WO1992000375A1 - Sex determining gene - Google Patents
Sex determining gene Download PDFInfo
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- WO1992000375A1 WO1992000375A1 PCT/GB1991/001057 GB9101057W WO9200375A1 WO 1992000375 A1 WO1992000375 A1 WO 1992000375A1 GB 9101057 W GB9101057 W GB 9101057W WO 9200375 A1 WO9200375 A1 WO 9200375A1
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- sry
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0275—Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0275—Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic
- A01K67/0278—Humanized animals, e.g. knockin
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6879—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for sex determination
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2207/00—Modified animals
- A01K2207/15—Humanized animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
- A01K2217/05—Animals comprising random inserted nucleic acids (transgenic)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/02—Animal zootechnically ameliorated
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
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- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acid fragments, antibodies and related products and to their use in medicine and agriculture, for instance in diagnosis and therapy. More particularly the invention relates to a gene which controls the sex of the embryos of eutherian (placental) mammals and to associated products and their use in ascertaining the sex of cells, embryos and tissues and controlling the sex of the progeny of
- the gonad is composed of cells derived from four lineages: the supporting cells, steroid-producing cells, connective tissue cells and germ cells. In the developing testis, the differentiation of Sertoli cells from the supporting cell lineage is thought to result in cells of the other lineages following the male pathway [Burgoyne, P.S., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 322. 63-72 (1988)]. The nature of this
- testis determining gene(s) in the male is to switch the fate of the supporting cell precursors in the indifferent gonad (genital ridge) from that of follicle cells to that of Sertoli cells. It is assumed that the testis determining gene(s) must act within the context of other regulatory molecules that are initially responsible for the formation of the urogenital ridge and then for the development of the gonad itself.
- the mammalian Y chromosome plays a crucial role in male sex determination: an embryo that inherits a Y chromosome develops as a male; an embryo lacking a Y chromosome develops as a female [Goodfellow, P.N. and Darling, S.M., Development, 102. 251-258 (1988)].
- the male sex is a crucial role in male sex determination: an embryo that inherits a Y chromosome develops as a male; an embryo lacking a Y chromosome develops as a female [Goodfellow, P.N. and Darling, S.M., Development, 102. 251-258 (1988)].
- the male sex an embryo that inherits a Y chromosome develops as a male; an embryo lacking a Y chromosome develops as a female [Goodfellow, P.N. and Darling, S.M., Development, 102. 251-258 (1988)].
- testis determining factor TDF
- testis determining Y chromosome testis determining Y chromosome
- ZFX a homologue of ZFY. is present on the eutherian X chromosome and escapes
- the present inventors have narrowed the search to an area of the Y-chromosome close to the pseudoautosomal boundary and, within this area, have located a coding sequence which is expressed in adult testis but no other adult human tissues, has a high degree of homology with a coding sequence in the mouse which is expressed in the genital ridge at the time that sex determination occurs and which cross hybridises with sequences found on the Y-chromosome of all eutherian mammals tested to date. It has also been shown that a portion of the coding sequence has a
- Fig. 1. shows sequences for human and rabbit genomic DNA and corresponding predicted polypeptide sequences.
- Fig. 2. is a map of the distal region of the short arm of the human Y chromosome.
- Fig. 3. shows a Southern blot analysis of HindIII digests of various human DNA samples.
- Fig. 4. shows a Southern blot analysis of Hindlll digests of DNA samples from various eutherian mammals.
- Fig. 5. shows a Southern blot analysis of Hindlll digests of DNA samples from various cell lines.
- Fig. 6. shows the nucleotide sequence of human and rabbit DNA segments.
- Fig. 7. gives the amino acid sequences of homologous regions of S. pombe Mc Protein and the human and rabbit predicted polypeptides corresponding to the DNA sequences of Fig. 6.
- Fig. 8. shows a Northern blot analysis of poly(A + ) RNA from various human tissues and cell lines.
- Fig. 9. is a diagram of the probe pY53.3 (2.1 kb) subclone.
- Fig. 10 shows the sequence of the 80 amino acid residue conserved mt-box of pY53.3 and corresponding sequences of other proteins.
- Fig. 11 shows a Southern blot of mouse DNA digests probed with three different probes.
- Fig. 12 shows a restriction map of phage L7.4.1.
- Fig. 13 shows a Southern blot of mouse DNA probed with various probes obtained from L7.4.1.
- Fig. 14 gives the nucleotide sequences of mouse and human Y-linked regions containing an mt-box.
- Fig. 15 shows the results of a polymerase chain reaction on mouse embryonic cDNA.
- Fig. 16 gives the amino acid residue sequences of various mouse DNA regions compared with homologous human and east sequences.
- Fig. 17 shows a summary of the homology between the
- Fig. 18 shows the coding sequences and corresponding amino acid residue sequences of human, rabbit and mouse mt proteins.
- Fig. 19 shows the sequence of pY53.3 as deposited with the EMBL database and with NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 40308.
- Fig. 20 shows the sequence of insert PKS 741, from phage clone L 7.4.1 of Example 3.
- Fig. 21 shows a diagram of the open reading frame of pY53.3 and the sequence of a portion of SRY and two mutants thereof.
- Fig. 22 shows portions of the sequence of SRY and related genes.
- Fig. 23 shows genomic DNA fragments described in Example 5.
- Fig. 24 shows results of analysis of sex-reversed embryos.
- Fig. 25 shows results of an analysis of an adult sex-reversed mouse.
- Fig. 26 shows a Southern blot analysis of offspring from a transgenic female mouse.
- Fig. 27 shows the results of expression of human SRY in transgenic mouse embryos.
- Fig. 1 the top line shows the sequence of the nontranscribed strand of the human genomic DNA coding sequence identified by the present inventors.
- the second line where present, is the corresponding predicted polypeptide sequence.
- the third and fourth lines where present, are the corresponding non-transcribed strand of the rabbit genomic DNA coding sequence and predicted polypeptide sequence respectively.
- the 240 nucleotide base sequence (80 amino acid residue sequence) boxed corresponds to the Mc nucleic acid (and protein) sequence of S.pombe.
- the boxed bases AATAAA (line 1) and AAATAA (line 3) are the polyadenylation signals.
- the internationally recognised 1-letter codes are used for nucleotide base sequences in Fig. 1 and throughout this specification, and the
- fission yeasts and all higher eukaryotic organisms such as plants, invertebrates and vertebrates including avians such as chickens and
- mammals such as metatherian mammals and humans, domestic livestock including bovines, ovines, equines and porcines and other eutherian mammals of
- mt-box proteins and fragments thereof, polypeptides, nucleic acids and fragments thereof and oligonucleotides containing an mt-box will hereafter be referred to as mt-proteins, mt-nucleic acids and so on.
- the present invention therefore provides an mt-protein or a fragment thereof or polypeptide comprising an mt-box or a part thereof, subject to the proviso below.
- the present invention also provides a protein or a fragment thereof or a polypeptide containing a mimetope of an epitope of an mt-protein or fragment thereof of polypeptide containing an mt-box or a part thereof, subject to the proviso below.
- proteins, fragments and polypeptides are hereafter referred to as mt-mimetope proteins or fragments thereof and mt-mimetope polypeptides.
- the present invention also provides an mt-nucleic acid or a fragment thereof or oligonucleotide comprising an mt-box, or a part thereof subject to the proviso below.
- the present invention provides a single or double stranded nucleic acid comprising the mt-box of an eutherian mammal or a part thereof of at least 17 contiguous nucleotide bases or base pairs, or a single or double stranded nucleic acid hybridisable with the mt-box of an eutherian mammal, or a part thereof of at least 17 contiguous nucleotide bases or base pairs, subject to the proviso below.
- the invention further provides a nucleic acid or a fragment thereof or an oligonucleotide encoding an mt-protein or fragment thereof or a polypeptide comprising an mt-box or a part thereof or an mt-mimetope protein or fragment thereof or mt-mimetope polypeptide, subject to the following proviso.
- oligonucleotides may have sequences differing from the sequences of mt-nucleic acids, fragments and
- oligonucleotides due to alternative codon usage and/or encoding alternative amino acids sequences of mimetopes.
- the present invention does not, however, extend to any known protein or fragment thereof or polypeptide or nucleic acid or fragment thereof or oligonucleotide containing an mt-box, such as the S.pombe Mc protein and the S. pombe gene at the mat locus, or the HMG proteins described below, insofar as that protein or fragment, polypeptide, nucleic acid or fragment or oligonucleotide is known per se.
