WO1995006031A1 - Inhibitors of tnf-alpha secretion - Google Patents

Abstract

Compounds and methods are disclosed that are useful in inhibiting the TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) responsible for cleavage of TNF-α precursor to provide biologically active TNF-α. The compounds employed in the invention are peptidyl derivatives having active groups capable of inhibiting TACE such as hydroxamates, thiols, phosphoryls and carboxyls.

Description

TITLE

"Inhibitors of TNF-alpha Secretion"

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application serial no. 08/110,601, filed August 23, 1993, pending.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention pertains to compounds which are inhibitors of metalloproteases and, in particular, to compounds which inhibit the TNF-α converting enzyme.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, also known as cachectin) is a mammalian protein capable of inducing a variety of effects on numerous cell types. TNF-α was initially characterized by its ability to cause lysis of tumor cells and is produced by activated cells such as mononuclear phagocytes, T-cells, B-cells, mast cells and NK cells. In mononuclear phagocytes, TNF-α is initially synthesized as a membrane-bound protein of approximately 26 kD. A 17 kD fragment of the 26 kD membrane-bound TNF-α is "secreted" and combines with two other secreted TNF-α molecules to form a circulating 51 kD homotrimer. TNF-α is a principal mediator of the host response to gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin), derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, is a potent stimulator of TNF-α synthesis. Because the deleterious effects which can result from an over-production or an unregulated-production of TNF are extremely serious, considerable efforts have been made to control or regulate the serum level of TNF. An important part in the effort to effectively control serum TNF levels is the understanding of the mechanism of TNF biosynthesis.

The mechanism by which TNF-α is secreted has only been recently elucidated. Kriegler et al. Cell, 53, 45-53, (1988) conjectured that TNF-α "secretion" is due to the cleaving of the 26 kD membrane-bound molecule by a proteolytic enzyme or protease. Scuderi et. al., J. Immunology, 143, 168-173 (1989), suggested that the release of TNF-α from human leukocyte cells is dependent on one or more serine proteases, e.g., a leukocyte elastase or trypsin. A serine protease inhibitor, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester, was found to suppress human leukocyte TNF release in a concentration-dependent manner. Scuderi et. al. suggested that the arginine methyl ester competes for the arginine-binding site in the enzyme's reactive center and thereby blocks hydrolysis. The lysine and phenylalanine analogs of the inhibitor reportedly failed to mimic the arginine methyl ester.

We have discovered that the protease which causes the cleavage of the TNF-α molecule into the 17 kD protein is, in fact, a metalloprotease which is believed to reside in the plasma membrane of cells producing TNF-α. The physicochemical characteristics of the enzyme have not been published.

Most, but not all, proteases recognize a specific amino acid sequence. Some proteases primarily recognize residues located N-terminal of the cleaved bond, some recognize residues located C-terminal of the cleaved bond, and some proteases recognize residues on both sides of the cleaved bond. Metalloprotease enzymes utilize a bound metal ion, generally Zn²⁺, to catalyze the hydrolysis of the peptide bond. Metalloproteases are implicated in joint destruction (the matrix metalloproteases), blood pressure regulation (angiotensin converting enzyme), and regulation of peptide-hormone levels (neutral endopeptidase-24.11).

Numerous inhibitors have been developed against the previously described metalloproteases. A general family of inhibitors against matrix-metalloproteases, and in particular collagenase, is reported in WO 92/09563. This document shows compounds having the general structure of a reverse hydroxamate - or a hydroxyurea - linked via an amide to an amino acid derivative, such as tryptophan or 2-naphthyl alanine. Inhibitors of collagenase are also reported in WO 88/06890; these compounds contain sulfhydryl moieties as well as phenylalanine and tryptophan analogs. Collagenase inhibitors are reported in WO 92/09556 and U.S. Patent No. 5,114,953 and possess hydroxamate moities and fused or conjugated bicycloaryl substituents. The myriad potential gelatinase inhibitors covered by the generic formula in EPA 489,577 are amino acid derivatives optionally possessing a hydroxamate group. Hydroxamate derivatives useful as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are reported in EPO 498,665.

Inhibition of the TNF-α converting enzyme (hereinafter referred to as "TACE"), a novel metalloprotease, inhibits release of TNF-α into the serum and other extracellular spaces. TACE inhibitors would therefore have clinical utility in treating conditions characterized by over-production or unregulated production of TNF-α. A particularly useful TACE inhibitor for certain pathological conditions would selectively inhibit TACE while not affecting TNF-β (also known as lymphotoxin) serum levels. The over-production or unregulated production of TNF-α has been implicated in certain conditions and diseases, for example: I. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, which includes:

Sepsis syndrome

gram positive sepsis

gram negative sepsis

culture negative sepsis

fungal sepsis

neutropenic fever

urosepsis

meningococcemia

Trauma/hemorrhage

Burns

Ionizing radiation exposure

Acute pancreatitis

Adult respiratory distress syndrome.

II. Reperfusion Injury, which includes:

Post pump syndrome

Ischemia-reperfusion injury III. Cardiovascular Disease, which includes:

Cardiac stun syndrome

Myocardial infarction

Congestive heart failure IV. Infectious Disease, which includes:

HIV infection/ HIV neuropathy

Meningitis

Hepatitis

Septic arthritis

Peritonitis

Pneumonia

Epiglottitis

E. coli 0157.H7

Hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombolytic thrombocytopenic purpura Malaria

Dengue hemorrhagic fever

Leishmaniasis

Leprosy Toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcal myositis

Gas gangrene

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Orchitis/epidydimitis

Legionella

Lyme disease

Influenza A

Epstein-Barr Virus

Viral-associated hemaphagocytic syndrome

Viral encephalitis/aseptic meningitis

V. Obstetrics/Gynecology, including:

Premature labor

Miscarriage

Infertility

VI. Inflammatory Disease/Autoimmunity, which includes:

Rheumatoid arthritis/seronegative arthropathies

Osteoarthritis

Inflammatory bowel disease

Systemic lupus erythematosis

Iridocyclitis/uveitis/optic neuritis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Systemic vasculitis/Wegener's granulomatosis

Sarcoidosis

Orchitis/vasectomy reversal procedures

VII. Allergic/Atopic Diseases, which includes:

Asthma

Allergic rhinitis

Eczema

Allergic contact dermatitis

Allergic conjunctivitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis VIII. Malignancy, which includes:

ALL

AML CML

CLL

Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

MM

Kaposi's sarcoma

Colorectal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Malignant histiocytosis

Paraneoplastic syndrome/hypercalcemia of malignancy IX. Transplants, including:

Organ transplant rejection

Graft-versus-host disease

X . Cachexia

XI. Congenital, which includes:

Cystic fibrosis

Familial hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Sickle cell anemia

XII. Dermatologic, which includes:

Psoriasis

Alopecia XIII. Neurologic, which includes:

Multiple sclerosis

Migraine headache

XIV. Renal, which includes:

Nephrotic syndrome

Hemodialysis

Uremia XV. Toxicity, which includes:

OKT3 therapy

Anti-CD3 therapy

Cytokine therapy

Chemotherapy

Radiation therapy

Chronic salicylate intoxication

XVI. Metabolic/Idiopathic, which includes:

Wilson's disease

Hemachromatosis

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

Diabetes

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Osteoporosis

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis evaluation

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Inhibitors of TACE would prevent the cleavage of cell-bound TNF-α thereby reducing the level of TNF-α in serum and tissues. Such inhibitors would be of significant clinical utility and could be potential therapeutics for treating the above TNF-α-related disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to compounds of formula I:

wherein:

X is hydroxamic acid, thiol, phosphoryl or carboxyl;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

R¹, R² and R³ each independent of the other is hydrogen, alkylene(cycloalkyl),

OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵), halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl, aryl, a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid; or the group -R⁶R⁷, wherein R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl and R⁷ is OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵) or halogen, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are, each independent of the other, hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;

provided that when n is 1, A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical; when n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; and

B is unsubstituted or substituted C₂ to C₈ alkylene;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The compounds of formula I are useful as metalloprotease inhibitors, and particularly useful as inhibitors of the TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE).

