WO1987004936A1

WO1987004936A1 - Method and apparatus for iontophoretic drug-delivery

Info

Publication number: WO1987004936A1
Application number: PCT/US1987/000250
Authority: WO
Inventors: John E. Sanderson; Stanton R. De Riel
Original assignee: Key Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 1986-02-12
Filing date: 1987-02-11
Publication date: 1987-08-27
Also published as: US4722726A; EP0258392A1; AU7082787A; DK532587A; JPS63502404A; DE3789642T2; EP0258392B1; DE3789642D1; DK532587D0; JP2636290B2; AU592860B2; CA1312247C; DK175043B1

Abstract

A device for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredient to a patient includes an electrode, a first cavity for holding a solution of active ingredient in at least partially ionized form to be delivered to a patient, a member for maintaining a solution in the first cavity while allowing passage of active ingredient from the first cavity, and an ion exchange member separating the electrode and the first cavity for inhibiting the flow of ions having a charge similar to the charge of the ionized form of the active ingredient from the electrode means to the first cavity. Methods for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredients to a patient are also disclosed.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IONTOPHORETIC DRUG-DELIVERY

The present invention relates to a device for iontophoretic delivery of active- ingredients to a patient. The invention also relates to a method for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredients to a patient, and to a method for reducing the possibility of skin trauma caused by iontophoretic delivery of active ingredients to a patient.

Iontophoretic drug delivery is based on the principle that charged molecules will migrate in an electric field toward the electrode of opposite charge. In practice, the process of iontophoretic drug delivery is performed by putting a solution of the drug, often contained in a piece of filter paper or in a gel or in some other device, onto intact skin. The solution is then covered by an electrode. A second electrode is placed elsewhere on the skin, and a direct current source is connected between the two electrodes in such a way that the electrode in contact with the drug solution assumes the same charge as the ionized drug. Under the influence of the electric field present, drug molecules migrate through the skin. A current flows between the electrodes, part of which is carried by the drug.

Although the process of iontophoretic drug delivery may be accomplished using very simple electrodes, certain advantages accrue through the use of more sophisticated electrode configurations. For example, one side effect of the iontophoretic process is the possible formation of vesicles and bullae on the skin beneath the electrodes, as described by W.B. Shelley et al. in J. Invest. Dermatol., 11, pg. 275 (1948). Minimizing this type of skin trauma has been the subject of several recent patents. Jacobsen et al. in U.S. Patent No. 4,416,274 describe a segmented electrode which is designed to ensure uniform current flow, thereby minimizing skin trauma arising from high localized currents.

In another series of patents,- ϋ.S; Patent Nos. 4,166,457, 4,250,878, and 4,477,971, Jacobsen et al. describe electrodes to which a solution of a drug may be added just prior to the application of the iontophoretic treatment to the patient. The salient feature of these electrodes is that they have an empty chamber closed on the side which is to be attached to the skin by a microporous membrane, which allows the iontophoretic passage of ions but inhibits fluid flow under modest pressure differentials. These electrode designs contain self-sealing devices which allow addition of the drug solution, similar in function to the rubber seals commonly used in medical practice in the manipulation of parenteral solutions. These electrodes employ clothing snaps to provide electrical contact with the external circuit, a common practice also with the use of electrocardiographs and other medical devices which require electrical contact with the skin. One important factor in the use of these electrodes is to ensure that gas bubbles (either from gas originally present in the electrode or from that which is formed by the electrode reaction) do not interfere with the electrical contact between the drug solution and the clothing snap. Addition of the drug solution to the electrode at the time of application of iontophoretic treatment to the patient provides several advantages. One electrode may be used for delivery of several different drugs. Further, since many of the drugs for which iontophoretic delivery is practical are available in parenteral form, the parenteral form of the drug can often be used without modification.