- the amino acid sequence of the mt-box is similar to the DNA-binding motif of a number of known DNA-binding proteins and sequence specific DNA binding has been obtained with mt-proteins. This suggests that the mt-protein of the present invention may have a regulatory function requiring DNA binding. However there are residues in the amino acid sequence of the mt-box which are conserved at least between human, rabbit and mouse mt-proteins but which are not conserved in the sequences of DNA-binding proteins not associated with sex determination at least at the stage of testis formation. Any one or more of these conserved residues is therefore considered characteristic of the mt-box proteins of the present invention. A protein having the DNA-binding motif but lacking all of these
- characteristic amino acid residues is therefore outside the scope of the present invention.
- the characteristic amino acid residues are shown in Fig. 16, which is described in more detail below, at positions 46,63,67,74,75,76 and 98.
- the nucleotide base sequence of the mt-box includes bases which encode the DNA-binding motif of DNA-binding proteins as described above.
- the base sequence of the mt-box of the mt-nucleic acids of the invention will also include one or more codons specifying one or more of the characteristic amino acid residues described above and/or will be hydridisable with a Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF-gene under conditions which
- the mt-nucleic acids of the invention encode one or more, preferably all, of the characteristic amino acid residues and meet the above hybridisation requirement.
- characteristic residue or residues, and/or the fragments will be hybridisable with a Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF-gene preferably under conditions which substantially prevent hybridisation with any
- Oligonucleotides containing the mt-box or a part thereof according to the present invention may contain codons specifying one or more of the characteristic amino acid residues discussed above together with neighbouring
- oligonucleotides of the invention must be capable of hybridisation with a Y- chromosome-specific sequence associated with the TDF-gene, preferably under conditions which substantially prevent hybridisation with any Y-chromosome sequence not associated with the TDF-gene.
- the mt-oligonucleotides will hybridise with a Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF-gene under conditions which substantially prevent hybridisation with any autosomal or X-chromosomal sequence of a XX female or XY male eutherian mammal.
- Y-chromosome specific sequence refers to a DNA sequence found in the Y-chromosome of a XY male eutherian mammal which sequence is not found in the wild type X-chromosome nor in any of the wild type
- the TDF-gene referred to herein is that Y-chromosome specific sequence which contains the mt-box and which encodes a functional testis determining factor which when expressed at the appropriate stage of embryo development results in testis formation and subsequent growth of the embryo as a male.
- Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF gene refers to a DNA sequence which is found in the region immediately adjacent the pseudoautosomal boundary and extending for 35 kb into the Y-specific sequence of the human Y-chromosome, or
- hybridisation conditions referred to above which prevent unwanted hybridisations with Y-chromosome sequences not associated with the TDF gene or X-chromosomal and autosomal sequences will depend to some extent on the length of the nucleic acid, fragment or oligonucleotide of the invention being tested. Thus for instance lower stringency will be sufficient to secure hybridisation to the Y-chromosome sequence associated with the TDF-gene whilst preventing unwanted hybridisation when the nucleic acid or fragment is several thousand nucleotide base pairs in length, such as the probe pY53.3 described below (see for instance the moderate high stringency conditions described below), than for a fragment of only a few
- hybridisation conditions will be such that only complete complementarity between the oligonucleotide or fragment and the Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF gene will result in hybridisation.
- nucleic acids and fragments of the invention will only hybridise selectively to the Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF-gene under conditions requiring at least 80%, for instance 85, 90 or even 95%, more preferably at least 99% complementarity.
- Yet more preferred nucleic acids and fragments of the invention are those having a sequence corresponding exactly to that of probe pY53.3 described hereafter or the 0.9 kilobase (kb) Hindi fragment thereof (pY53.3B) although the nucleic acids or fragments of the invention may be longer or shorter than pY53.3 or pY53.3B.
- Further preferred nucleic acids and fragments of the invention are those having a sequence corresponding exactly to the human, rabbit or mouse sequence as set out in Fig. 1, Fig. 6, Fig. 14 or Fig. 18.
- the present invention provides the nucleic acid deposited on 12th July 1990 with NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 40308 referred to as pY53.3 (2.2 kb) and the 0.9 kb fragment thereof resulting from HincII digestion, pY53.3B.
- the sequence of pY53.3 has been deposited with the EMBL DNA database.
- the invention particularly provides an oligonucleotide, polypeptide, nucleic acid or protein comprising the entire sequence of the mt-box of a eutherian mammal and more preferably comprising the entire amino acid or nucleotide sequence of the human, mouse or rabbit as set out in any one of Fig. 1 , Fig. 6 , Fig. 7 , Fig. 10 , Fig. 14 , Fig. 16 and Fig. 18.
- nucleic acids hybridisable with the mt-box of a
- eutherian mammal are preferably hybridisable under
- Moderate stringency as defined above corresponds with about 75% homology.
- High stringency as defined above corresponds with about 90% homology.
- 1 X SSC is 0.15 M sodium
- the portion of the nucleic acid corresponding to or hybridisable with the mt-box is at least 20, more preferably at least 30, 40 or 60 and most preferably 100 or more nucleotide bases in length.
- the nucleic acids of the invention may be single or double stranded DNA or RNA.
- DNA's of the invention may comprise coding and/or non-coding sequences and/or transcriptional and/or translational start and/or stop signals and/or regulatory, signal and/or control sequences such as
- promoters promoters, enhancers and/or polyadenylation sites
- endonuclease restriction sites and/or splice donor and/or acceptor sites in addition to the mt box sequence.
- genomic DNA's and complementary DNA's including functional genes or at least an exon containing the mt box. They may also contain non-coding sequences such as one or more introns. Single stranded DNA may be the transcribed strand or the non-transcribed (complementary) strand.
- the nucleic acids may be present in a vector, for instance a cloning or expression vector, such as a plasmid or cosmid or a viral genomic nucleic acid.
- RNA's of the invention include unprocessed and processed transcripts of DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) containing the mt-box and anti-sense RNA containing a sequence complementary to the mt-box.
- nucleic acid having a sequence the same as or homologous to at least a portion of the human, mouse or rabbit mt-nucleic acid sequence of Fig. 1 or Fig. 6 or Fig. 1 4 or Fig. 18 but not including the mt-box.
- Such nucleic acids will have at least 50% homology, more preferably at least 75% homology, for instance 80, 85 or 90%, 95 or even 99% homology with the sequence of human, mouse or rabbit mt-nucleic acid over a region at least 20, preferably at least 30, for instance 40, 60 or 100 or more contiguous nucleotide bases in length.
- nucleic acids will further be hybridisable under conditions of moderate or high stringency as defined above with a mt-nucleic acid of a fission yeast or higher organism, preferably a eutherian mammal. They may be single or double stranded DNA or RNA as described above.
- Nucleic acids of the present invention are particularly useful as primers for polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) conducted to ascertain the mating type or sex of an
- fragments used in connection with proteins is intended to refer to both chemically produced and recombinant portions of proteins.
- the mt-proteins and fragments thereof and polypeptides containing the mt-box or a part thereof and mt-mimetope proteins and fragments thereof and mt-mimetope polypeptides of the invention are useful in immunodiagnostic testing and for raising antibodies such as monoclonal antibodies for such uses.
- Antibodies against such proteins and fragments and polypeptides as well as fragments of such antibodies including chemically derived and recombinant fragments of such antibodies, and cells, such as eukaryotic cells, for instance hybridomas and prokaryotic recombinant cells, capable of expressing and, preferably, secreting antibodies or fragments thereof against such proteins or fragments, also form part of the present invention.
- the nucleic acids of the invention may be obtained by conventional means such as by recovery from organisms using PCR technology or hybridisation probes, by de novo
- Proteins and fragments thereof and polypeptides of the invention may be recovered from cells of organisms
- an mt-gene or generated by expression of an mt-gene or coding sequence contained in a nucleic acid of the present invention in an appropriate expression system and host, or are obtained by de novo synthesis or a combination thereof, by techniques well known in the art of
- polypeptides of the invention will contain naturally occurring L- ⁇ -amino acids and may also contain one or more non-naturally occurring o-amino acids having the D- or L-configuration.
- Antibodies may be obtained by immunisation of a suitable host animal and recovery of the antibodies, by culture of antibody-producing cells obtained from suitably immunised host animals or by in vitro stimulation of B-cells with a suitable mt-protein, fragment or polypeptide or mt-mimetope, protein, fragment or polypeptide and culture of the cells. Such cells may be immortalised as necessary for instance by fusion with myeloma cells. Antibody fragments may be obtained by well known chemical and biotechnological methods.
- the invention further provides the use of a nucleic acid, protein, polypeptide, antibody or antibody producing cell as hereinbefore defined including the Mc protein and gene of S. pombe or other mt-nucleic acid or protein for
- nucleic acid, proteins, polypeptides, antibodies and fragments thereof and antibody producing cells of the invention may be conducted by routine techniques well known to practitioners of the arts of biotechnology.
