is textured, then preferably the roller 146 is similarly textured and is synchronized in motion with the existing pattern on the rear of the ribbon 51 for engaging this existing pattern without unduly distorting it. The roller 146 will then have the same diameter as the roller 116, and the roller 145 will have the same diameter as its opposed roller 146.
The ribbon 49 is formed as shown in FIG. 9 by extrusion of an extrudate 270 plus rolling, utilizing an extruder 201 followed by rolling stations 202, 204, 206 in which there are chambers 217, 218, 219, contain¬ ing pairs of adjustably spaced rollers 211 and 212, 213 and 214, 215 and 216, respectively. The extruder 201 is identical to the extruder 101, and the rollers 211, 212, 213 and 214 are identical to the rollers 111, 112, 113 and 114. The rollers 215 and 216 are identical to the roller 115, and each has a micro-smooth surface for forming the planar front and rear surfaces 71 and 72 (FIG. 9) of the ribbon 49. The ribbon 49 has a thickness in the range from 15 to 20 microns and is at least 11 cm wide. The ceramic metallic glass semiconductor silicon alloy composition of the extrudate 270 for forming the ribbon 49 is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent Ingredient of Total Composition Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 0.5 - 12%
Antimony 0.01 - 20%
Cobalt 0.01 - 6%
An example of a presently preferred composition of this ceramic metallic glass semiconductor silicon alloy material 270 is characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition
Silicon 59.5 - 63.5% L Liitthhiiuumm 25%
Alumina 4.9%
Fluorine 1.3%
Hydrogen 5.3%
Antimony Less than 3% C Coobbaalltt Less than 1%
Although three rolling stations 202, 204, 206 are shown, it is to be understood that more such stations may be included, depending upon the initial thickness of the extrudate 270 (FIG. 9) and the percent- age reduction in each station. Also, it is to be understood that these stations 202, 204 and 206 and an ion implant station 207 may be arranged in a vertical line for causing the ribbon being rolled to travel vertically in the earth's gravitational field. The laminating station 108 may be arranged for travelling the two ribbons 49 and 51 essentially vertically as they are directed along converging paths and laminated.
There are tubes 231, 233, 235 and 232, 234, 236 for feeding gaseous dopants onto the front and rear surfaces, respectively, of the ribbon being rolled. The gaseous dopant supplied for the front surface of the ribbon 49 is phosphine, and that supplied for the rear surface is boron trifluoride. Depending upon the desired dopant density and gaseous distribution, any one, or more, or all of these tubes 231 through 236 may be utilized.
The ribbon 49 passes through an ion implant station 207 in which there is an evacuated chamber 223 containing ion guns 237, 238 which are preferably aimed at an acute angle, as shown, toward opposite surfaces
71, 72 of the advancing ribbon 49. The ion gun 237 is supplied with a gas containing phosphorous, for example a mixture of phosphine and hydrogen. The other ion gun
238 is supplied with a gas containing boron, for example, a mixture of boron trifluoride and hydrogen.
The ribbon 49 passes a guide roller 224 and enters the laminating station 108 in which the electric heaters 240 raise the temperature of the rear surface
72. A series of tubes 242 and 142 and 144 feeds oxygen or nitrogen onto the heated rear surface 72 for causing diffusion of oxygen or nitrogen into this surface for forming the thin lattice matching layer 46 (FIG. 1) described above. The laminating-pressure rollers 145, 146 press the rear surface 72 of ribbon 49 against the front surface 47 of ribbon 51 for laminating them together to form the laminated ribbon 100.
It is to be understood that the thin lattice matching layer 46 (FIG. 1) formed in the laminated
ribbon 100 includes thin portions of the rear and front surfaces 72 and 47, respectively, of the ribbons 49 and 51.
The laminated ribbon 100 passes between other pairs of opposed adjustably spaced rollers 147 and 148 in a heated bonding chamber 125 for causing the laminat¬ ed ribbon to bond securely together. If the roller 116 is textured, then the rollers 148 and 147 preferably meet the same criteria as discussed above for rollers 146 and 145.
In the rolling chambers 117, 118 and 119, the ribbon 51 being formed is heated preferably to be at a level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below the semi-liquidus condition. Similarly, in the rolling chambers 217, 218, 219, the ribbon 49 being formed is heated preferably to be at said temperature level. In the laminating and bonding chambers 124 and 125 the ribbons 49, 51 and the laminated ribbon 100 are heated preferably to a level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below their semi-liquidus temperature. This temperature level is the preferred temperature for promoting crystal growth and orientation of crystals in the ribbons while rolling.
The opposed rollers in each pair are inter- connected for causing them to rotate in opposite direct¬ ions at the same speed. Each pair of rollers is driven independently of the other pairs. Means are provided, for example, optical sensors, for sensing any deflection or sag in the moving ribbons or in the laminate. The successive pairs of rollers are driven at appropriate speeds for minimizing any deflection or sag of the travelling ribbon or laminate away from the desired path.
