WO1991012828A1 - Composition and method for absorbing odors - Google Patents
Composition and method for absorbing odors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991012828A1 WO1991012828A1 PCT/US1991/000701 US9100701W WO9112828A1 WO 1991012828 A1 WO1991012828 A1 WO 1991012828A1 US 9100701 W US9100701 W US 9100701W WO 9112828 A1 WO9112828 A1 WO 9112828A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- citric acid
- composition
- weight
- salt
- substrate
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q15/00—Anti-perspirants or body deodorants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
- A61K8/365—Hydroxycarboxylic acids; Ketocarboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
- A61L9/01—Deodorant compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
- C11D3/0068—Deodorant compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
- C11D3/2086—Hydroxy carboxylic acids-salts thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/005—Compositions containing perfumes; Compositions containing deodorants
Definitions
- Japanese Patent No. 62-235,364 discloses a deodorant resin composition and articles molded from the resin containing thermoplastic resin and a deodorizing component.
- a deodorizing component comprised of a 10%-90% zinc compound such as citrate and 90%-10% of an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid such as citric acid is disclosed.
- the deodorizing resin composition masks, rather than chemically reacts with aldehydes or other producers of foul odors.
- This composition is not formulated to serve as a cleaning agent or to function in an aqueous dispersion.
- the disclosure is limited to use of a divalent zinc compound, which renders it toxic.
- 64-8972 teaches an aqueous deodorant dispersion comprised of zinc compounds and aliphatic polycarboxylic acids, such as citric acids, or their salts.
- the disclosure is limited to zinc compounds. As a consequence, the deodorant compound would be toxic.
- Japanese Patent No.63-161,968 discloses a deodorant composition containing an acidic substance and a ferrate material impregnated with a clay mineral containing polyvalent metal cations.
- the disclosure is limited to divalent compounds and does not teach a non-toxic compound product.
- This formulation does not include a cleansing agent or provide for an aqueous dispersion form.
- U.S. Patent No.3,650,968 discloses a fisherman's soap composition for removing fishy odors.
- the composition consists of a source of citric acid, a detergent effective in an acid pH range, glycerin, and water. This reference does not teach use of a monovalent salt of citric acid.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,089,942 discloses a cosmetic deodorant composition and process which prevents the formation of odors due to bacterial decomposition of perspiration by maintaining perspiration within a pH range of
- the deodorant composition includes a cosmetic carrier, an organic acid such as citric acid, and a salt of an organic acid.
- an organic acid such as citric acid
- U.S. Patent No. 4,690,772 describes sterilant compositions making use of a water soluble sterilant, a buffer, and a water soluble acid.
- a water soluble sterilant a buffer
- a water soluble acid a water soluble acid
- the suggested acids is citric acid
- sodium citrate is disclosed as a possible buffering agent.
- the compositions of this invention are formed as aqueous solutions having a pH of about 7.3, and are very dilute. It is believed that compositions of this character, because of the dilute nature thereof, would be very - - ineffective as odor reducers; in any event, this utility is nowhere taught or suggested in the '772 Patent.
- the present invention overcomes the problems noted above, and provides a greatly improved class of odor-reducing materials.
- the latter can be formulated and used as dried, particulate compositions, or as relatively concentrat ⁇ ed aqueous dispersions.
- the compositions of the invention may be incorporated into a cleansing agent.
- These types of combined compositions broadly include a cleansing agent (e.g. a soap or detergent) along with an odor- reducing composition mixed with the cleansing agent.
- the odor-reducing composition includes respective quantities of citric acid and a monovalent salt of citric acid as active ingredients.
- the odor-reducing method of the invention involves contracting a substrate exhibiting odors to be reduced with a composition of the type described above, i.e., one including respective quantities of citric acid and a monovalent salt of citric acid.
- a composition of the type described above i.e., one including respective quantities of citric acid and a monovalent salt of citric acid.
- such a composition may be placed adjacent to an area or zone exhibiting such offensive odors.