- a particularly preferred technique for ascertaining the mating type or sex of a cell or an organism in accordance with the invention involves the use of oligonucleotides as primers in a PCR, for instance as follows:
- a cell or cells are obtained, for instance by surgical removal from an embryo, and the DNA is released by a crude lysis procedure, for instance using a detergent or by heating.
- Primer oligonucleotides of the invention are used to initiate a conventional PCR in order to amplify mtrelated DNA from the cells.
- the products of the PCR are analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis and detected using labelled probes.
- the presence of amplified DNA indicates the presence of an mt-gene in the cells and thus, in eutherian mammals, that the cell(s) were male.
- This technique may be applied for instance to identify human embryos likely to suffer a sex-related disease for termination, or to control the sex of the progeny of breeding stock for commercial exploitation (by selection of the breeding stock or by slaughter or termination of animals of undesired sex).
- the oligonucleotide primers for ascertaining or controlling sex in one species may also be used for developing primers for ascertaining or controlling sex in another species since hybridisation of the primers to the mt-gene of the other species will still serve to initiate a PCR and amplify the species-specific sequences.
- the present invention provides a process for isolating a Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF gene of an eutherian mammal which comprises probing a genomic library from a male of the species, preferably of Y-chromosome sequences, for instance of lambda phage, cosmid or YAC library or a cDNA library constructed from an RNA from an expressing tissue such as adult testis or foetal genital ridge tissue, with a probe comprising a nucleic acid, fragment or oligonucleotide of the invention as hereinbefore defined and a detectable label under high stringency conditions.
- a genomic library from a male of the species, preferably of Y-chromosome sequences, for instance of lambda phage, cosmid or YAC library or a cDNA library constructed from an RNA from an expressing tissue such as adult testis or foetal genital ridge tissue, with a probe comprising a nucleic acid, fragment or oli
- the isolation is conducted using standard molecular biology techniques (as described in, for example "Maniatis") by plating out several genome-equivalents of the genomic or cDNA library and screening with a nucleic acid probe of the invention under conditions of moderate to low stringency. Positive clones are isolated and the sequences corresponding to the testis determining gene are subcloned.
- the subclone is sequenced using standard methods and primers suitable for PCR chosen from the sequence so identified.
- PCR methods using "degenerate” oligonucleotides.
- the probe is pY53.3 or a fragment thereof or a nucleic acid or fragment or oligonucleotide having a sequence exactly as set out in Fig. 1 or Fig. 6 or Fig. 14 or Fig. 18 for the human, rabbit or mouse.
- eutherian mammal such as a bovine.
- the thus-identified sequence can then be used to generate primers for PCR which in turn can be used to ascertain the sex of an individual or of cells, tissues, embryos or sperm of the bovine or other mammal. This will permit experiments to ascertain sex to be conducted and controlled sex breeding of the bovine or other mammal as described below.
- the isolated nucleic acid, fragment or oligonucleotide may thereafter be amplified, cloned or sub-cloned as necessary.
- the invention further provides a process for detecting the sex of an individual eutherian mammal or of cells, tissues, embryos, foetuses or sperm of a eutherian mammal comprising conducting a polymerase chain reaction using DNA from the individual, cell, tissue, embryo or sperm as template and a nucleic acid, fragment or oligonucleotide of the invention as primer.
- the nucleic acid, fragment or oligonucleotide of the invention used as primer is pY53.3 or a part thereof or has a sequence corresponding exactly to the human, rabbit or mouse sequence of any one of Fig. 1, Fig. 6 or Fig. 14 or Fig. 18 or a part thereof or is a nucleic acid, fragment or oligonucleotide which is a Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF gene of a eutherian mammal of the same species as the
- the Y-chromosome specific sequence associated with the TDF gene of the mammal involved may itself have been obtained by the process of isolation and amplification or cloning described above.
- TDF genes raises the possibility of controlling the sex of progeny of commercially important animals such as bovines, ovines, equines, porcines and also avians. This will be valuable in many aspects of animal breeding and husbandry such as where one sex has more desirable characteristics, for instance only male progeny are desired from beefproducing strains or breeds of cattle whereas only female progeny are desired from dairy breeds of cattle and egglaying breeds of chicken.
- nucleic acids making up all or part of the testis determining gene, from the same or different animal
- any early embryo can be introduced into any early embryo through established transgenic technology. This latter includes microinjection of DNA into pronuclei or nuclei of early embryos, the use of retroviral vectors with either early embryos or embryonic stem cells, or any transformation technique (including microinjection, electroporation or carrier techniques) into embryonic stem cells or other cells able to give rise to functional germ cells. These procedures will allow the derivation of individual embryo through established transgenic technology. This latter includes microinjection of DNA into pronuclei or nuclei of early embryos, the use of retroviral vectors with either early embryos or embryonic stem cells, or any transformation technique (including microinjection, electroporation or carrier techniques) into embryonic stem cells or other cells able to give rise to functional germ cells. These procedures will allow the derivation of individual
- transgenic animals founder transgenics
- chimeric animals composed in part of cells carrying the introduced DNA.
- the functional germ cells of the founder transgenic or chimeric animal carry the introduced DNA it will be possible to obtain transmission of the introduced DNA to offspring and to generate lines or strains of animals carrying these DNA sequences.
- the nucleic acids making up part or all of the coding sequence of the testis determining gene, or derivatives of it, may be introduced in combination with its own
- Repetition of transfections, screening and selection of transgenic animals may be required in order to identify suitable breeding stock able to pass the gene in effective form to offspring.
- testis determining gene is introduced by one of the techniques outlined above (through embryos or ES cells). This will give a proportion of founder animals of XY sex chromosome constitution carrying the
- transgene introduced copy of the gene, the "transgene", on an autosome or on the X chromosome, in addition to the endogenous gene on the Y chromosome. If the transgene is autosomal, then 75 % of the offspring of this founder animal will be male (Table 1, part 1) unless the transgene has been integrated into a site where local effects prevent or reduce its expression; individual animals are screened and only those where the transgene is
- transgene is X-linked then up to 100 % of offspring will be male (Table 1, part
- homologous chromosomes such that these cells, and germ cells derived from them, will be homozygous for the transgene. 100% of
- antisense RNA or DNA constructs transcribing antisense RNA, to effectively reduce or abolish translatable mRNA within a cell.
- the antisense RNA can be produced from a DNA construct comprising homologous or heterologous regulatory
- Antisense RNA expressed from this antisense construct will complex with the "sense" or normal transcripts and reduce the amount of gene product (protein), causing sex reversal, such that XY individuals carrying an autosomal or X-linked copy of the antisense construct will be female.
- XX animals carrying copies of the construct at one locus will give 75% female offspring (Table 2, part 1).
- Multiple copies of the antisense construct integrated at different locations will give up to 100% female offspring (Table 2, part 2).
- constructs may be used to obtain animals homozygous for one or the other.
- a process for producing a eutherian mammal whose progeny will be statistically biased in favour of, or only of a single sex comprises introducing a functional nucleic acid containing a coding sequence into the genome of the animal or a progenitor thereof which coding sequence encodes the TDF protein of that mammal or which encodes anti-sense RNA having complementary sequence to the TDF mRNA of that mammal.
- a functional nucleic acid containing a coding sequence into the genome of the animal or a progenitor thereof which coding sequence encodes the TDF protein of that mammal or which encodes anti-sense RNA having complementary sequence to the TDF mRNA of that mammal.
- TDF gene product in the embryo and development of that embryo as a male.
- Preferably several copies of the TDF gene are inserted at different loci in the genome, particularly in more than one autosomal locus, such that all gametes produced by that animal will contain copies of the TDF gene irrespective of whether they contain a X or a Y chromosome.
- the coding sequence is inserted together with appropriate regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers which ensure transcription of the gene into anti-sense RNA.
- the coding sequence is inserted at autosomal, X-chromosomal or pseudoautosomal loci, preferably in several copies at different autosomal loci.
- a sequence When expressed in an embryo such a sequence will result in the production of anti-sense RNA which can anneal to and thereby prevent translation of the natural mRNA of
- transgenic animals are available and conventionally used in the field of biotechnology. Such transgenic animals and single-sex breeding processes using animals form further aspects of the invention.
- Antisense techniques are described further in Antisense RNA and DNA Edited by D.A. Melton. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988), and the application of these techniques is described in Conversion of Normal Behaviour to Shiverer by Mvelin Basic Protein Antisense cDNA in
- Example 1 A Southern blot search of 40 kb of the Y chromosome
- Probes from a previously described chromosome walk comprising a series of overlapping lambda and cosmid clones, from the pseudoautosomal region, across the
- Fig. 2 shows a map of the distal short arm of the human Y chromosome: the stippled region at the left is the
- the broken line is the boundary between the pseudoautosomal and the Y-specific regions.
- At the top are the three overlapping lambda clones lambda 51, lambda 4, lambda 53 and the plasmid pNB obtained from walking along the Y chromosome.
