WO1991018912A1 - Derivatization and identification of saccharides - Google Patents

Derivatization and identification of saccharides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991018912A1
WO1991018912A1 PCT/US1991/003824 US9103824W WO9118912A1 WO 1991018912 A1 WO1991018912 A1 WO 1991018912A1 US 9103824 W US9103824 W US 9103824W WO 9118912 A1 WO9118912 A1 WO 9118912A1
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Prior art keywords
saccharide
saccharides
derivatized
lych
mixture
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PCT/US1991/003824
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French (fr)
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The University Of Texas System Board Of Regents
Richard M. Caprioli
Charles H. Phoebe, Jr.
Joseph A. Jarrell
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Univ Texas
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/66—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood sugars, e.g. galactose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
    • C07H15/26—Acyclic or carbocyclic radicals, substituted by hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present invention is generally directed to the analysis of saccharides in vivo and in vitro, and more particularly, to the derivatization of saccharides using 4-aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dyes.
  • Lucifer yellow CH is a 4- aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dye which was introduced in 1978 by the Aldrich Chemical Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Chemically, Lucifer yellow CH (LyCH) is 4- amino-N-[(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-naphthalimide-3,6- disulfonic acid. The compound is commonly available and is used as the dipotassium or dilithium salt.
  • the structure of Lucifer yellow CH is shown below:
  • the spectral properties of the dye include: absorption maxima at 280 nm and 430 nm, corrected emission maxima near 540 nm, and quantum yields of about 0.25.
  • the high quantum yields make possible the detection of the dye at low concentration, and the wide separation between the absorption and emission maxima facilitates excitation at one wavelength and observation of fluorescence at
  • LyCH has a free hydrazido group which reacts with aliphatic aldehydes at room temperature.
  • aldehyde-containing fixatives are used to bind the dye to tissue, presumably through the hydrazido group.
  • Lucifer Yellow CH has been used in the fluorescent labeling of cell surface glycoconjugates and gangliosides. 2 (Spiegel et al . ,
  • carbohydrate work Specifically, this class of dyes has been used as a carbohydrate stain to detect the presence of carbohydrates on the surface of cells. Spiegel et al . were simply determining whether or not cells had
  • Aqueous solutions of this dye appear to be chemically stable for at least several months at room temperature.
  • LyCH LyCH
  • LyCH dye intracellular staining followed by
  • the present invention presents a method for the derivatization of saccharides and mixtures of saccharides using an organic dye molecule, Lucifer Yellow CH, and compounds related thereto. Saccharide derivatization using this and related dyes permits the use of a variety of qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures. More particularly, the present invention is directed to the use of 4-aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dyes, including for example LyCH, in the analysis of
  • Saccharides are carbohydrate compounds.
  • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds which can be hydrolyzed to form them.
  • a carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler compound is a monosaccharide.
  • a carbohydrate which is hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides is a
  • a carbohydrate which can be hydrolyzed into many saccharide molecules is called a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide.
  • a monosaccharide can be further
  • Saccharides are an extremely important group of compounds in biological systems. Saccharides are one of the basic biochemicals in living systems. For example, saccharides alone, or in combination with other
  • the present invention is directed to providing a method for preparing
  • One aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for preparing a derivatized saccharide.
  • the saccharide is reacted with a compound having the formula:
  • R is CH 2 (CH 2 ) n NH 2
  • n is further defined as 2, 3 or 4, and refers to the number of CH 2 groups forming the internal carbon chain of the R group in the defined compound.
  • R is NHCONHNH 2
  • R 1 is SO 3 -
  • R 2 is H
  • R 3 is NH 2 . It is to be understood, however, that other substitutions can be made in the above-described molecule with retained functionality of the molecule for use in the described inventive methods of saccharide
  • the method also includes the additional step of
  • Preferable techniques for separating the derivatized saccharide include, by way of example, and not limitation, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (HPLC), paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and
  • the method includes the additional step of identifying a saccharide.
  • the identification of saccharides may be performed on mixtures of monosaccharides as well as mixtures of polysaccharides.
  • Preferable techniques for identifying the saccharide include by way of example and not limitation, HPLC, NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
  • the saccharide which is derivatized may be a
  • the saccharide derivatized comprises an amino-saccharide or a N-acetylated
  • the method comprises a method for the identification of saccharides of a glycoprotein.
  • the method comprises the steps of:
  • R is CH 2 (CH 2 ) n NH 2 or NHCONHNH 2 , R 1 is SO 3 -, CO 2 or OPO 3 -, R 2 is hydrogen, halide or methyl, and R 3 is NH 2 or H, to form a reaction mixture; heating the reaction mixture for between 30 minutes to 180 minutes to form a mixture of derivatized saccharides; separating the mixture of derivatized saccharides using one or more of gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, paper
  • reaction mixture is heated for about 90 minutes (1.5 hours).
  • the compound is further more closely defined wherein R is NHCONHNH 2 , R 2 is SO 3 -, R 2 is H, and R 3 is NH 2 .
  • This compound is Lucifer Yellow CH.
  • R is CH 2 (CH 2 ) n NH 2
  • "n" is further defined as 2 , 3 or 4, and refers to the number of CH 2 groups forming the internal carbon chain of the R group in the defined compound.
  • the saccharides are a mixture of monosaccharides and the reaction mixture is to be heated for about 90 minutes.
  • the separation of the saccharides from the glycoprotein may be accomplished through the use of a variety of techniques well known to those of skill in the art.
  • the saccharides may be separated from the glycoprotein through hydrolysis of the glycoprotein to form a mixture of saccharides.
  • derivatized saccharides is most preferably separated by electrophoresis, with the saccharides being identified most preferably by the process of HPLC.
  • the glycoprotein is most preferably reacted with the defined compound in the presence of acetic acid.
  • V% volume percent of the solution
  • GalNAC N-acetylgalactosamine
  • GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine
  • NAN N-acetylneuraminate (sialic acid)
  • FIG. 1 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of neutral and N-acetylated
  • closed circle glucose
  • downward pointing open triangle galactose
  • upward pointing open triangle mannose
  • open circle fucose
  • X N-acetyl glucosamine
  • open square N-acetylated
  • FIG. 3 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of N-acetyl neuraminic acid showing four distinct chromatographic peaks.
  • FIG. 4 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of neutral and N-acetylated
  • closed circle glucose
  • downward pointing open triangle galactose
  • upward pointing open triangle mannose
  • open circle fucose
  • X N-acetyl glucosamine
  • open square N-acetylated
  • FIG. 6 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of N-acetyl neuraminic acid.
  • FIG. 7 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of galactose; fluorescence detection:
  • FIG. 8 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of a mixture of monosaccharides.
  • FIG. 9 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of individual monosaccharides in a
  • FIG. 10 HPLC Analysis - Fluorescence detection of Lucifer Yellow CH-derivatized mixtures of
  • FIG. 11 Fluorescence detection of Lucifer Yellow CH-derivatized mixtures of monosaccharides.
  • FIG. 12 Column Retention time for Lucifer Yellow CH. The figure demonstrates the gradual loss in Lucifer Yellow CH from a packed Nova-pac 18 column over a period of about 20 days.
  • FIG. 13 Hydrolyzation of Dextran to a mixture of oligosaccharides. Dextran was hydrolyzed to form a mixture of different oligosaccharides.
  • FIG. 14 Mass Spec Analysis - Separation of LyCH- polysaccharide mixtures.
  • FIG. 15 Mass Spec Analysis - Electrophoretic analysis of LyCH monosaccharides.
  • FIG. 16 Mass Spec Analysis - LC separation of LyCH monosaccharides after storage; 16A - LyCH monosaccharides at 0 min. storage; 16B - LyCH monosaccharides after overnight storage at ⁇ -10°C; 16C - LyCH monosaccharides after overnight storage at 0-5°C.
  • FIG. 17 Mass Spec Analysis - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis (Negative Ion) using Marks Glycerol Matrix ions; 17A - Fucose - LyCH; 17B - Glucosamine - LyCH; 17C - Glucose - LyCH; 17D - N-acetyl glucosamine - LyCH.
  • FIG. 18 Mass Spec Analysis - Microbore liquid Chromatography/mass Spec Analysis of Glc-Lucifer Yellow CH (18-A) and Maltotetraose - Lucifer Yellow CH (18-B).
  • FIG. 19 Mass Spec Analysis - Maltotetraose - LyCH alone and with one or two ion pairing reagents.
  • FIG. 20 Mass Spec Analysis - Glucose LyCH with one or two molecules of an ion-pairing reagent.
  • FIG. 21 HPLC Analysis - Effect of Reaction Time (21A) and Reaction Volume (21B) on Derivatization of a mixture of monosaccharides with Lucifer Yellow CH
  • FIG. 23 Proton NMR Spectrum for Lucifer Yellow CH- Glucose Reaction Product.
  • FIG. 24 Major Derivative Fragmentation Pathway Suggested by MS/MS Analysis.
  • the present invention provides a method for the identification of saccharides.
  • the inventive method also relates to the production of derivatized saccharide compounds. More particularly, the present method is directed to the use of an organic dye, Lucifer yellow CH (acid or salt form of 4-amino-N- [(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-naphthalimide-3,6- disulfonate) and related 4-aminonaphthalimide compounds in conjunction with a variety of derivatized saccharides.
