WO1986007543A1 - Internally applied self energising healing electrodes - Google Patents

Internally applied self energising healing electrodes Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1986007543A1
WO1986007543A1 PCT/AU1986/000178 AU8600178W WO8607543A1 WO 1986007543 A1 WO1986007543 A1 WO 1986007543A1 AU 8600178 W AU8600178 W AU 8600178W WO 8607543 A1 WO8607543 A1 WO 8607543A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrodes
accordance
healing
coated
stimulator
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1986/000178
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Noel Desmond Gray
Original Assignee
Noel Desmond Gray
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Noel Desmond Gray filed Critical Noel Desmond Gray
Publication of WO1986007543A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986007543A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8695—Washers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/08—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by means of electrically-heated probes
    • A61B18/082—Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/28—Bones
    • A61F2002/2821—Bone stimulation by electromagnetic fields or electric current for enhancing ossification
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00389—The prosthesis being coated or covered with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00395—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of metals or of alloys
    • A61F2310/00419—Other metals
    • A61F2310/00473—Coating made of zinc or Zn-based alloys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00389—The prosthesis being coated or covered with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00395—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of metals or of alloys
    • A61F2310/00419—Other metals
    • A61F2310/00568—Coating made of gold or Au-based alloys

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to living tissue regeneration and pain reduction and to apparatus for achieving such ends by use of electrical energy.
  • the human body and indeed those of animals have quite remarkable inbuilt healing mechanisms whereby flesh wounds of quite substantial proportions may display substantial tissue regeneration within say seven days such that the risk of infection is minimised as is discomfort to the patient.
  • infection in a surgically created wound or a trauma wound may be life threatening any product or process which may enhance or speed up tissue regeneration and hence reduce the risk of infection would be an important advance.
  • Such a product or process may be of particular use in conjunction with patients who, due to age, diet or other factors, have a sub ⁇ standard ability to regenerate tissue.
  • Bone growth stimulators wherein electrodes with external power sources are utilised to generate current flow adjacent a fracture in order to promote osteogenesis are also known.
  • two or more conductive or semi-conductive physiologically compatible electrodes adapted for insertion at least partly into living tissue; the first electrode comprising or being coated with a first material and an adjacent electrode comprising or being coated with a different material such that when the two electrodes are placed in living tissue adjacent each other a potential difference exists between the two electrodes which causes a small current to flow through tissue between the electrodes.
  • the present invention has application not only in the field of encouraging osteogenesis in the case of fractured bones but additionally has application in cases where it is desired to enhance the healing of soft tissue wounds.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a pair of electrodes in accordance with the present invention formed as a surgical staple
  • Figure 2 is a side elevation of a segment of a human long bone incorporating electrodes in accordance with the present invention formed as pins
  • Figure 3 is a cross-section through a human long bone incorporating electrodes in accordance with the present invention formed as pins.
  • Figure 1 discloses a surgical staple 1 having a first leg 2 and a second leg 3. Both legs are coated with a layer of plastic insulating material 4.- Leg 2 is additionally provided with a gold coating 5 whereas leg 3 is additionally provided with a zinc coating 6.
  • legs 2 and 3 of the staple would penetrate the soft tissue of say a flesh wound (not shown) either side of the wound line (not shown) in the conventional manner. The legs would then remain embedded in the flesh for some period of time.
  • leg 2 and 3 Once embedded in human tissue legs 2 and 3 begin to operate as electrodes, the fluids present in the body serving as an electrolyte.
  • Leg 2 will act as an inert electrode due to its coating of gold whilstthezinc coating 6 on leg 3 will cause that leg .to operate as the active or sacrificial electrode.
  • gold and zinc will create a potential difference of 2.12 volts between legs 2 and 3 causing a current to flow across the wound line (not shown).
  • the coatings which result in the potential - ⁇ h - difference causing the current flow need not necessarily be metalic but may be any other eLsTEns orchemical compoundswhich result in a potential difference.
  • Lithium iodide cells for example are well known and may have application in certain embodiments of the present invention.
  • the rate of decay of the active electrode may be impeded by the inclusion of an inert substance in the coating 6 or by other means.
  • electrodes in accordance with the present invention should be capable of delivering currents in the range of 1 to 500 microamps being the range within which satisfactor accelerated healing appears to occur. Potential differences in the order of .01-3 volts should be readily achievable provided the - s - electrode materials are correctly chosen in accordance with a galvanic table or like reference.
  • Figure 1 depicts an example where two legs of a staple are coated with different materials so as to cause a single staple to generate a current when implanted in flesh. It should be appreciated that a similar result could be achieved by insertion of multiple staples with say alternate staples being fabricated from or coated with different materials such that a potential difference will arise between such adjacent staples.
  • a second embodiment of the present invention is depicted at figures 2 and 3 wherein there is depicted proximal 7 and distal 8 parts of a human long bone either side of a fracture 9. It is - common practice to pin the proximal and distal parts of the bone in their correct relationship in order to ensure correct alignment of the bone after osteogenesis. To this end holes 10 are drilled into the bones in order to facilitate insertion of pins 11 and 12.
  • these pins are comprised of or coated with dissimilar materials displaying a potential difference which in the environment .of the human body forms a battery causing a current to flow along the fracture 8 in the area between the pins 11 and 12.
  • the pins may be wholly or merely partially sacrificial electrodes.
  • An embodiment as lastmentioned consequently renders the installation of mechanical fixing means such as pins, screws or the like and the installation of a bone growth stimulator a single operative procedure little more complex than the mere installation of mechanical fixing means themselves.
  • mechanical fixing means such as pins, screws or the like
  • a bone growth stimulator a single operative procedure little more complex than the mere installation of mechanical fixing means themselves.
  • these electrodes furthermore required yet another surgical procedure in order that they may be removed.
  • the two embodiments above described should not be considered exhaustive of the applications of the present invention. Indeed it is not essential that the electrodes of the present invention be incorporated with mechanical fixing means or other articles used in the human body such as pins, screws, discs, wires, plugs or staples.
  • the electrodes of the present invention may comprise washers used in conjunction with say conventional screws or alternatively the electrodes may be implanted entirely independently of any other device.
  • living tissue where used herein shall include bone.

