WO1990013513A1 - Combustion synthesis of materials using microwave energy - Google Patents
Combustion synthesis of materials using microwave energy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1990013513A1 WO1990013513A1 PCT/US1990/002614 US9002614W WO9013513A1 WO 1990013513 A1 WO1990013513 A1 WO 1990013513A1 US 9002614 W US9002614 W US 9002614W WO 9013513 A1 WO9013513 A1 WO 9013513A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reactants
- synthesis process
- process according
- combustion
- combustion synthesis
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005049 combustion synthesis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 32
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000951 Aluminide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 206010010144 Completed suicide Diseases 0.000 description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- VQYHBXLHGKQYOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum oxygen(2-) titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[Al+3].[Ti+4] VQYHBXLHGKQYOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052851 sillimanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009731 Lanxide process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017852 NH2NH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium fluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].[F-] LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011153 ceramic matrix composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RCTYPNKXASFOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloromercury Chemical compound [Hg]Cl RCTYPNKXASFOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002843 nonmetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Inorganic materials [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
- C22C1/051—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor
- C22C1/057—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor with in situ formation of phases other than hard compounds by solid state reaction sintering, e.g. metal phase formed by reduction reaction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
- C04B35/5607—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on refractory metal carbides
- C04B35/5611—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on refractory metal carbides based on titanium carbides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/126—Microwaves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/90—Carbides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/90—Carbides
- C01B32/914—Carbides of single elements
- C01B32/921—Titanium carbide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/06—Metal silicides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B35/00—Boron; Compounds thereof
- C01B35/02—Boron; Borides
- C01B35/04—Metal borides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
- C04B35/65—Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
- C04B35/65—Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions
- C04B35/651—Thermite type sintering, e.g. combustion sintering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
- C22C1/058—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder by reaction sintering (i.e. gasless reaction starting from a mixture of solid metal compounds)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
Definitions
- Combustion synthesis describes a method whereby two or more reactants are mixed and ignited to yield a new material. This method may also be referred to as “self-propagating high-temperature synthesis” (SHS) or “self-propagating synthesis” (SPS) .
- the reactants may be in the form of solids, gases or liquids and various combinations of these.
- the present invention relates to the use of microwave energy to achieve ignition and controlled combustion to yield a wide variety of useful materials including ceramics, cermets and ceramic matrix composites.
- Combustion synthesis is a process by which the reaction between two or more materials form a new product phase.
- the reaction is exothermic and the energy given off by the reaction allows the remaining reactants to be heated to a state where formation of the products is thermodynamically favorable.
- Other investigations have shown that high purity materials can be produced by this method quickly and at low cost. The high purity is due to the volatilization of impurities during the reaction. Energy costs are low because the exothermic reactions. under the right conditions, produce the necessary heat to continue the process. The time to synthesize the product is extremely short . once ignition has been induced.
- the reactants are ignited with a heating coil at one surface.
- the solid reactants may be in the form of loose powders, whiskers, platelets or a shaped body.
- the reaction occurs at one surface and a reaction wavefront propagates towards the other end of the mass.
- a problem that is encountered with coil ignition is the formation of a nonuniform wavefront. Heat radiated from the ignition coil does not uniformly raise the temperature of the entire surface on the exposed side of the sample. Therefore the reaction wavefront is not always a single planar wave.
- the material may be placed directly in a conventional radiant-heated furnace and ignited.
- the surface of the sample is more uniformly heated than with the use of a heating coil to ignite at a spot. Even so the combustion is not uniform throughout the material (the exterior ignites first and the combustion wavefronts move towards the center) and severe thermal gradients may develop which can result in thermal shock and 1 nonuniform material properties.
- the reactants have also been ignited by a laser. A laser beam ignites the reactants at a small spot on the surface of the sample. This ignition creates the reaction front. Similar types of problems as encountered with ignition using a heating coil are also encountered with laser ignition.
- U.S. Patent No. 2,886,454 describes a combustion synthesis process wherein reactants are ignited and an electric current is employed for ignition.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,678,760 describes combustion synthesis processes employing various methods of ignition.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,678,760 describes igniting reactants using a radio frequency (RF) coil.
- RF radio frequency
- 4,481,091 describes the use of electromagnetic energy (laser, ultraviolet and visible) to promote various chemical reactions such as photocatalysis, chemical synthesis and purification.
- the wavelength of the electromagnetic energy employed in U.S. Patent No. 4,481,091 is from about 0.5 to 60 microns and is substantially smaller than the wavelength of microwave energy.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,481,091 does not specifically describe combustion synthesis methods.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a combustion synthesis method using microwave energy whereby reaction products having superior characteristics and properties are produced.
- Figures la-Id illustrate combustion wave propagation for different ignition methods
- Figure 2a shows a temperature profile of a sample versus time for a process employing microwave ignition in accordance with the present invention
- Figure 2b shows a temperature profile versus time for a process employing conventional ignition
- Figure 3 shows the absorption of microwave energy versus temperature in a combustion synthesis process of the present invention
- Figure 4 illustrates the temperature versus time relationship in a combustion synthesis process using microwave energy
- Figure 5a is the X-ray diffraction pattern of an unreacted mixture of titanium and carbon black powders
- Figure 5b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the product phase titanium carbide produced by a combustion synthesis reaction
- Figure 6a is the X-ray diffraction pattern of an unreacted mixture of aluminum, titania and graphite powders.
- Figure 6b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of a composite material of Al 2 0 3 -TiC formed by a combustion synthesis reaction.
- Figure 7 is a photograph of a sample synthesized by microwave ignition and controlled combustion in accordance with the present invention.
- the present invention relates to the use of microwave energy to initiate an exothermic reaction between reactants in a combustion synthesis process. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of microwave energy to ignite a mixture of reactants, which reactants react exothermically to produce a reaction product. The invention further relates to the use of microwave energy to control combustion of reactants.
- Microwave energy is an alternate, yet distinct way of igniting and sustaining controlled combustion of the reactants. Microwave energy, because of its novel internal heating mechanism, tends to heat an entire sample nearly uniformly. The surface of the sample radiates energy, resulting in a higher temperature at the interior of the sample.
- FIG. Id shows the outward, radial wave propagation in combustion synthesis using microwave energy.