  • Lucifer yellow CH ascid or salt form of 4-amino-N- [(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-naphthalimide-3,6- disulfonate
  • 4-aminonaphthalimide compounds in conjunction with a variety of derivatized saccharides.
  • the use of these particular dye compounds in conjunction with the derivatized saccharides have been found
  • the reducing end of a saccharide is defined as the aldehyde end of a saccharide molecule. More specifically, it is believed that LyCH, through its free hydrazido group, binds to the carbonyl at the reducing aldehyde end of the saccharide molecule. Therefore, other related 4- aminonaphthalimides compounds which include similar functional groups, such as carboxyls or phosphates in place of the SO 3 H, are included with the scope of this invention. Any R group which covalently binds to the reducing end (carboxyl) of a saccharide may be used as part of the described molecule in conjunction with the present invention.
  • the derivatization of the saccharide molecule alters its physical and chemical properties, making it amenable to qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures.
  • Applicants have employed the intense fluorescence of the particularly defined 4-aminonaphthalimide compounds in the surprisingly sensitive detection and separation of derivatized saccharides at femtomole levels.
  • Another feature of the described methods includes the ability to use a variety of analytical methods in the separation, detection, and identification of the derivatized
  • the present invention has determined that LyCH is useful in the derivatization of reducing carbohydrates.
  • the detection limits of LyCH-derivatized saccharide with a 210 nm absorption are within an order of magnitude of that for the dabsylhydrazine derivative (UV at 425 nm, 10 pmole lower limit, Lin and Wu, Analytical Chemistry, 59:1320-1326 (1987)). Accordingly, fluorescence
  • the present invention demonstrates, in the following examples, the derivatization of several monosaccharides. Disaccharide, polysaccharide and oligosaccharide
  • the saccharide is reacted with a compound having the formula:
  • R is CH 2 (CH 2 ) n NH 2 , NH-CO-NH-NH 2 , or other chemical group that can covalently interact with the reducing end of a saccharide.
  • R 1 is CO 2 -, OPO 3 - or SO 3 - or other group which would impart a charge or water solubility to the molecule.
  • R 2 is hydrogen, a halide or a methyl group, and R 3 is NH 2 or H.
  • R is -NH-CO-NH-NH 2
  • R 1 is SO 3 -
  • R 2 is H and R 3 is NH 2
  • the compound reacted with the saccharide is LyCH.
  • R comprises a functionality which may function as a Schiff base
  • the reducing agent sodium borohydride, may be conveniently used to reduce a Schiff base to form a more stable secondary amine.
  • R is NH-C-O-NH-NH 2
  • R 2 is SO 3 -
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3 is NH 2 . It is to be understood, however, that other substitutions can be made in the above described molecule with retained functionality of the molecule for use in the described inventive methods of saccharide derivatization and their separation and detection.
  • the reaction procedure consists of adding a sufficient amount of LyCH to a quantity of one or several
  • the reaction is preferably heated at a temperature of from about 25°C to about 100°C, and more preferably at about 72°C.
  • the reaction is heated for from about 30 minutes to about 180 minutes, and most preferably for about 90 minutes, or one and one-half hours. It has been
  • the method also includes the additional step of
  • Techniques for separating the derivatized saccharide include gas
  • HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
  • HPLC may be used for the simultaneous separation and identification of a derivatized saccharide.
  • Saccharides are separated by their characteristic elution time from an HPLC column. Further, these elution times are useful to characterize and identify particular saccharides. If HPLC analysis of the samples is to be carried out to either separate or identify derivatized saccharide molecules in the solution, the solution may be diluted with additional solvent.
  • the method includes the additional step of identifying the saccharide.
  • Preferable techniques for identifying the saccharide include NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. The most preferred method of identifying the derivatized
  • HPLC chromatographies may be developed and compared with standards to precisely identify a particular derivatized saccharide.
  • the inventors have also successfully used mass spectrometry to identify particular derivatized saccharides (See Figs. 17, 19, 20 and Appendix 1).
  • the saccharide which is derivatized may be a neutral monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, or
  • the saccharide derivatized is a an N- acetylated saccharide. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the saccharide derivatized is a an N- acetylated saccharide. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the saccharide derivatized is a an N- acetylated saccharide. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the saccharide derivatized is a an N- acetylated saccharide. According to a further
  • the saccharide is an amino-saccharide.
  • the inventive method is useful for analyzing and identifying saccharide compounds in vitro and in vivo .
  • the fluorescent properties of LyCH and related 4- aminonaphthalimides compounds makes possible the analysis of saccharides at lower levels than possible before.
  • Monosaccharide stock solutions were prepared at 0.4 M in water and stored frozen. Dilutions of the stock sugar solutions were prepared in 0.2 M acetic acid just prior to derivatization. LyCH was prepared as a 0.1 M stock solution in water and stored frozen.
  • the reaction procedure consisted of adding 10 ⁇ L of a 0.1 M LyCH solution to 10 ⁇ L of monosaccharide solution in a glass dram vial with a Teflon-lined screw cap. The final concentration of monosaccharide in the reaction ranged from 0.000125 M to 0.05 M. The reaction was then heated at 72°C for one hour in a heating block. At the end of the reaction period, the vial was chilled on ice, and centrifuged briefly to pull the solvent down into the vial. The sample was then diluted to 0.5 mL with chilled water and stored at 0-5°C. High pressure liquid
  • the dilution of the final reaction with water is believed necessary to reduce the concentration of unreacted LyCH to 20 nmole/10 ⁇ L (maximal). It is believed that greater concentrations of LyCH may exceed the ion-pairing capacity of the HPLC mobile phase. Thus, this dilution of the final sample may impose a lower limit on the sugar sample concentration of about 0.25 mM if derivative detection is by UV absorption at 210 nm.
  • the derivatized monosaccharide samples were analyzed on a Nova-pak C18 (0.39 x 15 cm) stainless steel column kept at 50°C.
  • the mobile phase solutions "A" and "B”, respectively, were 0.005 M (aq) tetrabutylammonium phosphate (Low-UV PIC A) and Low-UV PIC A containing 40% (V%) acetonitrile.
  • the flow rate was 1 ml/min.
  • the solvent program was as follows: 15-35% B over 10 min; 35% for 5 min; linear reverse gradient to initial conditions over 5 min. This program was used for all standard curve analyses except those for the glucose derivative. The 100% B segment was omitted for the analysis of the glucose samples.
  • Figs. 1-9 show standard curve plots obtained through the chromatographic separation and identification of the derivatized saccharides.
  • Figs. 1-7 show that the reaction of LyCH with all of the sugars tested was linear over the concentration range shown with detection by UV absorption at 210 nm. Contaminating peaks in the LyCH made quantitation somewhat more
  • Fig. 5 shows that increasing the reaction time to 1.5 hours, however, pushed the glucosamine reaction nearly to completion and resulted in a standard curve with a slope equivalent to that obtained with the neutral sugars.
  • Fig. 4 shows that there were four fluorescent product peaks found for the NANA derivatized sample. The lowest concentration at which significant peaks above background were detected at 210 nm was 1 mM. This may be accounted for by impurities in the reagents that were used.
  • Fig. 7 shows the fluorescence detection of the galactose-LyCH derivative, using the least sensitive range setting of the Schoeffel FS 970 detector, which was 48 times more sensitive than detection by UV absorption at 210 nm. The presence of interfering LyCH contaminant peaks made fluorescence detection impractical for sugar solutions at concentrations less than 0.25 mM. This corresponds to a final sample load of 50 pmole on column.
  • Example 2
  • NANA-LyCH sample has shown the presence of at least four derivatives by HPLC and sample stability was uncertain. Nevertheless, with the exception of NANA- LyCH, each derivatized monosaccharide was positively identified, confirming the reaction of LyCH and the saccharides (See Appendix 2 - MS Analysis of LyCH- derivatized saccharides).
  • the mixtures of monosaccharides contained 0.001 M, 0.0025 M, or 0.005 M each of the sugars: galactosamine, glucosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, fucose, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Most preferably, the reaction was at 72°C for 1.5 hours. The samples were then chilled on ice, centrifuged briefly, and finally diluted to 0.5 ml with water.
  • a control reaction was at 72°C for 1.5 hours. The samples were then chilled on ice, centrifuged briefly, and finally diluted to 0.5 ml with water.
  • Reaction Conditions 10 ⁇ l of a 0.1 M Lucifer Yellow CH (aq) solution was added to 10 ⁇ l of a mixture of monosaccharides in 0.2 M acetic acid.
  • the mixtures of monosaccharides contained 0.001 M, 0.0025 M, or 0.005 M of each of the following sugars: galactosamine, glucosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, fucose, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid.
  • Reaction was at 72°C for 1.5 hours. The samples were then chilled on ice, centrifuged briefly, and finally diluted to 0.5 ml with water. A control reaction (containing no sugar) that was heated for two hours is also shown. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the samples was carried out within 30 hours of preparation.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • a 210 10 ⁇ l injection volume, 1 ml/min flow rate.
  • Fig. 8 results for the HPLC analysis are shown in Fig. 8 for equimolar mixtures of the monosaccharides previously tested individually.