- compositions and methods of the invention are usable for absorbing or reducing odors on a wide variety of substrates such as landfills, municipal solid wastes, garbage, human skin, cloth or other absorbents (e.g. litterbox fills); or in open areas such as refrigerators. -4-
- Odor-reducing compositions in accordance with the invention may be fabricated and used in a multitude of forms.
- the compositions may be in particulate form, and in such instances would include from about 0.1 to 20% by weight citric acid, and at least about 50% by weight of a monovalent salt of citric acid.
- a salt of any of various monovalent species may be employed, including ammonium and alkali metals such as potassium, sodium, and lithium. In particularly preferred forms sodium or potassium is employed.
- the resultant product is non-toxic, food-grade, and safe for domestic as well as commercial use.
- the particulate compositions have essentially no odor, but if desired, additives for giving the compositions a pleasant smell may be used.
- such particulate compositions would include from about 0.1 - 30% by weight citric acid, and from about 70 to 99% by weight of citric acid monovalent salt. Moreover, in order to improve the handling properties of such particulate compositions, they would normally also include a minor amount of an anti-caking agent such as a mixture of mono and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate sodium salts.
- an anti-caking agent such as a mixture of mono and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate sodium salts.
- a composition of this character is sold by Desoto, Inc. of Des Plaines, Illinois under the designation "Petro AG Special Superfine Powder.”
- compositions made in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 4,839,086 are particularly useful as particulate odor-removing compositions in the invention.
- compositions have heretofore been sold by JaCam Chemical Co. of Sterling, Kansas under the trademark Tronfite", for use in the regeneration of cation exchange resins.
- the Tronfite product includes about 97.9% sodium citrate, about 2% by weight citric acid, and about 0.1% by weight of the above-described anti-caking agent, and is sold as a particulate powder. Alternately, a mixture of about 80% by weight sodium citrate and 20% by weight citric acid may be used, mixed with a minor amount of anti-caking agent.
- the particulate compositions of the invention may be used directly, or alternately may be incorporated into a cleansing agent.
- a hand cleanser commercialized under the designation "Gojo" may be used to good effect, with the addition of from about 2-20% by weight of the particulate odor-reducing composition described above mixed therein. More preferably, about 10% by weight of this particulate odor-reducing composition is employed.
- the combined cleanser/odor-reducer may be simply rubbed on to the hands or skin of the user in the normal fashion, and then rinsed - - off with water. Offensive odors on the skin are virtually completely absorbed or removed by the composition.
- the citric acid/citric acid monovalent salt materials may be dispersed in an aqueous medium such as water.
- an aqueous dispersion would involve contacting the dispersion with a substrate to be treated, followed by rinsing; or placing a container of the liquid in an area to be deodorized.
- the liquid forms of the present invention would include therein at least about 1.5% by weight citric acid, and at least about 15% by weight of a monovalent salt of citric acid; more preferably, the compositions would include in excess of about 2% by weight citric acid, and in excess of about 25% by weight of the salt.
- liquid compositions have been formulated having 2.2% by weight citric acid, 42.2% by weight sodium citrate with the balance being water.
- Such liquid compositions can be conveniently used by spraying or dripping them onto an area or substrate to be deodorized.
- these compositions, as well as the corresponding particulate forms can be readily handled and do not harm human skin.
- the particulate compositions in accordance with the invention are used directly or incorporated into a cleansing agent, it is advanta ⁇ geous that the particle size of the particulate ingredients be relatively small, and preferably between about 50 and 100 standard mesh size. Also, it is preferred to apply the dried, particulate compositions onto substrates that are either inherently moist or premoistened prior to application of the particulate compositions; this enhances the desired deodorizing action.
Abstract
Improved odor-reducing compositions, and corresponding methods, are disclosed wherein a substrate or area exhibiting undesirable odors is treated with an odor-reducing composition including respective quantities of citric acid and a salt of citric acid. Preferably, the odor-reducing composition in particulate form includes from about 0.1-20 % by weight of citric acid, at least about 50 % by weight of a salt of citric acid (e.g. sodium citrate) and an anti-caking agent. The compositions of the invention may be used to good effect in the treatment of substrates such as human skin, cloth or other absorbents; or in deodorizing areas exhibiting offensive odors.
