WO1987001814A1 - Method of navigating an automated guided vehicle - Google Patents
Method of navigating an automated guided vehicle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1987001814A1 WO1987001814A1 PCT/SE1986/000413 SE8600413W WO8701814A1 WO 1987001814 A1 WO1987001814 A1 WO 1987001814A1 SE 8600413 W SE8600413 W SE 8600413W WO 8701814 A1 WO8701814 A1 WO 8701814A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- fixed points
- truck
- light beam
- plane
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100345589 Mus musculus Mical1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000270666 Testudines Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009850 completed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005236 sound signal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/16—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/08—Position of single direction-finder fixed by determining direction of a plurality of spaced sources of known location
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D1/00—Control of position, course or altitude of land, water, air, or space vehicles, e.g. automatic pilot
- G05D1/02—Control of position or course in two dimensions
- G05D1/021—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles
- G05D1/0231—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means
- G05D1/0234—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means using optical markers or beacons
- G05D1/0236—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means using optical markers or beacons in combination with a laser
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D1/00—Control of position, course or altitude of land, water, air, or space vehicles, e.g. automatic pilot
- G05D1/02—Control of position or course in two dimensions
- G05D1/021—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles
- G05D1/0231—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means
- G05D1/0242—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using optical position detecting means using non-visible light signals, e.g. IR or UV signals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D1/00—Control of position, course or altitude of land, water, air, or space vehicles, e.g. automatic pilot
- G05D1/02—Control of position or course in two dimensions
- G05D1/021—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles
- G05D1/0268—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using internal positioning means
- G05D1/0272—Control of position or course in two dimensions specially adapted to land vehicles using internal positioning means comprising means for registering the travel distance, e.g. revolutions of wheels
Definitions
- the invention is related to a method of navi ⁇ gating an automated guided vehicle.
- the present invention is related to this type of navigation system and accordingly concerns a method of navigating a vehicle moving generally in one plane in which a calculation of the current position and direction of the vehicle is effected by measuring the angles in said plane from a reference point on the vehicle to fixed positions in relation to a reference direction on the vehicle.
- prior art systems for free navigation of auto- mated guided trucks are based on the fact that the signals received by the truck to be used for calcu ⁇ lation of the current position of the truck, are spe ⁇ cific to the points from which they originate, and can be used to identify these points.
- FIG 1 is a plan view of premises through which an automated guided truck is to navigate by ap ⁇ plying the method according to the invention
- FIG 2 is a side view of the truck
- FIG 3 is a horizontal sectional view of the truck in FIG 2 taken along line III-III
- FIG 4 is diagrammatic side view of the optical system for emitting a scanning laser beam
- FIG 5 is a geometrical figure for calculating the position and direction of the vehicle from the angles to three fixed reference points
- FIG 6 is a block diagram of an electronic system for working the method according to the invention
- FIG 7 is a more detailed block diagram of the electronic system arranged on the truck
- FIG 8 is a diagrammatic front view of a detector suitable for use in the system
- FIG 9 is a diagrammatic plan view illustrating the scanning of a reflector by use of the detec ⁇ tor in FIG 8, and
- FIG 10 is a graph illustrating the signal ob ⁇ tained from the detector from the scanning according to FIG 9.
- a possible path 10 is shown to be followed by an automated guided truck 11 by applying the method according to the invention.
- the path extends through a free space in the premi ⁇ ses, limited by the walls of the premises and/or objects existing therein, such as machines, storage racks or the like, here generally indicated with 12.
- the free space through which the truck can move does not actually have to be limited by fixed objects or be enclosed by walls; the space for the truck move ⁇ ment may be limited to a certain area having a speci ⁇ fic shape and extension in the horizontal plane for other reasons.
- a plurality of reflectors 13 shall be mounted in the motion space, the reflectors being of the most simple and inexpensive type and are suitably made of reflecting tape, for instance of the type marketed by 3M Svenska AB under trademark SCOTCH LITE.
- the tape may be attached directly to walls or objects or may be mounted on located vertically standing pins and having a diameter of about 20 mm.
- the tape should have some extension in the vertical direction. Behind the reflectors a dark background should be arranged to make the reflectors sharply outlined against the background.
- an optical system 14 is arranged for emitting a laser beam scanning 360 .
- the truck is constructed in a special way for the mounting of the optical system, FIG 2 and FIG 3.
- the optical system 14 is moun ⁇ ted in such a way that the flanges or webs 17 extend radially to the vertical scan movement axis 20.
- the body 18 of the truck may comprise suitable lifting means or other load handling means and space for electronic equipment, batteries etc.
- the optical system may in principle be arranged as is diagrammatically shown in FIG 4.
- a laser gene- rator 21 which may be a gas laser (He-Ne) for visible light or a semiconductor laser for IR-radiation, possibly pulsed, directs its beam towards a mirror 22 which in turn directs the beam through an opening 23 in a mirror 24 to a mirror 25.
