WO1989008728A1 - Metallic surface protection - Google Patents
Metallic surface protection Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1989008728A1 WO1989008728A1 PCT/AU1989/000105 AU8900105W WO8908728A1 WO 1989008728 A1 WO1989008728 A1 WO 1989008728A1 AU 8900105 W AU8900105 W AU 8900105W WO 8908728 A1 WO8908728 A1 WO 8908728A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liquor
- corrosive
- scc
- metallic surface
- caustic
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/04—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
- C01F7/06—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom by treating aluminous minerals or waste-like raw materials with alkali hydroxide, e.g. leaching of bauxite according to the Bayer process
- C01F7/0606—Making-up the alkali hydroxide solution from recycled spent liquor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D1/00—Oxides or hydroxides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D1/04—Hydroxides
- C01D1/42—Concentration; Dehydration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/04—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
- C01F7/14—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates
- C01F7/144—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates from aqueous aluminate solutions by precipitation due to cooling, e.g. as part of the Bayer process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/04—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
- C01F7/14—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates
- C01F7/144—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates from aqueous aluminate solutions by precipitation due to cooling, e.g. as part of the Bayer process
- C01F7/147—Apparatus for precipitation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
- C23F11/06—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in markedly alkaline liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
- C23F11/08—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in other liquids
- C23F11/18—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in other liquids using inorganic inhibitors
Definitions
- This invention relates to the treatment of chemical process liquids which cause corrosion, and ultimately, stress corrosion cracking, of metallic surfaces exposed to such liquids.
- Ferrous materials including both plain and alloyed carbon steels, are susceptible to a corrosion phenomena known as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or caustic embrittlement when exposed to hot caustic liquors.
- SCC stress corrosion cracking
- caustic embrittlement when exposed to hot caustic liquors.
- SCC stress corrosion cracking
- alumina refineries e.g. Bayer plants
- pulp digesters in the paper industry are exposed to the same type of environment.
- Plain carbon and alloy steels remain relatively inert under these conditions due to the formation of protective oxides and scales. They are, however, sensitive to stress corrosion cracking, a process involving selective intergranular or transgranular attack which penetrates deep into the metal structure. SCC occurs under a range of specific conditions in the process stream and has been loosely allied to liquor temperature, caustic strength and stress level in the metal. The incidence and intensity of attack increases with increasing levels of the three factors.
- the stress factor is an important factor in the mechanism of attack. Stresses can arise during fabrication (e.g. along weldments, bends, etc.) or can be introduced due to temperature and/or pressure fluctuations in the process stream.
- Measures taken to avoid or reduce the risk of SCC include: i) post weld stress relief ii) temperature limits
- the invention provides a process of treating corrosive liquids to protect metallic surfaces, and particularly ferrous metallic surfaces, exposed to such corrosive liquids, comprising the step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid before it contacts the metallic surface to be protected whereby the process liquid causes the formation of a protective oxide layer on the metallic surface.
- the invention may be applied to any corrosive liquid and is particularly applicable to hot caustic liquids.
- the process of the invention results in the metallic surfaces ⁇ contacted by the treated caustic liquid being passivated by the formation of the protective oxide layer, which in turn substantially alleviates the problem of stress corrosion cracking.
- the invention is specifically applicable to the treatment of Bayer process liquors to reduce the incidence of stress corrosion cracking of plant materials contacted by the process liquors.
- the invention is equally applicable to other corrosive liquors in other industries, such as the paper industry.
- the step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid may be achieved by the addition of any suitable oxidizing agent to the corrosive liquid.
- suitable oxidizing agents include H2O2, NaH0 2 , O2, O3, NaN02 and Mn ⁇ 4» Such oxidizing agents increase the redox potential of the liquid which in turn promotes passivity of the metallic surface.
- Figure 1 is a graph showing the effect of caustic concentration and temperature on SCC plain carbon steel in Bayer liquor
- Figure 2 is a graph shown the effect of H2O addition SCC sensitivity. Description of Preferred Embodiment:
- sodium hydroxide is used to dissolve alumina from the bauxite ore at temperatures up to 300°C.
- the so-called pregnant liquor is subsequently cooled to 100°C through a series of flash tanks and settled and filtered to remove the insoluble residue.