None of these recent patents concerning the design and construction of iontophoretic electrodes identify or address the problem of pH control in the electrodes. Protons are produced at the anode and hydroxide- ions are produced at the. cathode by water electrolysis under the usual conditions employed in iontophoretic drug delivery. Not only will this lead to a change in pH at the electrode; also the ion produced in the drug solution has the same charge as the drug, and if the ion is allowed to accumulate in the solution it will begin to compete with the drug as the treatment proceeds. The pH-change is significant also because the maximum current density which may be passed through the skin appears to be pH-related. The maximum current is the maximum current density times the electrode area employed. The penalties for exceeding the maximum permissible current density are pain and burns. Molitor and Fernandez, Am. J. Med. Sci., 198, pg. 778 (1939) reported that the maximum permissible current density is dependent on the electrode area. We observe similar behavior. The data from Molitor and Fernandez, on the maximum current which can be applied from an effectively unbuffered but relatively constant pH electrode to the skin for fifteen minutes without causing pain, as a function of area, are shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. The points are taken from the aforementioned reference. The line of FIG. 1 was derived from a model which says that the pain is der ived from the buildup of a substance in the skin, the generation of which is proportional to current and the dissipation of which is proportional to the concentration. The der ivation of the equation for the line , designed to f it the endpoints of the data, is given below. The fit of the data appears to support this hypothesis .

Fick ' s first law of diffusion:

J - K(Cs - Co) J is flux (mass/area time)

K is mass transfer coefficient (length/time) Cs is source concentration (mass/volume) Co is sink concentration

Q = JA Q is total flow (mass/time)

A is area thus Q = KA(Cs - Co) however, Co is Q/V where V is the flow rate in the sink

(volume time) thus Q = KACs - AQ7 and Q = ACsV

A + V/K defining constants as follows

F = i/Q (where i is maximum current) L = CsVF M = V/K

Using the endpoints of the Molitor et al. data (A = 25, Q = 10 and A = 500, Q = 26.5) yields a value for L of 29.0 and for M of 47.55. Thus i = 29.0A(47.55 + A.) The Molitor et al. experimental values and those calculated from the above equation appear below for comparison and are plotted in FIG. 1 as noted above. 2

Area c Experimental (im Amps) Calculated

25 10.0 (10.0)

50 14.0 14.9

75 17.0 17.8

100 19.0 19.6

125 20.5 21.0

150 21.5 22.0

175 22.5 22.8

200 23.0 23.4

225 23.8 23.9

250 24.2 24.4

275 24.7 24.7

300 25.2 25.0

400 26.3 25.9

500 26.5 (26.5)

Duration of treatment is also a factor affecting the maximum permissible current density. In Table I below is presented the relationship between the maximum time for an iontophoretic experiment and current density as determined by the drop in skin resistance under a weakly buffered electrode. A significant drop in skin resistance is indicative of skin trauma. Also presented is the total charge passed, which is related to the product of the current and the time.

TABLE I Maximum Time for Iontophoresis as a Function of Current Current Time Charge

5.0 mA 36 in 10.8 coulombs

2.0 A 72 min 8.6 coulombs

1.5 mA 110 min 9.9 coulombs

Medium: physiological saline buffered with O.01M phosphate.

At a given current an experiment could only be run for the specified length of time. The time increased with decreasing current in such a way that the product of the two, the total charge, remained relatively constant. Molitor (Merck Report, January 22, 1943) hypothesizes that the factor which limits the current density is the buildup of protons or hydroxyl ions in the subcutaneous tissue as evidenced by a change in pH. Molitor and Fernandez had shown that a change in subcutaneous pH of as much as 1.5pH units can occur after fifteen minutes of iontophoresis.

This hypothesis is also consistent with the data in Table I, if one assumes that the reason why the subcutaneous pH beneath an anode drops more or less linearly for fifteen minutes is not that steady state between proton generation and dissipation is reached this slowly, but rather that increase in proton concentration in the subcutaneous tissue is due to increasing proton transport from the donor solution as the buffer capacity of the donor solution is strained by the continuous production of protons at the anode. For example, the data in Table I were generated using physiological saline buffered with 0.01M phosphate. By using 0.5M phosphate as the electrolyte at both electrodes, operation at 2 mA for at least two hours was possible without experiencing a drop in skin resistance. It appears, therefore, that pH control (achieved here with the more concentrated buffer) , in addition to being a major factor in optimizing current efficiency, is also a major factor in enabling the use of high current densities and/or long iontophoretic durations without discomfort or skin trauma.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need for an efficient and safe iontophoretic drug delivery device that inhibits the current-carrying capacity of ions that compete with the active ingredient.