- MICOM Microwave Ignition and Combustion
- Figs. 2a and 2b give the temperature profile within a sample at different times.
- Conventional external ignition and combustion result in a severe thermal gradient as indicated in Fig. 2b.
- MICOM can be better controlled throughout the entire mass of the sample to yield more uniform propagation with less severe thermal gradients as shown in Fig. 2a.
- MICOM can be used to produce controlled thermal gradients that can be advantageous in subsequent processing steps.
- thermal gradients can be used to yield controlled stresses/microcracks in the compact that will be beneficial in the crushing process.
- the propagation of the combustion wavefront is strongly dependent on the thermal conductivity, the rea ⁇ tant-powder-compact density, the composition and the * surroundings of the sample.
- the propagation rate may decrease or terminate due to self-extinction. In certain cases it may even fail to ignite. Thus, one expects an unstable wavefront or no wavefront at all.
- microwave ignition energy is constantly absorbed within the material. This absorption ensures that the ignition temperature is sustained. As the temperature of the material is increased, the absorption of microwave energy by the material is increased as shown in Fig. 3. Higher absorption leads to increased dissipation of energy, resulting in a corresponding increase in temperature.
- Ignition temperature (T ) is reached first in the center of the sample, leading to an even higher combustion temperature (T c ) , which further increases the absorption of microwave energy.
- T c combustion temperature
- microwave energy and combustion synthesis assist each other in sustaining the reaction.
- the high temperature in the interior of the sample forces propagation of a relatively uniform radial combustion wavefront to the exterior of the sample, which ensures complete combustion of the materials as long as the microwave energy is maintained.
- the dependence of the reaction on the thermal conductivity and the density of the compact is greatly reduced, compared to those samples ignited according to conventional methods. Samples pressed to compact densities in excess of 80% have been easily ignited using a higher power level microwave oven. Further, as mentioned earlier, the volumetric heating with microwave energy results in better control of thermal gradients and consequently better control of the properties of the final product.
- Fig. 4 depicts the temperature versus time relationship when synthesizing combustible material with microwave energy.
- ignition temperature ( J) the constituents react to produce exothermic energy that raises the temperature of the sample.
- the samples absorb more microwave energy, thus generating more heat.
- T s temperature higher than the ignition temperature (T-) can be sustained due to high microwave absorption at the combustion temperature (T ) .
- diffusion rates are higher in the presence of microwave energy.
- MICOM Magnetic ink Characteristics
- Combustion synthesis has been reported to produce borides, carbides, suicides, aluminides, hydrides, chal ⁇ ogenides, germanides, and nitrides.
- borides of Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Mo and La include, but are not limited to borides of Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Mo and La; carbides of B, Al, Ti, Hf, Ta, Si and W; suicides of Ti, Zr, Nb and Mo; nitrides of Ti, Zr, Hf, Tb, Ta, Si, B, Al and Be; chalcogenides of Mg, Nb, Ta, Mo and W; hydrides of Ti, Zr, Cs, Pr, I and Nd; and aluminides of Cu, Ni, Nb and Fe
- the temperatures reported are those obtained when heated in a microwave oven having a power level of only 700 watt. Materials heated to a temperature of 250 ⁇ C in 8 minutes in this oven, have been successfully heated to 1200*C in less than 2 minutes in a higher power microwave oven (Manufactured by Raytheon Co. , 6.4 kW maximum 2.45 GHz) .
- This ability to heat metals is completely unexpected in view of the literature which suggests that metals reflect microwave energy and may not be used in microwave processing. It is believed that the reason the powders can be heated efficiently with microwave energy is that the powders provide much more internal surface area that interacts with the microwave energy and dissipates energy, resulting in high temperatures.
- particle size of the reactants is also important. Higher heating rates are obtained with smaller particle size, larger specific surface area powders of metals, non-metals and compounds. Microwave energy and combustion synthesis assist each other to sustain the reaction. Thus all
- I known materials formed by combustion synthesis and combinations of these materials are believed to be .3 suitable for synthesis with MICOM or Microwave Ignition and Controlled Combustion (MICROCOM) in accordance with the present invention.
- MICOM Microwave Ignition and Controlled Combustion
- MICROCOM Microwave Ignition and Controlled Combustion
- the ignition time is dependent on the mass and density of the samples. The greater the mass for a given density, the shorter the time for samples to ignite. Similarly, as the density increases, the time for ignition increases. In relatively high density samples for the Al + C + Ti0 2 system, ignition was not as violent as for low density samples and the controlled combustion wavefront did not propagate to the surface of the samples during the time indicated in Table II. A series of samples has been sectioned to examine the extent of combustion. With the increase in time allowed for combustion in the microwave oven the reacted area (in cross-section) has increased
- Mass Density Ignition Time Extent of mass of time in MW reaction Sic blanket (g) (% Th) (m:sec) (m:sec) (Dia in mm) (g)
- Ignition time refers to the time taken by the sample to ignite violently, which is visible for uncontrolled reactions.
- Undetectable means that is this sample violent ignition does not occur and ignition cannot be visibly observed. Although ignition time is referred to as undetectable, ignition does not take place and the combustion wavefront propagates in a controlled matter.
- Another parameter that can play a role in controlling the rate of combustion is the amount of microwave absorbing material, e.g., silicon carbide, around the crucible containing the samples to be synthesized. This is useful for providing a blanket around the sample to control thermal gradients. As shown in Table II, increasing the amount of silicon carbide granules around the crucible increases the rate of combustion because of the extra heat provided by the jacket that itself, absorbs a portion of the microwave energy.
- FIG. 7 is a photograph of a sample synthesized by MICROCOM. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that ignition and combustion originate in the center and propagate towards the outside. The black area corresponds to products (Al 2 0 3 /TiC) and the gray area to the unreacted material (Al + Ti0 2 + C) .
- a major advantage of the controlled combustion is that the samples were less likely to cleave. They retained their original shape. This controlled combustion is very advantageous for fabricating monolithic structures, which are almost impossible to produce by any other ignition/combustion method. «1
- the inventive method of combustion synthesis using microwave energy can be employed to fabricate large monolithic structures, powders, and composites using whiskers, platelets or fibers. This combustion synthesis method is also useful for fabricating coatings of different compositions on various substrates.