  • Fig. 8 shows that the reaction was essentially linear over the concentration range shown for most of the sugars. Further, Fig. 8 shows that all the saccharides in the mixture were derivatized by the addition of LyCH.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates that the optimum reaction time for derivatization of the monosaccharide mixtures
  • the following example was conducted to demonstrate the variety of quantitative and qualitative techniques which could be used in the analysis of the individual saccharides which typically comprise a glycoprotein.
  • the particular saccharide derivatives analyzed in the present experiment include: Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ) - Glucose;
  • Saccharides were derivatized according to the methods described infra . Results obtained from this study demonstrate that the analysis of saccharides through the use of Lucifer Yellow organic dye saccharide derivatives is amenable to NMR spectrum analysis, HPLC analysis, and Mass Spectrum analysis with accurate and reproducible results.
  • Appendix 1 includes the mass spectrum analysis graphs of mannose-Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); Glucose Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); Galactose - Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); Fucose - Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); N-acetyl glucosamine-Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); Glucosamine-Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); Galactosamine Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid-Lucifer Yellow CH(H 2 ); LyCH-Glucose; LyCH Maltohexaose; LyCH
  • Appendix 2 also included HPLC data from the Lucifer Yellow CH- derivatization of glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, n-acetyl galactosamine, n- acetyl neuraminic acid (standard and expanded scale), and glucosamine (standard and expanded scale).
  • the HPLC data from the Lucifer Yellow CH-derivatization of these saccharides is also summarized at Tables 3 and 4.
  • Appendix 2 includes HPLC analysis of the various forms of the derivatized saccharides. Results
  • GalNH 2 GlcNH 2 ; Gal+Man; Glc; GalNAC; GlcNAc; Fucose; and
  • Appendix 2 includes the HPLC graph of LyCH-glucose, LyCH Mannose and LyCH glucose. The proton NMR Spectrum for Lucifer Yellow CH-Glucose
  • Dextran was hydrolyzed to a mixture of oligosaccharides, and even more particularly, malto oligosaccharides. Dextran was selected as the source saccharide in the present example. However, other sources of oligosaccharides may similarly be used in the practice of the described invention.
  • Oligomers obtained from the hydrolyzation of dextran were derivatized according to the following sequence of steps:
  • the HPLC also demonstrates the presence of a series of peaks, which represent the presence of a distribution of malto oligosaccharides in the test sample.
  • the packed column was held at 50°C over the entire 20 day period studied. Overnight, the column was flushed with a buffer comprising 85% A solution (low UV PICA (0.005 M tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate, aqueous) - 15% B solution (40% CH 3 CN in low UV PICA) at 0.225 ml/min. At weekend intervals (i.e. about every 7 days) over which the column was maintained, the column was recycled with 85% A (as above) - 15% B (as above) at 0.9 ml/min. All plunger seals were changed in the columns before final measurement of retained Lucifer Yellow Ch was made.
  • a solution low UV PICA (0.005 M tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate, aqueous
  • B solution 50% CH 3 CN in low UV PICA
  • polysaccharides were then analyzed by HPLC as described for the monosaccharides.
  • maltosaccharides included in this experiment were: maltohexaose, maltopentaose, and
  • maltotetraose maltotriose
  • maltose maltose
  • the Nova-pac C 18 column was prepared as previously described. Specifically, the column was a 0.39 x 15 cm column. S.S. at 40°C. (This particular column was previously used with TPA PO 4 II R). The eluents used over the column included the following:
  • maltopentaose maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltose, and glucose in 50 ⁇ l reaction buffer (0.12 M acetic acid, 0.012%
  • Lucifer Yellow CH (Li 2 ) (in 10 ⁇ l water) at 80°C for 100 min (in 3-ml Reactivial with Teflon-coated cap).
  • reaction was chilled on ice, diluted to 500 ⁇ l with water, and frozen ( ⁇ 10°C). Sample was thawed and diluted 1 to 10 with water before HPLC. A 10 ⁇ l sample at this dilution contains 20 pmole of each
  • Detection Fluorescence, ex 230 nm, > 500 nm, 0.5 at range, 0.5 spec time constant.
  • Sample 041707 A group of monosaccharides are shown here for comparison purposes.
  • LyCH monosaccharides examined in this study included fucose-LyCH, glucosamine-LyCH, glucose- LyCH, LyCH-glucose, LyCH-mannose, LyCH-galactose, and N- acetyl glucosamine LyCH.
  • a maltosaccharide for example, maltotetraose, in its maltotetraose-Lucifer Yellow CH derivatized form, is analyzed at Figure 18B.
  • a Glc-Lucifer Yellow CH is demonstrated to have a distinct peak at about 145 (Fig. 18A - x axis).
  • Yellow CH demonstrates a distinct peak at about 105 (Fig. 18B - x axis).
  • Figure 19 demonstrates results obtained with the particular tetramer, maltotetraose in its maltotetraose LyCH form. Distinct peaks were demonstrated for the maltotetraose-LyCH derivatives which had an additional ion-pairing reagent. For example, maltotetraose-LyCH alone produced a distinct peak at about 1100 (x axis), while maltotetraose LyCH plus one ion-pairing reagent produced a peak at about 1325 (x axis) and a
  • FIG. 19 represents a mass spectra chromatograph of the tetrameres maltotetraose-LyCH, maltotetraose-LyCH with one ion pairing reagent, and maltotetraose with two ion pairing reagents. Results obtained with glucose-LyCH (a monomer) with one or two ion-pairing reagents is demonstrated at Fig. 20.
  • Lucifer Yellow CH Proposed Purification of Lucifer Yellow CH
  • the present experimental example shows a method by which the Lucifer Yellow CH is to be purified prior to its use for the derivatization of the described
  • Lucifer Yellow CH is preferred in the practice of a particularly preferred embodiment of the claimed invention, especially in order to achieve the full advantage of this derivatizing agent for chromatographic analysis of low levels of carbohydrates. Even more preferably, the derivatized sugar is also to be purified to enhance the advantageous use of the derivatizing agent. In the proposed purification of Lucifer Yellow CH, fluorescent contaminants typically present in
  • Lucifer Yellow CH employed in the studies described herein was of an approximately 80% purity. Lucifer Yellow CH
  • Yellow CH may be employed using any of a variety of techniques, including liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and electrophoresis.
  • a Lucifer Yellow CH purity level of greater than 99% could be achieved using these purification techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for the complete analysis of saccharides. The inventive method is directed to the production of derivatized saccharide compounds by reacting an organic dye molecule, Lucifer yellow CH (4-amino-N-[(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-naphthalimide-3,6-disulfonate, or related 4-aminonaphthalimide, to produce derivatized saccharide molecules which can be effectively analyzed using several known techniques.

Description

DERIVATIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SACCHARIDES
The present invention is generally directed to the analysis of saccharides in vivo and in vitro, and more particularly, to the derivatization of saccharides using 4-aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dyes.
4-aminonaphthalimides are fluorescent dyes which are used to visualize living cells . The 4- aminonaphthalimides fluorescent dyes are generally nontoxic at concentrations and levels used for cellular illumination. Lucifer yellow CH is a 4- aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dye which was introduced in 1978 by the Aldrich Chemical Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Chemically, Lucifer yellow CH (LyCH) is 4- amino-N-[(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-naphthalimide-3,6- disulfonic acid. The compound is commonly available and is used as the dipotassium or dilithium salt. The structure of Lucifer yellow CH is shown below:
Figure imgf000003_0001
Since its introduction in 1978, LyCH has been used with considerable success as a fluorescent intracellular marker in a wide variety of biological systems. The spectral properties of the dye include: absorption maxima at 280 nm and 430 nm, corrected emission maxima near 540 nm, and quantum yields of about 0.25. The high quantum yields make possible the detection of the dye at low concentration, and the wide separation between the absorption and emission maxima facilitates excitation at one wavelength and observation of fluorescence at
another.
LyCH has a free hydrazido group which reacts with aliphatic aldehydes at room temperature. In cellular research, aldehyde-containing fixatives are used to bind the dye to tissue, presumably through the hydrazido group. Even more specifically, Lucifer Yellow CH has been used in the fluorescent labeling of cell surface glycoconjugates and gangliosides.2 (Spiegel et al . ,
(1983), Biochem. Biophys . Res . Commun . , 112(3):872-77). The Lucifer Yellow CH compound has been used in
carbohydrate work. Specifically, this class of dyes has been used as a carbohydrate stain to detect the presence of carbohydrates on the surface of cells. Spiegel et al . were simply determining whether or not cells had
carbohydrates on their surfaces, and not attempting to quantitate or qualitate the presence of one or more saccharides in the test system. Aqueous solutions of this dye appear to be chemically stable for at least several months at room temperature.
A frequent application of LyCH has been to reveal the shape of individual neurones. It has been used to determine the branching pattern and course of
regenerating neurones. Because of the low toxicity of the dye, direct in vivo observations on the regeneration of dye-filled neurones is possible. Other uses of LyCH dye include intracellular staining followed by
immunocytochemical staining with rhodamine-labelled antibodies; and retinal staining in a calcium-free
Ringer's solution.