The present invention provides an electrode device for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredient to a patient. The device is designed to increase the rate and efficiency of drug delivery to the patient, and also to reduce the possibility of skin trauma, including chemical burns caused by uncontrolled production of protons or hydroxide ions at the electrode during iontophoretic delivery of the drug, and electrical burns caused by the use of high currents.

A first aspect of this invention is a device for iontophoretic delivery of an at least partially ionized active ingredient through the skin of a patient, comprising:

(a) a first containment means for containing an electrolyte;

(b) an electrode for said first containment means to contact electrolyte in said containment means;

(c) a second containment means, adjacent to said first containment means, for containing said active ingredient;

(d) an ion-exchange membrane as an ion mobility inhibiting means, separating said first containment means from said second containment means, for inhibiting the flow of ions having a charge like that of the at least partially ionized active ingredient between said first and second containment means; and

(e) maintaining means for maintaining the active ingredient in said second containment means while allowing passage of active ingredient ions to the skin of the patient.

The term "electrode" herein is meant to denote a conductive component within the electrode device of the present invention at which, when in contact with electrolyte, oxidation or reduction takes place.

In a second aspect, this invention provides a method of using such a device for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredient to a patient, which comprises the steps of applying such a device to the skin surface of the patient, the device containing electrolyte in said first containment means and an effective amount of the active ingredient in said second containment means, applying to the skin surface of the patient a second electrode device spaced from the first device, and supplying current through the electrode devices to cause migration of an effective amount of the active ingredient into the patient.

In a further embodiment of this invention, the s.kin surface of the patient is iontophoretically pre- treated with an anionic surface active agent prior to administration of a cationic active ingredient, or with a cationic surface active agent prior to administration of an anionic active ingredient.

In a yet further embodient of the present invention, when the active ingredient is in basic form, it is associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable weak acid. Similarly, when the active ingredient is in acid form, it is associated wiht a pharmaceutically acceptable weak base. An electrode device may be provided which already contains such active ingredient, ready to use.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredient to a patient comprising applying to the skin surface of the patient an electrode device that includes an electrode and an associated ionized active ingredient, applying to the skin surface of the patient a second electrode device spaced from the first device, and supplying current to the electrode devices to cause migration of a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient into the patient, said active ingredient being associated with buffering means. A ready-to-use electrode device may be provided, containing active ingredient and buffering means.

For the better understanding of the invention a preferred embodiment will now be described in conjunction with Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a graph of experimental and calculated results as discussed above, wherein the experimental results are shown as points in circles and the calculated results are shown by a smooth curve;

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a device made in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 3 is a top view of the device of FIG.2 with domed member not shown to expose^" the interior parts.

FIG. 2 of the drawings illustrates a device including a generally conical or domed flanged molding 1, which is made of electrically nonconduσtive material such as polyethylene or polypropylene. The particular shape is not critical. The opening at the base of the molding may be covered by a microporous membrane 3 which is attached to the bottom of the molding and is made of electrically nonconductive material, such as stretched polyethylene or polypropylene film. One specific example of such a material is a polypropylene film sold under the trademark Celgard 3501 by Celanese, Inc. The membrane can be coated with a surfactant if necessary for the purpose of wettability. The microporous membrane 3 allows electrical migration of ions but inhibits leakage of fluid. The material of which the microporous membrane is made can vary with the active ingredient used in the device. Alternatively, the active ingredient could be maintained in the electrode by providing it in the form of a self-supporting gel. The gel form and the microporous membranes thus are equivalent methods of maintaining the active ingredient in the electrode.

The molding 1 and the microporous membrane 3 together define a chamber that is divided by an ion exchange membrane 4, discussed below, into upper and lower cavities, 6 and 10 respectively, each of which contains a different solution. Thus upper cavity 6 is defined by the upper portion of molding 1 and the membrane 4, while the lower cavity 10 is defined by the lower portion of molding 1 and the ion exchange membrane 4 on top and the microporous membrane 3 on bottom. Good results have been obtained with a device having an active area of 15 cm , wherein the upper cavity has a volume of

6 ml and the lower cavity a volume of 2 ml. An electrode

7 is provided through the exterior wall of the upper cavity 6 -for connection to a current source.