- Alumina is then precipitated from the caustic liquor which is reheated in a series of heaters and returned to the digester. Following the precipitation the recycled liquor is referred to as spent-liquor and it is this liquor which contributes predominantly to stress corrosion damage.
- the components in the spent liquor circuit susceptible to SCC include the heater tubes and tube sheets and the interconnecting pipework between each heater.
- the latter are particularly sensitive to SCC along weldments. In general welds are stress relieved to reduce the risk of SCC.
- Treatment of the process liquor is preferably performed at the low temperature side of the spent liquor circuit, but it may also be undertak he- high
Abstract
A process of treating corrosive liquids to protect metallic surfaces exposed to such liquids, comprising the step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid, for example, by means of hydrogen peroxyde, before it contacts the metallic surface to be protected, whereby the process liquid causes the formation of a protected oxide layer on said metallic surface.
Description
METALLIC SURFACE PROTECTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
This invention relates to the treatment of chemical process liquids which cause corrosion, and ultimately, stress corrosion cracking, of metallic surfaces exposed to such liquids. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
Ferrous materials, including both plain and alloyed carbon steels, are susceptible to a corrosion phenomena known as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or caustic embrittlement when exposed to hot caustic liquors. This can cause significant problems in industrial plants utilizing hot caustic liquors for processing. For example, alumina refineries (e.g. Bayer plants) which digest bauxite ores in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 300°C use plain carbon pressure vessel steels for pipework and vessels in the liquor stream. Similarly, pulp digesters in the paper industry are exposed to the same type of environment.
Plain carbon and alloy steels remain relatively inert under these conditions due to the formation of protective oxides and scales. They are, however, sensitive to stress corrosion cracking, a process involving selective intergranular or transgranular attack which penetrates deep into the metal structure. SCC occurs under a range of specific conditions in the process stream and has been loosely allied to liquor temperature, caustic strength and stress level in the metal. The incidence and intensity of attack increases with increasing levels of the three factors.
As the name SCC implies, the stress factor is an important factor in the mechanism of attack. Stresses can arise during fabrication (e.g. along weldments, bends, etc.) or can be introduced due to temperature and/or pressure fluctuations in the process stream.
Measures taken to avoid or reduce the risk of SCC include: i) post weld stress relief ii) temperature limits
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
iii) caustic strength limits iv) anodic protection (paper industry)
The specification of temperature and caustic limits reduces the range of operating conditions which can in turn limit plant productivity. Post weld stress relief is regarded as one of the most effective mitigation measures but cannot be controlled sufficiently to ensure full protection against SCC failures.
Considerable effort has also been directed towards developing cost-effective SCC resistant alloys but further work is required before this can be achieved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND OBJECTS:
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process of treating corrosive liquids to protect metallic surfaces exposed to such corrosive liquids against corrosion to thereby materially reduce the incidence of stress corrosion cracking.
The invention provides a process of treating corrosive liquids to protect metallic surfaces, and particularly ferrous metallic surfaces, exposed to such corrosive liquids, comprising the step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid before it contacts the metallic surface to be protected whereby the process liquid causes the formation of a protective oxide layer on the metallic surface.
The invention may be applied to any corrosive liquid and is particularly applicable to hot caustic liquids. The process of the invention results in the metallic surfaces ^contacted by the treated caustic liquid being passivated by the formation of the protective oxide layer, which in turn substantially alleviates the problem of stress corrosion cracking.
The invention is specifically applicable to the treatment of Bayer process liquors to reduce the incidence of stress corrosion cracking of plant materials contacted by the process liquors. However, the invention is equally applicable to other corrosive liquors in other industries, such as the paper industry.
The step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid may be achieved by the addition of any suitable oxidizing agent to the corrosive liquid. Suitable oxidizing agents include H2O2, NaH02, O2, O3, NaN02 and Mnθ4» Such oxidizing agents increase the redox potential of the liquid which in turn promotes passivity of the metallic surface. Brief Description of the Drawings:
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a graph showing the effect of caustic concentration and temperature on SCC plain carbon steel in Bayer liquor, and
Figure 2 is a graph shown the effect of H2O addition SCC sensitivity. Description of Preferred Embodiment:
In the Bayer process sodium hydroxide is used to dissolve alumina from the bauxite ore at temperatures up to 300°C. The so-called pregnant liquor is subsequently cooled to 100°C through a series of flash tanks and settled and filtered to remove the insoluble residue. Alumina is then precipitated from the caustic liquor which is reheated in a series of heaters and returned to the digester. Following the precipitation the recycled liquor is referred to as spent-liquor and it is this liquor which contributes predominantly to stress corrosion damage.