The walls 90 of the chambers 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 217, 218 and 219 are formed of or lined with the same machineable ceramic glass alloy as the rollers therein. There are air-tight disconnectible flanged joints 92 for enabling disassembly of any chamber for obtaining access to the interior. Also, there are numerous vents 94 leading into the respective chambers which are normally closed by shut-off valves, as indicated in FIG. 11, but which may be opened for removing and changing the gaseous content of any chamber. The gaseous diffusion and ion implant of dopant produce an n+ type layer 40 and a p+ type layer 44, while the main body 42 of the region 49 of the cell 20 is p type. The gaseous diffusion and ion implant of dopant produce an n+ type layer 48 and a p+ type layer 52, while the main body 50 of the region 51 of the cell 20 is p type.
The laminated ribbon passes a guide roller 150 and travels through baffled ports 121 in a series of partitions 120 and passes a guide roller 151, entering etching chamber 126. The etchant 152 is maintained at a temperature of 90° C. and comprises a one normal solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. The purpose of this etching step is to thoroughly clean the front and rear surfaces of the laminate ribbon 100. Advantageously, the temperature levels in the rolling, laminating and' bonding staions as decribed promote crystal growth and orientation of the crystals. Then, the relativively cool etchant 152 at a temperature of 90° C. produces a rapid quench, thereby supercooling the laminate 100 and immediately stopping further crystal growth when the
<__/__
crystals are at their optimum crystalline size. The guide roller 151 is formed of material not dissolvable in the etchant 152. After the etching is completed, the travelling ribbon 100 passes another guide roller at the opposite end of the etching bath 152 from the guide roller 151 and exits from this bath.
The etched ribbon 100 is introduced into a rinse bath 154 (FIG. 10) in a rinse chamber 128. The rinse bath 154 is methanol. After the rinsing step is completed, the travelling laminate ribbon 100 passes a guide roller 156 and exits from the rinse bath 154. The rinsed travelling ribbon 100 passes through a series of baffled ports 121 in a sequence of partitions 120 and passes a guide roller 158 in readiness for further processing steps to be described.
The layer 38 (FIG. 1) is a semi-insulating layer less than 10 Angstroms thick and preferably in the range from 6 to 9 Angstroms thick. This thin, semi- insulating layer acts as a passivating layer for lower- ing surface recombination and for helping to minimize crystal lattice mismatch. This layer 38 is formed by metal organic chemical vapor deposition of cobalt nitride (CoN) together with tin oxide (Snθ2) onto the front surface of the laminate 100, at a ratio of approxi- mately 58% cobalt nitride and approximately 42% tin oxide by weight at a temperature of approximately 460° C. This layer 38 containing cobalt and tin has a bright green-to-blue color and also advantageously acts as a spectral filter for excluding incident radiation having a wavelength longer than the middle of the near infra-red range. In other words, this layer 38 excludes
incident radiation having a wavelength longer than approximately 12,000 Angstroms for keeping the cell operating relatively cool by filtering out the longer near infra-red, i.e. wavelengths longer than approxi¬ mately 12,000 Angstroms, and the far infra-red wave- lengths, all of which do not contribute to electrical output of the cell. The layer 38 also filters out ultraviolet radiation and thus prevents cell degradation by ultraviolet radiation damage.
The layer 36 is a semi-conductive "window" layer formed by wet chemical deposition spray of a tin-containing compound in solution, for example of tin fluoride (SnF3) in alcohol in a 75% molar solution or tin chloride (SnCl4) in ethyl acetate in an 80% molar solution. This wet chemical spray deposition is carried out at a temperature in the range from 380° C. to 430° C. This layer 36 has a thickness in the range from 300 to 850 Angstroms (preferably 650 to 750 Angstroms). It acts as the primary protective layer for protecting the cell 20 from degradation due to attack from oxidizing agents or from atmospheric pollution, such as sulphur- containing compounds. This semi-conductive "window" layer 36 advantageously acts as a one-way optical mirror. It is transparent for incoming radiation, but it acts as an optical mirror for internal light rays which have been reflected from the back 22 (FIG. 1) for preventing escape of these internal light rays. In addition, this semi-conductive layer 36 advantageously serves as a collection layer in cooperation with the layers beneath it. photo litho resist is applied to the rear
22 (FIG. 1) of the cell for masking the regions 54B. Then, the interdigitated n+ type narrow stripes 54A are doped by chemical vapor deposition of phosphorous- containing dopant to a depth of approximately 1.5 microns. This resist is removed and is applied to the doped stripes 54A, and then the interdigitated p+ type narrow stripes 54B are doped by chemical vapor deposit¬ ion of a boron-containing dopant to a depth of approxi¬ mately 1.5 microns. These n+ type and p+ type stripes 54A and 54B, respectively, alternate in position in interdigitated relationship as shown in FIG. 1. These narrow interdigitated stripes each have a width in the range of approximately 7 to 15 microns, depending upon their number. There are a plurality of them located between each of the-rear contact members 25, for example, in the range from ten to twenty such interdigitated stripes. Eighteen of them are shown in FIG. 1.