Filling means, typically an injection tube 2, is fitted through an opening in the center of the top of the molding 1, as shown in FIG. 2, so that the upper end of the tube is exposed to the outside of the molding to allow introduction therethrough of drug solution. The tube extends through membrane 4 so that the lower end of the tube is open to the lower cavity. The tube 2 is sealed to the molding at the point where it passes through, to prevent leakage of fluid out of the upper cavity. The tube 2 is conveniently made of electrically nonconduσtive material similar to the material of which the molding is made, although the two may be made of different materials.

The upper end of the tube is sealed, preferably by a self-sealing means 5. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the self-sealing means is a serum stopper which can be punctured by a hypodermic needle. When the needle is removed, the material of the sealing means closes about and obliterates the opening made by the needle. Such a self-sealing means can also be loσated in the wall of lower σavity 10, so that the drug can be injected directly into the σavity without the need for an injection tube.

Lower cavity 10 σontains an electrolytic solution of an at least partially ionized pharmaceutically active ingredient, and upper σavity 6 contains an electrolyte. Between them is the ion- exchange membrane 4, which will now be discussed. Membrane 4 inhibits the passage of the drug ions and ions of similar charge within the drug solution located in the lower σavity 10 into the upper σavity 6, and also the passage of ions of similar σharge from the eleσtrode into the drug solution, thus reduσing σompetition with the drug ions as current carriers. Membrane 4 thus separates the drug -solution in lower cavity 10 f om the electrode 7 which is in σontaσt with the eleσtrolyte in upper σavity 6. Suitable ion exσhange membranes are those sold under the designations AR103-QZL by Ioniσs, Inσ., and Raipore 4010 and 4035 by RAI Researσh Corp. Generally, the membrane should have as high a seleσtivity as possible, keeping in mind praσtiσal σonsiderations suσh as the flexibility of the film (whiσh is advantageous for the fabriσation of the eleσtrode) and the inσrease in eleσtriσal resistanσe with the thiσkness of the membrane. A selectivity of 80%, as determined through 0.5N KC1 and 1.0N KC1 solutions on different sides of the membrane, is useful, although the selectivity may be higher or lower. A buffer, such as a phosphate buffer or ion exchange resin particles, may be used with the eleσtrolyte if desired.

The electrode 7 conveniently can take the form of a clothing snap 7 mounted in the wall of the upper molding so that the stud of the snap is exposed to the outer surface of the molding for conneσtion to an eleσtriσal power sourσe, not shown. The base of the snap is exposed to the eleσtrolytic solution within the upper σavity 6, where said solution is preferably gelled and buffered. The eleσtrode σould also simply σomprise a wire passing through the molding into the eleσtrolyte. An eleσtrode made of stainless steel is desirable if σorrosion is a problem.

A flange portion 11 of the molding σan also be provided at the base of the device. The flange is coated on its underside with an adhesive layer 8. Any suitable adhesive material can be employed. The adhesive layer serves to secure the device to the skin of the patient during treatment.

A protective release layer 9 may be held on the underside of the flange portion 11 by the adhesive layer 8. The release layer 9 protects the microporous membrane 3 from contamination and damage when the device is not being used. When the device is ready for use, the release layer 9 is peeled off to expose the adhesive layer 8 and the microporous membrane 3.

Any standard iontophoretic electrode device may be used as the second electrode device, although the active area should be about the same as that of the first electrode device. Karaya gum is a useful electrolyte for the seσond eleσtrode deviσe, sinσe it σan also aσt as an adhesive and exhibits some buffering σharaσteristiσs. Additional buffering may be provided if desired.

It has been disσovered that the rate of drug delivery generally drops by an order of magnitude when power is shut off, depending speσifiσally on the passive delivery rate of the aσtive ingredient. Thus, the present deviσe may be used with a miσroproσessor and sensor σapable of shutting off power when a given drug dose has been administered, partiσularly where there is a σlear physiologiσal indiσation, e.g. a given heart rate, when a σertain amount has been administered.