- the combustion synthesis process or controlled combustion process can be controlled by either pulsing the microwave energy source or continuously applying the microwave energy. Pulsing may be achieved by switching the microwave oven on or off at specified time intervals or by controlling the duty cycle of the oven.
- the process can be controlled by the use of microwaves together with the incorporation of a diluent phase into the reactants.
- Suitable diluent phases include those previously employed in combustion synthesis processes.
- Oxidizing and reducing agents may be incorporated as additions into the rea ⁇ tant material mixture or system in order to increase or decrease the combustion rate and increase the mass transfer.
- Suitable oxidizing agents include KC10 4 , KMn0 4 , KC10 3 , KN0 3 , HgCl, NaN0 3 , NaN 3 , NH 4 N0 3 , NH 4 C10 4 , metal halides of Group I- III metals, and the like.
- Suitable reducing agents include NH 4 F, NH 4 N 3 , NH 2 NH 2 , ammonium salts, thiourea and IB,
- additives such as ammonium persulfate, urea, sodium sulfate and sodium thiosulfate may also be incorporated in the rea ⁇ tant material system.
- these powders also can be cleaned of physically and chemically bound impurities using microwaves prior to ignition.
- a complete process employing the microwave ignition or combustion in accordance with the present invention may include the following steps:
- the inventive process can be carried out in an atmosphere of a variety of gases, including air, argon and nitrogen.
- Microwave wavelengths are defined to be between lmm and lm.
- the microwave energy useful in the process of the present invention therefore, has a wavelength between lmm and lm.
- RF waves having wavelength between lm and 10m could be used in the inventive combustion synthesis process in place of microwaves.
- the use of RF waves would require a special tube similar to the magnetron tubes used in microwave ovens.
- a RF oven would provide advantageous wavefront propagation characteristics similar to those of microwaves.
- Use of a RF oven would not require the use of a RF coil and a combustion synthesis process employing a RF oven would not suffer from the disadvantages of a process employing a RF coil as set forth above.
- inventive process may be viewed as either microwave-assisted combustion synthesis or combustion synthesis-assisted microwave processing.
- combustion synthesis-assisted microwave processing it is pointed out that some materials do not couple very well with microwaves at room temperature. However, as their temperatures increase, these materials couple very well, thus, illustrating the concept of combustion synthesis- assisted microwave processes.
- microwave ignition can be used to fabricate TiC (From Ti and C) and to fabricate a composite of Al 2 0 3 /TiC (from Al, C and Ti0 2 ) .
- Titanium metal and carbon black powders are used to synthesize titanium carbide (TiC) .
- Titania (Ti0 2 ) , aluminum metal (Al) and graphite (C) were used to synthesize the aluminum oxide-titanium carbide composite.
- the constituent reactants in powder form were weighed in the appropriate ratios with a 0.1 weight percent excess addition of the metal species.
- the reactants were dry mixed for five minutes. Following mixing, the reactants were pressed into cylindrical samples with a diameter of 12.9 mm and height varying Si
- a higher power industrial microwave (Raytheon 2.45 GHz and a power of 6.4 kW maximum) was used to ignite samples with densities greater than 80%.
- Example 1 The Titanium Carbide System
- a 3 gram sample consisting of Ti and C powders was placed inside the microwave oven at full power (700 watts) . Ignition occurred within several minutes, and the reactants were transformed into the product phase of titanium carbide according to the following reaction:
- FIGS. 5a and 5b are the X-ray diffraction patterns of the reactants, (Ti + C) , and the product phase, (TiC) , respectively.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern for the mixture of Ti and C (Fig. 5a) has titanium peaks labeled "t". Carbon peaks are not present because of the amorphous structure of carbon black.
- Figure 5b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the material obtained from the Ti + C sample after microwave ignition and reaction. The diffraction pattern indicates the presence of TiC. The peaks are labeled "T” for TiC and "M” for sillimanite (Al 2 Si0 5 ) .
- the sillimanite is an alien material introduced during sample preparation for X-ray diffraction analysis.
- the transformation of Ti + C to TiC is evident by the disappearance of the Ti + C a* diffraction pattern and the appearance of the TiC diffraction pattern after ignition and reaction.
- Example 2 The Aluminum Oxide - Titanium Carbide Composite System
- Figures 6a and 6b are the X-ray diffraction patterns for the reactants (Al, G and Ti0 2 ) and the products (A1 2 0 3 and TiC) , respectively. This sample weighed approximately 4 grams and required about 3-5 minutes to ignite.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern for the mixture of Al, C and Ti0 2 (Fig. 6a) has the aluminum peaks labeled "Al”, the graphite peaks labeled "G” and the 2
- FIG. 6b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the material obtained from the 4A1 + 3C + 3Ti0 2 sample after microwave ignition and reaction.
- the diffraction pattern indicates the presence of aluminum oxide and titanium carbide.
- the peaks are labeled "A” for aluminum oxide and "T” for titanium carbide.
- the transformation of 4A1 + 3C + 3Ti0 2 to 2 1 2 0 3 + 3TiC is evident by the disappearance of the aluminum, graphite and titania diffraction pattern and the appearance of the aluminum oxide and titanium carbide diffraction patterns after ignition and reaction.
Abstract
Combustion synthesis process using microwave energy. The process uses microwave energy to ignite at least two reactants which are capable of reacting exothermically to produce a reaction product. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, combustion of the reactants is also controlled using microwave energy.
Description
COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF MATERIALS USING MICROWAVE ENERGY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Combustion synthesis describes a method whereby two or more reactants are mixed and ignited to yield a new material. This method may also be referred to as "self-propagating high-temperature synthesis" (SHS) or "self-propagating synthesis" (SPS) . The reactants may be in the form of solids, gases or liquids and various combinations of these. The present invention relates to the use of microwave energy to achieve ignition and controlled combustion to yield a wide variety of useful materials including ceramics, cermets and ceramic matrix composites.
Combustion synthesis is a process by which the reaction between two or more materials form a new product phase. The reaction is exothermic and the energy given off by the reaction allows the remaining reactants to be heated to a state where formation of the products is thermodynamically favorable. Other investigations have shown that high purity materials can be produced by this method quickly and at low cost. The high purity is due to the volatilization of impurities during the reaction. Energy costs are low because the exothermic reactions.
under the right conditions, produce the necessary heat to continue the process. The time to synthesize the product is extremely short . once ignition has been induced.