Abstract

A healing aid comprising two or more conductive or semiconductive physiologically compatible electrodes adapted for insertion at least partly into living tissue, including bones; the first electrode comprising or being coated with a first material (5) one or more adjacent electrodes comprising or being coated with a differnt material (6) such that when the electrodes are placed in living tissue adjacent each other a potential difference exists between the electrodes. The electrodes may be integral with staples (1), pins or screws commonly used in surgical procedures.

Description

- . -
INTERNALLY APPLIED SELF ENERGISING HEALING ELECTRODES The present invention relates to living tissue regeneration and pain reduction and to apparatus for achieving such ends by use of electrical energy. The human body and indeed those of animals have quite remarkable inbuilt healing mechanisms whereby flesh wounds of quite substantial proportions may display substantial tissue regeneration within say seven days such that the risk of infection is minimised as is discomfort to the patient. As however in many instances infection in a surgically created wound or a trauma wound may be life threatening any product or process which may enhance or speed up tissue regeneration and hence reduce the risk of infection would be an important advance. Such a product or process may be of particular use in conjunction with patients who, due to age, diet or other factors, have a sub¬ standard ability to regenerate tissue.
Research indicates that small electronic currents in the vicinity of a flesh wound enhance tissue regeneration and hence healing of the wound even in cases where the patients natural healing ability may be sub-standard. Research furthermore indica that such current in the vicinity of a wound has the effect of reducing pain perceived by the patient as eminating from the woun
Bone growth stimulators wherein electrodes with external power sources are utilised to generate current flow adjacent a fracture in order to promote osteogenesis are also known.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for applying a small electronic current proximal to a wound utilising internally applied conductive or semi-conductive electrodes without an external power source.
According to the present invention there is provided two or more conductive or semi-conductive physiologically compatible electrodes adapted for insertion at least partly into living tissue; the first electrode comprising or being coated with a first material and an adjacent electrode comprising or being coated with a different material such that when the two electrodes are placed in living tissue adjacent each other a potential difference exists between the two electrodes which causes a small current to flow through tissue between the electrodes. The present invention has application not only in the field of encouraging osteogenesis in the case of fractured bones but additionally has application in cases where it is desired to enhance the healing of soft tissue wounds.
In order that the invention may be better understood two embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a pair of electrodes in accordance with the present invention formed as a surgical staple; Figure 2 is a side elevation of a segment of a human long bone incorporating electrodes in accordance with the present invention formed as pins; and Figure 3 is a cross-section through a human long bone incorporating electrodes in accordance with the present invention formed as pins.
Figure 1 discloses a surgical staple 1 having a first leg 2 and a second leg 3. Both legs are coated with a layer of plastic insulating material 4.- Leg 2 is additionally provided with a gold coating 5 whereas leg 3 is additionally provided with a zinc coating 6.
In use the legs 2 and 3 of the staple would penetrate the soft tissue of say a flesh wound (not shown) either side of the wound line (not shown) in the conventional manner. The legs would then remain embedded in the flesh for some period of time.