- the breakpoints of the XX males are defined by the broken lines at 35 kb (see Fig. 3).
- the black boxes represent probes that detect single copy Y-specific human DNA fragments, indicated by (+).
- pY53.3 detected Y- specific fragments (+). All of the probes except pYH8 hybridised to sequences in the XX males. pY4.1B which was positive with the XX males and the probe pYH8 which was negative.
- the third Y-specific probe, pYRO.4 is derived from sequences lying between pY4-1B and pYH8, and appears to define the break points in the XX males.
- pYRO.4 detects an 8.5 kb Hindlll fragment in normal males but only a 4 kb fragment in two related individuals: an XX male (TL) and an hermaphrodite (DL), while in a third, unrelated XX male (ZM) a 6kb fragment was detected as follows: Genomic DNA (10 ⁇ g) was digested with Hindlll, separated on a 9.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N + (Amersham) and fixed in a 0.4 M NaOH (20 min). In order to suppress repeat sequences present in the probe pYRO.4 it was
- TDF is located in sex specific sequences within 35 kb of the pseudoautosomal boundary. Further refinement of the positions of the breakpoints was not possible because of the highly repetitive nature of the sequences between pY4.1B, pYRO.4 and pYH8.
- Fig. 5 shows the Southern blot of (male cell line PGF) Goodfellow, P. J. et al., Ann. Hum. Genet.. 53. 15-22
- Fig. 9 shows the pY53.3 (2.1 kb) subclone: the shaded region is the open reading frame (ORF); the black box is the region covered by the 80 amino-acid conserved motif, which shows homology with Mc protein of S. pombe and several non-histone proteins relating to HMG1 and HMG2.
- the numbers represent base pair numbering and Hindi sites define the 0.9-kb subclone used as a probe.
- pY53.3 subclone of pY53.3 was prepared as follows: Genomic DNA (10 ⁇ g) was digested with Hindlll, separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N + (Amersham) and fixed in 0.4M NaOH. pY53.3 was labelled with 32 P and added to the filter in a buffer of 5 ⁇ SSPE, 5 ⁇ Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, 10% dextran sulphate, 200 ⁇ g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and hybridised for 16 hours at 65°C. The filter was washed in 1 ⁇ SSC, 0.2% SDS at 65°C and
- the probe detects male-specific fragments in: human (2.1 kb), chimp (-18 kb), rabbit (4.2 kb), pig (-6.6 kb), horse (-10 kb), cattle (-1.6 kb) and tiger (-6.6 kb).
- the sequence of pY53.3 was determined by primer walking and is set out in the top line of Fig. 6.
- Plasmids were subcloned into pUCl ⁇ vectors (NEB) and were sequenced as double-stranded DNA by the dideoxy termination method [Sanger, F, Nicklen, S and Coulson, A R, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74. 5463-5467 (1977)] using synthetic
- inspection of the pY53.3 (2.1 kb) sequence reveals two long open reading frames that overlap in different frames 5' ⁇ 3' from the centromere toward the pseudoautosomal boundary.
- the conceptual translation of these open reading frames was used to screen the PIR protein data-base using a similarity search algorithm [Smith, T F and Waterman, M. S., J. Mol. Biol.. 147. 195-197 (1981), Collins, J. F. Coulson, A. F. W. and Lyall, A., CABIOS, 4, 67-71 (1988)].
- the second open reading frame encodes a region of 120 amino acids shared with the homologous rabbit Y-specific sequence which was found to be related to the Mc protein encoded by the sequence at the mat3-M locus of the fission yeast
- HMG High mobility group
- HMG1 and HMG2 are known to be associated with regions of transcriptionally active chromatin.
- HMG1 and HMG2 there is a motif, the HMG box, which has been found in several proteins including the non-histone chromosomal protein NHP6 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Kolodrubetz D. & Burgum, A., J. Biol. Chem.. 265: 3234-3239 (1990)], the yeast ARS-binding protein, ABF2, and the human nucleolar transcription faccjr hUBF (human upstream binding factor) [Jantzen, loc. cit.].
- the hUBF product is an RNA polymerase I transcription factor which interacts with sequence-specific DNA regions.
- This motif might represent a novel class of DNA-binding domains [Jantzen, loc. cit.].
- the conserved binding motif seems to be present in a large family of sequences perhaps originating from an early HMG-like non-specific DNA-binding structure.
- Fig. 10 compares the conserved 80 amino acids (single letter code) of pY53.3 (human) with the Mc protein of S.. pombe (Mc), human upstream binding factor (hUBF), non-histone chromosomal protein (NHP6) from S. cerevisiae and high mobility group protein 1 (HMG1). Boxed regions are identical amino acids, shaded regions show conservative amino acid changes with respect to the human pY53.3
- S.pombe Mc protein and the pY53.3 Mc-related sequence breaks down.
- the open reading frame continues in the 5' direction for another 75 amino acids and within this region two potential start codons are found in pY53.3.
- Fig. 6 shows the nucleotide sequence of pY53.3 (human) (top line) and rabbit Y-specific homologous seguence (bottom line). Vertical lines indicate matching bases, lower case letters indicate base differences. The homology with the S pombe Mc region is boxed.
- Fig 7 compares the amino acid sequence of the pY53.3
- the probe pY4.1 ⁇ is part of a larger 1.2 kb Rsal fragment which contains an open reading frame related to retroviral reverse transcriptase, commonly found in repetitive sequences.
- the probe pY53.1 encompasses a 5.6 kb region which contains several open reading frames, however none of these was predicted to encode a protein related to
- sequences that are present in the EMBL sequence data base or the PIR protein database In total 10.5 kb of the Y-chromosome were sequenced in the search for potential coding sequence. The sequence of pY53.3 has been deposited with EMBL.
- RNA was prepared from each tissue [Goodfellow, P. J. et al.. Ann. Hum. Genet.. 53. 15-22 (1989)] and poly(A + ) mRNA selected by polyATract isolation system (Promega). Poly(A + ) RNA (8 ⁇ g) was separated on a 1% agarose gel containing 2.2M formaldehyde, transferred to Hybond N
- Poly(A + ) RNA was also prepared from three lymphoblastoid cell lines: (49 XYYYY cell line, Oxen) [Bishop et al , loc.cit.]: 46XY cell line, PGF) [Goodfellow, P. J. et al., Ann. Hum. Genet.. 53, 15-22 (1989)]; (46XX cell line, WT49) [DeKretser et al., loc.cit.] and probed as above. The probe detects a transcript of approximately 1.1 kb in adult testis and in no other tissue tested. Stripping and reprobing the filter with ß-actin confirmed the presence of poly(A + ) RNA in the samples (Fig.8).
- testis specific transcript being encoded by the pY53.3 Y-specific sequence.
- 3' RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) PCR from adult testis poly(A + ) RNA [Frohman, M. A., Dush, M. K. and Martin, G. R., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85. 8998-9002 (1988)] showed the presence of a polyA tract 15 bases downstream from the potential polyadenylation signal, further indicating this as the 3' end of a Y-specific transcript.
- the nucleotide sequence of pY53.3 contains two open reading frames the second of which when translated is related to the Mc protein of the mating type locus of the yeast S. pombe.
- the Mc protein is 181 amino acids long, but the human sequence homology spans only the last 80 amino acids of the protein.
- the rabbit and mouse Y-located sequences are homologous to Mc over this region as are the mouse autosomal cDNA sequences (Example 2). This striking homology is likely to represent a conserved protein motif referred to herein as the mt box (mating type box).
- SRY a gene from the Sex-determining Region of the ⁇ -chromosome
- Sry mouse gene Sry
- the mating type locus, mat-1, in the fission yeast has two alternate alleles M and P. These alleles are transported during switch of mating type from either the donor loci mat3-M or mat2-P to the mat-1 locus. Both loci contain two transposable genes (Pc, Pi and Mc, Mi); none of the four genes are related to each other in sequence. The precise function of the four genes is not known, however Mc and Pc are required for mating and all four genes are needed for meiotic competence [Kelly et al., loc.cit.1. By analogy to the budding yeast it has been suggested that genes at the mat-1 locus may function as transcription factors.
- Mc has a dual function in both mating and meiosis and that
- transcripts of SRY have been found in adult testis, while in the mouse Sry is expressed in male genital ridge and adult testis.
- Example 2 Described here is the cloning of the sequence from the mouse Y chromosome corresponding to pY53.3 in humans.
- the mouse gene contains an open reading frame homologous to that found in the human gene.
- the predicted protein product of these genes includes a domain characterized by a region of homology with several known or putative DNA-binding proteins, including human upstream binding factor (hUBF) [Janzen, loc.cit.] and the Mc protein [Kelly et al., loc.cit.], the product of one of the mating-type genes of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomvces pombe.