The invention also relates to a method of treating a mammal having a disease characterized by an overproduction or an unregulated production of TNF-α. The method comprises the steps of administering to the mammal a composition comprising an effective amount of a biologically active compound of formula II:

wherein:

X is hydroxamic acid, thiol, phosphoryl or carboxyl;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

R¹, R² and R³ each independent of the other is hydrogen, alkylene(cycloalkyl), OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵), halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₁ to

C₈ alkylenearyl, aryl, a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid; or the group -R⁶R⁷, wherein R⁶ is C₁ to C₈ alkyl and R⁷ is OR⁴,

SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵) or halogen, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

Y is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, alkylene(cycloalkyl), the group -R⁸-COOR⁹ or the group -R¹⁰N(R^{1 1})(R¹²); wherein R⁸ is C₁ to C₈ alkylene; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₈ alkyl; R¹⁰ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₈ alkylene; and R ¹¹ and R¹² are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or C₁ to C₈ alkyl;

provided that when n is 1, A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical; and

when n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein the compound is capable of reducing serum TNF-α levels by at least 80% when administered at 25mg/kg in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis syndrome; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The discovery of useful inhibitors of the TACE metalloprotease has led to the discovery of further embodiments of the invention, including pharmaceutical compositions for treating the above-listed disorders comprising a compound according to formula II and protein having TNF- binding activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a compound of formula I:

wherein:

X is hydroxamic acid, thiol, phosphoryl or carboxyl;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

R¹, R² and R³ each independent of the other is hydrogen, alkylene(cycloalkyl), OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵), halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₁ to

C8 alkylenearyl, aryl, a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid; or the group -R⁶R⁷, wherein R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl and R⁷ is OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵) or halogen, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl; n is 0, 1 or 2;

provided that when n is 1, A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical; provided that when n is 1 , A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical; when n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; and

B is unsubstituted or substituted C₂ to C₈ alkylene;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The compounds of formula I are useful as inhibitors of TNF-α secretion, and particularly useful as inhibitors of the TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE). The invention also relates to a method for treating a mammal having a condition or a disease characterized by overproduction or unregulated production of TNF-α, comprising administering to the mammal a composition comprising an effective amount of a biologically active compound of formula II:

wherein:

X is hydroxamic acid, thiol, phosphoryl or carboxyl;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

R¹, R² and R³ each independent of the other is hydrogen, alkylene(cycloalkyl),

OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵), halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl, aryl, a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid; or the group -R⁶R⁷, wherein R⁶ is C₁ to C₈ alkyl and R⁷ is OR⁴,

SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵) or halogen, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

Y is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, alkylene(cycloalkyl), the group -R⁸-COOR⁹ or the group -R¹⁰N(R^{1 1})(R¹²); wherein R⁸ is C₁ to C₈ alkylene; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₈ alkyl; R¹⁰ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to

C₈ alkylene; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or C₁ to

C₈ alkyl;

provided that when n is 1 , A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical; and when n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein the compound is capable of reducing serum TNF levels by at least 80% when administered at 25mg/kg in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis syndrome; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound according to formula I as the active component. In addition, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound according to formula II and a protein which binds TNF are described. An example of a protein which binds TNF is an anti-TNF antibody or a soluble TNF receptor which is described in EPA 0418014, assigned to the assignee of the instant application. The disclosure of EPA 0418014 is incorporated herein by reference.

The following definitions are used herein. "Alkyl" means a straight or branched, univalent, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups include the straight-chain groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl and octenyl as well as the branched isomers thereof. "Substituted alkyl" means an alkyl group substituted with one or more of hydroxy, amino, halogen, or thiol.

"Alkylene" means a bivalent alkyl group as defined above. "Substituted alkylene" means an alkylene group substituted with one or more of hydroxy, amino, halogen or thiol groups.

"Aryl" means an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, including for example, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, thienyl, furyl and the like, optionally substituted with one or more of C₁ to C₈ alkyl, hydroxy, amino, halogen, thiol or alkyl groups.

"Alkylene(cycloalkyl)" refers to groups of the structure -R¹³-R¹⁴ wherein R¹³ is an alkylene as defined above, and R¹⁴ is a univalent cyclic alkane radical, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.

"Alkylenearyl" means the group -R¹⁵-R ¹⁶, wherein R¹⁵ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group as defined above, and R¹⁶ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group as defined above. "α-Amino acid" refers to any of the 22 common amino acids, e.g., alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine.

"Protected amino acid" and "protected side chain of an α-amino acid" means the side chains of the amino acid are permanently or temporarily coupled to a chemical group which protects or prevents the side chain from undesired branching, structural modification or rearrangement which can occur during subsequent synthetic steps. Use of such protecting groups for these purposes is well known in the art, as are the protecting groups themselves. Examples of common protecting groups are N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and N-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc). "Biologically active" as used in defining certain compounds of formula II, designates a compound capable of (a) inhibiting secretion of TNF-α; (b) preventing cleavage of membrane-bound TNF-α by TACE; or (c) reducing serum TNF levels by at least 80% when administered at 25 mg/kg in a standard murine model of LPS-induced sepsis syndrome. In the compounds of formulas I and II, preferred radicals for X are hydroxamic acid, thiol and phosphoryl. More preferred X radicals are hydroxamic acid and thiol, while the most preferred radical is hydroxamic acid. The preferred value for m is 1.

Preferred R¹ or R² radicals are hydrogen, C₁ to C₈ alkyl and C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl. Where R¹ or R² is alkyl, preferred is C₁ to C₆ alkyl and most preferred is C₁ to C₄ alkyl. Where R¹ or R² is alkylenearyl, preferred alkylene groups are C₁ to C₆ alkylene, and more preferred is C₁ to C₄ alkylene; and preferred aryl groups are phenyl and substituted phenyl. The most preferred alkylenearyl group for R¹ or R² is C₁ to C₄ alkylenephenyl. The most preferred group for R¹ is hydrogen and the most preferred group for R² is isobutyl.

Preferred R³ radicals are substituted and unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl and C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl. Where R³ is alkyl, preferred is C₁ to C₆ alkyl and more preferred is C₁ to C₄ alkyl, with t- butyl being most preferred. Where R³ is C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl, preferred alkylene groups are C₁ to C₆ alkylene, and more preferred is C₁ to C4 alkylene; and preferred aryl groups are phenyl, naphthyl, and thienyl, each optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, halogen, thiol or alkyl groups. Preferred groups for R³ are therefore C₁ to C₄ alkylenephenyl, C₁ to C₄ alkylenenaphthyl, and C₁ to C₄ alkylenethienyl. More preferred is C₁ to C₄ alkylenenaphthyl, with methylenenaphthyl being most preferred. Where R³ is a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid, R³ preferably is an arginine, lysine, tryptophan or tyrosine side chain. However, the most preferred radicals for R³ are t-buyl, methylene(cyclohexyl) and methylene-(2'naphthyl).

The radical A is preferably an unprotected naturally-occurring amino acid residue. More preferred naturally-occurring residues are the alanyl radical or an unprotected seryl radical. The most preferred radical for A is an alanyl residue. Further preferred compounds are those where n is 0 or 1, while most preferably n is 1.

Preferred radicals for B are C₂ to C₆ alkylene. More preferred radicals are C₂ to C₄ alkylene, with dimethylene being most preferred.

For compounds according to formula II, Y is preferably hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl or the group -R¹⁰N(R^{1 1})(R^{1 2}). Most preferred is the group -R¹⁰N(R^{1 1})(R¹²) with R¹⁰ preferably being unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₆ alkylene, R^{1 1} and R¹² preferably are each independently hydrogen or C₁ to C₆ alkyl. More preferred R¹⁰ radicals are unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₄ alkylene, with dimethylene being most preferred. More preferred radicals for R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen or C₁ to C₄ alkyl, with hydrogen being most preferred.

Compounds according to the invention can be prepared utilizing the procedures outlined below, the appended reaction Schemes and the procedures detailed in the Examples below.

General Synthesis

With reference to Scheme 1 , the inhibitor compounds may be prepared by converting the carboxylic acid or ester compound (1o), wherein R is H or C₁ to C₈ alkyl, and P is CBZ, BOC, FMOC or other suitable protective group (Greene T., Wuts P., "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2nd Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1991; Chapter 7), to the corresponding hydroxamic acid or hydroxamic ester compound (1p). In compound (Ip), R' is H, TMS, t-Bu, Bzl or other group made by treating these compounds, or an activated form of the carboxylic acid, (Bodanszky, M., Bodanszky, A., "The Practice of Peptide Synthesis"; Springer- Verlag: Berlin, 1984; Chapter II) with a hydroxylamine reagent under conditions which effect the conversion. This is followed by the subsequent removal of the protective group P and R' to generate compound (1q). The abbreviations used above correspond to the following: Bzl=benzyl; BOC=t-butoxycarbonyl; tBu=t-butyl; CBZ=benzyloxycarbonyl; FMOC=9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; TMS=trimethylsilyl. A hydroxylamine reagent described above can be hydroxylamine or alternatively, it can be an O-protected hydroxylamine such as commercially available O-trimethylsilyl hydroxylamine, O-tert-butylhydroxylamine, or O-benzylhydroxylamine.