Conventionally, the reactants are ignited with a heating coil at one surface. The solid reactants may be in the form of loose powders, whiskers, platelets or a shaped body. The reaction occurs at one surface and a reaction wavefront propagates towards the other end of the mass. A problem that is encountered with coil ignition is the formation of a nonuniform wavefront. Heat radiated from the ignition coil does not uniformly raise the temperature of the entire surface on the exposed side of the sample. Therefore the reaction wavefront is not always a single planar wave.
Alternatively, the material may be placed directly in a conventional radiant-heated furnace and ignited. In this process, the surface of the sample is more uniformly heated than with the use of a heating coil to ignite at a spot. Even so the combustion is not uniform throughout the material (the exterior ignites first and the combustion wavefronts move towards the center) and severe thermal gradients may develop which can result in thermal shock and1 nonuniform material properties.
The reactants have also been ignited by a laser. A laser beam ignites the reactants at a small spot on the surface of the sample. This ignition creates the reaction front. Similar types of problems as encountered with ignition using a heating coil are also encountered with laser ignition.
Specific examples of conventional combustion synthesis processes can be found in U.S. Patent No. 2,886,454 and U.S. Patent No. 4,678,760, for example. U.S. Patent 2,886,454 describes a combustion synthesis process wherein reactants are ignited and an electric current is employed for ignition. U.S. Patent No. 4,678,760 describes combustion synthesis processes employing various methods of ignition. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,678,760 describes igniting reactants using a radio frequency (RF) coil. However, use of a RF coil for ignition results in the formation of a non-uniform wavefront, and suffers from the disadvantages discussed above with respect to a heating coil. Finally, U.S. Patent No. 4,481,091 describes the use of electromagnetic energy (laser, ultraviolet and visible) to promote various chemical reactions such as photocatalysis, chemical synthesis and purification. The wavelength of the electromagnetic energy employed in U.S. Patent No. 4,481,091 is from about 0.5 to 60 microns and is
substantially smaller than the wavelength of microwave energy. U.S. Patent No. 4,481,091 does not specifically describe combustion synthesis methods.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a combustion synthesis method which does not suffer from the disadvantages of prior processes.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of igniting and sustaining controlled combustion of reactants using microwave energy.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of combustion synthesis wherein a uniform reaction wavefront is propagated.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a combustion synthesis method using microwave energy whereby reaction products having superior characteristics and properties are produced.
These and other objects of the present invention will be further understood and apparent from the following description and drawings wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figures la-Id illustrate combustion wave propagation for different ignition methods;
Figure 2a shows a temperature profile of a sample versus time for a process employing microwave ignition in accordance with the present invention and Figure 2b shows a temperature profile versus time for a process employing conventional ignition;
Figure 3 shows the absorption of microwave energy versus temperature in a combustion synthesis process of the present invention;
Figure 4 illustrates the temperature versus time relationship in a combustion synthesis process using microwave energy;
Figure 5a is the X-ray diffraction pattern of an unreacted mixture of titanium and carbon black powders;
Figure 5b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the product phase titanium carbide produced by a combustion synthesis reaction;
Figure 6a is the X-ray diffraction pattern of an unreacted mixture of aluminum, titania and graphite powders; and
Figure 6b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of a composite material of Al203-TiC formed by a combustion synthesis reaction.
Figure 7 is a photograph of a sample synthesized by microwave ignition and controlled combustion in accordance with the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the use of microwave energy to initiate an exothermic reaction between reactants in a combustion synthesis process. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of microwave energy to ignite a mixture of reactants, which reactants react exothermically to produce a reaction product. The invention further relates to the use of microwave energy to control combustion of reactants.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Microwave energy is an alternate, yet distinct way of igniting and sustaining controlled combustion of the reactants. Microwave energy, because of its novel internal heating mechanism, tends to heat an entire sample nearly uniformly. The surface of the sample radiates energy, resulting in a higher temperature at the interior of the sample.
Referring now to Figs, la-d, a comparison of combustion wave propagation for different ignition methods is shown. Figs, la-c illustrate that, with combustion synthesis methods other than microwave, ignition and combustion are initiated at the surface and propagate inward. Fig. Id shows the outward, radial wave propagation in combustion synthesis using microwave
energy. In the inventive process of Microwave Ignition and Combustion (MICOM) , because of the higher temperatures, the sample ignites in the center and a combustion wavefront propagates outward in a radial manner as shown in Fig. Id.
Figs. 2a and 2b give the temperature profile within a sample at different times. Conventional external ignition and combustion result in a severe thermal gradient as indicated in Fig. 2b. In contrast to conventional ignition, MICOM can be better controlled throughout the entire mass of the sample to yield more uniform propagation with less severe thermal gradients as shown in Fig. 2a.
Alternatively MICOM can be used to produce controlled thermal gradients that can be advantageous in subsequent processing steps. For example, if the sample is to be crushed into a fine powder after controlled combustion, thermal gradients can be used to yield controlled stresses/microcracks in the compact that will be beneficial in the crushing process.
In conventional ignition, the propagation of the combustion wavefront is strongly dependent on the thermal conductivity, the reaσtant-powder-compact density, the composition and the* surroundings of the sample. At high compaction densities, the propagation
rate may decrease or terminate due to self-extinction. In certain cases it may even fail to ignite. Thus, one expects an unstable wavefront or no wavefront at all. In contrast, with microwave ignition, energy is constantly absorbed within the material. This absorption ensures that the ignition temperature is sustained. As the temperature of the material is increased, the absorption of microwave energy by the material is increased as shown in Fig. 3. Higher absorption leads to increased dissipation of energy, resulting in a corresponding increase in temperature. Ignition temperature (T ) is reached first in the center of the sample, leading to an even higher combustion temperature (Tc) , which further increases the absorption of microwave energy. So, microwave energy and combustion synthesis assist each other in sustaining the reaction. The high temperature in the interior of the sample forces propagation of a relatively uniform radial combustion wavefront to the exterior of the sample, which ensures complete combustion of the materials as long as the microwave energy is maintained. Thus, with microwave ignition and combustion, the dependence of the reaction on the thermal conductivity and the density of the compact is greatly reduced, compared to those samples
ignited according to conventional methods. Samples pressed to compact densities in excess of 80% have been easily ignited using a higher power level microwave oven. Further, as mentioned earlier, the volumetric heating with microwave energy results in better control of thermal gradients and consequently better control of the properties of the final product.