Description
-2-
Japanese Patent No. 62-235,364 discloses a deodorant resin composition and articles molded from the resin containing thermoplastic resin and a deodorizing component. A deodorizing component comprised of a 10%-90% zinc compound such as citrate and 90%-10% of an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid such as citric acid is disclosed. In addition, the deodorizing resin composition masks, rather than chemically reacts with aldehydes or other producers of foul odors. This composition is not formulated to serve as a cleaning agent or to function in an aqueous dispersion. The disclosure is limited to use of a divalent zinc compound, which renders it toxic. Japanese Patent No. 64-8972 teaches an aqueous deodorant dispersion comprised of zinc compounds and aliphatic polycarboxylic acids, such as citric acids, or their salts. The disclosure is limited to zinc compounds. As a consequence, the deodorant compound would be toxic.
Japanese Patent No.63-161,968 discloses a deodorant composition containing an acidic substance and a ferrate material impregnated with a clay mineral containing polyvalent metal cations. The disclosure is limited to divalent compounds and does not teach a non-toxic compound product. This formulation does not include a cleansing agent or provide for an aqueous dispersion form.
U.S. Patent No.3,650,968 discloses a fisherman's soap composition for removing fishy odors. The composition consists of a source of citric acid, a detergent effective in an acid pH range, glycerin, and water. This reference does not teach use of a monovalent salt of citric acid.
U.S. Patent No. 4,089,942 discloses a cosmetic deodorant composition and process which prevents the formation of odors due to bacterial decomposition of perspiration by maintaining perspiration within a pH range of
3 to 6. The deodorant composition includes a cosmetic carrier, an organic acid such as citric acid, and a salt of an organic acid. Nothing in this reference teaches a composition or method for odor absorption.
U.S. Patent No. 4,690,772 describes sterilant compositions making use of a water soluble sterilant, a buffer, and a water soluble acid. Among the suggested acids is citric acid, whereas sodium citrate is disclosed as a possible buffering agent. In use, the compositions of this invention are formed as aqueous solutions having a pH of about 7.3, and are very dilute. It is believed that compositions of this character, because of the dilute nature thereof, would be very
- - ineffective as odor reducers; in any event, this utility is nowhere taught or suggested in the '772 Patent.
U.S. Patent No. 4,839,086 describes compositions useful for the regeneration of cation exchange resins typically found in water softening systems. The compositions described in this patent have been commercialized by JaCam
Chemical Co. of Sterling, Kansas, and include therein citric acid, a major proportion of a salt of citric acid (sodium citrate), as well as a small quantity of anti-caking agent. The prior art contains no suggestions, however, that composi¬ tions of the type described in Patent No. 4,839,086, could be useful in the context of odor reduction.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention overcomes the problems noted above, and provides a greatly improved class of odor-reducing materials. The latter can be formulated and used as dried, particulate compositions, or as relatively concentrat¬ ed aqueous dispersions. In other instances, the compositions of the invention may be incorporated into a cleansing agent. These types of combined compositions broadly include a cleansing agent (e.g. a soap or detergent) along with an odor- reducing composition mixed with the cleansing agent. The odor-reducing composition includes respective quantities of citric acid and a monovalent salt of citric acid as active ingredients.
The odor-reducing method of the invention involves contracting a substrate exhibiting odors to be reduced with a composition of the type described above, i.e., one including respective quantities of citric acid and a monovalent salt of citric acid. Correspondingly, such a composition may be placed adjacent to an area or zone exhibiting such offensive odors.
The compositions and methods of the invention are usable for absorbing or reducing odors on a wide variety of substrates such as landfills, municipal solid wastes, garbage, human skin, cloth or other absorbents (e.g. litterbox fills); or in open areas such as refrigerators.