Then, the regions 64 near the positions where the rear contact members 25 will be located are pro- tected by a photo litho resist. The first back surface reflector (BSR) mirror layer 56 of tin is plated or applied by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) preferably at least 50 Anstro s thick. On this layer 56 is then applied by plating or MOCVD a chromium layer 58 forming a seond back surface reflector (BSR) having a thickness in the range from 0.5 to 2 microns.
The resist is applied over the second surface reflector 58 and is removed from the region where the rear contact member 25 will be located. Each such double BSR 56, 58 may, if desired, also be used as charge carrier collection means by electrically connecting the double BSR to the rear contact members 25.
Strike barriers 59 are then deposited by MOCVD in the rear contact regions. Each such barrier is approximately 100 Angstroms thick and approximately 6 microns wide. These strike barriers 59 are formed of titanium nitride and cobalt nitride, at least 90% titan- ium nitride by weight and in the range of 1% to 10% cobalt nitride by weight of the total composition of the strike barrier. They prevent migration of silver atoms from the contact member 25 into the silicon alloy 51. They reduce the contact resistance and assure good electroplating adhesion of the silver contact layers 33 to be formed. The resist still covers the entire rear 22 of the cell 20 except at the strike barriers 59.
Toward the front of the cell a thin insulating layer 34 less than 15 Angstroms thick of silicon dioxide is formed by chemical vapor deposition. This thin insulating layer 34 electrically insulates the front contact members 27 to be formed from the semi-conductive window and one-way mirror layer 36 described above. This thin layer 34 acts as a tunneling layer for allow- ing the electrical current carriers to reach the front collection grid contact members 27.
A resist is applied over the layer 34 except in the regions where the front contact members 27 are to be located. Strike barriers 59 are then chemical vapor deposited similar to those on the rear of the cell for the same purposes.
A resist now covers the entire front and rear of the cell except at the strike barriers 59. It is to be undertood that these strike barriers 59 are also located in and have the respective widths of the regions where the intermediate bus bars 28, main bus bars 29, and side rail buses 26 will be located.
Γ SET,
OMPI
Silver is then plated onto the strike barriers 59 to a depth of approximately 2 microns. This plated silver forms the front contact members 27, which are approximately 6 microns wide, being spaced apart approxi¬ mately 151 microns on centers and having a chevron pattern as seen in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. This plated silver also forms the layers 33 as shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 7 and 8. The silver layer 33 approximately 2 microns thick is also seen in FIG. 1 as the front layer of the rear contacts 25. resist is applied over the front contacts
27, and a copper layer 35 (FIGS. 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8) approximately 10 microns thick is then plated over the silver layer 33 for forming the intermediate, main and side rail buses 28, 29 and 26, respectively, and rear contact members 25 (FIG. 1).
A resist is then applied over the intermediate bus 28, and solder 37 is applied by a wave solder application technique to form the solder layer 37 of the main buses 29 and of the side rail buses 26 (FIGS. 5 and 7). This solder layer 37 has a thickness of approxi¬ mately 20 microns. In order to apply these layers 37, the molten solder bath is vibrationally agitated for forming standing waves on the surface of the molten solder. Then, the copper layers 35 to be plated with solder are positioned above the solder bath, so that these copper layers touch the crests of the standing waves, without immersion of the remainder of the cell 20 into the solder bath.
The resist is then removed from the front and rear of the cell, and the lowest (rear) layer 32 of the anti-reflection-coating (ARC) assembly 39 is applied.
This ARC assembly 39 is a three-layer coating, and it is applied over the contact members 27, as seen in FIGS. 1, 4, 5 and 6. This ARC assembly 39 also is applied over the intermediate buses 28, over the main buses 29, and over the side rail buses 26, as seen in FIGS. 4, 5, 7 and 8.
The lowest anti-reflection-coating layer 32 comprises a mixture of cobalt nitride and titanium nitride which is formed by chemical vapor deposition. This layer 32 is less than 100 Angstroms thick, and it cooperates with the transparent mirror-like "window" layer 36 described above for advantageously acting as an internal mirror. This internal miror advantageously causes radiation in the visible range of the electro¬ magnetic spectrum ("light rays") to be reflected back and forth within the cell between the rear and front of the cell for traversing the light rays multiple times back and forth through the cell for improving the likelihood of photovoltaic interaction between the photons of light and the active photovoltaic regions of this cell.