The present invention presents a method for the derivatization of saccharides and mixtures of saccharides using an organic dye molecule, Lucifer Yellow CH, and compounds related thereto. Saccharide derivatization using this and related dyes permits the use of a variety of qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures. More particularly, the present invention is directed to the use of 4-aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dyes, including for example LyCH, in the analysis of
saccharides. The use of this and related organic dye molecules has been found to amazingly enhance the ability to detect and quantify femtamole levels of any included saccharide. Even more particularly, the use of these intensely fluorescent compounds, which have previously been appreciated only as tracer tags in microscopic studies, are now used in the preparation of specific saccharide derivatives. Derivatization of saccharides according to the present invention has been found to alter both the physical and chemical properties of the saccharide molecule. The discovery of this particular effect on the saccharide molecule defines in part one point of novelty in the described invention. Related thereto, the use of the described methods impart a characteristic charge to the derivatized saccharide, which allow for the separation of the derivatized
saccharides by electrophoretic techniques. Applicants have found this physical and chemical modification of the saccharide to make them particularly amenable to a variety of qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures. The following description is presented to clearly define those compounds included within the definition of "saccharides". Saccharides are carbohydrate compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds which can be hydrolyzed to form them. A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler compound is a monosaccharide. A carbohydrate which is hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides is a
disaccharide. A carbohydrate which can be hydrolyzed into many saccharide molecules is called a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide. A monosaccharide can be further
classified. If it contains an aldehyde group, it is known as a aldose; if it contains a ketone group it is known as a ketose. Carbohydrates which reduce Fehling's, or Tollens' reagent are referred to as reducing sugars. Saccharides are an extremely important group of compounds in biological systems. Saccharides are one of the basic biochemicals in living systems. For example, saccharides alone, or in combination with other
biological compounds, are utilized in living systems as energy sources, structural components, nerve impulse transmission, and the immunological response mechanism. Because of the importance of these compounds, a method to identify, analyze, and isolate select saccharides would be very advantageous. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to providing a method for preparing
saccharide derivatives which are easily identified, analyzed, and isolated.
One aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for preparing a derivatized saccharide. In one preferred embodiment of the inventive method for the derivatization of a saccharide, the saccharide is reacted with a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000006_0001
and salts thereof, where R is NHCONHNH2 or CH2(CH2)n NH2 or other chemical group that can covalently interact with the reducing end of a saccharide; and where R1 is CO2-, OPO3- or SO3-, or any other group which would impart a charge or water solubility to the molecule; and where R2 is a hydrogen, halide or a methyl group, and where R3 is NH2 or H. More particularly, R may be any other group that interacts with the (C=O) group of a saccharide.
Where R is CH2(CH2)n NH2, it is expected that the double - (CH2)n-N=C- Schiff base formed should first be reduced with for example, sodium borohydride, to form a more stable bond, such as, for example, -(CH2)n-NH-CH2-. When R is CH2(CH2)n NH2, "n" is further defined as 2, 3 or 4, and refers to the number of CH2 groups forming the internal carbon chain of the R group in the defined compound.
In a most preferred embodiment of the above
described molecule, R is NHCONHNH2, R1 is SO3-, R2 is H and R3 is NH2. It is to be understood, however, that other substitutions can be made in the above-described molecule with retained functionality of the molecule for use in the described inventive methods of saccharide
derivatization, separation and identification. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the method also includes the additional step of
separating the derivatized saccharide. Preferable techniques for separating the derivatized saccharide include, by way of example, and not limitation, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (HPLC), paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and
electrophoresis.
In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, the method includes the additional step of identifying a saccharide. The identification of saccharides may be performed on mixtures of monosaccharides as well as mixtures of polysaccharides. Preferable techniques for identifying the saccharide include by way of example and not limitation, HPLC, NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
The saccharide which is derivatized may be a
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide or
oligosaccharide. According to another preferred
embodiment of the invention, the saccharide derivatized comprises an amino-saccharide or a N-acetylated
saccharide.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention
comprises a method for the identification of saccharides of a glycoprotein. In a preferred embodiment of the claimed method for identifying the saccharides of a glycoprotein, the method comprises the steps of:
separating the saccharides from the glycoproteins; mixing the saccharides in the presence of an acid with a
compound having the following structure:
Figure imgf000008_0001
or salts thereof, wherein R is CH2(CH2)nNH2 or NHCONHNH2, R1 is SO3-, CO2 or OPO3-, R2 is hydrogen, halide or methyl, and R3 is NH2 or H, to form a reaction mixture; heating the reaction mixture for between 30 minutes to 180 minutes to form a mixture of derivatized saccharides; separating the mixture of derivatized saccharides using one or more of gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, paper
chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and
electrophoresis; and identifying the saccharides of the glycoprotein using HPLC, NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. Most preferably, the reaction mixture is heated for about 90 minutes (1.5 hours).
In a most preferred embodiment of the claimed method, the compound is further more closely defined wherein R is NHCONHNH2, R2 is SO3-, R2 is H, and R3 is NH2. This compound is Lucifer Yellow CH. When R is CH2(CH2)n NH2, "n" is further defined as 2 , 3 or 4, and refers to the number of CH2 groups forming the internal carbon chain of the R group in the defined compound.
In one preferred aspect of the claimed method, the saccharides are a mixture of monosaccharides and the reaction mixture is to be heated for about 90 minutes. The separation of the saccharides from the glycoprotein may be accomplished through the use of a variety of techniques well known to those of skill in the art. By way of example, the saccharides may be separated from the glycoprotein through hydrolysis of the glycoprotein to form a mixture of saccharides. The mixture of
derivatized saccharides is most preferably separated by electrophoresis, with the saccharides being identified most preferably by the process of HPLC. The glycoprotein is most preferably reacted with the defined compound in the presence of acetic acid.
The following abbreviations are used throughout the specification: mV = millivolts Man = mannose
LC = liquid chromatography
mw = molecular weight
M = molar
V% = volume percent of the solution
μl = microliter
μA = microangstrom
Glc = glucose
Gal = galactose
TFA = trifluoracetic acid
GalNAC = N-acetylgalactosamine
GlcNAc = N-acetylglucosamine
Fuc = fucose
NAN = N-acetylneuraminate (sialic acid)
CZE = capillary zone electrophoresis
FIG. 1 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of neutral and N-acetylated
monosaccharides: closed circle = glucose; downward pointing open triangle = galactose; upward pointing open triangle = mannose; open circle = fucose; X = N-acetyl glucosamine; and open square = N-acetylated
galactosamine. FIG. 2 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of glucosamine and galactosamine: open square = glucosamine, 1.5 hour reaction; X = glucosamine, 1.0 hour reaction; open triangle = galactosamine, 1.0 hour reaction, earlier peak; closed triangle =
galactosamine, 1.0 hour reaction, later peak; and open circle = galactosamine, 1.0 hour reaction summation of both peaks.
FIG. 3 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of N-acetyl neuraminic acid showing four distinct chromatographic peaks. FIG. 4 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of neutral and N-acetylated
monosaccharides: closed circle = glucose; downward pointing open triangle = galactose; upward pointing open triangle = mannose; open circle = fucose; X = N-acetyl glucosamine; and open square = N-acetylated
galactosamine.
FIG. 5 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of glucosamine and galactosamine: open square = glucosamine, 1.5 hour reaction; X = glucosamine, 1 hour reaction; upward pointing open triangle =
galactosamine 1 hour reaction. FIG. 6 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of N-acetyl neuraminic acid.
FIG. 7 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of galactose; fluorescence detection:
excitation 430 nm; emission 500 nm.
FIG. 8 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of a mixture of monosaccharides. FIG. 9 is a standard curve for derivatization and chromatography of individual monosaccharides in a
mixture.
FIG. 10 - HPLC Analysis - Fluorescence detection of Lucifer Yellow CH-derivatized mixtures of
monosaccharides.
FIG. 11 - Fluorescence detection of Lucifer Yellow CH-derivatized mixtures of monosaccharides. The range expansion in the second plot was by computer; 11A - HPLC = 10 μl of a mixture of monosaccharides, each at 0.001 M (in 0.2 M acetic acid) derivatized with 10 μl of a 0.1 M Lucifer Yellow CH for 1.5 hours at 72°C; 11B - acetic acid derivatized with 10 μl 0.1 M Lucifer Yellow CH for 1 hour at 72°C 430 mm Ex, 500 nm EM cut-off filter, 1 μA range setting. HPLC - Control reaction 10 μl of 0.2 M.
FIG. 12 - Column Retention time for Lucifer Yellow CH. The figure demonstrates the gradual loss in Lucifer Yellow CH from a packed Nova-pac 18 column over a period of about 20 days.
FIG. 13 - Hydrolyzation of Dextran to a mixture of oligosaccharides. Dextran was hydrolyzed to form a mixture of different oligosaccharides. These
oligosaccharides were then derivatized with Lucifer
Yellow; 13A - A210; 13B - Fluorescence, Ex 430 nM; EM 500 nm, cut-off filter, 1 μA Range (least sensitive). FIG. 14 - Mass Spec Analysis - Separation of LyCH- polysaccharide mixtures.
FIG. 15 - Mass Spec Analysis - Electrophoretic analysis of LyCH monosaccharides.