-4-
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
Odor-reducing compositions in accordance with the invention may be fabricated and used in a multitude of forms. For example, the compositions may be in particulate form, and in such instances would include from about 0.1 to 20% by weight citric acid, and at least about 50% by weight of a monovalent salt of citric acid. A salt of any of various monovalent species may be employed, including ammonium and alkali metals such as potassium, sodium, and lithium. In particularly preferred forms sodium or potassium is employed. The resultant product is non-toxic, food-grade, and safe for domestic as well as commercial use. As constituted, the particulate compositions have essentially no odor, but if desired, additives for giving the compositions a pleasant smell may be used. More particularly, such particulate compositions would include from about 0.1 - 30% by weight citric acid, and from about 70 to 99% by weight of citric acid monovalent salt. Moreover, in order to improve the handling properties of such particulate compositions, they would normally also include a minor amount of an anti-caking agent such as a mixture of mono and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate sodium salts. A composition of this character is sold by Desoto, Inc. of Des Plaines, Illinois under the designation "Petro AG Special Superfine Powder."
Compositions made in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 4,839,086 are particularly useful as particulate odor-removing compositions in the invention.
Such compositions have heretofore been sold by JaCam Chemical Co. of Sterling, Kansas under the trademark Tronfite", for use in the regeneration of cation exchange resins. The Tronfite" product includes about 97.9% sodium citrate, about 2% by weight citric acid, and about 0.1% by weight of the above-described anti-caking agent, and is sold as a particulate powder. Alternately, a mixture of about 80% by weight sodium citrate and 20% by weight citric acid may be used, mixed with a minor amount of anti-caking agent.
If desired, the particulate compositions of the invention may be used directly, or alternately may be incorporated into a cleansing agent. For example, a hand cleanser commercialized under the designation "Gojo" may be used to good effect, with the addition of from about 2-20% by weight of the particulate odor-reducing composition described above mixed therein. More preferably, about 10% by weight of this particulate odor-reducing composition is employed. In such cases, the combined cleanser/odor-reducer may be simply rubbed on to the hands or skin of the user in the normal fashion, and then rinsed
- - off with water. Offensive odors on the skin are virtually completely absorbed or removed by the composition. In other cases a supply of the particulate material may be placed within or in proximity to an area or region exhibiting unpleasant odors. In other forms of the invention, the citric acid/citric acid monovalent salt materials may be dispersed in an aqueous medium such as water. Here again, use of such an aqueous dispersion would involve contacting the dispersion with a substrate to be treated, followed by rinsing; or placing a container of the liquid in an area to be deodorized. Preferably, the liquid forms of the present invention would include therein at least about 1.5% by weight citric acid, and at least about 15% by weight of a monovalent salt of citric acid; more preferably, the compositions would include in excess of about 2% by weight citric acid, and in excess of about 25% by weight of the salt. In actual practice, liquid compositions have been formulated having 2.2% by weight citric acid, 42.2% by weight sodium citrate with the balance being water. Such liquid compositions can be conveniently used by spraying or dripping them onto an area or substrate to be deodorized. Moreover, these compositions, as well as the corresponding particulate forms, can be readily handled and do not harm human skin.
Where the particulate compositions in accordance with the invention are used directly or incorporated into a cleansing agent, it is advanta¬ geous that the particle size of the particulate ingredients be relatively small, and preferably between about 50 and 100 standard mesh size. Also, it is preferred to apply the dried, particulate compositions onto substrates that are either inherently moist or premoistened prior to application of the particulate compositions; this enhances the desired deodorizing action.
U.S. Patent No. 4,839,086 is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Claims
1. A method of reducing odors from a substrate or region exhibiting such odors, said method comprising the steps of providing an odor- reducing composition in particulate form and consisting essentially of from about 0.1 to 30% by weight citric acid and at least about 50% by weight of a monovalent salt of citric acid, and contacting said particulate composition with said substrate or region for odor reduction.
2. The method of Claim 1, said salt of citric acid being present at a level of from about 70 to 99% by weight, and from about 1 to 20% of said citric acid.