Fig. 4 depicts the temperature versus time relationship when synthesizing combustible material with microwave energy. At ignition temperature ( J) , the constituents react to produce exothermic energy that raises the temperature of the sample. As indicated in Fig. 4, at higher temperatures the samples absorb more microwave energy, thus generating more heat. If the microwave power is left on after combustion, temperature (Ts) higher than the ignition temperature (T-) can be sustained due to high microwave absorption at the combustion temperature (T ) . It has been reported elsewhere that diffusion rates are higher in the presence of microwave energy. Thus, with more controlled temperatures and enhanced diffusion rates, improved homogeneity and more dense products are produced than that which is produced by conventional ignition.
\
One additional feature of MICOM is that the removal/retention of gases released during reaction can be better controlled than with conventional methods. This is because of the internal heating and combustion from the inside propagating outward. In certain cases, gas retention may be desirable, (i.e., with making powders or foamed ceramics used for insulation and filters) while in other cases it may be undesirable (i.e. , dense materials used for structural applications) .
Combustion synthesis has been reported to produce borides, carbides, suicides, aluminides, hydrides, chalσogenides, germanides, and nitrides. These include, but are not limited to borides of Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Mo and La; carbides of B, Al, Ti, Hf, Ta, Si and W; suicides of Ti, Zr, Nb and Mo; nitrides of Ti, Zr, Hf, Tb, Ta, Si, B, Al and Be; chalcogenides of Mg, Nb, Ta, Mo and W; hydrides of Ti, Zr, Cs, Pr, I and Nd; and aluminides of Cu, Ni, Nb and Fe
Based on our work, many metals as well as boron, carbon (graphite) and silicon powders absorb microwave energy very well and can reach high temperature in a short interval of time, as indicated in Table I. Thus, microwave ignition and combustion of the powders to form the borides, carbides and suicides is possible. Several metallic powders have been heated with microwave
energy to reasonably high temperatures (Table I) . Even higher temperatures are possible if a higher power microwave oven is used (see footnote below Table I) .
TABLE I
Microwave Heating of Various Elements at a Frequency of 2.45 GHz and Power of 700W.
Element Temperature* Time (βC) (Sec.)
Boron 1100 40
Carbon (graphite) 1200 60
Silicon 1000 70
Titanium 1150 60
Nickel 500 195
Aluminum 600 90
Tantalum 700 160
Zirconium 710 160
Molybdenum 650 150
Niobium 700 190
* The temperatures reported are those obtained when heated in a microwave oven having a power level of only 700 watt. Materials heated to a temperature of 250βC in 8 minutes in this oven, have been successfully heated to 1200*C in less than 2 minutes in a higher power microwave oven (Manufactured by Raytheon Co. , 6.4 kW maximum 2.45 GHz) .
This ability to heat metals is completely unexpected in view of the literature which suggests that metals reflect microwave energy and may not be used in microwave processing. It is believed that the reason the powders can be heated efficiently with microwave energy is that the powders provide much more internal surface area that interacts with the microwave energy and dissipates energy, resulting in high temperatures. It has also been observed in our laboratory that dense (non- porous) alumina does not heat very efficiently in microwave energy, whereas low-density alumina (porous) can be heated much more rapidly. Thus, the presence of pores in a material improves the heating e ficiency in microwave energy. This explains the heating behavior of metallic powders, providing the potential for forming the nitrides, hydrides and aluminides of almost all the elements mentioned.
In addition to porosity, particle size of the reactants is also important. Higher heating rates are obtained with smaller particle size, larger specific surface area powders of metals, non-metals and compounds. Microwave energy and combustion synthesis assist each other to sustain the reaction. Thus all
I known materials formed by combustion synthesis and combinations of these materials are believed to be
.3 suitable for synthesis with MICOM or Microwave Ignition and Controlled Combustion (MICROCOM) in accordance with the present invention. This includes, in addition to the binary compounds, composites of two or more compounds, cermets and Platelet Reinforced Composites (PRC TJ"lMi) similar to those fabricated by the Lanxide process.
As is apparent from Table II, the ignition time is dependent on the mass and density of the samples. The greater the mass for a given density, the shorter the time for samples to ignite. Similarly, as the density increases, the time for ignition increases. In relatively high density samples for the Al + C + Ti02 system, ignition was not as violent as for low density samples and the controlled combustion wavefront did not propagate to the surface of the samples during the time indicated in Table II. A series of samples has been sectioned to examine the extent of combustion. With the increase in time allowed for combustion in the microwave oven the reacted area (in cross-section) has increased
(Table II) . The mass of all the samples was 3 grams and the density was approximately 65% of the theoretical value. This suggests that, at relatively higher densities, the combustion can be controlled by the time allowed in the microwave oven for combustion. It should be understood that microwave processing conditions that
lead to controlled ignition and combustion depend on density, thermal conductivity and the chemical and physical properties of the reactants and these will be different for each system.
TABLE II Ignition time and extent of combustion (diameter of reacted area) as a function of sample mass, density, total microwave time and the mass of silicon carbide (as a blanket) , for the synthesis reaction: 4A1 + 3Ti02 + 3C ΔH > 2A1203 + 3TiC + Exothermic energy
Mass Density Ignition Time Extent of mass of time in MW reaction Sic blanket (g) (% Th) (m:sec) (m:sec) (Dia in mm) (g)
1 54 4:27 8:00 12.9 55
1 60 5:28 8:00 12.9 55
1 63 Undetectable** 8:00 7.9 55
2 56 3:39 8:00 12.9 55
2 61 5:31 8:00 12.9 55
2 63 Undetectable** 8:00 5.2 55
3 59 2:50 8:00 12.9 55
3 63 3:42 8:00 12.9 55
3 65 Undetectable** 8:00 8.8 55
3 65 Undetectable** 12:00 12.9 55
3 65 Undetectable** 4:00 0.0 29
3 65 Undetectable** 5:00 6.6 29
3 65 Undetectable** 6:00 7.9 29
3 65 Undetectable** 7:00 8.2 29
* Ignition time refers to the time taken by the sample to ignite violently, which is visible for uncontrolled reactions.