FIG. 16 - Mass Spec Analysis - LC separation of LyCH monosaccharides after storage; 16A - LyCH monosaccharides at 0 min. storage; 16B - LyCH monosaccharides after overnight storage at <-10°C; 16C - LyCH monosaccharides after overnight storage at 0-5°C.
FIG. 17 - Mass Spec Analysis - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis (Negative Ion) using Marks Glycerol Matrix ions; 17A - Fucose - LyCH; 17B - Glucosamine - LyCH; 17C - Glucose - LyCH; 17D - N-acetyl glucosamine - LyCH. FIG. 18 - Mass Spec Analysis - Microbore liquid Chromatography/mass Spec Analysis of Glc-Lucifer Yellow CH (18-A) and Maltotetraose - Lucifer Yellow CH (18-B). FIG. 19 - Mass Spec Analysis - Maltotetraose - LyCH alone and with one or two ion pairing reagents.
FIG. 20 - Mass Spec Analysis - Glucose LyCH with one or two molecules of an ion-pairing reagent.
FIG. 21 - HPLC Analysis - Effect of Reaction Time (21A) and Reaction Volume (21B) on Derivatization of a mixture of monosaccharides with Lucifer Yellow CH
monosaccharides at 0.0025 M in the reaction.
21A - 1 = 1 hour Reaction Time
21A - 2 = 1.5 hours Reaction Time
21A - 3 = 2 hours Reaction Time
21B - 1 = 1 x (20 μl sample)
21B - 2 = 2 x (40 μl sample)
21B - 3 = 5 x (100 μl sample)
21B - 4 = 1 x (Control)
Reactions were heated for 2 hours at 72°C. FIG. 22 - HPLC Analysis - Derivatization of
Galactosamine with Lucifer Yellow CH-Standard Curve, A210, Expanded.
FIG. 23 - Proton NMR Spectrum for Lucifer Yellow CH- Glucose Reaction Product.
FIG. 24 - Major Derivative Fragmentation Pathway Suggested by MS/MS Analysis. The present invention provides a method for the identification of saccharides. The inventive method also relates to the production of derivatized saccharide compounds. More particularly, the present method is directed to the use of an organic dye, Lucifer yellow CH (acid or salt form of 4-amino-N- [(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]-2,3-naphthalimide-3,6- disulfonate) and related 4-aminonaphthalimide compounds in conjunction with a variety of derivatized saccharides. The use of these particular dye compounds in conjunction with the derivatized saccharides have been found to provide surprisingly enhanced methods of identifying individual saccharides.
It has been discovered that LyCH and related
compounds bind to the reducing end of a saccharide molecule. As used in the present application, the reducing end of a saccharide is defined as the aldehyde end of a saccharide molecule. More specifically, it is believed that LyCH, through its free hydrazido group, binds to the carbonyl at the reducing aldehyde end of the saccharide molecule. Therefore, other related 4- aminonaphthalimides compounds which include similar functional groups, such as carboxyls or phosphates in place of the SO3H, are included with the scope of this invention. Any R group which covalently binds to the reducing end (carboxyl) of a saccharide may be used as part of the described molecule in conjunction with the present invention.
The derivatization of the saccharide molecule alters its physical and chemical properties, making it amenable to qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures. Applicants have employed the intense fluorescence of the particularly defined 4-aminonaphthalimide compounds in the surprisingly sensitive detection and separation of derivatized saccharides at femtomole levels. Another feature of the described methods includes the ability to use a variety of analytical methods in the separation, detection, and identification of the derivatized
saccharide. By way of example, methods for
identification and separation found amenable with the described modified saccharides include, liquid and thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, paper
chromatography, electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, HPLC, fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Such is possible through the unique specific chemical and structurally changed derivatized saccharides described in the inventive methods outlined herein. It is should be noted that one or more specific analytical techniques can be used to both separate and identify the derivatized saccharide, for example electrophoresis, liquid and thin layer chromatography. Electrophoretic separation of the derivatized saccharides is possible through the imparting of a charge to the derivatized saccharides. Such is not typically possible with sugars, as these substances are not charged molecules.
The present invention has determined that LyCH is useful in the derivatization of reducing carbohydrates. The detection limits of LyCH-derivatized saccharide with a 210 nm absorption are within an order of magnitude of that for the dabsylhydrazine derivative (UV at 425 nm, 10 pmole lower limit, Lin and Wu, Analytical Chemistry, 59:1320-1326 (1987)). Accordingly, fluorescence
detection lowers the detection limit for the LyCH- saccharide derivatives.
The present invention demonstrates, in the following examples, the derivatization of several monosaccharides. Disaccharide, polysaccharide and oligosaccharide
molecules have been similarly derivatized. Results of work with oligosaccharides have demonstrated that chemical and analytical procedures similar or identical to those used for monosaccharides are also effective with oligosaccharides. According to one preferred embodiment of the
invention, a method is provided for preparing a
derivatized saccharide. In accordance with the invention, the saccharide is reacted with a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000016_0001
or salts thereof, wherein R is CH2(CH2)n NH2, NH-CO-NH-NH2, or other chemical group that can covalently interact with the reducing end of a saccharide. In the above molecule, R1 is CO2-, OPO3- or SO3- or other group which would impart a charge or water solubility to the molecule. R2 is hydrogen, a halide or a methyl group, and R3 is NH2 or H. When R is CH2(CH2)n NH2, "n" is further defined as 2, 3 or 4, and refers to the number of CH2 groups forming the internal carbon chain of the R group in the defined compound.
Most preferably, R is -NH-CO-NH-NH2, R1 is SO3-, R2 is H and R3 is NH2, and the compound reacted with the saccharide is LyCH. Where R comprises a functionality which may function as a Schiff base, the compound should most preferably be reduced with a reducing agent (i.e., so as to comprise an N=C group where R= (CH2)n(NH2), it is expected that the double N=C bond of the terminal amino group most preferably should first be reduced. For example, the reducing agent, sodium borohydride, may be conveniently used to reduce a Schiff base to form a more stable secondary amine.
In a most preferred embodiment of the described molecule, R is NH-C-O-NH-NH2, R2 is SO3-, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is NH2. It is to be understood, however, that other substitutions can be made in the above described molecule with retained functionality of the molecule for use in the described inventive methods of saccharide derivatization and their separation and detection.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the reaction procedure consists of adding a sufficient amount of LyCH to a quantity of one or several
monosaccharides in an acidic solution. The final
concentration of monosaccharide in the reaction
preferably ranges from about 0.0000125 M to 0.5 M. The reaction is preferably heated at a temperature of from about 25°C to about 100°C, and more preferably at about 72°C.
The reaction is heated for from about 30 minutes to about 180 minutes, and most preferably for about 90 minutes, or one and one-half hours. It has been
determined that the length of time the reaction is allowed to proceed affects how far the reaction moves toward completion. For example, it has been determined that the most preferred reaction time for the
derivatization of a monosaccharide mixture appeared to be about 1.5 hours (or 90 minutes). Shorter reaction times have been found to improve the yield of certain LyCH- derivatized saccharides, for example NANA-LyCH. Longer reaction times have improved the yield of the LyCH- derivatives of the amino sugars. At the end of the reaction period the reaction is stopped by sufficiently cooling the solution.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the method also includes the additional step of
separating the derivatized saccharide. Techniques for separating the derivatized saccharide include gas
chromatography, liquid chromatography, paper
chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and
electrophoresis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is preferably used for the separation of the solvent and the derivatized saccharides. HPLC may be used for the simultaneous separation and identification of a derivatized saccharide.
Saccharides are separated by their characteristic elution time from an HPLC column. Further, these elution times are useful to characterize and identify particular saccharides. If HPLC analysis of the samples is to be carried out to either separate or identify derivatized saccharide molecules in the solution, the solution may be diluted with additional solvent.
In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, the method includes the additional step of identifying the saccharide. Preferable techniques for identifying the saccharide include NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. The most preferred method of identifying the derivatized
saccharide is HPLC. HPLC chromatographies may be developed and compared with standards to precisely identify a particular derivatized saccharide. The inventors have also successfully used mass spectrometry to identify particular derivatized saccharides (See Figs. 17, 19, 20 and Appendix 1).
The saccharide which is derivatized may be a neutral monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, or
oligosaccharide. According to one embodiment of the invention, the saccharide derivatized is a an N- acetylated saccharide. According to a further
embodiment, the saccharide is an amino-saccharide.
The inventive method is useful for analyzing and identifying saccharide compounds in vitro and in vivo . The fluorescent properties of LyCH and related 4- aminonaphthalimides compounds makes possible the analysis of saccharides at lower levels than possible before.
Further, the chemical and physical properties of these derivatized saccharides allows the analysis of
saccharides using techniques such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and electrophoresis which have not been as readily usable before.
The following Examples are presented to describe preferred embodiments and utilities of the present invention and are not to limit the present invention unless otherwise stated in the claims appended hereto.
EXAMPLES Example 1
Derivatization of Monosaccharides
The following experiment was conducted to establish a standard procedure for the derivatization of various monosaccharides. The reactivity of various monosaccharides with LyCH was compared using standard curves prepared for the sugars over a wide concentration range. All of the monosaccharides tested were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, and were used without further purification. The LyCH was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. The same lot of LyCH was used for all of these studies.