The preparation of precursor compound (Io) may be carried out by condensing the dicarboxylate compound (Ie), with the amine (In), wherein R" is an activating group

(Bodanszky, M.; et al., supra.) such as an active ester, anhydride or other group that causes condensation with the amine terminus of compound (In) to occur with formation of a peptide bond.

The preparation of compound (Ie) may be typically carried out as follows: the sodium salt of the 2-oxocarboxylate compound (la), is esterified with benzyl bromide to produce the benzyl ester (lb). Several examples of compound (la) are commercially available as various salts or carboxylic acids. Others can be made synthetically (see, for example, Nimitz, J. et al., J. Org. Chem. 46:211, 1981; and Weinstock, L.et al., Synth. Commun. 11 :943, 1981). The benzyl ester compound (lb) is treated with a Wittig reagent, typically methyl or tert-butyl triphenylphosphoranylidene acetate, to form the alkene (Ic), as a mixture of E- and Z- isomers. Reduction of the alkene compound (Ic) is carried out with hydrogen, in the presence of an appropriate catalyst (typically palladium on activated charcoal), to both hydrogenate the double bond and to remove the benzyl ester, giving the mono-ester compound (Id) as a enantiomeric mixture. Compound (Ie) is obtained by treating the mono-ester compound (Id) using any of a variety of conventional carboxylate activation procedures.

The preparation of the amine compound (In) is achieved by condensing the compound (II) with the amine compound (Ik), wherein P' is an amine protective group other than P, and R" is an activating group such as an active ester, anhydride or other group that causes condensation with the amine terminus of (Ik) to occur with formation of a peptide bond, to give compound (Im). Removal of P is accomplished under appropriate conditions (Bodanszky, M.; Bodanszky, A., "The Practice of Peptide Synthesis"; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1984; Chapter III) to produce compound (In), either as corresponding amine or the amine salt. Compound (II) is prepared from the commercially available N-protected carboxylic acid, or which can be synthesized by standard methods. Preparation of (Ik) is carried out by condensing the compound (Ii) with mono-protected diamine (Ih) wherein P is an amine protective group such as CBZ, BOC, FMOC or other suitable protective group; and P' is an amine protective group other than P, and R" is an activating group such as an active ester, anhydride or other group that causes condensation with the unprotected amine terminus of compound (Ih) to occur with formation of a amide bond to give compound (Ij). Removal of P' under appropriate conditions is accomplished to produce compound (Ik), either as the corresponding amine or the amine salt. Precursor compound (Ih) is prepared in two steps from the amine-nitrile (If).

Several examples of compound (If) are available commercially and others can be easily synthesized by classical methods. The amine-nitrile (If) is protected with an appropriate protective group reagent to produce the protected amine-nitrile (Ig). In compound Ig, P is typically CBZ, BOC or FMOC groups, but can be any other suitable group. The protected amine-nitrile (Ig) undergoes reduction with a reagent such as borane-methyl sulfide complex or sodium borohydride/cobalt (II) chloride, to give the mono-protected diamine (Ih) which can be isolated as its amine salt.

Compound (Ii) is prepared from the carboxyl form of the corresponding P'-protected dipeptide or P'-protected amino acid by conventional methods, or can be purchased commercially.

The compounds of formula II may be administered orally, parenterally, via inhalation, transdermally, intra-nasally, intra-ocularlly, mucosally, rectally and topically. Such administration may be in dosage unit formulations containing conventional adjuvants and carrier materials. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intracisternal injection or infusion techniques.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Such carrier materials are well known, and are described, for example, in European Patent Application No. 0 519 748, incorporated herein by reference. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy. The following examples are illustrative of the invention. Thin layer chromotagraphy was performed using silica gel 60 F254 plates. Reaction schemes for Examples 1 through 9 are appended and follow Example 14. As used heren, "Compound A" refers to the compound N-{ D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}L-3-(2'naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide described by Spatola et. al., Peptides: Chemistry and Biology, Proceedings of the 12th American Peptide Symposium, eds. Smith, J.A., Rivier, J.E., ESCOM, Leiden, Netherlands. Compound A was prepared using the following procedure, and a reaction scheme therefor is appended as reaction scheme A. Preparation of Compound A

Referring to reaction scheme A and scheme 2, a mixture of 2.0g (6.3 mmol) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine and 0.80g (6.9 mmol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide, and 1.8g (9.5 mmol) of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (10 ml) was stirred for 90 minutes at room temperature. To this was added 1.2g (9.5 mmol) of L-alanine amide hydrochloride, followed by 1.4 ml (9.5 mmol) of triethylamine dissolved in 5 ml of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring at room temperature for 14 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo . The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 ml) and washed with 1M HCl (3×50 ml), water (2×50 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×50 ml) and finally brine (50 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give

2.1g (86%) yield) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (Ai) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.16 (chloroform-isopropanol 19:1); NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 1.15 (m,3H),

1.24(s,9H), 3.05(m,2H), 4.23(m,2H), 7.02(s.1H), 7.07(s,2H), 7.35(s,1H), 7.47(m,2H),

7.71(s,1H), 7.82(m,3H), 7.98(d,1H).

A suspension of 1.8g (4.7 mmol) of (Ai) in dichloromethane (15 ml) was cooled with an ice bath. Trifluoroacetic acid (15 ml) was added and the homogeneous solution was stirred at ca. 5 °C for 5 minutes, then allowed to warm to room temperature. After 1 hour the dichloromethane and the trifluoroacetic acid were removed in vacuo . The residue was dissolved in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (18 ml) containing 5.6 ml (33 mmol) of triethylamine. To this was added 1.2g (4.2 mmol) of (1d) in one portion. After stirring for 14 hours, the N,N-dimethylformamide was removed in vacuo to give a residue. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (250 ml) and washed with IM HCl (2x75 ml), water (75 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2x75 ml) and finally brine (75 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated to produce 1.5g (89% yield) of N-{D,L-2-(methoxycarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (A₂) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.57 (chloroformisopropanol 9:1);

MS: mle 455 (M+) Under an atmosphere of argon, a mixture of 0.62g (11 mmol) of KOH in 2.8ml of hot methanol was combined with a mixture of 0.61g (8.8 mmol) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 2.8 ml of hot methanol. After cooling in an ice bath, the reaction was filtered into a flask containing 1.0g (2.2 mmol) of (A2) and 1 ml of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 18 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo . The solid was dissolved in hot ethyl acetate (250 ml) and washed with 16 ml of 10% potassium bisulfate solution. The organic phase was heated to its boiling point before drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Filtration and subsequent concentration of the filtrate in vacuo produced a solid, which was triturated with ether (50 ml) and collected by filtration to give 0.77g (77% yield) of N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (A) as a white solid. The diastereomers of (A) were separated and purified by reverse phase HPLC using a C_{1 8} column, eluting with water containing 0.1% trifluoracetic acid with a gradient of acetonitrile (0-60% in 30 minutes) and also containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, ("Method A"), to give a purified early eluting diastereomer and a purified late eluting diastereomer, which had retention times of 21 and 23 minutes respectively. TLC: Rf 0.13 (chloroform-methanol 9:l)

¹H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 0.63(d,3H), 0.72(d,3H), 0.90(m,1H), 1.21(d,3H), 1.26(m,2H), 1.86(m,2H), 2.63(m, 1H), 2.99(m,1H), 3.24(m,1H), 4.18(q,1H), 4.55 (m,1H), 7.05(s.1H), 7.28(s.1H), 7.48(m,3H), 7.72(s.1H), 7.83(m,3H), 7.91(d.1H), 8.27(d,1H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O/CD₃CN) δ 17.7, 21.8, 23.1, 26.0, 36.3, 37.4, 41.5, 42.2, 50.1, 55.5, 126.7, 127.1, 128.2, 128.5, 128.8, 129.0, 133.2, 134.2, 135.6, 170.4, 173.0, 177.4, 177.5.

MS: m/e 456 (M+)

EXAMPLE 1

Synthesis of N-{D,L- 2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'- naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine, 2-aminoethyl amide (Compound 1)

With reference to reaction Scheme 2, a slurry of 25g (0.164 mol) of the sodium salt of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, sodium salt in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (50 ml) containing 19.6 ml (0.164 mol) of benzyl bromide was agitated at room temperature for 4 days. The solvent was removed in vacuo . The residue was dissolved in 250 ml of hexane and washed with water (3×50 ml) and brine (50 ml) . After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 33.2g (92% yield) of benzyl 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (la) as a viscous, colorless oil. TLC: R_f 0.70 (ethyl acetate-hexane 1:4); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.94(d, 6H), 2.18(m,1H), 2.71(d, 2H), 5.26(s, 2H), 7.37(m, 5H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃) δ 22.5, 24.2, 48.1, 67.9, 128.7, 128.8, 128.9, 134.7, 161.3, 194.0.