The middle ARC layer 31 serves to bond the other two ARC layers 30 and 32 together and advantageous¬ ly acts as a secondary, protective glass-like layer for protecting the photovoltaic cell from degradation due to attack from oxidizing agents or pollutants in the atmosphere. This middle ARC layer 31 is a semi-vitreous glass which advantageously serves also as an encapsulant anti-oxidation protective layer. In addition to protect¬ ing the interior of the cell from oxidation, this layer
31 also protects the interior by acting partially as a heat-conducting layer which diminishes and disperses any tendency toward localized heating resulting from non-uniform illumination. Further, this middle layer 31 serves as a semi-vitreous bonding medium for bonding together these three ARC layers 30, 31 and 32 to form the assembly 39.
The middle anti-reflection layer 31 is a light- transparent, semi-vitreous glass composition containing silicon dioxide (Siθ2), alumina (AI2O3), boron trioxide (B2O3), sodium oxide (Na2θ) and phosphor¬ ous pentoxide (P2O5). It has a thickness in the range from 50 to 400 Angstroms, the presently preferred thickness being approximately 150 Angstroms. This semi-vitreous glass composition layer 31 contains said ingredients in the following ranges of weight percent of the total composition:
Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition Siθ2 67 to 82 I2O3 5 to 14
B2O3 6 to 18
Na2θ 4 to 20
P2O5 0.01 to 5
The ratio of Siθ2 to AI2O3 in the composi- tion is in the range of 4.8 to 1 to 16.4 to 1.
An example of the composition of this middle anti-reflection layer 31 which advantageously serves the various functions decsribed above is:
Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition Siθ2 73
A1203 7
B2O3 10
Na20 8.7
P2O5 1.3
In this example, the ratio of Siθ2 to AI2O3 is 10.4 to 1.
Another example of the composition of this middle anti-reflection layer 31 which advantageously serves the various functions described above is:
Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition Si02 68
AI2O3 5
B203 15
Na2θ 11.2
P2O5 9.8 in this example, the ratio of Siθ2 to AI2O3 is 13.6.
The layer 31 is bonded to the front surface of said layer 32 by heating the layer 31 to a tempera¬ ture of from about 750° C. to a temperature of less than about 850° C.
The front light-transparent ARC layer 30 is mainly comprised of silicon dioxide (Siθ2) having a thickness in the range from 200 to 650 Angstroms, the presently preferred thickness being approximately 450 Angstroms. It constitutes the top ARC layer, is formed by chemical vapor deposition, and is at the very front of the solar cell 20.
The intermediate bus bars 28 (FIGS. 4 and 7) have a width of approximately 15 microns and a thickness of approximately 12 microns, including a silver layer 33 which is 2 microns thick and a copper layer 35 which is 10 microns thick. The main bus bars 29 (FIGS. 4 and 5) have a width of approximately 48 microns and a thickness of approximately 32 microns, comprising a silver layer 33 (FIG. 5) which is approximately 2 microns thick, a copper layer 35 which is approximately 10 microns thick and a solder layer 37 which is approximately 20 microns thick.
The side rail buses 26 (FIG. 8) have a width of approximately 96 microns and a thickness of approxi¬ mately 32 microns, the same as the main buses 29, as seen in FIGS. 5 and 8. The side rail buses 26 have respective silver, copper and solder layers 33, 35, and 37 which are of the same thicknesses as these three respective layers of the main bus 29 (FIG. 5).
The region 42 has a resistivity in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 ohm centimeters and preferably has a resistivity of 0.05 ohm centimeters. The region 50 has a resistivity in the range of 0.15 to 1.0 ohm centi¬ meters and preferably has a resistivity in this range and less than 0.5 ohm centimeters. The regions 49 and 51 (FIG. 1) are each shown in an n+-ρ-p+ type configuration, but the cell 20 would also be operable with these regions each in p+-n-n+ type configuration. This latter configuration is obtained by
interchanging the locations of the phosphorous-containing dopant and boron-containing dopant in FIG. 11.
In forming the cell 20, the laminate 100 (FIG. 10) after rinsing and after passing the guide roller 158, is edge trimmed by laser beams to a width of 10 centimeters. FIGURE 8 shows the edge region of the edge-trimmed laminate substrate.
The front contact members 27 in the chevron pattern are spaced 151 microns on centers and as shown in FIG. 4, extend at an angle of 60° to the intermediate buses 28. The rear contact members 25 (FIG. 1) have a width of approximately 6 microns and a thickness of approximately 12 microns, comprising the layer of silver 33 which is approximately 2 microns thick and the layer of copper 35 which is approximately 10 microns thick. The rear contact members 25 are in a chevron pattern and are also spaced 151 microns on centers. Electrical connection with the rear contact members 25 is made by placing their copper layers 35 against a conductive mount (not shown). The intermediate bus bars 28 are spaced 0.5 centimeters on centers. The main bus bars 29 are spaced 1.0 centimeters on centers, and they connect at their respective ends with both of the side rail buses 26. These side rail buses 26 extend along opposite edges of the cell 20 which is trimmed to a width of 10 centi¬ meters, as described above, and thus these side rail buses 26 are spaced apart slightly less than 10 centi¬ meters. The cell 20 is a continuous ribbon and can be cut to any desired length for forming an individual photovoltaic cell for a particular application.