Monosaccharide stock solutions were prepared at 0.4 M in water and stored frozen. Dilutions of the stock sugar solutions were prepared in 0.2 M acetic acid just prior to derivatization. LyCH was prepared as a 0.1 M stock solution in water and stored frozen.
The reaction procedure consisted of adding 10 μL of a 0.1 M LyCH solution to 10 μL of monosaccharide solution in a glass dram vial with a Teflon-lined screw cap. The final concentration of monosaccharide in the reaction ranged from 0.000125 M to 0.05 M. The reaction was then heated at 72°C for one hour in a heating block. At the end of the reaction period, the vial was chilled on ice, and centrifuged briefly to pull the solvent down into the vial. The sample was then diluted to 0.5 mL with chilled water and stored at 0-5°C. High pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the samples was carried out within 30 hours of preparation.
It should be noted that during the heating of the reaction sample, the solvent evaporates and condenses inside the cap of the vial. It is believed that this concentrates the sugar and LyCH and drives the reaction in a forward direction. The presence of acetic acid at 0.1 M in the reaction appears to facilitate the solvent evaporation. In one experiment, three times as much LyCH-Glucose product was obtained when 0.1 M acetic acid was present in the reaction compared with the reaction in water. Additional acetic acid did not increase the product yield.
The dilution of the final reaction with water is believed necessary to reduce the concentration of unreacted LyCH to 20 nmole/10 μL (maximal). It is believed that greater concentrations of LyCH may exceed the ion-pairing capacity of the HPLC mobile phase. Thus, this dilution of the final sample may impose a lower limit on the sugar sample concentration of about 0.25 mM if derivative detection is by UV absorption at 210 nm.
The derivatized monosaccharide samples were analyzed on a Nova-pak C18 (0.39 x 15 cm) stainless steel column kept at 50°C. The mobile phase solutions "A" and "B", respectively, were 0.005 M (aq) tetrabutylammonium phosphate (Low-UV PIC A) and Low-UV PIC A containing 40% (V%) acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The solvent program was as follows: 15-35% B over 10 min; 35% for 5 min; linear reverse gradient to initial conditions over 5 min. This program was used for all standard curve analyses except those for the glucose derivative. The 100% B segment was omitted for the analysis of the glucose samples.
The results of the analysis of the individually derivatized monosaccharides are summarized in
chromographs and in the standard curve plots shown in Figs. 1-9. These figures are standard curve plots obtained through the chromatographic separation and identification of the derivatized saccharides. Figs. 1-7 show that the reaction of LyCH with all of the sugars tested was linear over the concentration range shown with detection by UV absorption at 210 nm. Contaminating peaks in the LyCH made quantitation somewhat more
difficult at the lower concentrations.
Figure imgf000022_0001
With reference to Fig. 1, the slope of the standard curve for each of the neutral sugars, N-acetyl
glucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-acetyl galactosamine
(GalNAc), was essentially the same. On the basis of the amount of LyCH remaining in reactions containing 0.025 M monosaccharide (10 nmole monosaccharide injected,
LyCH/sugar ratio 2/1), the reactions with the neutral sugars were found to have proceeded to 85% or greater completion. Reaction yield for GlcNAc was 74% and for GalNAc was 56%. This suggests that the absorption at 210 nm by the N-acetylated sugars contributed to the observed response.
As shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 6, two of the sugars, galactosamine (GalNH2) and N-acetyl neuraminic acid
(NANA), gave more than one reaction product. The purity of the sugars was not assessed before derivatization and it is believed that more than one sugar may have been present in the original samples. Alternatively, the derivatization procedure may have produced more than the expected product with these sugars. As seen in Fig. 2, glucosamine and galactosamine proved less reactive than the neutral sugars. The derivatization of glucosamine proceeded to only 40% completion by the end of the one-hour reaction time.
Fig. 5 shows that increasing the reaction time to 1.5 hours, however, pushed the glucosamine reaction nearly to completion and resulted in a standard curve with a slope equivalent to that obtained with the neutral sugars.
Results for galactosamine were less clear owing to the presence of two reaction products. On the basis of peak retention times, it is conceivable that the galactosamine sample contained a fair amount of glucosamine.
Fig. 4 shows that there were four fluorescent product peaks found for the NANA derivatized sample. The lowest concentration at which significant peaks above background were detected at 210 nm was 1 mM. This may be accounted for by impurities in the reagents that were used. Fig. 7 shows the fluorescence detection of the galactose-LyCH derivative, using the least sensitive range setting of the Schoeffel FS 970 detector, which was 48 times more sensitive than detection by UV absorption at 210 nm. The presence of interfering LyCH contaminant peaks made fluorescence detection impractical for sugar solutions at concentrations less than 0.25 mM. This corresponds to a final sample load of 50 pmole on column. Example 2
Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Lucifer Yellow CH Monosaccharides Derivatives
Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the reaction of LyCH with the various monosaccharides. Analyses were carried out on a Finnegan MAT90 mass spectrometer
operated in the negative ion FAB mode. Samples were introduced via the continuous flow probe with a solvent flow rate of 7 μL/min. The flow probe solvent was 5% (wt%) glycerol and 3% (V%) acetonitrile in water. One-μL samples were injected. The monosaccharide derivatives used were those prepared for the studies described in Experimental Example 1. The mass spectra obtained for each of the LyCH- derivatized monosaccharides, with the exception of that for NANA-LyCH, all showed the presence of the expected (M-1)- ion for the derivative. The expected (M-1)- ion for the NANA-LyCH derivative is 735. This ion is also present in the glycerol background (See Appendix 1 - Glycerol Background, Negative Ion Mass Spec).
Furthermore, the NANA-LyCH sample has shown the presence of at least four derivatives by HPLC and sample stability was uncertain. Nevertheless, with the exception of NANA- LyCH, each derivatized monosaccharide was positively identified, confirming the reaction of LyCH and the saccharides (See Appendix 2 - MS Analysis of LyCH- derivatized saccharides).
Example 3
Derivatization of Mixtures of Monosaccharides
Various equimolar mixtures of the previously individually tested monosaccharides were derivatized simultaneously. The reaction procedure consisted of adding 10 μL 0.1 M LyCH to 10 μL of a mixture of
monosaccharides in solution to a glass dram vial with a Teflon-lined screw cap. The mixtures of monosaccharides contained 0.001 M, 0.0025 M, or 0.005 M each of the sugars: galactosamine, glucosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, fucose, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Most preferably, the reaction was at 72°C for 1.5 hours. The samples were then chilled on ice, centrifuged briefly, and finally diluted to 0.5 ml with water. A control reaction
(containing no sugar) that was heated for 2 hours is also shown.
Reaction Conditions: 10 μl of a 0.1 M Lucifer Yellow CH (aq) solution was added to 10 μl of a mixture of monosaccharides in 0.2 M acetic acid. The mixtures of monosaccharides contained 0.001 M, 0.0025 M, or 0.005 M of each of the following sugars: galactosamine, glucosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetyl galactosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, fucose, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Reaction was at 72°C for 1.5 hours. The samples were then chilled on ice, centrifuged briefly, and finally diluted to 0.5 ml with water. A control reaction (containing no sugar) that was heated for two hours is also shown. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the samples was carried out within 30 hours of preparation.
HPLC Conditions:
Nova-pak C18 (0.39 x 15 cm) at 50°C.
A210, 10 μl injection volume, 1 ml/min flow rate.
A: Low UV PICA (0.005 M tetrabutylammonium
phosphate, aq)
B: 40% CH3 CNTN Low UV PICA.
Program: 10 - 100% soIn. B over 30 minutes by curve
8
100% soln. B for 5 minutes
100% - 10% B linear gradient over 5
minutes.
Results for the HPLC analysis are shown in Fig. 8 for equimolar mixtures of the monosaccharides previously tested individually. Fig. 8 shows that the reaction was essentially linear over the concentration range shown for most of the sugars. Further, Fig. 8 shows that all the saccharides in the mixture were derivatized by the addition of LyCH. Fig. 9 illustrates that the optimum reaction time for derivatization of the monosaccharide mixtures
appeared to be about 1.5 hours or about 90 minutes.
Shorter reaction times improved the yield of the NANA- LyCH derivatives while longer reaction times improved the yield of the LyCH derivatives of the amino sugars.
The effect of reaction time on derivatization of a mixture of monosaccharides and the effect of reaction volume on derivatization of a mixture of monosaccharides is presented in the HPLC analysis included herewith at Figs. 21A and 21B, respectively. The effect of reaction volume scale-up is
demonstrated at Fig. 2IB. Monosaccharides at 0.0025 M were used in the reactions. Each of the reactions were heated for 2 hours at 72°C. The evaporation of reaction solvent is less complete for reactions scaled up two to five-fold (See Fig. 21B-2 and 21B-3). In the study, the reaction volumes of samples were 20 μl (1 x), 40 μl (2 x), and 100 μl (5 x). It was expected that larger volumes would diminish the amount of product obtained.
Increasing the reaction volume had the greatest negative effect on the derivatization of the amino sugars, reducing yields by about 50%, while the yield for the NANA-LyCH peaks was unaffected. Neutral and N- acetylated sugars fared somewhere in between these two extremes.