The components in the spent liquor circuit susceptible to SCC include the heater tubes and tube sheets and the interconnecting pipework between each heater. The latter are particularly sensitive to SCC along weldments. In general welds are stress relieved to reduce the risk of SCC.
The incidence and intensity of SCC in this part of the circuit has been found to increase along the heater chain as the temperature of the liquor increases.
Treatment of the process liquor is preferably performed at the low temperature side of the spent liquor circuit, but it may also be undertak he- high
established for a range of liquor temperatures and caustic concentrations together with the effect of hydrogen peroxide dosing on material exposed to caustic liquors above the threshold level. EXAMPLE 1 :
Using the SSRT technique, the effect of liquor concentration and temperature on the stress corrosion sensitivity of a typical pressure vessel steel (Table 1) was established .
Table _1_ - Composition of Pressure Vessel Quality Steel
Composition wt %
C Mn P S Si Fe 0.31 0.85 0.035 0.04 0.05 Rem. to 1.25 The spent liquor used for the tests was taken from the spent liquor circuit of an alumina refinery (Table 2). Table 2. ~ Analysis of Spent Liquor
Caustic s Ratio
1. Alumina 84.8 0.378 2. Caustic Soda (as Na2Cθ3) 224.4 - 3. Total Soda 262.9 - 4. Total Sodium 326.8 -
9. V205 0.80 0.0036 10, V205 as Soda 1.40 -
11 NaCl 14.32 0.0638 12. NaCl as Soda 12.99 -
13, Na2S04 0.32 0.0014
15, Non Caustic Soda 102.4 0.456 16. Carbonate Soda 38.5 0.172 17. Non Alkaline Soda 63.9 0.285 18. Sodium Oxal'ate 3.19 0.014
πf υτt sπtet *
19. Oxalate as Soda 2.52 -
20. Total Inorganic Non Alkaline Soda 15 .71 0.070
21. Total Organic Soda 45.67 0.204
22. T00C as Soda 226 .0 1 . 007
23. Fe203 0. 004 -
24. C/3 0.854 -
25. S/Total Sodium 0.804 -
26. Kelly Soda 311 . 0 _ The results shown in the graph of Figure 1 clearly identify the temperature and caustic concentration above which SCC can be expected. At normal caustic concentrations (225 g /X expressed as caustic soda) the threshold temperature for SCC is 150°C. At 160°C, SCC can be expected to occur in ferrous components stressed close to or beyond the yield point of the material.
Micrographic analysis shows that for SCC non-sensitive regions the fractures under testing are ductile, while SCC sensitive regions the fractures under testing are brittle. The extent of SCC propagation penetrating into the samples from the outer surface was noted to be unacceptable above the threshold temperature. The micrographs also show the marked difference in the reduction of cross-sectional area under the two conditions. EXAMPLE 2:
Taking 160°C as a representative temperature at which SCC will dominate the failure mechanism, tensile samples were exposed to liquors containing increasing levels of hydrogen peroxide. The effect of these additions on the reduction in cross-sectional area at the time of failure and, therefore, the mode of failure is shown in the graph of Fig. 2.
These results demonstrate the increasing benefit of peroxide additions at 160°C and also show that stress corrosion can be mitigated even at higher caustic concentrations. In the latter case the potency of the peroxide must be increased to reduce the dosing level. This may be improved by adding stabilizers to the peroxide to reduce the rate of decomposition to O2 and H2O.
Claims
1. A process of treating corrosive liquids to protect metallic surfaces, and particularly ferrous metallic surfaces, exposed to such corrosive liquids, comprising the step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid before it contacts the metallic surface to be protected whereby the process liquid causes the formation of a protective oxide layer on the metallic surface.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of increasing the redox potential of the corrosive liquid is achieved by the addition of an oxidizing agent to the liquid.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from H2O21 NaH02ι O2, O3, NaN02 and KMnO^.