It may be desirable to provide the solution of aσtive ingredient with a buffer. The ion of the buffer of like σharge to the drug ion should have low ioniσ mobility. The limiting ioniσ mobility of this ion is preferably no greater than 1 x 10~⁴ σm²/volt-sec. The buffer can include large multiply-charged ions or weak anion exchange resin or weak cation exchange resin. The buffer ions should have a smaller charge-to-mass ratio than the active ingredient. The pK of the weak anion exchange resin should be in the range of about 4 to about 7, preferably about 6. The anionic exchange resin is especially useful at a pH of 0-7. One example of such a resin is Amberlite IRA-45 resin sold by Rohm and Haas. The pK of the weak cation exchange resin should be in the range of about 6 to about 10, preferably about 9. The σationiσ exσhange resin is espeσially useful at a pH of about 5-14. One example of suσh a resin is Amberlite CG- 50 resin. This buffering method σan be used with iontophoretiσ drug delivery eleσtrode deviσes other than the speσifiσ one disσlosed herein.

In acσordanσe with another aspeσt of the present invention, the aσtive ingredient to be iontophoretiσally administered to the patient is in the form of a weak aσid or weak base salt, so that the σompetition of protons and hydroxide ions-is reduced, thus advantageously improving the current efficiency of the active ingredient. Among suσh weak aσids are inσluded maleiσ, aσetiσ and suσσiniσ aσids, and an example of such a weak base is ammonia. This reduction of protons and hydroxide ions allows for delivery of an increased amount of active ingredient without the possibility of skin burns and trauma. These aspects of the invention are useful for any iontophoretic drug delivery process and apparatus, not only the electrode deviσe and aσσompanying method disσlosed herein.

A wide variety of aσtive ingredients may be used in the present invention. Virtually any aσtive ingredient σapable of assuming an ionized form is useful in the present invention, for the aσtive ingredient must be at least partially in ionized form. However, the present invention is partiσularly useful for drugs of short duration of aσtion, where frequent and lengthy appliσation is required. Typiσal examples of suσh aσtive ingredients inσlude σateσholamines suσh as dobutamine, anticholinesterase agents such as neostigmine, ergot alkaloids, opioids, opioid antagonists, salicylates and sσopolamine. Partiσularly useful are the inotropiσ σompounds disσlosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,562,206. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention the quaternary ammonium salt forms of- aminated active ingredients are used, sinσe the quaternary form will not normally pass aσross the blood-brain barrier or the plaσental barrier, and additionally will not ionize to yield protons. The amount of aσtive ingredient in the ionized form in solution is preferably from about 1 to about 5 mg. ionized aσtive ingredient per ml solution. The pH of the solution σontaining the aσtive ingredient σan be from about 3 to about 10.

In accordanσe with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the skin surfaσe of a patient is pre-treated iontophoretiσally with a solution of a pharmaσeutiσally aσσeptable surfaσe aσtive agent having a σharge opposite to the σharge of the aσtive ingredient. This reduσes σompetition from the migration of body tissue ions outward through the skin, allowing for inσreased σurrent effiσienσy of iontophoretiσ drug delivery, and avoiding disσomfort and skin trauma to the patient. Pharmaσeutiσally aσσeptable surfaσe aσtive agents for use in aσσordanσe with the present invention inσlude, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodeσylsarσosinate, σholesterol hemisuσσinate, sodium σetyl sulfate, sodium dodeσylbenzenesulfonate. sodium dioctylsulfosuσσinate, and quaternary ammonium σompounds such as cetyl trimethylammonium σhloride. It is believed that the surfaσe aσtive agent funσtions to drive out similarly σharged physiologiσal ions, whiσh σan σarry σharge and thus deσrease the effiσienσy of the iontophoretiσ drug delivery. The surfaσe aσtive agent does not exhibit the mobility of the physiologiσal ions, and thus does not affect the σurrent effiσienσy as the physiologiσal ions do. This pretreatment also is useful for iontophoretiσ eleσtrode deviσes other than that of the present invention.