Fluorescence detection of the Lucifer Yellow CH- derivatized mixtures of monosaccharides was also
performed. Results are presented in the HPLC included herewith at Fig. 10.
Example 4
Characterization of LyCH Saccharides
By NMR Mass Spectrometric and HPLC Analysis
The following example was conducted to demonstrate the variety of quantitative and qualitative techniques which could be used in the analysis of the individual saccharides which typically comprise a glycoprotein. The particular saccharide derivatives analyzed in the present experiment include: Lucifer Yellow CH(H2) - Glucose;
Galactose -Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Fucose - Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); N-acetyl glucosamine-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2);
Glucosamine-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Galactosamine Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); LyCH-Glucose; LyCH Maltohexaose; LyCH Maltotriose.
Saccharides were derivatized according to the methods described infra . Results obtained from this study demonstrate that the analysis of saccharides through the use of Lucifer Yellow organic dye saccharide derivatives is amenable to NMR spectrum analysis, HPLC analysis, and Mass Spectrum analysis with accurate and reproducible results.
Appendix 1 includes the mass spectrum analysis graphs of mannose-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Glucose Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Galactose - Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Fucose - Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); N-acetyl glucosamine-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Glucosamine-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); Galactosamine Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid-Lucifer Yellow CH(H2); LyCH-Glucose; LyCH Maltohexaose; LyCH
Maltotriose; as well as a glycerol background.
Appendix 2 also included HPLC data from the Lucifer Yellow CH- derivatization of glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, n-acetyl galactosamine, n- acetyl neuraminic acid (standard and expanded scale), and glucosamine (standard and expanded scale). The HPLC data from the Lucifer Yellow CH-derivatization of these saccharides is also summarized at Tables 3 and 4.
Appendix 2 includes HPLC analysis of the various forms of the derivatized saccharides. Results
demonstrated in graphic form in Appendix 2 include analysis of the following saccharides:
GalNH2; GlcNH2; Gal+Man; Glc; GalNAC; GlcNAc; Fucose; and
NANA. Additionally, Appendix 2 includes the HPLC graph of LyCH-glucose, LyCH Mannose and LyCH glucose. The proton NMR Spectrum for Lucifer Yellow CH-Glucose
Reaction product is also included herewith in Fig. 23.
A presentation of the major derivative fragmentation pathway suggested by the mass spectrometric (single and double stage [MS/MS]) analysis is also presented at Fig.
24.
Example 5
Derivatization of Polysaccharides
The present experiment was performed to demonstrate the application of the described invention in the
derivatization and separation of oligomers (as has already been demonstrated for monosaccharides). Dextran was hydrolyzed to a mixture of oligosaccharides, and even more particularly, malto oligosaccharides. Dextran was selected as the source saccharide in the present example. However, other sources of oligosaccharides may similarly be used in the practice of the described invention.
Oligomers obtained from the hydrolyzation of dextran were derivatized according to the following sequence of steps:
1. React 10 μl of a 0.1 M Dextran (average MW
9400) solution with 10 μl of a 0.1 M Lucifer Yellow for 1 hour at 72°C.
2. Dissolve Dextran in 0.2 M acetic acid.
3. Chill.
4. Centrifuge.
5. Dilute sample to 0.5 mL with low UV PIC A
containing 6% CH3CN (V%).
6. Centrifuge sample.
7. Chromatograph 10 μl of the soluble portion of the sample. 8. Perform HPLC on portion of the derivatized oligomer sample as described for derivatized mixtures of monosaccharides. HPLC with the hydrolyzed Dextran mixture of
oligosaccharides was performed according to the procedure described above. Results are presented in Figure 13.
The HPLC also demonstrates the presence of a series of peaks, which represent the presence of a distribution of malto oligosaccharides in the test sample.
Example 6
Nova-pac C18 Column Preparation and Characterization A Nova-pac C18 column (0.39 x 15 cm) is employed in the practice of the present invention to separate
derivatized saccharides. Applicants have observed a gradual deterioration in column performance over the course of several weeks of sample analysis.
A plot of the Lucifer Yellow CH retention time over a period of nineteen days and 125 analysis are included in this report. The loss in sample retention over the test was demonstrated in a drop in sample readings taken on day 1 and day 20. For example, a reading of 16.0 in both the first and last column of day 1 (x axis = 2/8), while a reading of only about 12.8 was obtained on day 20 (x axis = 2/28). Results of Lucifer Yellow CH retention are demonstrated at Fig. 12.
The packed column was held at 50°C over the entire 20 day period studied. Overnight, the column was flushed with a buffer comprising 85% A solution (low UV PICA (0.005 M tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate, aqueous) - 15% B solution (40% CH3 CN in low UV PICA) at 0.225 ml/min. At weekend intervals (i.e. about every 7 days) over which the column was maintained, the column was recycled with 85% A (as above) - 15% B (as above) at 0.9 ml/min. All plunger seals were changed in the columns before final measurement of retained Lucifer Yellow Ch was made.
The same solvent program was used for each
determination. This solvent program consisted of the following:
15 - °35 % B over 10 min.
35% B for 5 min.
Step to 45% B - 45% B for 5 min.
Step to 100% B - 100% B for 5 min.
5 min. linear reverse to initial conditions.
Example 7
Derivatization and Separation of a LyCH
Polysaccharide Mixture
Various polysaccharides comprising mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexasaccharides were derivatized with Lucifer Yellow CH. The mixture of derivatized
polysaccharides were then analyzed by HPLC as described for the monosaccharides.
Results from the HPLC are presented at Table 2. As demonstrated in the Table, the individual polysaccharides of the mixture were identifiable as distinct peaks in the chromatograph (See also Fig. 14).
Figure imgf000032_0001
Example 8
Separation of Lucifer Yellow CH
Derivatized Maltosaccharides
The present experiment was performed to demonstrate the utility of the claimed invention with malto- oligosaccharides.
The particular maltosaccharides included in this experiment were: maltohexaose, maltopentaose,
maltotetraose, maltotriose, and maltose.
The Nova-pac C18 column was prepared as previously described. Specifically, the column was a 0.39 x 15 cm column. S.S. at 40°C. (This particular column was previously used with TPA PO4 II R). The eluents used over the column included the following:
Eluent A - 5 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
titrated to pH 6.75 with acetic acid.
Eluent B - 5 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in
40% (v%) acetonitrile, titrated to pH 7.4 with acetic acid. The solvent program employed in this experiment was as follows:
Solvent Program: Initial 1ml/min 80%A 20%B 0%C Curve*
12.5 min 1 55 45 0 6 (linear)
57.5 1 40 60 o 6 (linear)
57.6 1 0 100 o 1 (step)
57.7 1. 5 0 100 0 1 (step)
Sample 041706: 10 μl injected
Sample prepared 3/27/90
10 nanamole each maltohexaose,
maltopentaose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltose, and glucose in 50 μl reaction buffer (0.12 M acetic acid, 0.012%
tetrafluoroacetic acid) were reacted with
100 nanamole Lucifer Yellow CH (Li2) (in 10 μl water) at 80°C for 100 min (in 3-ml Reactivial with Teflon-coated cap).
Attend of reaction time, reaction was chilled on ice, diluted to 500 μl with water, and frozen (<10°C). Sample was thawed and diluted 1 to 10 with water before HPLC. A 10 μl sample at this dilution contains 20 pmole of each
derivatized species and is 0.0012 M in acetic acid and 0.00012% in TFA.
Detection: Fluorescence, ex 230 nm, > 500 nm, 0.5 at range, 0.5 spec time constant.
Results: Peak areas are comparable to those
obtained for 20 pmole-derivatized glucose when analyzed using solvent program run at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
Sample 041707: A group of monosaccharides are shown here for comparison purposes.
The same conditions as described for samples of maltosaccharides were employed to test the following samples:
Sample: 10 μl containing 20 pmole each of Lucifer
Yellow CH (Li2)-derivatized GlcNH2, GalNH2,
Man, Gal, Glc, GalNAc, GLcNAc, Fucose.
Example 9
Electrophoretic Analysis of LyCH Monosaccharides
The present experiment was designed to demonstrate the amenability of the described saccharide derivatives to separation by the method of electrophoresis. As noted infra , analysis of sugars by electrophoresis is typically not possible owing to the uncharged state in which sugars exist. The presently described methods make
electrophoresis a possible alternative in saccharide separation as the described process impart a charge to the molecule.
CZE (capillary zone electrophoresis) of Lucifer Yellow (CH) (Li2) - Derivatized Monosaccharides. The buffer (final pH 8.6) used in the present analysis included the following:
20 mM Na2 B4 O7 .10 H2O (aq)
20 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7)
20 mM tetrapropyl NH4 = H2PO4- (pH 7)
Materials and Methods
102.7 cm Polymicro Capillary
86.7 cm to detection window
51 μm ID, 357 μm OD
30 RV (36-37 μA)
A 210/cm/min chart speed
An equivolume mix of ten individually derivatized monosaccharides were tested. These samples had been prepared on May 31, 1989 and stored at 5°C until run on June 1, 1989. Approximately 0.16 pmole of each
derivatized monosaccharide was loaded per sample.