Electrical connection with the front 21 of the cell 20 is made by a plurality of conductive clamps (not shown) which clamp onto the side rail buses 26 at spaced points along the length of these side rail buses in regions where the ARC layer assembly 39 (FIG. 8) has been removed from these side rail buses.
The ceramic metallic glass semi-conductor alloy compositions of the front region 49 and rear region 51 of the cell 20 enable the respective spectral sensi¬ tivities, i.e. the respective band gaps, of these two regions to be individually tailored to the desired frequency ranges of the incident light rays for optimiz¬ ing the collection efficiency of the cell 20. The preferred band gap for the front cell region 49 is in the range from 1.35 to 1.65 electron volts, and the prefer- red band gap for the rear cell region 51 is in the range from 0.9 to 1.35 electron volts with these two cell regions operating in series electrically as shown in FIG. 1.
The metalization on the front 21 of the cell provided by the contact members 27 and the intermediate and main buses 28, 29 and the side rail buses 26 enable this cell 20 to be operated at a solar radiation concen¬ tration intensity up to 250 suns.
It is to be noted that the metalization on the front 21 including contact members 27, intermediate bus bars 28 and main bus bars 29 is a three-level metalization. When the incident radiation is arriving perpendicular to the front face 21, the shadowing caused by this metalization is less than 5%. In other words, with perpendicular incident light rays the active, unshadowed area of this cell is advantageously more than 95%.
-33-
With respect to the light transparent semi- vitreous glass ARC layer 31, the compositions of this layer 31 may include a flux for lowering its melting temperature. Said flux is in an amount less than 20% by weight of the total composition and includes a fluxing compound selected from the group consisting of tin dioxide, antimony dioxide and antimony trioxide. The balance of said total composition of layer 31 is trace elements in an amount less than 2% by weight of the total. As described above, in the rolling chambers
117, 118, 119 and in the rolling chambers 217, 218, 219 and in the laminating chambers 124, 125, the ceramic metallic glass semi-conductive silicon alloy ribbons 49, 51 and the laminate 100 are preferably heated to be at a level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below their semi-liquidus condition. Said alloy advantageously melts in the range of approximately 800° C. to 1,150° C. Thus, the preferred temperature of the silicon alloy in said chambers is in the range from 740° C. to 1,130° c.
f '. C PI
Claims
1. A multiple junction photovoltaic cell comprising a front and a rear cell, said cells being formed of ceramic metallic glass alloys of silicon having different band gaps and being positioned one in front of the other with a thin optically transparent lattice matching layer optically and electrically coupling them in series, and with electrical contact members on the front of the front cell and on the rear of the rear cell for operating the two cells in series.
2. A multiple junction photovoltaic cell as claimed in claim 1, in which: one of said cells has a band gap in the range of 1.35 to 1.65 electron volts and the other has a band gap in the range from 0.9 to 1.35 electron volts.
3. A multiple junction photovoltaic cell as claimed in claim 1, in which: one of said cells has a glassy silicon alloy composition characterized by the following weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition
Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 1 - 12%
Vanadium 0 - 5%
4. A multiple junction photovoltaic cell as claimed in claim 1, in which: one of said cells has a glassy silicon alloy composition characterized by the following weight percent of the following elements: Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29% Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 0.5 - 12%
Antimony 0.01 - 20%
Cobalt 0.01 - 6%
5. A multiple junction photovoltaic cell as claimed in claim 1, in which: the band gap of the glassy silicon alloy in the front cell is higher than the band gap of the glassy silicon alloy in the rear cell.
6. A multi-junction cell comprising: front and rear junction regions positioned in tandem one in front of the other, each of said junction regions being formed of a glassy silicon alloy, the spectral sensitivity of the rear junction region being different from the spectral sensitivity of the front junction region, said front and rear junction regions being optically and electrically coupled together in series by an inter¬ vening thin, optically transparent lattice matching layer, first electrical contact means associated with the front of the cell and second electrical contact means associated with the rear of the cell for operating the two junction regions in series.
- — Ok_ZPI
7. A multi-junction cell as claimed in claim
6, having back surface reflector means for internally ' reflecting light rays forwardly, and having over the front of said cell a semi-conductive one-way window layer transparent to incoming light rays but acting as an optical mirror for internally reflecting light rays rearwardly which have previously been reflected forward¬ ly from the back for preventing escape of these internal light rays.