** Undetectable means that is this sample violent ignition does not occur and ignition cannot be visibly observed. Although ignition time is referred to as undetectable, ignition does not take place and the combustion wavefront propagates in a controlled matter.
Another parameter that can play a role in controlling the rate of combustion is the amount of microwave absorbing material, e.g., silicon carbide, around the crucible containing the samples to be synthesized. This is useful for providing a blanket around the sample to control thermal gradients. As shown in Table II, increasing the amount of silicon carbide granules around the crucible increases the rate of combustion because of the extra heat provided by the jacket that itself, absorbs a portion of the microwave energy. Reducing the silicon carbide effectively lowers the rate of propagation for small-mass (1 to 3 gram) samples. However, when processing high-mass samples the reverse trends have been observed. Thus there are a number of parameters that one may use to control the rate and extent of combustion with microwave energy. These are the sample mass, sample density, microwave power, microwave time and the amount of silicon carbide or other blanket material around the sample.
The controlled synthesis is termed icrowave Ignition and Controlled Combustion (MICROCOM) . Figure 7 is a photograph of a sample synthesized by MICROCOM. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that ignition and combustion originate in the center and propagate towards the outside. The black area corresponds to products
(Al203/TiC) and the gray area to the unreacted material (Al + Ti02 + C) .
It has been reported in the literature by American as well as Russian authors that it is difficult to ignite samples having compact densities greater than 80% of the theoretical density. We have used microwave energy to successfully ignite samples with compact densities greater than 80% using the materials system Ti + C. Not only are we able to ignite these samples, but we are able to carry out the combustion in a controlled manner. However, it was not possible to ignite Ti + C samples in the same microwave oven (700 watts) that had been used for the other experiments. The microwave oven used for ignition and combustion of high compact density samples has a much higher power (6.4 kW maximum) . It was operated at 3.2 kW and a duty cycle of 40% for only 5 minutes.
A major advantage of the controlled combustion is that the samples were less likely to cleave. They retained their original shape. This controlled combustion is very advantageous for fabricating monolithic structures, which are almost impossible to produce by any other ignition/combustion method.
«1
The inventive method of combustion synthesis using microwave energy can be employed to fabricate large monolithic structures, powders, and composites using whiskers, platelets or fibers. This combustion synthesis method is also useful for fabricating coatings of different compositions on various substrates.
The combustion synthesis process or controlled combustion process can be controlled by either pulsing the microwave energy source or continuously applying the microwave energy. Pulsing may be achieved by switching the microwave oven on or off at specified time intervals or by controlling the duty cycle of the oven.
In addition, the process can be controlled by the use of microwaves together with the incorporation of a diluent phase into the reactants. Suitable diluent phases include those previously employed in combustion synthesis processes.
Oxidizing and reducing agents may be incorporated as additions into the reaσtant material mixture or system in order to increase or decrease the combustion rate and increase the mass transfer. Suitable oxidizing agents include KC104, KMn04, KC103, KN03, HgCl, NaN03, NaN3, NH4N03, NH4C104, metal halides of Group I- III metals, and the like. Suitable reducing agents include NH4F, NH4N3, NH2NH2, ammonium salts, thiourea and
IB,
the like. Other additives such as ammonium persulfate, urea, sodium sulfate and sodium thiosulfate may also be incorporated in the reaσtant material system.
In addition to ignition and combustion of the reactant powders using microwave energy, these powders also can be cleaned of physically and chemically bound impurities using microwaves prior to ignition.
A complete process employing the microwave ignition or combustion in accordance with the present invention may include the following steps:
(1) preprocessing the reactant powders to remove adsorbed gases or other volatile impurities;
(2) ignition/combustion of the reactant powders using microwave energy and control of the combustion rate and combustion wavefront velocity cycling and (3) further densification of the resultant reactant material using microwave energy.
It is also within the scope of the present invention to locally ignite a portion of the reactant mixture using microwave energy in a microwave oven by deliberately incorporating on the surface or in the bulk of the reactant mixture a small amount of microwave coupling materials that would heat up and then ignite the remaining reactant mixture. Further, local ignition can be achieved by bringing a metal wire in close proximity
11
to the reactants inside the microwave oven. This would result in a high temperature in the vicinity of the tip of the wire, resulting in ignition and combustion. These methods of local ignition can be carried out in single or multiple spots to achieve desired effects.
The inventive process can be carried out in an atmosphere of a variety of gases, including air, argon and nitrogen.
Microwave wavelengths are defined to be between lmm and lm. The microwave energy useful in the process of the present invention, therefore, has a wavelength between lmm and lm. Further, it is believed that RF waves having wavelength between lm and 10m could be used in the inventive combustion synthesis process in place of microwaves. In this context, it is pointed out that the use of RF waves would require a special tube similar to the magnetron tubes used in microwave ovens. A RF oven would provide advantageous wavefront propagation characteristics similar to those of microwaves. Use of a RF oven would not require the use of a RF coil and a combustion synthesis process employing a RF oven would not suffer from the disadvantages of a process employing a RF coil as set forth above.
Finally, it is pointed out that the inventive process may be viewed as either microwave-assisted combustion synthesis or combustion synthesis-assisted microwave processing. As an example of combustion synthesis-assisted microwave processing, it is pointed out that some materials do not couple very well with microwaves at room temperature. However, as their temperatures increase, these materials couple very well, thus, illustrating the concept of combustion synthesis- assisted microwave processes.
EXAMPLES
By way of example only, microwave ignition can be used to fabricate TiC (From Ti and C) and to fabricate a composite of Al203/TiC (from Al, C and Ti02) . Titanium metal and carbon black powders are used to synthesize titanium carbide (TiC) . Titania (Ti02) , aluminum metal (Al) and graphite (C) were used to synthesize the aluminum oxide-titanium carbide composite.