- hUBF human upstream binding factor
- Mc protein the product of one of the mating-type genes of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomvces pombe.
- Sxr The sex-reversed mutation Sxr. has helped to define the position of Sry in the mouse. Sxr probably arose by translocation of the small short arm of the Y chromosome onto the pseudoautosomal region, located at the distal end of the long arm [Cattanach, B.M., Pollard, C.E. & Hawkes, S.G., Cvtoqenetics. 10. 318-337 (1971), Evans, E.P.,
- Sxr' is a variant of Sxr that retains Sry (XX Sxr' animals are male), but is deleted for Hva and Spy. Sxr' is therefore the minimum portion of the mouse Y chromosome known to contain Sry.
- XY* female mice carry a strain 129 Y chromosome, the same strain as the XX and XY samples used here. Sxr' was maintained on a C57B6J background. Mouse clone 4.2.2 was isolated from a size selected library constructed from
- Plaque-forming units 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 were directly screened without amplification, using a 0.9-kb Hindi fragment from pY53.3 as a probe and following previously described procedures (Maniatis). Positively hybridising lambda-clone 4.2.2 was plaque purified and the insert recovered in pBluescript by in vivo excision from the lambda ZapII vector as described by the manufacturer. A 380 bp Bg1ll-Pstl fragment was isolated from p4.2.2 and subcloned into a pBluescript (p422.04). This fragment contained all the homology to pY53.3 and was not repetitive.
- Fig. 11 in which panel a shows the results of probing with a 1.0-kb Hindlll genomic fragment containing the zinc-finger domain of Zfy-1 [Koopman et al. , loc. cit.] which reveals bands corresponding to each of the four Zfy-related genes in XY male DNA. All of these genes are also seen in the XY female track.
- Zfy-1. but not Zfy- 2 maps to Sxr' in the XX Sxr' track but only the X-linked and autosomal members of this gene family (Zfa and Zfx) are present in a normal XX female.
- the probe was the sequence unique to the human sex-determining region, pY53.3 see [Example 1] , which hybridises strongly to a 3.5-kb band present in DNA from XY male and XX gxr' male mice but absent from DNA from XX female and XY* female mice. Additional weakly hybridising bands are present in all tracks, so cannot be Y-linked.
- the probe pY53.3 is the first probe capable of distinguishing the mutant Y* chromosome from the normal Y chromosome, and at least has to be considered as the closest marker to Sry. It is consistent with this that the sequences detected by pY53.3 are part of the testis-determining gene.
- Fig. 14 shows a comparison of the mouse and human Y-linked nucleotide sequences over 471-bp, in which the degree of homology is 62%.
- Fig. 14 compares mouse and human Y-linked nucleotide sequences.
- the sequences of p4.2.2 (Mouse Y) and pY53.3 (Human Y) are shown on upper and lower lines respectively.
- Nucleotide homology is indicated by vertical bars.
- the single open reading frame in the mouse sequence is defined at the 5' end by a stop codon at nucleotides 14-16 (***).
- Within the open reading frame are two possible splice acceptor sites (###) and an in-frame translational start codon (Met).
- the region of amino-acid homology with the S. pombe gene encoding Mc is boxed.
- the nucleotide positions are numbered in blocks of 50.
- This gene is referred to as Sry.
- the open reading frame in p4.2.2 contains near its 5' end two potential intron splice acceptor sites, and one inframe ATG codon in a reasonable context for translational initiation. [Kozak, M., Nucleic Acids Res.. 15. 8125-8148 (1987)]. Poor homology between the mouse and human
- a library was constructed by partial digestion of unamplified genomic DNA of a strain 129 male mouse with Sau3a and ligation into a lambda FIX II vector (Stratagene) following
- the library was plated using DL652, a bacterial strain that stabilises end to end repeats to overcome problems in cloning the mouse Y
- FIG. 12 shows an EcoRI (E) and Sad (S) restriction map of the insert from phage L7.4.1 using probes made from each of the EcoRI fragments contained within L7.4.1 and used to screen genomic blots of DNA from XY male, XY* female and XX female mice.
- L7.4.1. solid line
- L7.4.1 (solid line) spans 14 kb contiguous with genomic DNA detected by Southern Analysis but not present in L7.4.1 (dotted line).
- Open boxes show the location of the EcoRI fragments (A, B, C, D1, D2, E) used as probes and the small solid box is the conserved region.
- the stippled box indicates the limits of the region detectable in the XY* female and the large solid box, the colinear genomic region in XY males.
- the scale bar represents 1 kb.
- Fig. 13 shows the results of probing Southern blots of
- Probe A and a combination of probes Dl and D2 detect a Y-specific EcoRI band of the same size in an XY male and a XY* female. But a Sad digest reveals a difference in the size of the band detected by probe C, indicating a breakpoint within this genomic region in the XY* female.
- Probe B although found to be highly repetitive when used to probe a Southern blot of Sad-digested DNA, nevertheless gave the same result as probe C.
- the relevant bands are indicated in Fig. 13 by arrows and sizes are given in kb.
- probes D1, D2 and A failed to detect a Y-specific band in DNA derived from XY* females (Fig. 13). Note that probe A detects a 3.5-kb band in normal XY male in addition to the expected 1.5-kb band. This seems to be due to a cross-hybridizing sequence shared between probes A and E. Probe E also failed to detect either the 3.5-kb or the 1.5-kb band in DNA derived from XY* females. Unlike probes Dl, D2, A and E, probe C detects an EcoRI band of roughly the same size in DNA from both XY males and XY* females.
- the adjacent probe B which corresponds to one end of the phage insert, similarly detects an EcoRI band of the same size in DNA from both XY males and XY* females. These results suggest that the breakpoint is close to the EcoRI site between probes C and Dl. This was confirmed by hybridizing Sacl-di ⁇ ested DNA with probe C. This reveals a band of altered size in XY* females compared with XY males (also shown in Fig. 13). Expression of Sry in testis differentiation
- RNA (1 ⁇ g) was added to a reverse transcription reaction in the presence of (+) or absence (-) of reverse transcriptase (RT). Subsequent PCR as
- Sry-specific oligonucleotide primers (5' - 3') CTGTGTAAGATCTTCAATC and GTGGTGAGAGGCACAAGT and included Hprt primers as a control for the quality and quantity of RNA in each sample.
- the upper panel shows an ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel with 148 bp PCR products corresponding to Sry transcripts in adult testis and, less intensely, genital ridge (GR) of 11.5 d.p.c. male embryos. The band was absent from adult male liver and 11.5 d.p.c. female genital ridge samples.
- Sry primers were derived from a single exon and are
- Fig. 15 The results of the PCR are illustrated by Fig. 15 in which a Sry band is clearly seen in both adult testis and in male urogenital ridge, but not in liver or female urogenital ridge.
- the bands obtained are not from contaminating genomic or plasmid DNA in the samples, as control lanes in which reverse transcriptase was omitted show no signal.
- testis libraries failed, to yield any
- the 8.5. d.p.c. library produced several positive clones.
- 16 shows the sequence of various homologous protein domains (single-letter code) as follows: ubf-hmg3, the third HMG box of hUBF [Jantzen, loc.cit.], which shares the highest homology with this motif; pombe-mc, mating type protein Mc from S. pombe [Kelly et al., loc.cit. ] : human-y, SRY: mouse-y, Sry: and mouse-al, mouse-a2, mouse-a3, mouse- a4, four different mouse cDNAs from genes not linked to the Y chromosome. Residues that are absolutely or strongly conserved between the upper six sequences are enclosed by shaded boxes and where this conservation extends to the S.
- pombe Mc or hUBF-HMG proteins residues of these are also marked by shaded boxes. Residues that are Y-specific in mouse and man (and rabbit per Example 1) are shown in open boxes. The amino-acid positions are numbered in blocks of 50 according to the human sequence. The region of
- Fig. 17 summarises the percentage of amino-acid homology, within the conserved motif, between the different
- sequences The unboxed area emphasises the homology between the Sry-related sequences and both the S. pombe Mc sequence and the HMG motif, using the third HMG box of hUBF as an example. Shaded boxes emphasise the homology between the mouse a-1, a-2 and a-3 sequences as well as the lower degree of homology of the mouse a-4 sequence to the other members of the gene family. Sequence comparison in this manner has results in a new 80 amino-acid motif being defined. This has a high ratio of basic residues (up to 25%) and a strong helical content (Fig. 16). Conservation is strong in the motif, with 42 amino acids identical between the Sry-related genes. The amino-acid comparison reveals homology of this motif not only to the S.
- pombe Mc protein but also to a domain present in four copies in hUBF [Kelly et al., loc.cit.].