3. The method of Claim 2, said composition including an amount of anti-caking agent therein effective for preventing substantial caking of said composition, said agent comprising a mixture of mono and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate sodium salts.
4. The method of Claim 1, said salt of citric acid being selected from the group consisting of the alkali metal and ammonium salts.
5. The method of Claim 1, said method comprising contacting the composition with a substrate taken from the group consisting of landfill, municipal solid waste, garbage, human skin, cloth or absorbents.
6. The method of Claim 1, wherein said composition is mixed with a cleansing agent, and said cleansing agent is contacted with said substrate.
7. A method of reducing odors from a substrate or region exhibiting such odors, said method comprising the steps of providing an odor- reducing composition in the form of an aqueous dispersion and having therein at least about 1.5% by weight citric acid and at least about 15% by weight of a monovalent salt of citric acid therein, and contacting said aqueous composition with said substrate or region for odor reduction.
8. The method of Claim 7, said citric acid being present in excess of about 2% by weight in said composition.
9. The method of Claim 7, said salt being present in excess of about 25% by weight in said composition.
10. The method of Claim 7, said salt of citric acid being selected from the group consisting of the alkali metal and ammonium salts. - -
11. The method of Claim 7, said substrate being selected from the group consisting of landfill, municipal solid waste, garbage, human skin, cloth and absorbents.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US48128990A | 1990-02-20 | 1990-02-20 | |
US481,289 | 1990-02-20 | ||
US59429190A | 1990-10-09 | 1990-10-09 | |
US594,291 | 1990-10-09 | ||
US646,521 | 1991-01-28 | ||
US07/646,521 US5089258A (en) | 1990-10-09 | 1991-01-28 | Composition and method for absorbing odors using citric acid and citrate |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1991012828A1 true WO1991012828A1 (en) | 1991-09-05 |
Family
ID=27413561
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1991/000701 WO1991012828A1 (en) | 1990-02-20 | 1991-02-01 | Composition and method for absorbing odors |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU7348991A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1991012828A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0842669A1 (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-05-20 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process and products for deodorising gaseous kitchen effluents |
WO2002012423A2 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2002-02-14 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Deodorising textile treatment agent |
US9044414B2 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2015-06-02 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Compositions containing a solvated active agent for dispensing as a gas aerosol |
CN110055790A (en) * | 2014-06-12 | 2019-07-26 | 尤妮佳股份有限公司 | Decompose the method for used amenities and the method from used amenities separation pulp fibers |
EP3050955B1 (en) | 2015-02-02 | 2020-03-25 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Detergent pack |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4690772A (en) * | 1985-06-03 | 1987-09-01 | National Medical Care | Sterilant compositions |
-
1991
- 1991-02-01 WO PCT/US1991/000701 patent/WO1991012828A1/en unknown
- 1991-02-01 AU AU73489/91A patent/AU7348991A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4690772A (en) * | 1985-06-03 | 1987-09-01 | National Medical Care | Sterilant compositions |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0842669A1 (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-05-20 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Process and products for deodorising gaseous kitchen effluents |
FR2755876A1 (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-05-22 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PROCESS AND PRODUCTS FOR THE DEODORIZATION OF GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM THE KITCHEN |
US6013196A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 2000-01-11 | Institute Francais Du Petrole | Process and products for deodorising gaseous cooking effluents |
WO2002012423A2 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2002-02-14 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Deodorising textile treatment agent |
WO2002012423A3 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2002-05-30 | Henkel Kgaa | Deodorising textile treatment agent |
US9044414B2 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2015-06-02 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Compositions containing a solvated active agent for dispensing as a gas aerosol |
CN110055790A (en) * | 2014-06-12 | 2019-07-26 | 尤妮佳股份有限公司 | Decompose the method for used amenities and the method from used amenities separation pulp fibers |
EP3050955B1 (en) | 2015-02-02 | 2020-03-25 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Detergent pack |
EP3050955B2 (en) † | 2015-02-02 | 2023-11-08 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Detergent pack |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU7348991A (en) | 1991-09-18 |
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