A solution of 26.4g (0.120 mol) of benzyl ester (la) and 40.1g (0.120 mol) of methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate in dichloromethane (410 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Removal of the dichloromethane in vacuo produced a solid which was triturated with several volumes of hexane (4×100 ml). The hexane volumes were collected by filtration, combined and concentrated in vacuo to produce an oil which was distilled at reduced pressure (bp.138-157 °C/0.8mm Hg) to obtain 27.8g (84% yield) of purified benzyl E,Z-2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)propenoate (1b) as a yellow oil. TLC: R_f 0.53 and 0.67; E and Z isomers (ethyl acetate-hexane 1:4); NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.91(m, 6H, CH(CH₃)₂), 1.85(m,1H, CH(CH₃)₂), 2.23(Z) and 2.79(E) (d, 2H, C=CCH₂), 3.62(Z) and 3.74(E) (s, 3H, CO₂CH₃), 5.23(E) and 5.27(Z) (s, 2H, CO₂CH₂C₆H₅), 5.82(Z) and 6.82(E) (s, 1H, CH=C), 7.35(m, 5H, C₆H₅).

A suspension of 4.0g of 10% palladium on activated carbon in a solution of 27.2g (0.098 mol) of (lb) dissolved in 75 ml of methanol was agitated under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen for 24 hours. Removal of the catalyst by filtration and concentration of the filtrate in vacuo gave an oil which was distilled at reduced pressure (bp.115-121°C/0.5mm Hg) to obtain 12.7g (68%) of D,L-2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)propionic acid (1c) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.94 (m, 6H), 1.36(m,1H), 1.63(m, 2H), 2.58(m, 2H), 2.95(m, 1H), 3.70(s, 3H), 10.8(bs.1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 22.1, 22.3, 25.6, 35.8, 39.2, 40.8, 51.7, 172.2, 181.3.

A solution of 12.3g (0.065 mol) of (lc) and 7.5g (0.065 mol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) was cooled to ca. 5 °C with an ice bath. A solution of 13.5g (0.065 mol) of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at ca. 5 °C for 1 hour, then allowed to stand overnight under refrigeration. After removal of the dicyclohexylurea by-product by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to produce a solid, which was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-hexane to give 14.5g (78% yield) of D,L-2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)propionic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (1d) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.46 (chloroform-isopropanol 19:1); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.97(m, 6H), 1.61(m,2H), 1.80(m, 1H), 2.72(m, 2H), 2.84(s, 4H), 3.74(s, 3H); ^{1 3}C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 21.9, 22.5, 25.5, 36.2, 37.2, 41.0, 52.0, 168.8, 170.6, 171.0.

To a solution of 24.9g (0.10 mol) of benzyl succinimidylcarbonate and 10.2g (0.11mol) of aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride dissolved in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (100 ml) was added 15.4 ml (0.1 lmol) of triethylamine over a period of 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Removal of the N,N-dimethylformamide in vacuo produced a residue which was dissolved in 350 ml of ethyl acetate. The solution was washed with water (350 ml), 2M HCl (3×50 ml) and brine (50 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 17.3g (91% yield) of N-CBZ-aminoacetonitrile (le) as an amber solid. TLC: R_f 0.65 (ethyl acetate-hexane 1:1); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 4.05(d, 2H), 5.13(s, 2H), 5.46(bt, 1H), 7.35(bs, 5H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃) δ 29.5, 67.9, 116.2, 128.3, 128.5, 128.7, 135.5, 155.7.

Under an atmosphere of dry argon, 24.3g (0.128 mol) of N-CBZ-aminoacetonitrile (1e) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (32 ml). The solution was stirred and 64 ml of borane-methylsulfide complex (2M in tetrahydrofuran) was added via syringe. The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred overnight. The mixture was cooled with an ice bath as 5 ml of water was added slowly, with vigorous stirring. The stirring was continued for ca. 5 minutes, then 75 ml of 6M HCl was slowly added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour, then the excess tetrahydrofuran and dimethyl sulfide was removed in vacuo . The aqueous residue was extracted with ether (2×50 ml). The ether extracts were then discarded. The pH of the aqueous residue was raised to 11 by adding concentrated NH₄OH. The resulting aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 ml) and the ethyl acetate extracts were combined and washed with brine (50 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil was dissolved in 30 ml of anhydrous methanol, treated with cold methanolic HCl and concentrated in vacuo to produce a solid. The solid was triturated with ether and collected by filtration to give 15.1g (51% yield) of N-CBZ-ethylenediamine hydrochloride (1f) as a white powder. ¹H NMR(D₂O) δ 3.15(m, 2H), 3.46(m, 2H), 5.14(s, 2H), 7.46(bs, 5H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O) δ 41.1, 42.6, 70.4, 131.0, 131.3, 131.7, 132.0, 139.4, 161.7.

A solution of 10.0g (0.043 mol) of (1f) and 10.3g (0.036 mol) of N-BOC-L-alanine, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (50 ml) was cooled with an ice bath. To this was added 7.6 ml (0.054 mol) of triethylamine in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (20 ml) over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction was stirred at ca. 5 °C for 1 hour, then at room temperature for 1 hour. The N,N-dimethylformamide was removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was dissolved in 300 ml of ethyl acetate. The solution was washed with 1M HCl (3×100 ml), water (100 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (3×100 ml) and finally, with brine (100 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 12.4g (94% yield) of N-BOC-L-alanine, 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)ethyl amide (1g) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.67 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ^1H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.27(d, 3H), 1.40(s, 9H), 3.32(m, 4H), 4.15(m, 1H), 5.06(s, 2H), 5.51(d, 1H), 5.90(m,1H), 7.19(m, 1H), 7.31(bs, 5H); ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃) δ 18.5, 28.2, 39.6, 40.5, 50.1, 66.5, 79.8, 127.9, 128.3, 136.3, 155.4, 156.9, 173.7.

A solution of 12.0g (0.033 mol) of (1g) in 25 ml of dichloromethane was cooled with an ice bath and 25 ml of trifluoroacetic acid was added. The solution was stirred at ca 5 °C for 20 minutes, then allowed to stir to room temperature. After 90 minutes, the dichloromethane and trifluoroacetic acid were removed in vacuo . The resulting residue was dissolved in 200 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 2M sodium hydroxide (200 ml) and brine (100 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to produce 7.86g (90% yield) of L-alanine, 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)ethyl amide (1h) as a white solid. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.28(d, 3H), 2.09(m, 2H), 3.33(m, 4H), 3.47(q, 1H), 5.07(s, 2H), 5.59(bt, 1H), 7.33(bs, 5H), 7.69(bt, 1H);1³C NMR (CDCI₃) δ 21.3, 39.5, 40.9, 50.4, 66.6, 128.0, 128.1, 128.4, 136.4, 156.9, 176.7.

Under an atmosphere of dry argon, a solution of 8.9g (0.028 mol) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine and 3.2 ml (0.028 mol) of 4-methylmorpholine in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (20 ml) was cooled to -15 °C and treated with 3.67 ml (0.028 mol) of isobutyl chloroformate. The mixture was stirred at -15 °C for 30 minutes, then a solution of 7.5g (0.028 mol) of (1h) and 3.2 ml (0.028 mol) of 4-methylmorpholine in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (20 ml) was added slowly, over 10 minutes. The reaction was stirred at -15 °C for 2 hours, then at room temperature for 18 hours. The N,N-dimethylformamide was removed in vacuo and the resulting solid was dissolved in 1 liter of hot ethyl acetate. The hot solution was washed with 1M HCl (3×150 ml), water (150 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate (3×150 ml) and finally with brine (150 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the hot solution was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow solid was triturated with 400 ml of cold 1:3 ethyl acetate-hexane and collected by filtration to give 14.5g (91% yield) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine, 2- (benzyloxycarbonylamino)ethyl amide (1i) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.59 (chloroformisopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.26(d, 3H), 1.35(s, 9H), 3.16(m, 6H), 4.42(m, 1H), 4.50(m, 1H), 5.07(s, 2H), 5.25(d, 1H), 5.69(m, 1H), 6.82(m, 1H), 6.90(d, 1H), 7.29(s, 1H), 7.31(bs, 5H), 7.45(m, 2H), 7.61(s, 1H), 7.76(m,3H);¹³C NMR (CDCI₃) δ 18.0, 28.2, 38.2, 39.7, 40.6, 49.0, 55.9, 66.6, 80.6, 125.8, 126.2, 127.2, 127.5, 127.6, 127.9, 128.0, 128.4, 132.4, 133.3, 133.8, 134.2, 155.4, 156.7, 171.4, 172.4.