- This domain termed the HMG box because of its homology to the high mobility group proteins HMGl and HMG2 [Einck, L. & Bustin, M., Expl. Cell Res.. 156. 295-310 (1985)], has been associated with binding to the upstream control element of the ribosomal RNA gene promoter to activate transcription.
- the motif present in the Sry-related genes is similar to, but distinct from, the HMG-box, thus defining a new family of genes. Five members of this family have been isolated from the mouse but the number of bands seen when probing a Southern blot at low stringency with either pY53.3 or any of the cDNAs suggests that not all of the family has been cloned.
- Certain amino-acid residues are identical throughout the Sry-related gene family and the Mc and HMG sequences (Fig. 16). This may be due to protein structural or sequence recognition constraints common to all genes of this type. Within the mouse gene family, at least three subfamilies can be distinguished (Fig. 17) . The sequences al, a2 and a3 are almost identical in the conserved motif; the Sry and a4 sequences seem to have diverged independently from this group. Several residues are common to only the Y-linked sequences of the human, mouse and rabbit. The Y-linked gene products may therefore be functionally distinct from the autosomal gene products.
- Any candidate sequence for the testis-determining gene has to satisfy several criteria.
- the human gene, SRY. was found in a detailed search of the 3.5 kb adjacent to the pseudoautosomal boundary, which is sufficient to confer maleness on an XX chromosomal
- any candidate for testis determining gene should be expressed in a tissue and at a time consistent with what is known of its action. In mice the gene should be
- Sry conforms with this prediction.
- the level of transcripts found in 11.5 d.p.c. urogenital ridge is very low, and preliminary PCR data also suggests that Sry is not expressed before 10.5 d.p.c. or during late stages of fetal gonad development. This low level of expression is not surprising for a gene possibly operating as a switch in development.
- Sry was also found to be expressed in adult testis (see Example 1).
- Several genes suspected to have roles in development decisions in the embryo for example, some homeobox-containing genes, also show expression in adult testis. Sry could have one role in the embryo in testis determination, and another postnatally in male germ-cell development. It is not yet clear what the mode of action of Sry might be in testis determination. Evidence suggests that Sry
- Sertoli cells promotes differentiation of Sertoli cells in a cellautonomous manner. Further steps in male development follow directly from the differentiation of Sertoli cells. Sry might, therefore, be expected to encode a protein capable of acting as a regulatory molecule in the cell.
- the conserved protein domain in Sry is homologous to known DNA-binding proteins and, by analogy, the Sry protein could be a nuclear protein that binds DNA and acts as a
- mice are described, linked by the presence of a conserved amino-acid domain also found in a gene involved in mating type of S. pombe. and in the DNA-binding protein hUBF.
- One member of this gene family maps to the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome and satisfies various predictions made for the testis-determining gene.
- testis determining gene will play a central role even in those species which do not use a XX/XY chromosome-based system for sex determination.
- testis determining gene will be a target for experiments to ascertain the sex of cells, tissues, embryos, foetuses, sperm and individuals and to control the sex ratio of the progeny of breeding animals.
- SRY (or Sry in mice) in the process of testis determination. It satisfies all predictions that can be made concerning the location of the testis determining gene on the Y chromosome.
- the gene maps to the smallest region of the human and mouse Y chromosomes known to be male determining, and is conserved on the Y chromosome of all other eutherian mammals tested.
- the gene encodes a putative DNA binding protein, consistent with a regulatory role.
- Sry also shows a pattern of expression in the mouse entirely consistent with a role in testis determination, being expressed for a short period just prior to overt testis differentiation, specifically in somatic cells of the genital ridge.
- mice shown genetically to be mutant in the testis are shown genetically to be mutant in the testis.
- the minimum region of the human Y chromosome that gives testicular development is the approximately 35 kb region found in the four XX individuals showing sex reversal, that were instrumental in finding SRY. However, even though no other conserved sequences were found, it is conceivable that there is another gene within this region required for testis determination. Furthermore, unlike other XX males with much larger fragments of the Y chromosome, none of the four individuals had a completely normal male phenotype, which might argue that an additional gene outside the 35 kb is also required.
- SRY/Sry The best test of the function of SRY/Sry is to introduce it alone into XX embryos, and to see if male development ensues, i.e. if it gives sex reversal. Ideally, to be certain that no other gene is present within the introduced DNA, this should be done using full length cDNA clones together with a defined heterologous promoter.
- the pattern of Sry expression observed during foetal gonad development in the mouse suggests that precise regulation of the gene may be critical for its action. Therefore, in the hope of having appropriate regulation we have initiated transgenic experiments using genomic DNA fragments carrying either the human or the mouse SRY/Sry gene.
- SRY or Sry containing fragments were isolated from cosmid, phage or plasmid clones by digestion with appropriate restriction enzymes and then purified from other fragments and vector sequences by agarose gel electrophoresis.
- the isolated DNA fragments were cleaned either by "gene clean” according to manufacturers instructions, or by phenol extraction and by passing down a sephadex G50 column, or an elutip, followed by ethanol precipitation.
- a 24.6 kb BamH1 - Sal1 fragment was isolated from the human cosmid cAMF. This contains 18.6 kb of Y-specific sequences adjacent to the pseudoautosomal region, plus 6 kb of sequences distal to the boundary. This fragment therefore includes SRY and 12 kb of sequences 5' to the known exon (see Fig. 20), and is subsequently referred to as HuSRY-A.
- Injected embryos were either examined at 14 days post transfer, or allowed to go to term. 14 day embryos were analysed in the following way: (i) Chromosomal sex was initially determined by staining for sex chromatin in amnion cells (Monk and McLaren, 1981). (ii) Gonadal sex was determined by examining for the presence or absence of testis cords, which are normally very distinct at this stage. Gonads were subsequently fixed, photographed and those of interest processed for histology. (iii) Embryos showing apparent sex reversal were karyotyped from cultures of skin fibroblasts. (iv) Genomic DNA was prepared from limbs.
- HuSRY-A6, HuSRY-A9 and HuSRY-A12 were obtained. All were normal looking males. One of these, A12, failed to breed. The other two have both been fertile and have transmitted the transgene to approximately 50% of their offspring. At least 4 XX transgenics have been examined in detail from each line, but no evidence of sex reversal has been seen, either in 13.5 dpc embryos, or in adults. Transgenic mice with mouse Sry
- the rate of transgenesis with Sry from phage clone L 7.4.1 has been very low compared with other DNA fragments, despite trying different methods of preparation. This may be due to the unusual structure of this genomic fragment which contains an inverted repeat flanking the Sry gene.
- SRY is being affected by its new location.
- the 35kb of Y-unique DNA carrying SRY is translocated onto one of the X chromosomes.
- SRY may be subjected to position effects, which may alter its normal level of expression in a manner which would depend on its exact position on the X chromosome and the amount of Y-specific DNA which had been translocated.
- position effect variegation which has been described in detail in drosophila provides ample evidence for position dependant effects on gene expression.
- SRY in these individuals may be affected by a spreading of X-inactivation.
- the transgenic data presented here may represent a mouse model for the partial sex reversal of human XX males described above. Two of the XX transgenic mice described were apparently normal females. The simplest explanation for the failure of Sry to cause sex reversal in these cases is that the transgene had integrated into a chromosomal position in which its normal expression may have been altered or completely shut off. An analysis of Sry
- XX transgenic embryos of the two mouse lines involved may confirm this possibility.
- the transgenes in these cases may have integrated into an X chromosome and so be subject to random X-inactivation. If this is the case then a sex-reversed or partially sex-reversed phenotype may become apparent in offspring of the founder transgenics, in which the proportions of cells where Sry is carried on an inactive X chromosome are fewer, or when mice are bred which are homozygous for the
- Another possibility for the failure of Sry to act in these particular mice may be due to a timing mismatch.
- the time of onset of expression of the testis determining gene is thought to be critical for its successful action.
- the failure of the Mus musculus poschiavinus Y chromosome to cause male development when it is on a C57BL background has been explained by the presence of a late acting allele of the testis determining gene on this particular domesticus type Y chromosome, coupled with an early acting signal for ovary determination associated with the C57BL background, which preempts the action of the testis determining gene in these cases.
- a timing mismatch could occur if a position effect were to cause a delay in the time of onset of Sry expression during embryogenesis.
- transgene may have disrupted a locus in such a way as to slow down the development of the somatic portion of the genital ridge, where the testis determining gene must act, relative to the development of the germ line, in which the ovary determining signal is thought to act. This would also have the effect of
- transgenics in which the insertion is in a favourable location may show sex reversal. It is also formally possible that Sry is not sufficient, and there is another gene present in 7.4.1. This is highly unlikely, given that it is only 14 kb long and given the lack of other conserved elements between human and mouse besides the Sry open reading frame. Sry expression from the transgene in 11.5 dpc XX embryos transgenic for 422 will be investigated. The only other site of Sry expression is in adult testis, probably in the germ cell component. It will be
- transgene complements this defect, producing males, it will be possible to examine transgene expression in the adult testes of these mice, in which normal germ cell development should occur.