4. A process of treating corrosive liquids used in the Bayer process, comprising the step of adding to the liquor used in the process a material which increases the redox potential of the liquor to such an extent that a protective oxide layer is formed on metallic surfaces contacted by said liquor.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein said material is selected from H202, NaH0 , 02, O3, NaN02 and KMnO^
7. The process of claim 6 wherein said concentration is 200 to 1000 mg/ of spent liquor.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR898907320A BR8907320A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | METAL SURFACE PROTECTION |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AUPI7361 | 1988-03-17 | ||
AUPI736188 | 1988-03-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1989008728A1 true WO1989008728A1 (en) | 1989-09-21 |
Family
ID=3772943
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU1989/000105 WO1989008728A1 (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | Metallic surface protection |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0404788A4 (en) |
BR (1) | BR8907320A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1989008728A1 (en) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997035047A1 (en) * | 1996-03-18 | 1997-09-25 | Gosudarstvenny Nauchny Tsentr Fiziko-Energetichesky Institut | Method of maintaining the corrosion resistance of a steel circulation system with a lead-containing coolant |
WO2001098558A2 (en) * | 2000-06-22 | 2001-12-27 | United States Filter Corporation | Corrosion control utilizing a hydrogen peroxide donor |
US6716359B1 (en) | 2000-08-29 | 2004-04-06 | United States Filter Corporation | Enhanced time-based proportional control |
US6776926B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2004-08-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Calcium hypochlorite of reduced reactivity |
US8591730B2 (en) | 2009-07-30 | 2013-11-26 | Siemens Pte. Ltd. | Baffle plates for an ultraviolet reactor |
US8652336B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2014-02-18 | Siemens Water Technologies Llc | Ultraviolet light activated oxidation process for the reduction of organic carbon in semiconductor process water |
US8741155B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2014-06-03 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for providing ultrapure water |
US8753522B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2014-06-17 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | System for controlling introduction of a reducing agent to a liquid stream |
US8877067B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2014-11-04 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and arrangement for a water treatment |
US8961798B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2015-02-24 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method for measuring a concentration of a compound in a liquid stream |
US9365436B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2016-06-14 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method of irradiating a liquid |
US9365435B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2016-06-14 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Actinic radiation reactor |
US9725343B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2017-08-08 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | System and method for measuring and treating a liquid stream |
US10343939B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2019-07-09 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Ultraviolet light activated oxidation process for the reduction of organic carbon in semiconductor process water |
US10494281B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2019-12-03 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Advanced oxidation process for ex-situ groundwater remediation |
US11161762B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2021-11-02 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Advanced oxidation process for ex-situ groundwater remediation |
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US1765344A (en) * | 1926-09-03 | 1930-06-17 | Buffalo Electro Chem Co | Alkaline oxidant and aluminum metal |
GB1142317A (en) * | 1966-02-01 | 1969-02-05 | Eickmeyer Allen Garland | Method for prevention of corrosion in carbon dioxide removal systems |
US3721526A (en) * | 1970-07-17 | 1973-03-20 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Inhibition of corrosion in hot carbonate carbon dioxide removal units |
AU6834674A (en) * | 1973-05-10 | 1975-10-30 | Imperial Chemical Industries Limited | Process for separating an acid gas froma gaseous mixture |
GB1433298A (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1976-04-22 | Benfield Corporatio | Corrosion inhibition of steels |
AU2974977A (en) * | 1977-10-14 | 1979-04-26 | Dow Chemical Company, The | Corrosion inhibition of ferrous metal in contact with acid gases |
GB1579307A (en) * | 1978-01-04 | 1980-11-19 | Grace W R & Co | Method of protecting metal surfaces and structures against corrosion |
EP0096151A1 (en) * | 1982-06-03 | 1983-12-21 | Montedison S.p.A. | Method for avoiding the corrosion of strippers in urea manufacturing plants |
US4443340A (en) * | 1981-10-09 | 1984-04-17 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Control of iron induced fouling in water systems |
Family Cites Families (2)
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US3076543A (en) * | 1958-10-03 | 1963-02-05 | Sinclair Refining Co | Ammoniacal ammonium nitrate solution with hydrogen peroxide as corrosion inhibitor |
JPS4941278B1 (en) * | 1970-10-15 | 1974-11-08 |
-
1989
- 1989-03-17 BR BR898907320A patent/BR8907320A/en unknown