A suspension of 2.5g (0.0044 mol) of (li) in dichloromethane (10 ml) was cooled with an ice bath and 10 ml of trifluoroacetic acid was added. The homogeneous solution was stiired at ca. 5 °C for 20 minutes, then allowed to warm to room temperature. After 90 minutes the dichloromethane and trifluoroacetic acid were removed in vacuo . The resulting residue was dissolved in 100 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 2M NaOH (3×50 ml), water (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The non- homogeneous solution was transferred to a flask containing 100 ml of absolute ethanol, and heated until it became homogeneous. The hot solution was dried over a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to obtain a solid. The solid was triturated with cold 1 :3 ethyl acetatehexane and collected by filtration to give 1.46g (71% yield) of L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine, 2-(benzyloxy-carbonyl-amino)-ethyl amide (lj) as a white solid. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.33(d, 3H), 1.60(bs, 2H), 2.83(m, 1H), 3.34(m, 5H), 3.82(m, 1H), 4.44(m, 1H), 5.07(s, 2H), 5.33(t, 1H), 6.92(t, 1H), 7.31(bs, 5H), 7.36(s, 1H), 7.48(m, 2H), 7.65(s, 1H), 7.72(d, 1H), 7.81(m, 3H);¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 17.6, 40.6, 40.7, 40.9, 48.6, 56.1, 66.9, 125.4, 125.8, 127.2, 127.4, 127.5, 127.8, 127.9, 128.4, 132.4, 133.4, 135.1, 136.5, 156.1, 172.7, 174.7. To a solution of 1.4g (0.003 mol) of (1j) and 0.42 ml (0.003 mol) of triethylamine dissolved in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (2 ml) was added 0.87g (0.003 mol) of (1d). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The N,N-dimethylformamide was removed in vacuo. The resulting residue was dissolved in 200 ml of hot ethyl acetate and washed with 1M HCl (3×50 ml), water (50 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (3×50 ml) and finally brine (50 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the hot ethyl acetate solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.7g (89% yield) of D,L-2-(methoxycarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)-alanyl-L-alanine, 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)ethyl amide (1k) as an off-white solid. TLC: Rf 0.32 (chloroform-isopropanol 19:1)

Under an atmosphere of argon, a mixture of 2.66g (0.047 mol) of KOH in 12 ml of hot methanol was combined with a mixture of 2.63g (0.037 mol) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 12 ml of hot methanol. After cooling in an ice bath, the reaction was filtered into a flask containing 6.0g (0.0095 mol) of (1k) and 12 ml of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring under argon for 18 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting solid was triturated with 100 ml of ethyl acetate and collected by filtration to give 5.2g (86% yield) of D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alan-ine, 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)ethyl amide (lm) as an off white solid. TLC: Rf 0.23 and 0.36 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹³C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 18.0, 21.7, 23.2, 25.1, 35.7, 36.6, 37.3, 38.7, 40.7, 40.8, 48.5, 54.0, 65.3, 125.3, 125.9, 127.3, 127.4, 127.7, 127.9, 128.3, 131.8, 132.9, 135.7,

136.0, 137.1, 156.1, 167.1, 170.7, 172.7, 174.7.

MS: mle 634 (M+).

A suspension of 1.0g of 10% palladium on activated carbon in a solution of 2.0g (0.0031 mol) of (1m) dissolved in glacial acetic acid (75 ml) was agitated under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen for 24 hours. Removal of the catalyst by filtration, and concentration of the filtrate in vacuo produced a residue which was triturated with 50 ml of ether and dried in vacuo to give 2.0g of crude D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine, 2-(amino)ethyl amide (1).

The diastereomers of (1) were separated by reverse phase HPLC using a C_{1 8} column and eluting with water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid with a gradient of acetonitrile (0-60% in 30 minutes) also containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (hereinafter "Method A"). The purified diastereomers (1n) and (1o) had retention times of 20 and 22 minutes, respectively. Diastereomer (1n) showed the following NMR data. ¹³C NMR(D₂O) δ 24.6, 28.9, 29.1, 30.3, 33.2, 43.4, 44.8, 47.0, 48.6, 49.1, 57.6, 62.8, 134.2, 134.6, 135.3, 135.6, 135.8, 135.9, 136.4, 140.2, 141.2, 142.1, 178.3, 180.8,

183.1, 185.4.

MS: mle 500 (M+).

The following is an alternative method, which is a preferred method, for preparing compound 1(c) such that a greater ratio of the desired stereoisomer (R) is produced as compared to the undesired stereoisomer (S). The reaction steps and reference numerals for the respective compounds are shown in Reaction Scheme 10.

By following the procedure of Newman, M. S.; Kutner, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73 , 4199, a solution of sodium methoxide was prepared by dissolving 1.29g (0.056 mol) of sodium in 15ml of anhydrous methanol, which was added to a slurry of 25g (0.242 mol) of L-valinol in 500 ml of diethyl carbonate. The reaction mixture was then heated for 2 hours, with 200ml of distillate collected in the temperature range of 75-123 °C. The distillate was discarded and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and stand overnight. The excess diethyl carbonate was removed from the reaction mixture in vacuo by rotary evaporation to give a residue. The residue was dissolved in 500ml of ethyl acetate and washed with water (3 × 200ml) and brine (200ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a white solid. The solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-hexane to produce 23.2g (74% yield) of (S)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone 12(a) as white needles. TLC of 12(a): Rf 0.50 (ethyl acetatehexane 3:1) ; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 0.90(d, J = 6.7Hz, 3H), 0.97(d, J = 6.7Hz, 3H), 1.72(m, 1H), 3.63(m, 1H), 4.10(dd, J = 8.7, 6.4Hz, 1H), 4.45(m, 1H), 7.32(bs, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 17.5, 17.8, 32.6, 58.3, 68.5, 160.7.

Following the procedure of Vogel, A. In Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry , 4th Ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1978; p 498 and 1208, 4-methylpentanoyl chloride 12(b) was prepared by adding dropwise with stirring, 38ml (0.52 mol) of thionyl chloride to 50g (0.43 mol) of 4-methylvaleric acid over 30 minutes. The mixture was heated during the addition, leading to vigorous HCl gas evolution. When the thionyl chloride addition was completed, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was distilled, with collection of the distillate between 135 and 148 °C. The material was re-distilled and 47.3g (81% yield) of 4-methylvaleroyl chloride 12(b) was collected between 143 and 148 °C as a colorless liquid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 0.92(d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H), 1.62(m, 3H), 2.90(t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 22.0, 27.2, 33.6, 45.3, 173.9.

Following the procdure of Evans, D. A.; Bartroli, J.; Shih, T. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981,103, 2127, a solution of 32.3g (0.25 mol) of 12(a) in 500ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -78 °C and 100ml of 2.5M (0.25 mol) n-butyllithium in hexanes was added. When the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 10 minutes, then warmed to 0 °C and stirred for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78 °C and 34.6ml (0.25 mol) of 12(b) was added over 10 minutes. Stirring was continued at -78 °C for one hour, then the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The tetrahydrofuran was removed in vacuo by rotary evaporation to produce an orange residue.

The residue was dissolved in 750ml of ethyl acetate and washed with water (2 × 250ml) and brine (3 × 100ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 60g of orange oil. The oil was purified in two batches by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (500 g). The product was eluted with 1:4 ethyl acetate: hexane to produce 48.6g (86%) of 12(c) as a pale yellow oil. TLC : Rf 0.42 (1:4 ethyl acetate-hexane)

1H NMR (CDCL3) d 0.88(d, J = 6.9Hz, 3H), 0.92(m, 9H), 1.57(m, 3H), 2.37(m, 1H), 2.93(m, 2H), 4.25(m, 2H), 4.44(m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 14.5, 17.9, 22.2, 27.6, 28.3, 33.2, 33.5, 58.3, 63.2, 153.9, 173.5.

Following the procedure of Evans, D.A.; Ennis, M.D.; Mathre, D.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104 , 1737, a mixture of 16.3ml (0.116 mol) of diisopropylamine and 200ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -5 °C under an atmosphere of dry argon, and 46.5ml (0.116 mol) of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes) was added. The mixture was stirred at -5 °C for 25 minutes, then cooled to -78 °C. A solution of 24.0g (0.106 mol) of 12(c) in 67ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 minutes. The reaction was allowed to warm to -5 °C and 27.4 ml (0.317 mol) of allyl bromide was added. The mixture was stirred at -5 °C for 4 hours then 10 ml of water was added, followed by removal of the tetrahydrofuran by rotary evaporation to give an oil. The oil was dissolved in ethyl acetate (500ml) and washed with water (125 ml) and brine (3 × 125 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo by rotary evaporation to produce an oil. The oil was purified by filtering it through 100g of silica gel 60 with 1.25 liters of 1:4 ethyl acetate-hexane. Five fractions of 250 ml each were collected. Each fraction was checked by TLC. The fractions containing purified product were combined and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give 26.8g (95% yield) of 12(d) as a colorless oil. TLC : R_f 0.52 (1:4 ethyl acetate-hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 0.89(m, 12H), 1.28(m,1H), 1.53(m, 1H), 1.65(m, 1H), 2.33(m, 3H), 4.06(m, 1H), 4.23(m, 2H), 4.46(m, 1H), 5.04(m, 2H), 5.80(m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 14.5, 18.0, 22.5, 22.8, 26.0, 28.3, 37.5, 40.2, 40.3, 58.5, 62.9, 117.0, 135.1, 153.6, 176.1.