- the testis determining factor is encoded by a Y chromosome gene responsible for initiating male sex determination.
- SRY is a transcribed gene located in the sex determining region of the human Y chromosome. If SRY is the testis determining gene, responsible for initiating male sex determination, it would be predicted that some sex-reversed XY females will have suffered mutations in this gene.
- Human XY females and normal XY males were tested for alterations in SRY using the single strand conformation polymorphism assay (SSCP) [Orita, M., Suzuki, Y., Sekiya, T. and Hayashi, K., Genomics. 5; 874-879 (1989); Orita, M., Iwahana, H., Kanazawa, H., Hayashi, K, and Sekiya, T.,
- SSCP single strand conformation polymorphism assay
- the minimum portion of the human Y chromosome known to be sex determining is 35 kb of Y-specific sequence located immediately adjacent to the pseudoautosomal boundary.
- SRY An homologous gene, Sry. is present in the sex determining region of the mouse Y chromosome and is deleted from a mutant Y chromosome that is no longer sex determining.
- the SRY gene has, in addition, many of the properties expected for the testis determining gene including a Y chromosome location in all eutherian mammals tested and is expressed in the somatic cells of the mouse genital ridge immediately prior to testis formation.
- Formal proof that SRY is the testis determining gene can be obtained by showing that mutations in SRY affect sex determination. In this study we have investigated gRY in sex reversed human XY females.
- XY females with gonadal dysgenesis can occur sporadically or, more rarely, in familial clusters [Nazareth, M.R.S. et al., Am. J. Med. Genet.. 2; 149-154 (1979); Simpson, J.L.
- SRY sequences were amplified by PCR from a collection of sporadic and familial cases of XY females, as well as normal male controls, using the primers XES7 and XES2 located within the SRY open reading frame, amplifying a 609 bp fragment.
- the primer sequences are:
- PCRs were performed with approximately 100 ng of genomic DNA, 200 ⁇ M each dNTP, 0.5 ⁇ M each primer, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM Tris (pH 8.3), 50mM KCl, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin, 0.25 U of Taq polymerase and 0.5 ⁇ l of [ ⁇ - 32P]dCTP (3000 Ci/mmol, 10mCi/ml) in a volume of
- 1 ⁇ l of the product was digested with Hinfl and TaqI in the presence of 4 mM spermidine hydrochloride in a 10 ⁇ l volume.
- the digested DNA was diluted 1:10 in 0.1% SDS, 10mM EDTA, followed by a 1:2 dilution in 95% formamide, 20 mM EDTA, 0.05% bromophenol blue, 0.05% xylene cyanol.
- Samples of 1-3 ⁇ l were heated at 80°C for 5 min to denature the DNA, then loaded onto 6% acrylamide, 10% glycerol nondenaturing gels using a sequencing-gel apparatus.
- Electrophoresis was carried out at 25 mA, with a fan heater set on cold directed at the gel as a cooling device.
- Fig 21 where the open reading frame of the genomic clone pY53.3 (SRY) is shown extending from 354 bp to 1,022 bp.
- the conserved motif which encodes a potential DNA binding protein extends from 582 bp to 821 bp.
- the dotted line indicates the location within the open reading frame of the nucleotide sequence shown.
- Fig. 21 shows the nucleotide sequence for XY female (JN) with base changes from G>C indicated by arrow.
- the middle line shows the normal male SRY nucleotide sequence.
- the bottom line shows XY female (AA) with a base change from G>A indicated by arrow.
- Fig. 22 the amino acid sequence of SRY for the human-Y, rabbit-Y, mouse-Y and mouse
- the variant found in the familial case causes a
- the variant could be fortuitously found in a family segregating for an autosomal or X-linked sex reversing gene. Finally, the variant could cause sex reversal and the father would be mosaic for wild type and variant sequences.
- SRY genes of the majority of the XY females tested appear normal by the SSCP assay. It is possible that these individuals have mutations in SRY that are not detected by the assay either because they do not cause a band shift or because they fall outside the region tested.
- these individuals may have mutations in another part of the sex determining pathway.
- testis cords Sex reversal of transgenic mouse embryos Fertilised eggs were microinjected with Sry gene sequences, transferred to pseudopregnant recipients, and a proportion of the resulting embryos were analysed at 14 days post transfer, rather than allowing them all to develop to term.
- the first visible sign of testis development from the genital ridge is the formation of testis cords at about 12.4 dpc in the mouse. This is due to the differentiation of Sertoli cells and their alignment into the epithelial structures surrounding the germ cells [Jost, A. & Marge, S. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.. 322. 55-61 (1988)].
- Cord formation confers a characteristic striped appearance to the developing testis, distinguishing it from the fetal ovary. Other morphological changes characteristic of the testis are its rapid growth and prominent vasculature.
- Fig 23 shows restriction maps of mouse Sry fragment 741 and human SRY fragment A (isolated from the cosmid cAMF, [Ellis, N.A. et al.. Nature. 337. 81-84 (1989)] are shown using the following restriction endonucleases: B, BamHI; E, EcoRI : H, Hindlll and S, Sall. Fragment sizes are shown.
- kb The conserved Sry/SRY open reading frame is indicated by a shaded box. The direction of the open reading frame is shown above the two clones. The position of the human pseudoautosomal boundary is indicated by an arrow, the pseudoautosomal region being to the right of this point.
- the positions of oligonucleotide primers used for PCR analysis are indicated by triangles.
- SRY- or Sry-containing fragments were released from cosmid or phage vectors by digestion with appropriate restriction enzymes and then isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis and further purified by one of three methods: (i) Geneclean (Bio101) according to manufacturers' instructions; (ii) phenol extraction, Sephadex G50 column chromatography and ethanol precipitation; (iii) Geneclean followed by Elutip (Schleicher & Schuell) and ethanol precipitation. Transgenic mice were produced essentially as described in "Manipulating the Mouse Embryo" (Hogan B., Contantini, F. & Lacy, E.) (Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York, 1986).
- chromosomal sex (XX or XY/XO) was determined by staining for sex chromatin in amnion cells [Monk, M & McLaren, A., J. Embryol Exp. Morph. 63. 75-84 (1981)].
- Transgenesis was assayed either by Southern blot or PCR detection of Sry. and the presence or absence of a Y chromosome judged from similar assays for Zfy gene sequences. Genomic DNA for Southern analysis was prepared from limbs.
- transgene transgene.
- XY male and XX female samples are included for comparison.
- the Zfy probe also detects Zfx and Zfa
- gonads from these two embryos were photographed whole in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. Sections (7 ⁇ m) were stained in haematoxylin and eosin and both exhibited normal testis cord formation, and were indistinguishable from testes from normal XY sib embryos (Fig 24b, c).
- PBS phosphate-buffered saline
- Fig. 24b shows pairs of gonads, dissected from embryo m7.22 (upper panel, centre) and M10.2 (lower panel, centre), are shown between single testes (left) and ovaries (right) of nontransgenic sibs.
- the gonads of the transgenic embryos show the characteristic stripes associated with testis cord formation.
- Fig. 24c shows histology of m7.22 (upper panel) and m10.2 (lower panel) testis sections. The apparent difference in size is due to plane of section. Cord morphology was similar to that of littermates.
- transgenic unequivocally identified as transgenic, and a further 4 embryos gave weak signals suggesting that they were mosaics possessing the transgene in a low proportion of cells
- PCR analysis 0.1 ⁇ g of genomic DNA was added to a 50 ⁇ l reaction mix containing 1.5mJJ each dNTP, 50mM Tris-HCl pH9, 15mM ammonium sulphate, 7mM MgCl 2 , 0.05% Nonidet P-40, 0.5U Tag polymerase (Anglian Biotec) and 500ng of each oligonucleotide primer.
- Amplification consisted of 30 cycles of 94°C for 5s, 65oC for 30s and 72°C for 30s in a Techne PHC-2 thermocycler. An 8 ⁇ l aliquot was
- Fig. 25 shows PCR analysis of genomic DNA from m33.13 (lane 3), showing Sry and control (myogenin) bands. No band corresponding to
- Fig. 25b shows external genitalia of mice 33.17 (left) and 33.13 (right) and Fig. 25c shows the histology of testis sections from mice 33.17 (left) and 33.13 (right) (Scale Bar, 90 ⁇ m).
- the mouse m33.13 was similar in size and weight to normal XY littermates. At about six weeks post partum m33.13 was caged with females (maximum of two per night). The mouse exhibited normal copulatory behaviour, mating four times in six days.