The particular LyCH monosaccharides examined in this study included fucose-LyCH, glucosamine-LyCH, glucose- LyCH, LyCH-glucose, LyCH-mannose, LyCH-galactose, and N- acetyl glucosamine LyCH.
Results:
No NANA-derivative was evident in the analysis obtained. The electrophoretic analysis of the LyCH monosaccharides are presented in Fig. 15. LC separation of the LyCH monosaccharides are also presented at Fig. 16. (16A - LyCH monosaccharides at 0 time storage; 16B - LyCH monosaccharides after overnight storage, <-10°C; 16C - LyCH monosaccharides after overnight storage, 0-5°C). Applicants also include a Fast atom bombardment Mass spectrometric analysis (negative ion) using a Glycerol Matrix at Figure 17. (17A - Fucose-LyCH; 17B -
Glucosamine - LyCH; 17C - Glucose-LyCH; 17D - N-acetyl glucosamine-LyCH). From these data, it appears that the derivatized monosaccharides are not readily resolved with eluent containing tetrabutyl ammonium acetate.
A maltosaccharide, for example, maltotetraose, in its maltotetraose-Lucifer Yellow CH derivatized form, is analyzed at Figure 18B. A Glc-Lucifer Yellow CH is demonstrated to have a distinct peak at about 145 (Fig. 18A - x axis). In contrast, the maltotetraose Lucifer
Yellow CH demonstrates a distinct peak at about 105 (Fig. 18B - x axis).
Figure 19 demonstrates results obtained with the particular tetramer, maltotetraose in its maltotetraose LyCH form. Distinct peaks were demonstrated for the maltotetraose-LyCH derivatives which had an additional ion-pairing reagent. For example, maltotetraose-LyCH alone produced a distinct peak at about 1100 (x axis), while maltotetraose LyCH plus one ion-pairing reagent produced a peak at about 1325 (x axis) and a
maltotetraose LyCH with two ion-pairing reagents resulted in demonstration of a peak at 1575 (x axis). Figure 19 represents a mass spectra chromatograph of the tetrameres maltotetraose-LyCH, maltotetraose-LyCH with one ion pairing reagent, and maltotetraose with two ion pairing reagents. Results obtained with glucose-LyCH (a monomer) with one or two ion-pairing reagents is demonstrated at Fig. 20. Example 10
Chromatographic Analysis of Derivatized Monosaccharides With Lucifer Yellow CH
The particular monosaccharides individually
characterized in this study included: Glucose,
Galactose, Mannose, Fucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N- acetyl neuraminic acid, Glucosamine, Galactosamine, and
N-acetyl galactosamine.
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
The readings recorded in Table 3 and Table 4 were taken under A210. N-acetyl neuraminic acid with Lucifer Yellow appeared as a triple peak (at between 22 and 23 minutes) and as a double peak (at 25 and 27 minutes). These particular derivatives were run a second time expanded graph under the following experimental
conditions: Ex 430 nm, Em 500 nm cut-off, Range 1 μA, y- axis 0-2000 mV, Concentrations of sugar used in the reaction: 0.0025 M, 0.0005 M, 0.00125 M, 0.0025 M.
Results from the expanded graph analysis of N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid and galactosamine are presented in Table 4. Galactosamine with Lucifer Yellow CH eluted as a double peak (at about 11 and 12 minutes). This sugar was also run in an expanded additional chromatogram.
Readings indicated in Table 3 and Table 4 are
demonstrated graphically in chromatographs included herein in Appendix 2 and in Fig. 22.
Prophetic Example 11
Proposed Purification of Lucifer Yellow CH The present experimental example shows a method by which the Lucifer Yellow CH is to be purified prior to its use for the derivatization of the described
saccharides of the present invention. The use of
purified Lucifer Yellow CH is preferred in the practice of a particularly preferred embodiment of the claimed invention, especially in order to achieve the full advantage of this derivatizing agent for chromatographic analysis of low levels of carbohydrates. Even more preferably, the derivatized sugar is also to be purified to enhance the advantageous use of the derivatizing agent. In the proposed purification of Lucifer Yellow CH, fluorescent contaminants typically present in
commercially available Lucifer Yellow CH will be removed. Lucifer Yellow CH employed in the studies described herein was of an approximately 80% purity. Lucifer
Yellow CH may be employed using any of a variety of techniques, including liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and electrophoresis. A Lucifer Yellow CH purity level of greater than 99% could be achieved using these purification techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific
embodiments thereof have been shown by way of the
experimental examples described herein in detail. It should be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Bibliography
The following are specifically incorporated herein by reference in pertinent part for the purposes
indicated.
1. Stryer, ed. (1988), Biochemistry, 3rd edition.
2. Spiegel, et al . , (1983), Biochem . Biophys . Res .
Commun . , 112(3):872-77.
3. Stewart, et al., (1981), J . Am . Chem . Soc.,
208:7615-20.
4. Stewart, et al., (1981), Nature , 292 : 17-21.
APPENDIX 1
Figure imgf000042_0001
Figure imgf000043_0001
1 ι* 1
Figure imgf000044_0001
Figure imgf000045_0001
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001
Figure imgf000048_0001
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0001
Figure imgf000055_0001
Figure imgf000056_0001
Figure imgf000057_0001
Figure imgf000058_0001
APPENDIX 2
Figure imgf000060_0001
Figure imgf000061_0001
o
Figure imgf000062_0001
100 oon IB00 0002, t)l oo
t*.
CH
00
ON
I
Figure imgf000063_0001
Figure imgf000064_0001
Figure imgf000065_0001
Figure imgf000066_0001
Figure imgf000067_0001
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000069_0001
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000072_0001
Figure imgf000073_0001

Claims

CLAIMS :
1. A method for preparing a derivatized saccharide including the step of reacting the saccharide with a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000074_0001
or salts thereof, wherein R is NHCONHNH2 or CH2(CH2)n NH2, R1 is CO2-, OPO3- or SO3-; R2 is hydrogen, a halide or a methyl group, and R3 is NH2 or H, and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4 when R is CH2(CH2)n NH2.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein R is NHCONHNH2, R1 is SO3, R2 is H and R3 is NH2.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the method includes the additional step of separating the derivatized
saccharide.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound with which the saccharide is reacted is Lucifer Yellow CH.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein said derivatized saccharide is separated using at least one of gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and electrophoresis.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the method includes the additional step of identifying the derivatized saccharide.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the derivatized saccharide is identified using at least one of NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is an aminonapthylimide dye containing an R group capable of covalently interacting with a saccharide reducing end.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharide comprises a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide or oligosaccharide.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharide comprises an amino-saccharide or N-acetylated
aminosaccharide.
11. A method for identifying a saccharide including the steps of: reacting in an acidic medium the saccharide with a compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000076_0001
or salts thereof, where R is NHCONHNH2 or CH2(CH2)nNH2; R1 is CO2-, OPO3- or SO3-; R2 is hydrogen, a halide or a methyl group; R3 is NH2 or H; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4 when R is CH2(CH2)n NH2; separating the derivatized saccharide using one or more of gas chromatography, liquid
chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and electrophoresis; and identifying the saccharide using HPLC, NMR,
fluorescence spectroscopy or mass, spectrometry.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein R is NHCONHNH2, R1 is SO3-, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is NH2.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the saccharide comprises a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide or oligosaccharide.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the saccharide comprises a mixture of monosaccharides.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the saccharide comprises a mixture of polysaccharides.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the saccharide comprises an amino-saccharide or an N-acetylated
saccharide.
17. A method for the identification of saccharides in a glycoprotein comprising the steps of: separating the saccharide from the
glycoprotein; mixing the saccharide in the presence of an
acid with a compound having the following structure:
Figure imgf000077_0001
or salts thereof, wherein R is CH2(CH2)nNH2 or NHCONHNH2, R1 is SO3-, CO2-, or OPO3-; R2 is a hydrogen, a halide or a methyl group; R3 is NH2 or H; wherein n is 2, 3 or 4 when R is CH2(CH2)n NH2; heating the reaction mixture for between 30
minutes to 180 minutes to form a mixture of derivatized saccharides; separating the mixture of derivatized
saccharides using one or more of gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, then layer
chromatography, and electrophoresis; and identifying the saccharides in the glycoprotein using HPLC, NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy or mass spectrometry.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein R is NHCONHNH2, R1 is SO3-, R2 is hydrogen, and R3 is NH2.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the saccharides are a mixture of monosaccharides and the reaction mixture is heated about 90 minutes.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein the mixture of derivatized saccharides is separated by electrophoresis.
21. The method of claim 17, wherein the saccharides are identified by HPLC.
22. The method of claim 17, wherein the acid is acetic acid.
23. The method of claim 17, wherein separating the saccharides from the glycoprotein comprises hydrolyzing the glycoprotein to form a mixture of saccharides.
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US6673625B2 (en) 1999-09-15 2004-01-06 The Regents Of The University Of California Saccharide sensing molecules having enhanced fluorescent properties
US6682938B1 (en) 1999-09-15 2004-01-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Glucose sensing molecules having selected fluorescent properties
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WO2002039110A3 (en) * 2000-11-09 2003-03-13 Amersham Pharm Biotech Ab A method for the quantification of carbohydrates
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