- 1989-03-17 WO PCT/AU1989/000105 patent/WO1989008728A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-03-17 EP EP19890903035 patent/EP0404788A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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US1765344A (en) * | 1926-09-03 | 1930-06-17 | Buffalo Electro Chem Co | Alkaline oxidant and aluminum metal |
GB1142317A (en) * | 1966-02-01 | 1969-02-05 | Eickmeyer Allen Garland | Method for prevention of corrosion in carbon dioxide removal systems |
US3721526A (en) * | 1970-07-17 | 1973-03-20 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Inhibition of corrosion in hot carbonate carbon dioxide removal units |
AU6834674A (en) * | 1973-05-10 | 1975-10-30 | Imperial Chemical Industries Limited | Process for separating an acid gas froma gaseous mixture |
GB1433298A (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1976-04-22 | Benfield Corporatio | Corrosion inhibition of steels |
AU2974977A (en) * | 1977-10-14 | 1979-04-26 | Dow Chemical Company, The | Corrosion inhibition of ferrous metal in contact with acid gases |
GB1579307A (en) * | 1978-01-04 | 1980-11-19 | Grace W R & Co | Method of protecting metal surfaces and structures against corrosion |
US4443340A (en) * | 1981-10-09 | 1984-04-17 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Control of iron induced fouling in water systems |
EP0096151A1 (en) * | 1982-06-03 | 1983-12-21 | Montedison S.p.A. | Method for avoiding the corrosion of strippers in urea manufacturing plants |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
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DERWENT ABSTRACT Accession No 87-261507-37, Class Q51, JP,A, 61-24872 (Hitach KK) 6 February 1986 (06.02.86) * |
PATENTS ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, C-347, page 19, JP,A, 60-258484 (Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK) 20 December 1985 (20.12.85) * |
PATENTS ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, C-83, page 159, JP,A, 56-119783 (Sumitomo Kinzoku Kogyo KK) 19 September 1981 (19.09.81) * |
See also references of EP0404788A4 * |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997035047A1 (en) * | 1996-03-18 | 1997-09-25 | Gosudarstvenny Nauchny Tsentr Fiziko-Energetichesky Institut | Method of maintaining the corrosion resistance of a steel circulation system with a lead-containing coolant |
WO2001098558A2 (en) * | 2000-06-22 | 2001-12-27 | United States Filter Corporation | Corrosion control utilizing a hydrogen peroxide donor |
WO2001098558A3 (en) * | 2000-06-22 | 2002-07-04 | United States Filter Corp | Corrosion control utilizing a hydrogen peroxide donor |
US6645400B2 (en) * | 2000-06-22 | 2003-11-11 | United States Filter Corporation | Corrosion control utilizing a hydrogen peroxide donor |
US6716359B1 (en) | 2000-08-29 | 2004-04-06 | United States Filter Corporation | Enhanced time-based proportional control |
US6776926B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2004-08-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Calcium hypochlorite of reduced reactivity |
US10550020B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2020-02-04 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Ultraviolet light activated oxidation process for the reduction of organic carbon in semiconductor process water |
US8652336B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2014-02-18 | Siemens Water Technologies Llc | Ultraviolet light activated oxidation process for the reduction of organic carbon in semiconductor process water |
US10343939B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2019-07-09 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Ultraviolet light activated oxidation process for the reduction of organic carbon in semiconductor process water |
US9764968B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2017-09-19 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for providing ultrapure water |
US8961798B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2015-02-24 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method for measuring a concentration of a compound in a liquid stream |
US9365436B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2016-06-14 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method of irradiating a liquid |
US9365435B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2016-06-14 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Actinic radiation reactor |
US9725343B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2017-08-08 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | System and method for measuring and treating a liquid stream |
US8753522B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2014-06-17 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | System for controlling introduction of a reducing agent to a liquid stream |
US8741155B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 | 2014-06-03 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for providing ultrapure water |
US8591730B2 (en) | 2009-07-30 | 2013-11-26 | Siemens Pte. Ltd. | Baffle plates for an ultraviolet reactor |
US8877067B2 (en) | 2011-05-26 | 2014-11-04 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and arrangement for a water treatment |
US10494281B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2019-12-03 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Advanced oxidation process for ex-situ groundwater remediation |
US11161762B2 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2021-11-02 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Advanced oxidation process for ex-situ groundwater remediation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR8907320A (en) | 1991-03-19 |
EP0404788A4 (en) | 1991-04-17 |
EP0404788A1 (en) | 1991-01-02 |
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