- m33.13 has a testis weight of 17mg (in the range expected for an XX Sxr' male), as opposed to 76 mg for an XY littermate.
- the testes were processed for histology and sections revealed the presence of tubules, with clearly defined and apparently normal populations of Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells and Sertoli cells, but a complete absence of cells undergoing spermatogensis (Fig. 25c).
- AMH anti-Mullerian hormone
- mice A further two XX transgenics, m32.10 and m33.2, showed an external female phenotype, yet both carried multiple copies of Sry. These mice have produced offspring indicating that they have functional reproductive tract and ovaries. These animals provide further evidence, along with the transgenic XX female fetuses described above, that f741 does not always cause sex reversal. While it is
- transgene could be subject to position effects due to the site of integration. Except for a few cases where locus controlling regions are present
- transgenes almost always depend on their chromosomal location [Grosveld, F. et al., Cell., 51. 975- 985 (1987)]. These two alternatives can be examined by breeding from the adult XX transgenic females.
- Mouse m32.10 was mated with an FI (CBA ⁇ C57BL/10) male and resulting offspring were tail biopsied at 3 weeks. Genomic DNA preparation and Southern analysis were as described in relation to Table 1 and results are shown in Fig. 26.
- the DNA used for pronuclear injection was a 25kb BamHI -SalI fragment representing human Y chromosomal DNA around SRY. is isolated from a cosmid clone cAMF [Ellis, N.A. et al.. Nature. 337. 81-84 (1989)]. This fragment includes approximately 12.5kb of Y-unique sequence 5', and 5kb 3' to the SRY conserved domain. The remaining 6kb represents sequences from the pseudoautosomal region that is common to the X and Y chromosomes (Fig. 23).
- Non-transgenic controls (non TG) are shown on the right. Oligonucelotide primers for myogenin were included in each analysis as a control. Below each lane is shown a PCR analysis of reverse-transcribed RNA
- the level of SRY expression in the genital ridges was estimated to be several times that of the endogenous Sry gene, and was greater than that seen in transgenic XY adult testis material.
- Clearly lack of transcription in the genital ridge cannot account for the failure of SRY to give sex reversal in mice. It is formally possible that the SRY mRNA is not correctly processed or translated. Alternatively the protein product could be unstable in mouse cells. However, it is more likely that differences in sequence incapacitate the human SRY protein in mouse cells, due to a failure to interact with other regulatory proteins or target genes. It would be possible to test this hypothesis by exchanging the human and mouse open reading frames. Discussion
- Sry acts over a short time period to initiate testis development. It must do this through interaction with other genes, some of which will be involved in the
- Sry Sry. These other genes must map elsewhere in the genome as it has been shown that Sry is the only Y-linked gene required to bring about male development in mice.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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JP91511410A JPH05507850A (en) | 1990-06-28 | 1991-06-28 | sex-determining gene |
AU80931/91A AU670229B2 (en) | 1990-06-28 | 1991-06-28 | Sex determining gene |
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GB9014446.0 | 1990-06-28 | ||
GB909014446A GB9014446D0 (en) | 1990-06-28 | 1990-06-28 | Gene |
GB9015488.1 | 1990-07-13 | ||
GB909015488A GB9015488D0 (en) | 1990-07-13 | 1990-07-13 | Gene |
GB9110085.9 | 1991-05-09 | ||
GB919110085A GB9110085D0 (en) | 1991-05-09 | 1991-05-09 | Sex determining gene |
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JP (1) | JPH05507850A (en) |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1993022432A1 (en) * | 1992-05-01 | 1993-11-11 | Genzyme Corporation | Method for identifying transgenic preimplantation embryos |
WO1998046747A2 (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 1998-10-22 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Genes in the non-recombining region of the y chromosome |
WO2001032008A1 (en) * | 1999-11-04 | 2001-05-10 | Pig Improvement Co (Uk) Ltd. | Methods for sexing non-human mammals |
US6489092B1 (en) | 1997-07-01 | 2002-12-03 | Vicam, L.P. | Method for sex determination of mammalian offspring |
EP2141049A1 (en) | 2008-07-04 | 2010-01-06 | Arno Martin Sauer | Holding device for a registration plate |
CN101792802A (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2010-08-04 | 四川大学华西医院 | SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y-chromosome) specificity TaqMan probe primer pair and real-time fluorescent SRY gene detective reagent kit |
CN107002093A (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2017-08-01 | 瑞泽恩制药公司 | Method and composition for targetting genetic modification, and these compositions application method |
CN112481308A (en) * | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-12 | 中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心 | Novel sex determining gene HAKAI, its regulation and control action and application |
CN113122539A (en) * | 2021-04-15 | 2021-07-16 | 石河子大学 | RNA interference fragment of donkey Zfy gene, expression vector and application thereof |
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WO1988001300A1 (en) * | 1986-08-12 | 1988-02-25 | The Australian National University | Sex determination in ruminants using y-chromosome specific polynucleotides |
WO1989002440A2 (en) * | 1987-09-21 | 1989-03-23 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Y-specific dna hybridization probes and uses therefor |
-
1991
- 1991-06-28 CA CA002085102A patent/CA2085102A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-06-28 JP JP91511410A patent/JPH05507850A/en active Pending
- 1991-06-28 AU AU80931/91A patent/AU670229B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-06-28 EP EP91911788A patent/EP0536213A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-06-28 WO PCT/GB1991/001057 patent/WO1992000375A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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WO1988001300A1 (en) * | 1986-08-12 | 1988-02-25 | The Australian National University | Sex determination in ruminants using y-chromosome specific polynucleotides |
WO1989002440A2 (en) * | 1987-09-21 | 1989-03-23 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Y-specific dna hybridization probes and uses therefor |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
Title |
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Cell, vol. 51, 24 December 1987, Cell Press, D.C. Page et al.: "The sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome encodes a finger protein", pages 1091-1104, see abstract; page 1099, column 2, line 1 - page 1101, column 1, line 2 (cited in the application) * |
Nature, vol. 346, 19 July 1990, A. McLaren: "What makes a man a man?", pages 216-217, see the whole article * |
Nature, vol. 346, 19 July 1990, A.H. Sinclair et al.: "A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif", pages 240-244, see the whole article * |
Nature, vol. 346, 19 July 1990, J. Gubbay et al.: "A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes", pages 245-250, see the whole article * |
Nature, vol. 351, 9 May 1991, P. Koopman et al.: "Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry", pages 117-121, see the whole article * |
Trends in Genetics, vol. 6, no. 9, September 1990, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, H. Cooke: "The continuing search for the mammalian sex-determining gene", pages 273-275, see the whole article * |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1993022432A1 (en) * | 1992-05-01 | 1993-11-11 | Genzyme Corporation | Method for identifying transgenic preimplantation embryos |
WO1998046747A2 (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 1998-10-22 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Genes in the non-recombining region of the y chromosome |
WO1998046747A3 (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 1999-03-04 | Whitehead Biomedical Inst | Genes in the non-recombining region of the y chromosome |
US6103886A (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 2000-08-15 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Genes in the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome |
US6489092B1 (en) | 1997-07-01 | 2002-12-03 | Vicam, L.P. | Method for sex determination of mammalian offspring |
WO2001032008A1 (en) * | 1999-11-04 | 2001-05-10 | Pig Improvement Co (Uk) Ltd. | Methods for sexing non-human mammals |
EP2141049A1 (en) | 2008-07-04 | 2010-01-06 | Arno Martin Sauer | Holding device for a registration plate |
CN101792802A (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2010-08-04 | 四川大学华西医院 | SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y-chromosome) specificity TaqMan probe primer pair and real-time fluorescent SRY gene detective reagent kit |
CN101792802B (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2012-06-27 | 四川大学华西医院 | SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y-chromosome) specificity TaqMan probe primer pair and real-time fluorescent SRY gene detective reagent kit |
CN107002093A (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2017-08-01 | 瑞泽恩制药公司 | Method and composition for targetting genetic modification, and these compositions application method |
CN112481308A (en) * | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-12 | 中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心 | Novel sex determining gene HAKAI, its regulation and control action and application |
CN112481308B (en) * | 2019-09-11 | 2023-04-25 | 中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心 | Novel sex-determining gene HAKAI, its regulation and control effect and application |
CN113122539A (en) * | 2021-04-15 | 2021-07-16 | 石河子大学 | RNA interference fragment of donkey Zfy gene, expression vector and application thereof |
CN113122539B (en) * | 2021-04-15 | 2023-12-05 | 石河子大学 | RNA interference fragment of donkey Zfy gene, expression vector and application thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0536213A1 (en) | 1993-04-14 |
CA2085102A1 (en) | 1991-12-29 |
AU8093191A (en) | 1992-01-23 |
AU670229B2 (en) | 1996-07-11 |
JPH05507850A (en) | 1993-11-11 |
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