Generally following the methods of Evans, D.A.; Ennis, M.D.; Mathre, D.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104 , 1737, a solution of 20.2g (0.187 mol) of anhydrous benzyl alcohol dissolved in 63ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -5 °C under a dry argon atmosphere and 56.1ml (0.140 mol) of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes) was added over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at -5 °C for 20 minutes, then a solution of 25.0g (0.0934 mol) of 12(d) dissolved in 380 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (pre-cooled to -5°C) was added. The reaction was stirred at -5 °C for 2 hours, then water (50ml) was added. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. The tetrahydrofuran was removed by rotary evaporation to produce a residue. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (250ml) and washed with water (125ml) and brine (125ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation to produce an oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (240g). The product was eluted with 97:3 hexane-ethyl acetate to give 38.9g (85%) of 12(e) as a pale yellow oil. The chiral auxiliary 12(a) was eluted with ethyl acetate for reuse (40% recovery). TLC of 12(e): Rf 0.80 (1:4 ethyl acetate-hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 0.86(d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.88(d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.27(m, 1H), 1.57(m, 2H), 2.23(m, 1H), 2.33(m, 1H), 2.58(m, 1H), 5.01(m, 2H), 5.10(s, 2H), 5.71(m, 1H), 7.33(m, 5H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 21.9, 22.9, 26.0, 37.0, 41.0, 43.4, 65.9, 116.7, 128.0, 128.1, 128.4, 135.3, 136.0, 175.5.

By generally following the procedures of Carlsen, P.H.1.; Katsuki, T.; Martin, V.S.; Sharpless, K.B. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 3936, a suspension of 38.0g (0.154 mol) of 12(e) and 145g (0.679 mol) of sodium periodate in 330 ml of acetonitrile, 330 ml of carbon tetrachloride and 497 ml water was stirred at 0 °C, while 0.83g (2.4 mol%) of ruthenium trichloride hydrate was added. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 15 minutes, then allowed to stir to room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction was filtered to remove the solid, using 500ml of dichloromethane and 250ml of water to rinse the solid collected. The filtrate was tranferred to a separatory funnel and the layers were separated. After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the lower(dichloromethane) layer was filtered and concentrated in vacuo by rotary evaporation to produce a dark oil. The oil was purified with two successive flash chromatography columns [each column: 500 grams of silica gel 60, eluted with 1900ml of 1:4 ethyl acetate: hexane, and 1000 ml of ethyl acetate] to produce 26.6 (65% yield) of 12(f) as a viscous oil.

TLC of 12(f): Rf 0.10 (1:4 ethyl acetate-hexane). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 0.88(d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.92(d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.33(m, 1H), 1.60(m, 2H), 2.49(dd, J = 17.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (dd, J = 17.0, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.94(m, 1H), 5.15(s, 2H), 7.35(m, 5H), H.1(bs, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 22.2, 22.4, 25.7, 36.1, 39.2, 41.0, 66.4, 128.0, 128.1, 128.4, 135.8, 174.9, 178.2. Ethereal diazomethane (Aldrich Chemical Co. Technical Information Bulletin No.

AL-180) was slowly added to a solution of 22g (0.083 mol) of 12(f) in 50 ml of diethyl ether until the reaction mixture remained yellow with swirling. The reaction mixture was back titrated to colorlessness with 1 :9 acetic acid-diethyl ether. After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate the colorless solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo by rotary evaporation to produce a viscous oil. The oil was dissolved in 100ml of methanol and transferred to a Parr bottle containing 1.0g of 10% palladium on charcoal catalyst and shaken under 4 atm. of hydrogen for 6 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo by rotary evaporation to produce an oil. The oil was vacuum distilled to give 13.9 g (89% yield) of 12(f) as a colorless oil; b.p. 110-123 °C / 0.2mmHg.

TLC of 12(f): Rf 0.15 (3:7 ethyl acetate-hexane)

TLC of methyl ester intermediate: Rf 0.73 (3:7 ethylacetate-hexane) TLC of 1(c): Rf 0.23 (3:7 ethyl acetate-hexane). ¹H NMR of 1(c) (CDCl₃) d 0.91 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H),

0.95(67.4 Hz, 3H), 1.33(m, 1H), 1.64(m, 2H), 2.45(dd, J = 16.7, 11.43(bs, 1H); ¹³C NMR of 1(c) (CDCl₃) d 22.2, 22.4, 25.7, 35.8, 39.3, 40.9, 51.8, 172.3, 181.6.

EXAMPLE 2

Synthesis of N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-3-methylbutanoyl}-L-3-(2'- naphthyl)-L-alanine amide (Compounds 2 and 3)

Referring to Scheme 3, Compound (2d) was synthesized from the sodium salt of the 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid by the sequence of reactions used to prepare compound (1d) from 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, sodium salt.

Compound (2a): 73% yield; bp. 100-121 °C/0.3mmHg;

1H NMR(CDCl₃ ) δ 1.13(d,6H), 3.24(m,1H), 5.27(s,2H), 7.37(m,5H); ^{1 3}C NMR(CDCl₃) δ 17.0, 37.0, 67.6, 128.4, 128.5, 128.6, 134.5, 161.5, 197.7.

Compound (2b): 58% yield; bp. 125-147 °C/0.6mmHg;

TLC: Rf 0.54(ethyl acetate-hexane 1:4); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ l.H(d,6H), 2.66(m,1H), 3.62(s, 3H), 5.27(s,2H), 5.79(s.1H), 7.35(m,5H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 20.4, 32.7, 51.5, 67.0, 117.0, 128.2, 128.3, 128.5, 135.3, 156.2, 165.4, 168.4.

Compound (2c): 76% yield; bp. 115-119 °C/0.7mmHg; TLC: Rf 0.09 (ethyl acetate-hexane 1:4); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.96(d,3H), 0.99(d,3H), 2.09(m,1H), 2.4³(m,1H), 2.76(m,3H), 3.69(s,3H); ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃) δ 19.1, 19.8, 29.7, 32.1, 47.0, 51.7, 172.8, 180.4. Compound (2d): 55% yield; TLC: Rf 0.60(chloroform-isopropanol 19:1); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.06(d,3H), 1.08(d,3H), 2.12(m,1H), 2.58(m,1H), 2.84(m,5H), 3.07(m, 1H), 3.72(s,3H); ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃) δ 19.4, 19.6, 25.6, 30.3, 33.1, 45.2, 52.1, 168.9, 169.6, 171.5.

The diastereomers (2) and (3) can be made from L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine amide hydrochloride (8b) and compound (2d), using the sequence of reactions used to prepare Compound (1) from Compounds (1j) and (1d). Compounds (2) and (3) were separated by reverse phase HPLC as described above.

Compound (2): HPLC retention time (Method A) 21 minutes.

1H NMR(CD₃CN/D2O) δ 0.19(d,3H), 0.50(d,3H), 1.38(m,1H), 2.24(m,3H), 2.95(m,1H), 3.50(m,1H), 4.68(m,1H), 7.48(m,3H), 7.76(s,1H), 7.83(m,3H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃CN/D₂O) δ 20.2, 20.3, 31.1, 33.4, 38.0, 50.2, 55.5, 126.7, 127.2, 128.4, 128.6, 129.1, 129.2, 133.8, 134.4, 136.6, 171.5, 176.3, 176.4.

MS: mle 371 (M+).

Compound (3): HPLC retention time (Method A) 23.1 minutes.