8. A multi-junction cell as claimed in claim 6, having a green-to-blue spectral filter in front of the front junction region for excluding wavelengths longer than the middle of the near infra-red range at approximately 12,000 Angstroms for keeping the cell operating relatively cool and also for excluding ultra- violet radiation shorter than about 4,000 Angstroms for preventing ultraviolet degradation.
9. A multi-junction cell as claimed in claim
7, having a non-planar rear surface configuration including a plurality of sloping reflecting regions in said back surface reflector means for internally reflecting light rays along various paths.
10. A multi-junction cell as claimed in claim 9, in which: said sloping regions slope at an angle in the range from approximately 10° to 15° to the plane of the cell.
11. A multi-junction cell as claimed in claim 6, in which: the front junction region includes a highly doped zone immediately adjacent to the front of said intervening matching layer, and
12. A photovoltaic cell including a contact structure comprising: .a plurality of elongated contact members formed of silver positioned on the cell for providing electric¬ al connection with the cell, a plurality of intermediate buses connected to said silver contact members, Q said intermediate buses including lower portions formed of silver integral with said contact members and formed at the same time as said silver contact members, and said intermediate buses each including an 5 upper portion of larger cross-sectional area than said lower portion, and said upper portion being formed of copper and being positioned directly on top of and contiguous with said lower silver portion. 0 13. A photovoltaic cell including contact structure as claimed in claim 12, in which: a plurality of main buses are connected to said intermediate buses, said main buses include first, second and 5 third portions, said second portion has a larger cross-sectional area than said first portion and is positioned directly on top of said first portion and is contiguous therewith, said third portion has a larger cross-sectional 0 area than said second portion and is positioned directly on top of said second portion and is contiguous therewith,
ΓRE -38-
said first portion is formed of silver integral with said silver lower portion of each intermediate bus and is formed at the same time as said lower portion, said second portion is formed of copper integral with said copper upper portion of each intermediate bus and is formed at the same time as said upper portion, and said third portion is formed of solder.
14. A photovoltaic cell including a contact structure as claimed in claim 12, in which: said upper copper portion of each intermediate bus has a vertical thickness many times greater than the thickness of the lower silver portion.
15. A photovoltaic cell including a contact structure as claimed in claim 13, in which: 'said second portion of each main bus has a copper thickness equal to the thickness of the upper copper portion of each intermediate bus, and said third portion of each main bus has a solder thickness many times greater than the thickness of the second portion,
16. A photovoltaic cell including a contact structure as claimed in claim 12, in which: said elongated contact members extend at an angle approximately 60° to said intermediate buses.
17. In a photovoltaic cell having a surface adapted to face incident radiation, a coating layer on said surface, said coating layer being formed from a semi-vitreous glass alloy composition comprising: about 67 to about 82 percent silicon dioxide, about 5 to about 14 percent aluminum trioxide, about 6 to 18 percent boron trioxide, about 4 to about 20 percent sodium oxide and about 0.01 to about 5 percent phosphorous pentoxide, wherein the percentages are expressed as percents by weight based upon the total weight of the alloy compo¬ sition.
18. In a photovoltaic cell, a coating layer as defined in claim 17 wherein said coating layer is bonded to said surface by heating said coating layer to a temperature of from about 750° C. to a temperature of less than about 850° C.
19. In a photovoltaic cell, a coating layer as defined in claim 17 or 18, wherein said coating layer has a thickness in the range from about 50 Ang¬ stroms to about 400 Angstroms.
20. In a photovoltaic cell, an intervening layer as defined in claim 17 or 18, wherein the ratio by weight of silicon dioxide to aluminum trioxide is in the range from 16.4 to 1 to 4.8 to 1.
21. In a photovoltaic cell, a coating layer as defined in claim 17 or 18, including a flux in an amount less than about 20 percent by weight of the total composition, said flux being a compound selected from the group of compounds consisting of tin dioxide and antimony dioxide, and wherein the balance of said total composition is trace elements in an amount less than about 2 percent by weight of the total composition.
22. In a photovoltaic cell, a semi-vitreous glass alloy composition as defined in claim 17 or 18, including about 73 percent silicon dioxide, about 7 percent aluminum trioxide, about 10 percent boron trioxide, about 8.7 percent sodium oxide and about 1.3 percent phosphorous pentoxide.
23. In a photovoltaic cell, a semi-vitreous glass alloy composition as defined in claim 17 or 18, including about 68 percent silicon dioxide, about 5 percent aluminum trioxide, about 15 percent boron trioxide, about 11.2 percent sodium oxide and about 9.8 percent phosphorous pentoxide.