In use, the release liner 9 is peeled off and the deviσe is attaσhed to the skin of- he patient, with the adhesive layer 8 seσurely contacting the skin. A syringe or other suitable drug delivery means is filled with a volume of drug solution somewhat larger than the volume of the lower cavity, and the needle of the syringe is forced through the serum stopper 5 into the tube 2. The syringe plunger is drawn back to aspirate air from the lower chamber 10 and then the drug solution is forcibly transferred through the needle into the tube 2. This process of air aspiration and transfer of solution is repeated until the drug solution in the device completely fills lower cavity 10 and thus completely covers the bottom of the ion-exchange membrane 4. The device is then attached to any suitable power supply (preferably DC) by means of the electrode 7. Also attached to the power supply is a second eleσtrode deviσe that is applied to the skin surface of the patient spaced from the first device. The spacing between the first and second electrode devices σan be relatively close, as long as the current is prevented from passing from one electrode device to the other without passing through the skin. The electrode devices provide an eleσtriσ field by whiσh the aσtive ingredient migrates through the miσroporous membrane 3 and through the skin into the body.

The present invention has been described in conneσtion with a preferred embodiment as shown in Figures 2 and 3. It should be understood, however, that suσh a deviσe σould have a wide variety of shapes or struσtures σonsistent with the aspeσts and embodiments of the present invention as hereinabove desσribed. For instanσe the deviσe σould be of a generally flatter profile, in order to minimize size, and σan be of any desired shape for application to a partiσular area of the skin. The two eleσtrode deviσes σan be inσorporated into a unitary body, provided that the .above-discussed spacing requirements are met. Such an embodiment would then only require one apparatus to be affixed to the patient. As discussed above, the electrolyte of either cavity can be in the form of a liquid or a self-supporting gel. Other embodiments might contain the electrolyte in a sponge member or other absorbent material such as filter paper. The term "cavity" throughout this description is used in its broadest sense as any unfilled space within which the electrolytiσ media are contained. Suσh a σavity may in faσt be defined by the eleσtrolytiσ medium itself if it is in the form of a self-supporting gel or sponge member. Therefore the term σavity is intended to enσompass any suitable σontainment means.

Claims

CLAIMS :

1. A device for iontophoretic delivery of an at least partially ionized active ingredient through the skin of a patient, comprising:

(a) a first σontainment means for σontaining an eleσtrolyte;

(b) an eleσtrode for said first σontainment means to σontaσt eleσtrolyte in said containment means;

(σ) a second σontainment means, adjacent to said first containment means, for containing said aσtive ingredient;

-(d) an ion-exσhange membrane as. an ion mobility inhibiting means, separating said first σontainment means from said seσond σontainment means, for inhibiting the flow of ions having a charge like that of the at least partially ionized active ingredient between said first and second containment means; and

(e) maintaining means for maintaining the aσtive ingredient in said seσond σontainment means while allowing passage of active ingredient ions to the skin of the patient.

2. A device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising electrolyte in said first containment means, said electrolyte further comprising buffering means for neutralizing ions produced at said electrode.

3. A device as claimed in claim 2 wherein the electrolyte is in the form of a gel.

4. A device as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the electrode is an anode.

5. A device as claimed in any of σlaims 1 to 4 wherein the electrode is a σathode.

6. A deviσe as σlaimed in any of σlaims 1 to 5 further σomprising aσtive ingredient in a solution in said seσond σontainment means, said solution further σomprising buffering means for the solution, wherein the ions of the buffering means of like σharge to the aσtive ingredient have a limited ioniσ mobility of less than 1 x 10^"^ cm²/voltτ-sec.

7. A deviσe as σlaimed in any of σlaims 1 to 6 further comprising a filling means in^" σommuniσation with said seσond σontainment means.