Once embedded in human tissue legs 2 and 3 begin to operate as electrodes, the fluids present in the body serving as an electrolyte. Leg 2 will act as an inert electrode due to its coating of gold whilstthezinc coating 6 on leg 3 will cause that leg .to operate as the active or sacrificial electrode. In this example utilising gold and zinc will create a potential difference of 2.12 volts between legs 2 and 3 causing a current to flow across the wound line (not shown). Several combinations of physiologically compatible electrode materials are available and in this regard it is contemplated that the coatings which result in the potential - <h - difference causing the current flow need not necessarily be metalic but may be any other eLsTEns orchemical compoundswhich result in a potential difference. Naturally the metals, elements or com¬ pounds must be physiologically compatible although as much work has been done in this area in recent years a number of alternative combinations will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art. Lithium iodide cells for example are well known and may have application in certain embodiments of the present invention.
The rate of decay of the active electrode may be impeded by the inclusion of an inert substance in the coating 6 or by other means.
Present research indicates that where one is trying to stimulate healing in soft tissue currents in the order of 40 to 300 microamps give good results whereas with embodiments intended for use as bone growth stimulators currents in the range of 5 to 100 microamperes may be more appropriate. It should also be appreciated that as the conductivityof.bcneiisgenerally less than that of flesh greater potential differences may be necessary in the case of bone growth stimulators in order to generate a given current than would be the case with soft tissue.
It is envisaged that electrodes in accordance with the present invention should be capable of delivering currents in the range of 1 to 500 microamps being the range within which satisfactor accelerated healing appears to occur. Potential differences in the order of .01-3 volts should be readily achievable provided the - s - electrode materials are correctly chosen in accordance with a galvanic table or like reference.
Figure 1 depicts an example where two legs of a staple are coated with different materials so as to cause a single staple to generate a current when implanted in flesh. It should be appreciated that a similar result could be achieved by insertion of multiple staples with say alternate staples being fabricated from or coated with different materials such that a potential difference will arise between such adjacent staples. A second embodiment of the present invention is depicted at figures 2 and 3 wherein there is depicted proximal 7 and distal 8 parts of a human long bone either side of a fracture 9. It is - common practice to pin the proximal and distal parts of the bone in their correct relationship in order to ensure correct alignment of the bone after osteogenesis. To this end holes 10 are drilled into the bones in order to facilitate insertion of pins 11 and 12.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention these pins are comprised of or coated with dissimilar materials displaying a potential difference which in the environment .of the human body forms a battery causing a current to flow along the fracture 8 in the area between the pins 11 and 12. The pins may be wholly or merely partially sacrificial electrodes. An embodiment as lastmentioned consequently renders the installation of mechanical fixing means such as pins, screws or the like and the installation of a bone growth stimulator a single operative procedure little more complex than the mere installation of mechanical fixing means themselves. Previously it was the case that if adequate osteogenesis had not occurred within six weeks a separate surgical procedure was required in order to install electrodes and necessary wires to corrrπunicate with an external power source. Naturally these electrodes furthermore required yet another surgical procedure in order that they may be removed. These two additional surgical procedures in addition to the surgical procedure necessary to install the mechanical fixing means necessarily result in additional risk to the patient as well as unnecessary expense.
The two embodiments above described should not be considered exhaustive of the applications of the present invention. Indeed it is not essential that the electrodes of the present invention be incorporated with mechanical fixing means or other articles used in the human body such as pins, screws, discs, wires, plugs or staples. For example the electrodes of the present invention may comprise washers used in conjunction with say conventional screws or alternatively the electrodes may be implanted entirely independently of any other device.
The term living tissue where used herein shall include bone.