MS: mle 371 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 3

Synthesis of N-[3-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)propanoyl]-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (Compound 4)

Referring to Scheme 4, to a solution of 1.74g (10 mmol) of tert- butyl hydrogen succinate (Buchi, G.; Roberts, C. J. Org Chem., 3.3.460, 1968) and 1.15g (10 mmol) of N-hydroxy-succinimide in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was added 2.06g (10 mmol) of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the reaction was filtered to remove the dicyclohexylurea by-product. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a residue. Chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate-hexane (1:1), provided 2.3g (84% yield) of tert-butyl succinimidyl succinate (4a) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.50 (ethyl acetate-hexane 1:1); NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 1.39(s,9H), 2.56(m,2H), 2.80(bs,4H), 2.86 (m,2H). A solution of 0.70g (1.8 mmol) of (A₁) dissolved in 5.0 ml of trifluoroacetic acid was stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. The trifluoroacetic acid was removed in vacuo to give a residue which was triturated with ether (20 ml) and dried in vacuo to give 0.72g of a pink solid. A portion (0.35g) of the solid was dissolved in 2.0 ml of anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide. To this was added 0.24g (0.87 mmol) of (4a) and 0.18 ml (1.3 mmol) of triethylamine. After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo to produce a residue. Chromatography on silica gel using chloroform- isopropanol 9:1 provided 0.32g (84% yield) of N-[3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)propanoyl]-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (4b) as white solid. TLC: Rf 0.33 (chloroform- isopropanol 9: 1); ¹H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 1.23(d,3H), 1.30(s,9H), 2.27(m,4H), 2.93(m,1H) , 3.20(m,1H) , 4.22(m,1H) , 4.61 (m,1H) , 7.03(s,1H) , 7.22(s,1H) , 7.46(m,3H), 7.75(s,1H), 7.83(m,3H), 8.07(d.1H), 8.19(d.1H); 1³C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 18.3, 27.8, 30.1, 30.3, 37.6, 48.1, 54.1, 79.6, 125.4, 126.0, 127.4, 127.5, 127.9, 131.9, 133.0, 135.8, 170.8, 171.1, 171.6, 174.1. A solution of 0.29g (0.64 mmol) of (4b) dissolved in 10ml of trifluoroacetic acid was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The trifluoroacetic acid was removed in vacuo to give a residue which was triturated with ether (20ml) and dried in vacuo to give 0.24g (95% yield) of N-[3-carboxypropanoyl]-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (4c) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.04 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 1.23(d,3H), 2.29(m,4H), 2.92(m,1H), 3.21 (m,1H), 4.21 (m,1H), 4.58(m,1H), 7.04(s,1H), 7.23(s,1H), 7.46(m,3H), 7.75(s,1H), 7.83(m,3H), 8.06(d.1H), 8.21(d,1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 18.3, 29.1, 30.0, 37.6, 48.2, 54.1, 125.4, 126.0, 127.4, 127.5, 128.0, 131.9, 133.0, 135.8, 170.8, 171.3, 173.9, 174.1. Under an atmosphere of dry argon, a solution of 0.22g (0.56 mmol) of (4c) and

0.062 ml (0.56 mmol) of 4-methylmorpholine anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (2 ml) was cooled to -15 °C and treated with 0.073 ml (0.56 mmol) of isobutyl chloroformate. The mixture was stirred at -15 °C for 15 minutes, then a solution of 0.10g (0.81 mmol) of (O-benzyl)hydroxylamine in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at -15 °C for 1 hour, then at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting solid was triturated with ethyl acetate and collected by filtration to obtain 0.20g (73% yield) of N-[3-(benzyloxyaminocarbonyl)propanoyl]-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (4d) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.46 (chloroform- isopropanol 8:2); ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 1.26(d,3H), 2.25(m,4H), 2.95(m,1H), 3.22 (m,1H), 4.23(m,1H), 4.57(m,1H), 4.74(s,2H), 7.03(s.1H), 7.16(s.1H), 7.36(bs,5H), 7.46(m,3H), 7.77(s,1H), 7.83(m,3H), 8.12(d.1H), 8.32(d,1H), 11.03(s,1H); ¹³C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 18.3, 27.9, 30.4, 37.6, 48.4, 54.5, 77.0, 125.6, 126.1, 127.6, 128.1, 128.4, 128.5, 129.0, 132.0, 133.2, 136.0, 136.2, 169.0, 171.0, 171.7, 174.3.

A suspension of 0.20g of 5% palladium on activated carbon in a solution of 0.10g (0.20 mmol) of (4d) in 4 ml of glacial acetic acid was agitated under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen for 18 hours. Removal of the catalyst by filtration, and concentration of the filtrate in vacuo produced a residue which was triturated with 10 ml of ether and dried in vacuo to give a solid. Chromatography on Baker octadecyl reverse phase gel, eluting with water-acetonitrile-acetic acid(57:40:3), provided 0.065g (79% yield) of N-[3-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)-propan-oyl]-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine amide (4), as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.05 (chloroform-isopropanol 8:2); ¹H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 1.24(d,3H), 2.08(m,2H), 2.28(m,2H), 2.92(m, 1H), 3.22(m,1H) , 4.20(q,1H), 4.54(m,1H), 7.02(s,1H), 7.20(s,1H), 7.46(m,3H), 7.76(s.1H), 7.84(m,3H), 8.12(d.1H), 8.27(m,1H), 10.39(s,1H); ¹³C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 18.0, 27.6, 30.4, 37.3, 47.9, 54.0, 125.3, 125.8, 127.2, 127.3, 127.7, 131.7, 132.8, 135.7, 168.3, 170.5, 171.3, 174.0. EXAMPLE 4

Synthesis of N_α-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-arginyl-L- alanine, 2-aminoethyl amide (Compound 5)

With reference to Scheme 5, Compound (5a) was synthesized from Compound (lh) and N_α-BOC-N_g-(di-CBZ)-L-arginine in 79% yield, by following the method used to prepare Compound (li). TLC: Rf 0.59 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.18(d,3H), 1.40(s,9H), 1.62(m,4H), 3.27(m,4H), 3.89(m,2H), 4.09(m,1H), 4.21(m, 1H) , 5.06(s,2H), 5.13(m,2H), 5.22(s,2H), 5.58(m, 1H), 5.67(m,1H) , 6.70(d.1H), 6.80(m,1H), 7.33(bm.15H), 9.30(m,1H), 9.42(m,1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 17.3, 25.0, 27.9, 28.3, 39.8, 40.7, 44.0, 49.3, 54.7, 66.6, 67.1, 69.0, 80.4, 127.9, 128.0, 128.3, 128.4, 128.5, 128.8, 128.9, 134.5, 136.6, 155.7, 156.9, 160.7, 163.5, 172.2, 172.4.

Compound (5b) was prepared from Compound (5a) in 87% yield, by the method used to prepare Compound (lj). TLC: Rf 0.11 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.28(d,3H), 1.43(m,1H), 1.70(m,4H), 3.30(m,6H), 3.91(m,2H) 4.34(m,1H), 5.03(s,2H), 5.11(s,2H), 5.22(s,2H), 5.50(m,1H) , 7.01(m,1H) , 7.33(bmJ5H), 7.76(d,1H), 9.25(m,1H), 9.41(m,1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 17.7, 24.5, 31.1, 40.3, 40.6, 44.1, 48.6, 54.1, 66.7, 66.9, 68.9, 127.9, 128.0, 128.1, 128.2, 128.3, 128.4, 128.5, 128.8, 134.6, 136.3, 136.8, 155.7, 157.1, 160.4, 163.7, 172.8, 175.4.

Compound (5c) was prepared from Compounds (5b) and (1d) in 88% yield, as a mixture of diastereomers, with the method used to prepare Compound (1k).

1H NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 0.79(bm,6H), 1.06(m,1H), 1.13 & 1.20(d, 3H), 1.52(bm,6H), 2.40(m,1H), 2.71(m,1H), 3.03(bm,5H), 3.47 & 3.54(s,3H), 3.88(m, 2H), 4.18(m,2H), 5.00(s,2H), 5.04(s,2H), 5.24(s,2H), 7.35(bm,18H), 7.59 & 7.71(d.1H), 7.66 & 7.94(t,1H), 8.13 & 8.45(d,1H); ¹³C NMR(d₆-DMSO); mixture of diastereomers) δ 17.8 & 18.3, 21.8 & 22.2, 22.9 & 23.0, 25.0 & 25.2, 25.4, 28.4 & 28.7, 36.4 & 36.5, 39.6, 40.0, 41.2 & 41.3, 44.3 & 44.4, 48.1 & 48.2, 51.1 & 51.4, 52.4 & 53.1, 65.3, 66.1, 68.2, 127.5, 127.6, 128.3, 128.6, 135.2, 135.3, 137.0, 155.0, 156.1, 156.2, 159.5, 162.8, 162.9, 170.9, 171.0, 171.9, 172.0, 172.8, 174.0, 174.8.

Hydroxamate (5d) was prepared from Compound (5c) in 78% yield as a mixture of diastereomers.