8. A method for iontophoretiσ delivery of aσtive ingredient to a patient, σomprising the steps of:

(a) applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a first eleσtrode deviσe as σlaimed in any of σlaims 1 to 7, said deviσe further comprising electrolyte in said first containment means and active ingredient in said second containment means;

(b) applying to the skin surface of the patient a second electrode device spaced from said first device; and

(c) supplying σurrent to the eleσtrodes of said first eleσtrode deviσe and said seσond eleσtrode deviσe to σause migration of an effeσtive amount of the aσtive ingredient into the patient from said first eleσtrode deviσe.

9. A method as σlaimed in σlaim 8 wherein said first and seσond eleσtrode deviσes are housed in a unitary body.

10. A method as σlaimed in σlaim 8 or σlaim 9 wherein the skin below said first eleσtrode deviσe is pretreated iontophoretiσally with a solution of a surfaσe aσtive agent, said surfaσe aσtive agent having a σharge opposite to that of the aσtive ingredient ions.

11. A method as σlaimed in any of claims 8 to 10 wherein the active ingredient is contained in a solution and which further comprises incorporating buffering means into this solution, wherein the ions of. the buffering means of like charge to the charge of the active ingredient have a limited ionic mobility of less than 1 x 10^""4 σm²/volt-seσ.

12. A method as σlaimed in any of σlaims 8 to 11 wherein the aσtive ingredient is in basiσ form and is assoσiated with a pharmaσeutiσally acceptable weak acid.

13. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the phar aceutiσally aσσeptable weak aσid is seleσted from aσetiσ aσid, maleiσ aσid, and suσσinic acid.

14. A method as claimed in any of σlaims 8 to 11 wherein the active ingredient is in acidiσ form and is assoσiated with a pharmaσeutically acceptable weak base.

15. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the pharmaceutiσally aσσeptable weak base is ammonia.

16. A method for iontophoretiσ delivery of aσtive ingredient in ioniσ form to a patient, σomprising applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a first eleσtrode deviσe that inσludes an eleσtrode and an assoσiated ionized aσtive ingredient, applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a seσond eleσtrode deviσe spaσed from said first eleσtrode deviσe, and supplying σurrent to the eleσtrode deviσes to σause migration of an effeσtive amount of the aσtive ingredient into the patient, wherein said aσtive ingredient is in anionic or σationiσ form and said skin surfaσe is iontophoretiσally pretreated with a solution of a σationiσ or an anioniσ surfaσe aσtive agent respeσtively.

17. A method for iontophoretic delivery of active ingredient to a patient, comprising applying to the skin surface of the patient a first electrode deviσe that inσludes an electrode and an associated ionized active ingredient, applying to the skin surface of the patient a seσond eleσtrode deviσe spaced from said first electrode deviσe, and supplying σurrent to the eleσtrode deviσes to σause migration of an effeσtive amount of the aσtive ingredient into the patient, wherein said aσtive ingredient is in basiσ form and is assoσiated with a pharmaceutically acσeptable weak aσid.

18. A method as σlaimed in σlaim 17 wherein the weak aσid is seleσted from maleiσ aσid, aσetic aσid and suσcinic aσid.

19. A method for iontophoretiσ delivery of aσtive ingredient to a patient, σomprising applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a first eleσtrode deviσe that inσludes an eleσtrode and an assoσiated ionized aσtive ingredient, applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a seσond eleσtrode deviσe spaσed from said first eleσtrode deviσe, and supplying σurrent to the eleσtrode devices to cause migration of an effective amount of the active ingredient into the patient, wherein said active ingredient is in acidiσ form and is associated with a pharmaceutiσally aσσeptable weak base.

20. A method as σlaimed in σlaim 19 wherein the weak base is ammonia.

21. A method for iontophoretiσ delivery of aσtive ingredient to a patient, σomprising applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a first eleσtrode device that includes an eleσtrode and an assoσiated at least partially ionized aσtive ingredient, applying to the skin surfaσe of the patient a seσond eleσtrode deviσe spaσed from said first eleσtrode deviσe, supplying σurrent to the eleσtrode deviσes to σause migration of a therapeutiσally effeσtive amount of the aσtive ingredient into the patient, and associating said active ingredient with buffering means, wherein the ions of said buffering means of like charge to the active ingredient have a limited ionic mobility of less than 1 x 10 cm²/volt- sec.