Claims

The claims defining the invention are as follows:
1. A healing aid comprising two or more conductive or semi- conductive physiologically compatible electrodes adapted for insertion at least partly into living tissue; the first electrode comprising or being coated with a first material and an adjacent electrode comprising or being coated with a different material such that when the electrodes are placed ih living tissue adjacent each other a potential difference exists between the electrodes which causes a small current to flow through tissue between the electrodes.
2. A healing stimulator in accordance with claim 1 wherein the materials from which the electrodes are fabricated or with which they are coated are selected such that when implanted in the body the electrodes will set up a current of between 1 and 500 microamps.
3. A healing stimulator in accordance with any one of the preceding claims wherein one or more of the electrodes is integral with traditional bone fixing means such as pinsor screws.
4. A healing stimulator in accordance with any one of claims 1 - 2 wherein the electrodes are integral with articles traditionally used in soft tissue such as staples.
5. A healing stimulator in accordance with any one of claims 1 - 2 hereof wherein at least one of the electrodes is a - 0 - washer adapted for use in conjunction with a conventional surgical screw.
6. A method of implanting a bone growth stimulator in accordance with the present invention comprising the steps of: a) selecting at least tv/o electrodes in accordance with any one of claims 1-5 hereof, b) implanting the electrodes at least partially within the body adjacent the wound site such that a current of between 1 and 500 microamps flows between the electrodes an proximate thewound site.
PCT/AU1986/000178 1985-06-20 1986-06-20 Internally applied self energising healing electrodes WO1986007543A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPH1133 1985-06-20
AUPH113385 1985-06-20

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1986007543A1 true WO1986007543A1 (en) 1986-12-31

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AU1986/000178 WO1986007543A1 (en) 1985-06-20 1986-06-20 Internally applied self energising healing electrodes

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0227754A4 (en)
JP (1) JPS63500221A (en)
WO (1) WO1986007543A1 (en)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2219510A (en) * 1988-06-07 1989-12-13 Thomas Stuart Jackson Elliot Medical devices with bacterial inhibition
GB2248552A (en) * 1990-10-05 1992-04-15 Ying Shung Wang Adhesive plaster for treatment at acupuncture points using ceramic semiconductor
WO1993017752A1 (en) * 1992-03-09 1993-09-16 Boston Scientific Corporation Biological in situ electrical current generating apparatus
EP1199049A1 (en) * 1998-08-10 2002-04-24 Itzhak Dr. Shoher Metallic composite surface composition for an implant structure
WO2014028196A1 (en) * 2012-08-15 2014-02-20 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods for promoting wound healing
US9011431B2 (en) 2009-01-12 2015-04-21 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrical ablation devices
US9078662B2 (en) 2012-07-03 2015-07-14 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Endoscopic cap electrode and method for using the same
US9277957B2 (en) 2012-08-15 2016-03-08 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrosurgical devices and methods
US9375268B2 (en) 2007-02-15 2016-06-28 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electroporation ablation apparatus, system, and method
US9427255B2 (en) 2012-05-14 2016-08-30 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Apparatus for introducing a steerable camera assembly into a patient
US9545290B2 (en) 2012-07-30 2017-01-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Needle probe guide
US9572623B2 (en) 2012-08-02 2017-02-21 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Reusable electrode and disposable sheath
US9883910B2 (en) 2011-03-17 2018-02-06 Eticon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Hand held surgical device for manipulating an internal magnet assembly within a patient
US10098527B2 (en) 2013-02-27 2018-10-16 Ethidcon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System for performing a minimally invasive surgical procedure
US10098691B2 (en) 2009-12-18 2018-10-16 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Surgical instrument comprising an electrode
US10105141B2 (en) 2008-07-14 2018-10-23 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Tissue apposition clip application methods
US10258406B2 (en) 2011-02-28 2019-04-16 Ethicon Llc Electrical ablation devices and methods
US10278761B2 (en) 2011-02-28 2019-05-07 Ethicon Llc Electrical ablation devices and methods
US10314649B2 (en) 2012-08-02 2019-06-11 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Flexible expandable electrode and method of intraluminal delivery of pulsed power
US10314603B2 (en) 2008-11-25 2019-06-11 Ethicon Llc Rotational coupling device for surgical instrument with flexible actuators
US10779882B2 (en) 2009-10-28 2020-09-22 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrical ablation devices