The constituent reactants in powder form were weighed in the appropriate ratios with a 0.1 weight percent excess addition of the metal species. The reactants were dry mixed for five minutes. Following mixing, the reactants were pressed into cylindrical samples with a diameter of 12.9 mm and height varying
Si
from 5mm to 15 mm (depending on the mass of the sample) . A sample was placed into a microwave oven which was used to perform a combustion reaction. For most of the results reported herein the microwave oven used was a domestic model, manufactured by Hardwick, which has an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power rating of 700 Watts. Approximately 3-5 minutes were required to reach ignition temperatures for samples weighing 3-4 grams. As the mass of the sample is increased, the time for ignition decreases. Samples weighing about 7-8 grams required less than 30 seconds to reach T.. Thus, this process appears to be exceptionally advantageous for igniting larger masses. Pre-ignition density of the samples was in the range of 60 - 72% of theoretical values. Samples with higher densities took longer to ignite than those with lower densities.
A higher power industrial microwave (Raytheon 2.45 GHz and a power of 6.4 kW maximum) was used to ignite samples with densities greater than 80%.
1
Example 1: The Titanium Carbide System
A 3 gram sample consisting of Ti and C powders was placed inside the microwave oven at full power (700 watts) . Ignition occurred within several minutes, and the reactants were transformed into the product phase of titanium carbide according to the following reaction:
ΔH Ti + C > TiC + Exothermic Energy
The formation of titanium carbide was proven by X-ray diffraction analysis of the material extracted from the product phase. Figures 5a and 5b are the X-ray diffraction patterns of the reactants, (Ti + C) , and the product phase, (TiC) , respectively.
The X-ray diffraction pattern for the mixture of Ti and C (Fig. 5a) has titanium peaks labeled "t". Carbon peaks are not present because of the amorphous structure of carbon black. Figure 5b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the material obtained from the Ti + C sample after microwave ignition and reaction. The diffraction pattern indicates the presence of TiC. The peaks are labeled "T" for TiC and "M" for sillimanite (Al2Si05) . (The sillimanite is an alien material introduced during sample preparation for X-ray diffraction analysis.) The transformation of Ti + C to TiC is evident by the disappearance of the Ti + C
a* diffraction pattern and the appearance of the TiC diffraction pattern after ignition and reaction.
Other samples of different masses and densities were also synthesized using MICOM/MICROCOM with comparable results.
Example 2: The Aluminum Oxide - Titanium Carbide Composite System
Samples consisting of the reactants (aluminum, titania, and carbon (this time in the form of graphite,
G) ) were transformed into the product phases (aluminum oxide and titanium carbide) according to the following reaction:
ΔH 4A1 + 3C + 3Ti02 > 2A1203 + 3TiC + Exothermic Energy
The formation of aluminum oxide and titanium carbide was proven by X-ray diffraction analysis of the material extracted from the product phases. Figures 6a and 6b are the X-ray diffraction patterns for the reactants (Al, G and Ti02) and the products (A1203 and TiC) , respectively. This sample weighed approximately 4 grams and required about 3-5 minutes to ignite.
The X-ray diffraction pattern for the mixture of Al, C and Ti02 (Fig. 6a) has the aluminum peaks labeled "Al", the graphite peaks labeled "G" and the
2
titania peaks labeled "AN". Figure 6b is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the material obtained from the 4A1 + 3C + 3Ti02 sample after microwave ignition and reaction. The diffraction pattern indicates the presence of aluminum oxide and titanium carbide. The peaks are labeled "A" for aluminum oxide and "T" for titanium carbide. The transformation of 4A1 + 3C + 3Ti02 to 2 1203 + 3TiC is evident by the disappearance of the aluminum, graphite and titania diffraction pattern and the appearance of the aluminum oxide and titanium carbide diffraction patterns after ignition and reaction.
Ignition times for samples of various masses and densities synthesized using MICOM/MICROCOM are also listed in Table II.
Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments and examples thereof, it is to be understood that modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as described above and as defined in the claims which follow.
Claims
1. A combustion synthesis process comprising the steps of providing at least two reactants, said reactants reacting exothermically to produce a reaction product; and then subjecting said reactants to microwave energy in an amount sufficient to initiate the exothermic reaction of said reactants, thereby producing said reaction product.
2. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise at least one metal and at least one component selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, chalcogens, hydrogen, and metal oxides.
3. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise titanium and carbon.
4. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise aluminum, titania and carbon. -2t
5. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise boron and a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and lanthanum.
6. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise carbon and a member selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum, chromium, titanium, hafnium, tantalum, silicon and tungsten.
7. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise silicon and a member selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, niobium and molybdenum.
8. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise nitrogen and a member selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, ^tantalum, silicon, boron, aluminum and beryllium. 7
9. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise a chalcogen and a member selected from the group consisting of magnesium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten.
10. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise hydrogen and a member selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, cesium, praseodymium, indium and neodymium.
11. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants comprise aluminum and a member selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, niobium and iron.
12. A combustion synthesis process according . to claim 1, wherein one of said reactants is in the form of a finely divided powder and the other of said reactants is in the form of a gas, such that the gaseous reactant provides an atmosphere surrounding the powder reactant. Z$
13. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 12, wherein said powder reactant is a metal powder and said gaseous reactant is a member selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen.
14. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said reactants is in the form of a powder, said combustion synthesis process further comprising the step of removing volatile impurities from said reactant powder using microwave energy prior to initiation of the exothermic reaction of said reactants.
15. A controlled combustion synthesis process comprising the steps of providing at least two reactants, said reactants reacting exothermically to produce a reaction product; and then subjecting said reactants to microwave energy in an amount sufficient to initiate the exothermic reaction of said reactants, thereby producing said reaction product; wherein combustion of said reactants proceeds in a controlled manner.
16. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein combustion is controlled by pulsing said microwave energy. £.«?
17. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein at least one of said reactants is a powder and the density or porosity of said powder reactant is selected to control combustion.
18. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein combustion is controlled by providing a microwave absorbing material surrounding said reactants.
19. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein the mass of said reactants is selected to control combustion.
20. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein at least one of said reactants is a powder and the particle size of the powder reactants is selected to control combustion.
21. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reactants are in the form of a powder, and further comprising the step of placing a microwave absorbing material on said reactants and then subjecting said reactants to microwave energy thereby 66
locally igniting the reactants adjacent to said microwave absorbing material to initiate the exothermic reaction of said reactants.
22. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 21, wherein said microwave absorbing material is placed within said a mixture of said reactants.
23. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 21, wherein said microwave absorbing material is in the form of a wire.
24. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reaction product has a form selected from the group consisting of monolithic structures, powders, fibers, whiskers, platelets and coatings.
25. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein said reaction product is a member selected from the group consisting of composites and cermets. •si
26. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein a diluent is mixed with said reactants prior to subjecting said reactants to microwave energy, said diluent being in the form of a product phase, a reinforcing phase selected from the group consisting of whiskers, fibers, particulates and platelets, or an inert phase.
27. A combustion synthesis process according to claim 1, wherein the reactants are titanium, zirconium and B4C and the reaction product is a boride-carbide- metal or a boride-carbide composite.
28. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein said reaction product has a form selected from the group consisting of monolithic structures, powders, fibers, whiskers, platelets and coatings.
29. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein said reaction product is a member selected from the group consisting of composites and cermets. 32.
30. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein a diluent is mixed with said reactants prior to subjecting said reactants to microwave energy, said diluent being in the form of a product phase, a reinforcing phase selected from the group consisting of whiskers, fibers, particulates and platelets, or an inert phase.
31. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 15, wherein the reactants are titanium, zirconium and B4C and wherein the reaction product is a boride-carbide-metal or a boride-carbide composite.
32. A controlled combustion synthesis process according to claim 31, wherein combustion is controlled by pulsing said microwave energy.
33. A synthesis process using microwave energy, comprising the steps of: providing at least two reactants, said reactants reacting exothermically to produce a reaction product, at least one of said reactants being in the form of a powder; 33 removing volatile impurities from the powder reactants using microwave energy; subjecting said reactants to microwave energy in an amount sufficient to initiate the exothermic reaction of said reactants, thereby producing a reaction product; and then further densifying the resultant reaction product using microwave energy.
34. A synthesis process using microwave energy, comprising the steps of: providing at least two reactants, said reactants reacting exothermically to produce a reaction product, at least one of said reactants being in the form of a powder; removing volatile impurities from the powder reactants using microwave energy; subjecting said reactants to microwave energy in an amount sufficient to initiate the exothermic reaction of said reactants, thereby producing a reaction product, the combustion of said reactants proceeding in a controlled manner; and then further densifying the resultant reaction product using microwave energy. 34
35. A synthesis process according to claim 34, wherein combustion is controlled by pulsing said microwave energy.
36. A synthesis process according to claim 34, wherein a diluent is mixed with the reactants prior to subjecting said reactants to microwave energy, said diluent being in the form of a product phase, a reinforcing phase selected from the group consisting of whiskers, fibers, particulates and platelets, or an inert phase.
37. A method of fabricating composite materials based on metallothermic oxidation/reduction reactions, comprising subjecting elements, compounds or mixtures thereof to microwave energy.
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US35105989A | 1989-05-12 | 1989-05-12 | |
US351,059 | 1989-05-12 |
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Cited By (6)
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WO1993014044A1 (en) * | 1992-01-16 | 1993-07-22 | University Of Cincinnati | Electrical heating element, related composites, and composition and method for producing such products using dieless micropyretic synthesis |
US5425496A (en) * | 1993-03-09 | 1995-06-20 | University Of Cincinnati | Method for joining ceramic and metal-ceramic heating elements to electrical terminals by micropyretic synthesis, compositions for electrical terminals and heaters comprising the same |
US5611953A (en) * | 1994-05-13 | 1997-03-18 | Micropyretics Heaters International, Inc. | Sinter-homogenized heating products |
RU2492963C1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2013-09-20 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Мордовский государственный университет им. Н.П. Огарёва" | Method of making complex oxides |
RU2696955C2 (en) * | 2014-07-17 | 2019-08-07 | Сафран Серамикс | Method of making part from composite material by means of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis |
CN111705378A (en) * | 2020-06-17 | 2020-09-25 | 武汉纺织大学 | Method for rapidly growing transition metal carbide nano-dots on carbon-based carrier by utilizing microwave combustion and application thereof |
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US4678760A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1987-07-07 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method of forming a substantially interwoven matrix containing a refractory hard metal and a metal compound |
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US4900526A (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1990-02-13 | Research Development Corporation Of Japan | Polycrystalline rhombohedral boron nitride and method of producing the same |
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US4678760A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1987-07-07 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method of forming a substantially interwoven matrix containing a refractory hard metal and a metal compound |
US4900526A (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1990-02-13 | Research Development Corporation Of Japan | Polycrystalline rhombohedral boron nitride and method of producing the same |
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Cited By (9)
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WO1993014044A1 (en) * | 1992-01-16 | 1993-07-22 | University Of Cincinnati | Electrical heating element, related composites, and composition and method for producing such products using dieless micropyretic synthesis |
US5420399A (en) * | 1992-01-16 | 1995-05-30 | University Of Cincinnati | Electrical heating element, related composites, and composition and method for producing such products using dieless micropyretic synthesis |
US5484568A (en) * | 1992-01-16 | 1996-01-16 | University Of Cincinnati | Electrical heating element, related composites, and composition and method for producing such products using dieless micropyretic synthesis |
US5425496A (en) * | 1993-03-09 | 1995-06-20 | University Of Cincinnati | Method for joining ceramic and metal-ceramic heating elements to electrical terminals by micropyretic synthesis, compositions for electrical terminals and heaters comprising the same |
US5449886A (en) * | 1993-03-09 | 1995-09-12 | University Of Cincinnati | Electric heating element assembly |
US5611953A (en) * | 1994-05-13 | 1997-03-18 | Micropyretics Heaters International, Inc. | Sinter-homogenized heating products |
RU2492963C1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2013-09-20 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Мордовский государственный университет им. Н.П. Огарёва" | Method of making complex oxides |
RU2696955C2 (en) * | 2014-07-17 | 2019-08-07 | Сафран Серамикс | Method of making part from composite material by means of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis |
CN111705378A (en) * | 2020-06-17 | 2020-09-25 | 武汉纺织大学 | Method for rapidly growing transition metal carbide nano-dots on carbon-based carrier by utilizing microwave combustion and application thereof |
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