24. In a photovoltaic cell having a silicon- containing semiconductor body in which the silicon comprises more than 50% by weight of the semiconductor body and wherein silver contact members are used to collect the charge carriers from the semiconductor body, strike barriers positioned between said semiconductor body and said contact members, each such strike barrier having a width at least as wide as the associated contact member and comprising a layer formed of titanium nitride and cobalt nitride containing at least 90% titanium nitride and at least 1% cobalt nitride by weight percent of the total composition of the strike barrier layer for preventing migration of silver atoms from the contact members into the semiconductor body and for reducing the contact resistance of the silver contact members with respect to the semiconductor body.
25. In a photovoltaic cell, strike barriers as defined in claim 24, having a thickness of approxi- mately 100 Angstroms.
26. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell, com¬ prising the steps of: providing a ribbon of the silicon alloy in a molten state.
O passing the molten silicon alloy ribbon between a first pair of opposed rollers in a first rolling station, cooling said first pair of rollers for rapidly cooling said molten ribbon to its semi-solidus condition, then passing said ribbon between other pairs of opposed rollers in other rolling stations, keeping the ribbon temperature in the range from 740° C. to 1,130° C. in said other rolling station for promoting crystal growth in the ribbon while being rolled, and suddenly quenching the hot rolled ribbon for stopping further crystal growth.
27. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell, as defined in claim 26, wherein: said ribbon of the silicon alloy in a molten state is provided by extruding.
28. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell, as defined in claim 26, wherein: said ribbon of silicon alloy is kept at a temperature level of approximately 20° C. to 60° C. below the semi-liquidus condition of the silicon alloy.
29. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell, as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, wherein: said sudden quenching of the hot rolled ribbon is produced by introducing the hot ribbon into a liquid bath.
30. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell, as defined in claim 29, wherein: said liquid bath is an etchant bath.
31. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, wherein: said silicon alloy is a ceramic metallic glass semiconductor alloy of silicon characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition
Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 1 - 12%
Vanadium 0 - 5%
32. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, wherein: said silicon alloy is a ceramic metallic glass semiconductor alloy of silicon' characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Weight Percent of
Ingredient Total Composition
Silicon 66.5 to 68.1%
Lithium 22.6%
Alumina 2.3%
Fluorine 1.5%
Hydrogen 5.5%
Vanadium* Less than 1.5%
33. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, wherein:
said silicon alloy is a ceramic metallic glass semiconductor alloy of silicon characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent Ingredient of Total Composition Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 0.5 - 12% Antimony 0.01 - 20%
Cobalt 0.01 - 6%
34. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, wherein: said silicon alloy is a ceramic metallic glass semiconductor alloy of silicon characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent Ingredient of Total Composition Silicon 59.5 - 63.5%
Lithium 25%
Alumina 4.9%
Fluorine 1.3%
Hydrogen 5.3% Antimony Less than 3%
Cobalt Less than 1%
35. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, including the step of: applying gaseous dopant onto at least one surface of the hot moving ribbon of silicon alloy prior to
OMPI -44-
passing the ribbon between at least one pair of opposed rollers pressed against the oposite surfaces of the hot ribbon for enhancing diffusion of the dopant into the ribbon.
36. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 34, including the step of: laminating the doped hot ribbon of silicon alloy with at least one other hot ribbon of silicon alloy by passing the hot ribbons simultaneously between at least one pair of opposed rollers pressing said hot ribbons together for bonding them together into said laminate.
37. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, in which: at least one of said rollers in one of said stations has a textured periphery including sloping surfaces which slope at an angle in the range from 10° to 15° to a tangent to the roller periphery at the location of each such sloping surface for producing a correspondingly textured surface on- the substrate on the side of the substrate intended to face away from the incident radiation.
38. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, wherein: said rollers are formed of a machineable ceramic glass alloy resistant to dissolution by contact with the hot silicon alloy ribbon, said machineable ceramic glass alloy having a composition characterized by the indicat¬ ed weight percent of the following elements:
O PI Weight Percent of Ingredient Total Composition Silicon 50 to 70
Alumina 10 to 25
Lithium 5 to 35
39. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell as defined in claim 26, 27 or 28, including the steps of: applying gaseous dopant onto at least one surface of the hot moving ribbon of silicon alloy prior to passing the ribbon between at least one pair of opposed rollers pressed against the opposite surfaces of the hot ribbon for enhancing diffusion of the dopant into the ribbon, and applying further gaseous dopant onto said one surface of the hot moving ribbon prior to passing the ribbon between at least one other pair of opposed rollers pressed against the opposite surfaces of the hot ribbon for further enhancing diffusion of the dopant into the ribbon.
40. A method for producing a semiconductor silicon alloy substrate for a photovoltaic cell, wherein: said silicon alloy ribbon is rolled to a width of at least 11 centimeters, and thereafter is trimmed to a uniform width of
10 centimeters.