- the latter mirror is supported on a rotatably mounted balance wheel 26 connected over a drive belt to a drive motor 27 to be rotated at a constant rotational speed of the order of 2 or 3 revolutions per sec.
- the balance wheel is connected to an angle meter 28 of very high accuracy, or to a device for measuring the period used by the balance wheel to rotate at a constant speed from a reference position to a given position, the angle po ⁇ sition of which is to be indicated.
- Such time measurement can be performed at very high reliability and by utilizing a simpler and less expensive device than an angle sensor of high accuracy.
- the truck is shown in a co-ordinate system, and in order to identify the position of the truck in a given moment the co-ordinates x and y for the axis 20 and the angle T have to be determined.
- the angle is the angle between the x-axis and a vehicle reference line L, usually the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. This determination can be done by utilizing three fixed points, i. e. by using three reflectors, which the truck "sees" from the actual position.
- the position and direction of the truck can be determined by applying conven ⁇ tional trigonometry as previously known per se and as described in the above mentioned publication Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, September 1983, Vol. 105/153.
- the motion area with reflectors and path are stored in an electronic memory.
- the storing in the electronic memory can be done by using known tech- nique.
- a method which can be applied is the utilizat ⁇ tion of a CAD system, for instance AutoCAD, which is a designing program by means of which any drawing can be reproduced in a microcomputer.
- AutoCAD CAD
- the plan of the truck movement area of FIG 1 can be programmed into a micro computer.
- the truck as an alternative to storing via the AutoCAD program can be driven along said path and its position in relation to the re ⁇ flectors be continuously stored in the program.
- the positions of the reflectors are determined by utili ⁇ zation of conventional land surveying technique, " and the measured positions are stored in the program.
- the reflector positions can be located by driving the truck along a known path and be deter- mined by utilizing the optical system and a program loaded in the computer system of the truck.
- a truck position and direction must first be defined so as to serve later as a base for identifying subsequent positions and directions.
- the truck is placed in a predetermined posi ⁇ tion and in a predetermined direction initially de ⁇ fined.
- the position and direction are defined from three fixed points at the time, assuming that said points have certain identi ⁇ ties, and this is repeated with reference to all fixed points visible from the truck in a given posi ⁇ tion. This results in a plurality of positions and directions for each three points, which form the basis for the calculation.
- the variance of the ob ⁇ tained result is calculated, and then the calcula ⁇ tions are repeated with another assumption as to the identity of the points. When the assumption is found, which giving the least variance, the points are identified.
- the computer 31 is also connected to a operator's console 32 with a keyboard to allow temporary manual operations in the program loaded.
- the computer 31 is connected through a communication system 34, FIG 6, for instance a wireless link (radio or IR) to a micro computer 35 on each truck.
- a communication system 34 FIG 6, for instance a wireless link (radio or IR) to a micro computer 35 on each truck.
- the computer 31 operates as a coordinator of several trucks in a system and gives through the link the necessary information to the computer 35 on the truck.
- the computer 35 can be a micro computer of the type Motorola MC 68010, and it is connected to another micro computer 36 on the truck which also can be of the type Motorola MC 68010 receiving angle measurement signals from the optical system 14 and processing these signals so as to give to the com- putor 35 information on the momentary position and direction of the truck by applying the above mention ⁇ ed method. Then in the computer 35 a comparison with the programmed data is made, and depending on the result of the comparison control signals are sent to the driving system 37 of the truck to provide the correction of the truck movement necessary to make the truck move along the predetermined path. Also connected to the computer 35 is an appropriate sensor system 38 to stop the truck movement when a risk of collision with persons or objects arises.
- the accuracy in the control of the truck can be substantially improved by utilizing a detector of the type described in FIG 8.
- This detector is of a known design and comprises two silicon photodiodes indicated at 39A and 39B. Each of the diodes has a width of the order of 100 ⁇ m, and the diodes are separated by a gap 40 of the order of 10 ⁇ m.
- the scanning of the reflectors 13 in principle can be regarded as a projection of the detector, that is the two silicon diodes, on the surface of the reflector. This is illustrated in FIG 9. When the projected image of the detector is entering the reflector in the direction of the arrow 41, one silicon diode 39A will first be in the area of the reflector and then the other one.
- the detector will pro ⁇ vide a signal as illustrated in FIG 10 where the horizontal axis defines the scanning angle and the vertical axis defines the signal from the detector.
- the signal from the detector will rise to a largest positive value so as to decrease again to zero later when the second diode starts to enter the reflector, as the signal provided by the second diode is subtracted from the signal from the first diode. After that no signal from the detector will be obtained until the projection of said first diode moves from the surface of the reflector, the signal from said second diode being emitted from the detector.
- this arrangement there is obtained a distinct signal easy to define, which means that the determination of the angle can be done at high accuracy with a corresponding high accuracy in the determination of the position and direction of the truck.