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Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2219510B (en) * 1988-06-07 1992-07-22 Thomas Stuart Jackson Elliot Medical devices
US5154165A (en) * 1988-06-07 1992-10-13 National Research Development Corporation Medical devices
GB2219510A (en) * 1988-06-07 1989-12-13 Thomas Stuart Jackson Elliot Medical devices with bacterial inhibition
GB2248552A (en) * 1990-10-05 1992-04-15 Ying Shung Wang Adhesive plaster for treatment at acupuncture points using ceramic semiconductor
WO1993017752A1 (en) * 1992-03-09 1993-09-16 Boston Scientific Corporation Biological in situ electrical current generating apparatus
US5360440A (en) * 1992-03-09 1994-11-01 Boston Scientific Corporation In situ apparatus for generating an electrical current in a biological environment
EP1199049A1 (en) * 1998-08-10 2002-04-24 Itzhak Dr. Shoher Metallic composite surface composition for an implant structure
US9375268B2 (en) 2007-02-15 2016-06-28 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electroporation ablation apparatus, system, and method
US10478248B2 (en) 2007-02-15 2019-11-19 Ethicon Llc Electroporation ablation apparatus, system, and method
US11399834B2 (en) 2008-07-14 2022-08-02 Cilag Gmbh International Tissue apposition clip application methods
US10105141B2 (en) 2008-07-14 2018-10-23 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Tissue apposition clip application methods
US10314603B2 (en) 2008-11-25 2019-06-11 Ethicon Llc Rotational coupling device for surgical instrument with flexible actuators
US10004558B2 (en) 2009-01-12 2018-06-26 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrical ablation devices
US9011431B2 (en) 2009-01-12 2015-04-21 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrical ablation devices
US10779882B2 (en) 2009-10-28 2020-09-22 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrical ablation devices
US10098691B2 (en) 2009-12-18 2018-10-16 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Surgical instrument comprising an electrode
US10278761B2 (en) 2011-02-28 2019-05-07 Ethicon Llc Electrical ablation devices and methods
US10258406B2 (en) 2011-02-28 2019-04-16 Ethicon Llc Electrical ablation devices and methods
US9883910B2 (en) 2011-03-17 2018-02-06 Eticon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Hand held surgical device for manipulating an internal magnet assembly within a patient
US9427255B2 (en) 2012-05-14 2016-08-30 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Apparatus for introducing a steerable camera assembly into a patient
US11284918B2 (en) 2012-05-14 2022-03-29 Cilag GmbH Inlernational Apparatus for introducing a steerable camera assembly into a patient
US10206709B2 (en) 2012-05-14 2019-02-19 Ethicon Llc Apparatus for introducing an object into a patient
US9078662B2 (en) 2012-07-03 2015-07-14 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Endoscopic cap electrode and method for using the same
US9788888B2 (en) 2012-07-03 2017-10-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Endoscopic cap electrode and method for using the same
US9545290B2 (en) 2012-07-30 2017-01-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Needle probe guide
US10492880B2 (en) 2012-07-30 2019-12-03 Ethicon Llc Needle probe guide
US9572623B2 (en) 2012-08-02 2017-02-21 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Reusable electrode and disposable sheath
US10314649B2 (en) 2012-08-02 2019-06-11 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Flexible expandable electrode and method of intraluminal delivery of pulsed power
US10342598B2 (en) 2012-08-15 2019-07-09 Ethicon Llc Electrosurgical system for delivering a biphasic waveform
US9277957B2 (en) 2012-08-15 2016-03-08 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrosurgical devices and methods
US9788885B2 (en) 2012-08-15 2017-10-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Electrosurgical system energy source
WO2014028196A1 (en) * 2012-08-15 2014-02-20 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods for promoting wound healing
US10098527B2 (en) 2013-02-27 2018-10-16 Ethidcon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System for performing a minimally invasive surgical procedure
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EP0227754A1 (en) 1987-07-08
EP0227754A4 (en) 1987-11-10
JPS63500221A (en) 1988-01-28

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