41. A photovoltaic cell having a first plurality of elongated, spaced, parallel contact members on the front thereof and a second plurality of elongated, spaced, parallel contact members on the rear thereof, said
OMPi _ contact members of the first plurality being in a first chevron pattern, and said contact members of the second plurality being in a second chevron pattern of the same configuration as the first chevron pattern and reversed with respect to the first pattern for minimizing likelihood of short circuit between front and rear contact members.
42. A photovoltaic cell having at least one photoactive region formed of a ceramic metallic glass semiconductor alloy of silicon characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition
Silicon 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 1 - 12%
Vanadium 0 - 5%
43. A photovoltaic cell having at least one photoactive region formed of a ceramic metallic glass semiconductor alloy of silicon characterized by the indicated weight percent of the following elements:
Range in Weight Percent
Ingredient of Total Composition S Siilliiccoonn 51 - 88%
Lithium 3 - 30%
Alumina 0.5 - 29%
Fluorine 0.5 - 8%
Hydrogen 0.5 - 12% A Annttiimmoonnvy 0.01 - 20%
Cobalt 0.01 - 6%
44. In a photovoltaic cell having a photoactive region, internally reflective rear mirror means applied to said photoactive region comprising a layer of tin, a layer of chromium applied to said tin layer and being located behind said tin layer, said tin layer preventing migration of chromium atoms into said photoactive region.
45. In a photovoltaic cell having a photo¬ sensitive region, charge carrier collection means on the rear of said region comprising a plurality of interdigi¬ tated p+ and n+ doped stripes alternating in position and each having a thickness in the range from 0.5 to 1.5 microns, said interdigitated stripes being immediately adjacent one to another.
46. In a photovoltaic cell, charge carrier collection means as defined in claim 45, in which: a first plurality of said immediately adjacent interdigitated p+ and n+ stripes are located on a first sloping rear surface of said photosensitive region, and a second plurality of said immediately adjacent interdigitated p+ and n+ stripes are located on a second sloping rear surface of said photosensitive region which slopes in the opposite direction from said first sloping rear surface.
47. In a photovoltaic cell, charge carrier collection means as defined in claim 46, in which: a first internally reflective mirror is positioned adjacent to and slopes at the same angle as said first plurality of interdigitated stripes, and a second internally reflective mirror is position¬ ed adjacent to and slopes at the same angle as said second plurality of interdigitated stripes.
48. In a photovoltaic cell having a photo¬ sensitive region, spectral filter means on the front of said photosensitive region comprising: a spectral filter layer consisting mainly of cobalt nitride together with tin oxide having a br-ight green-to-blue color.
49. In a photovoltaic cell, a spectral filter layer as defined in claim 48, in which: said spectral filter layer contains cobalt nitride and tin oxide in a weight ratio of about 58% to 42%.
50. In a photovoltaic cell, a spectral filter layer as claimed in claim 48, in which: said green-to-blue colored filter excludes wavelengths longer than approximately 12,000 Angstroms.
51. In a photovoltaic cell, internally reflective rear mirror means as claimed in claim 44, in which: said tin layer is at least 50 Angstroms thick.
52. In a photovoltaic cell, internally reflect¬ ive rear miror means as claimed in claim 44, in which: said photoactive region has a multiplicity of interdigitated n+ and ρ+ stripes alternating in position immediately adjacent one to another, said n+ and p+ stripes being adjacent to said tin layer.
53. In a photovoltaic cell having a photo- responsive region, charge carrier collection means on the rear of said region comprising a plurality of interdigi¬ tated p+ and n+ doped stripes alternating in position, said interdigitated stripes being immediately adjacent one to another, and an electrically conductive metal layer immediately adjacent to the rear of said interdig¬ itated stripes, said stripes having a width in the direction parallel to said metal layer greater than their thickness in the direction perpendicular to said metal layer.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP84903907A EP0197034A1 (en) | 1984-10-16 | 1984-10-16 | Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell |
PCT/US1984/001680 WO1986002493A1 (en) | 1984-10-16 | 1984-10-16 | Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/US1984/001680 WO1986002493A1 (en) | 1984-10-16 | 1984-10-16 | Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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PCT/US1984/001680 WO1986002493A1 (en) | 1984-10-16 | 1984-10-16 | Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell |
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WO (1) | WO1986002493A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
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EP1941551A2 (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2008-07-09 | Imperial Innovations Limited | Photovoltaic cells |
CN105091377A (en) * | 2015-09-01 | 2015-11-25 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院 | Solar selective absorbing coating and preparation method thereof |
CN105222381B (en) * | 2014-11-28 | 2017-07-07 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院 | A kind of double absorption layer coating for selective absorption of sunlight spectrum and preparation method thereof |
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CN105222381B (en) * | 2014-11-28 | 2017-07-07 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院 | A kind of double absorption layer coating for selective absorption of sunlight spectrum and preparation method thereof |
CN105091377A (en) * | 2015-09-01 | 2015-11-25 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院 | Solar selective absorbing coating and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
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