- the determination of the position and direction by applying the above described method can be com- pleted with odometry, which means that sensors on the wheels and steering mechanism of the truck provide signals representing the distance run and the direc ⁇ tion of the existing movement, respectively, and that these signals then are . used for calculating the change of the position and direction of the truck, to that it is possible to obtain, on the basis thereof by calculations executed in the computer 36, infor ⁇ mation on the actual position and direction of the truck.
- the quantities hereby obtained then may be processed together with those obtained by applying the method according to the invention.
- Means can be provided for manually controlling the truck, for instance a control panel connected to the truck through a cable.
- Some minor lateral deviation between the path followed by the truck on one occasion and the path followed in the same part of the path on another occasion can be programmed providing an advantage as the truck in that case does not wear wheel tracks in the support (the floor) during movement along an unchanged path for a long time.
- Essential of the invention is the method in which the postition and direction of movement of the truck is determined by utilizing a number of reflec ⁇ tors providing anonymous reflection signals.
- the practical embodiment of the mechanical and electro- nical means through which this method is realized has been illustrated and described in the embodiment pre ⁇ ferred at present but can be modified or replaced by other means than the one described here without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT86905976T ATE65610T1 (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1986-09-16 | PROCEDURE FOR NAVIGATION OF AN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE. |
JP61505032A JPH0795094B2 (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1986-09-16 | Driving method for automated guided vehicles |
DE8686905976T DE3680518D1 (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1986-09-16 | METHOD FOR NAVIGATING AN AUTOMATICLY DRIVED VEHICLE. |
NO872051A NO172012C (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1987-05-15 | PROCEDURE FOR AA NAVIGATE AN AUTOMATED, LEADED VESSEL |
FI872161A FI88655C (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1987-05-15 | Ways of navigating a driverless vehicle as well as a vehicle for exercising in the manner |
DK250787A DK169003B1 (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1987-05-18 | Method of navigating a driverless vehicle |
SG706/93A SG70693G (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1993-05-28 | Method of navigating an automated guided vehicle |
HK83693A HK83693A (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1993-08-12 | Method of navigating an automated guided vehicle |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE8504299-2 | 1985-09-17 | ||
SE8504299A SE451770B (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1985-09-17 | KIT FOR NAVIGATION OF A LARGE VESSEL IN ONE PLAN, EXTRA A TRUCK, AND TRUCK FOR EXTENDING THE KIT |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1987001814A1 true WO1987001814A1 (en) | 1987-03-26 |
Family
ID=20361419
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE1986/000413 WO1987001814A1 (en) | 1985-09-17 | 1986-09-16 | Method of navigating an automated guided vehicle |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4811228A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0238615B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH0795094B2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK169003B1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI88655C (en) |
SE (1) | SE451770B (en) |
SG (1) | SG70693G (en) |
WO (1) | WO1987001814A1 (en) |
Cited By (17)
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EP0247014A2 (en) * | 1986-05-23 | 1987-11-25 | Aktiebolaget Electrolux | Position sensing system for a moving object |
WO1990000746A1 (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1990-01-25 | Caterpillar Industrial Inc. | Scanning obstacle detection apparatus |
GB2223374A (en) * | 1988-09-28 | 1990-04-04 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Locating a load from an automatically guided vehicle |
FR2640760A1 (en) * | 1988-12-20 | 1990-06-22 | Scient Tech Batimen Centre | Method and device for locating a moving object |
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DE19541379C2 (en) * | 1995-11-07 | 2001-01-18 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Method for determining the position of a vehicle in a driving plane |
SG83708A1 (en) * | 1998-08-06 | 2001-10-16 | Murata Machinery Ltd | Automatic guided vehicle system and method for navigating automatic guided vehicle |
SG83709A1 (en) * | 1998-08-06 | 2001-10-16 | Murata Machinery Ltd | Automatic guided vehicle system |
FR2878038A1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-05-19 | Micro Module Sarl | Movable object e.g. person, locating system, has central control circuit receiving, signals related to different light beams that photodetectors, carried by beacons, detect and calculating object `s position relative to beacons |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK250787D0 (en) | 1987-05-18 |
FI872161A0 (en) | 1987-05-15 |
EP0238615B1 (en) | 1991-07-24 |
SE8504299D0 (en) | 1985-09-17 |
JPH0795094B2 (en) | 1995-10-11 |
US4811228A (en) | 1989-03-07 |
FI88655B (en) | 1993-02-26 |
FI872161A (en) | 1987-05-15 |
SE8504299L (en) | 1987-03-18 |
FI88655C (en) | 1993-06-10 |
DK169003B1 (en) | 1994-07-25 |
DK250787A (en) | 1987-06-16 |
EP0238615A1 (en) | 1987-09-30 |
SG70693G (en) | 1993-08-06 |
JPS63501173A (en) | 1988-04-28 |
SE451770B (en) | 1987-10-26 |
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