Hydroxamate (5d) was deprotected by hydrogenolysis to give Compound (5) in 59% yield as a mixture of diastereomers. HPLC retention times (method A) 10.1 and 10.3 minutes; ¹ H NMR(D₂O; mixture of diastereomers) δ 0.89(m,6H), 1.25(m,1H), 1.39(m,3H), 1.69(bm,6H), 2.38(m,2H), 2.85(m,1H), 3.15(dd,2H), 3.22(dd,2H), 3.53(m,2H), 4.32(m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O; mixture of diastereomers) δ 24.3 & 24.5, 28.9 & 29.1, 30.4 & 30.5, 32.4 & 32.6, 33.4 & 33.5, 35.7 & 35.8, 43.4 & 43.6, 44.9, 47.0 & 47.1, 48.4 & 48.5, 49.0 & 49.1, 49.2, 57.8 & 58.0, 61.1 & 61.4, 164.8, 178.4 & 178.5, 181.4 & 181.8, 183.5 & 183.8, 185.6 & 186.4.

MS: mle 459 (M+). EXAMPLE 5

Synthesis of N_α-{ D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}L-lysinyl-L- alanine amide (Compound 6)

Referring to Scheme 6, a solution of 5.0g (0.010 mol) of Nα-BOC-Nε-CBZ-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester and 1.5g (0.012 mol) of L-alanine amide hydrochloride and 1.67 ml (0.012 mol) of triethylamine in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (50 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours before the solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 ml) and washed with 3M NaOH (3×100 ml), water (3×100 ml), 1M HCl (2×100 ml) and finally with brine (100 ml). After drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 4.3g (96% yield) of Nα-BOC-Nε-CBZ-L-lysyl-L-alanine amide (6a) as a white solid.

TLC: Rf 0.32 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 1.20(d,3H), 1.35(bm, 6H), 1.37(s,9H), 2.97(m,2H), 3.86(m,1H) , 4.21(m,1H), 5.00(s,2H), 6.95(d.1H), 7.06(s, 1H), 7.24(t.1H), 7.34(m,6H), 7.78(d,1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 18.6, 22.8, 28.2, 29.2, 31.4, 40.1, 47.8, 54.5, 65.2, 78.2, 127.8, 128.4, 137.3, 155.5, 156.1, 171.7, 174.2.

Compound (6b) was prepared from Compounds (6a) and (1d) in 69% yield using the method previously described to prepare Compound (A₂). TLC: Rf 0.21 and 0.29 (chloroform-isopropanol 9: 1); ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 0.81(m,3H), 0.88(m,3H), 1.17 & 1.23(d,3H), 1.40(bm,8H), 2.46(m,3H), 2.78(m,1H), 2.98(m,2H), 3.54 & 3.56(s, 3H), 4.08(m,1H), 4.16(m,1H), 5.00(s,2H), 7.04(m,1H), 7.23(t,1H), 7.34(m,6H), 7.58 & 7.68(d,1H), 8.10 & 8.42(d,1H).

Compound (6c) was prepared from Compound (6b) in 48% yield, using the method previously described to prepare (A₃). TLC: Rf 0.16 (chloroform-isopropanol 8:2). MS: mle 522 (M+). The diastereomers (6A) and (6B) were prepared from Compound (6c) by the method used to prepare Compound (1) from Compound (1m). HPLC purification (method A) produced an early-eluting isomer (6A) and a late-eluting isomer (6B). Compound (6A): HPLC retention time (method A): 9.2 minutes;

¹H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 0.81 (d,3H), 0.88(d,3H), 1.06(m,1H) , 1.28(d,3H), 1.40(bm,7H), 1.75(m,1H), 2.03(m,1H) , 2.22(m,1H) , 2.73(m,3H), 4.01(m,1H), 4.13(m,1H) , 7.04(s,1H) , 7.1 1 (s, 1H) , 7.78(bs,3H), 8.06(d,1H) , 8.48(d, 1H) , 10.61(s,1H); ^{1 3}C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 17.6, 21.8, 22.4, 23.5, 25.5, 26.4, 30.1, 35.7, 39.2, 40.0, 41.3, 48.4, 53.1, 168.1, 171.4, 174.8, 175.5;

MS: mle 387 (M+).

Compound (6B): HPLC retention time (method A): 9.9 minutes;

1H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 0.81(d,3H), 0.87(d,3H), 1.08(m,1H), 1.18(d,3H), 1.46(bm,7H), 1.68(m,1H) , 2.05(m,1H) , 2.17(m,1H) , 2.76(m,3H), 4.16(m,2H), 7.04(s,1H) , 7.35(s,1H), 7.67(d,1H), 7.73(bs,3H), 8.08(d.1H), 10.58(s,1H); ¹³C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 18.5, 22.1, 22.2, 23.2, 25.1, 26.3, 30.5, 35.5, 39.2, 40.1, 41.3, 47.8, 52.0, 167.9, 171.1, 174.0, 174.3;

MS: mle 387 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 6

Synthesis of N- {D,L-2-(hvdroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}L-tyrosyl-L- alanine amide (Compound 7)

With reference to Scheme 7, Compound (7a) was prepared from N-BOC-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine p-nitrophenyl ester and L-alanine amide hydrochloride in 99% yield, with the method used to prepare Compound (6a). TLC: Rf 0.51 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); 1H NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 1.22(d,3H), 1.30(s,9H), 2.67(m,1H), 2.91(m,1H), 4.09(m,1H),

4.22(m,1H) , 5.05(s,2H), 6.90(m,3H), 7.06(s,1H) , 7.18(m,2H), 7.28(s,1H) , 2.38(bm,5H), 7.88(d.1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 18.5, 28.1, 36.4, 47.8, 56.0, 69.1,

78.1, 114.3, 127.5, 127.7, 128.3, 130.1, 130.2, 137.2, 155.2, 156.8, 171.2, 174.0.

Compound (7b) was prepared from Compound (7a) as a mixture of diastereomers in 64% yield with the method used to synthesize Compound (6b). TLC: Rf 0.53 and 0.57 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 0.60 & 0.68(d,3H), 0.76 & 0.82(d,3H), 1.04(m,1H), 1.19 & 1.26(d,3H), 1.40(m,2H), 2.31(bm, 2H), 2.68(m,2H), 3.05(m,1H), 3.48 & 3.55(s,3H), 4.20(m,1H),4.44(m,1H), 5.03 & 5.04(s,2H), 6.87(m,2H), 7.06(bs,1H), 7.15(m,3H), 7.38(bm,5H), 7.69 & 7.78(d,1H), 8.15 & 8.39 (d,1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 18.0 & 18.4, 21.9 & 22.1, 22.9 & 23.1, 24.6 & 25.1, 35.8 & 36.0, 36.4 & 36.6, 39.4 & 39.7, 41.1 &

41.2, 47.9 & 48.0, 51.2 & 51.4, 53.9 & 54.6, 69.1 & 69.2, 114.2 & 114.3, 127.5, 127.7,

128.4, 130.1, 130.2, 137.2, 156.8 & 156.9, 170.6 & 170.8, 171.9 & 172.7, 173.8 &

173.9, 174.0 & 174.4.

Compound (7c) was prepared from Compound (7b) in 48% yield with the method used to prepare Compound (6c). A single diastereomer of Compound (7c) was isolated by

HPLC (method A). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD). δ 0.46(m,6H), 0.61(m,1H), 0.76(m,1H),

1.13(m,1H) , 1.28(d,3H), 1.89(m,1H) , 2.17(m,1H) , 2.45(m,2H), 3.10(m,1H), 4.18(m,1H), 4.39(m,1H), 4.83(s,2H), 6.70(m,2H), 6.97(m,2H), 7.17(m,5H);

¹³C NMR(CD₃OD) δ 17.8, 22.2, 23.9, 26.3, 36.8, 37.2, 42.2, 43.0, 50.8, 56.7, 71.0,

115.9, 128.5, 128.9, 129.5, 131.1, 138.8, 159.1, 170.9, 173.8, 178.2, 178.6.

The diastereomer (7c) was deprotected under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen in the presence of 10% palladium on carbon in methanol to produce Compound (7) in 92% yield.

EXAMPLE 7

Synthesis of N- {D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'- naphthyl)alanine amide (Compounds 8 and 9)

With reference to Scheme 3, a solution of 3.2g (0.010 mol) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine and 1.3g (0.011 mol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was cooled to ca. 5 °C. A solution of 2.3g (0.011 mol) of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide dissolved in 5 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added, and the mixture was stirred at ca. 5 °C for 30 minutes, then at room temperature for 30 minutes. The dicyclohexylurea by-product was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was transferred to a flask containing 1.5 ml (0.022 mol) of concentrated NH4OH. After the mixture had stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, the solvent was removed in vacuo to give a residue. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (350 ml) and washed with water (100 ml), 1M HCL (100 ml), water (100 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (100 ml) and finally with brine (100 ml). After drying over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to produce a solid. The solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give 2.2g (70% yield) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine amide (8a) as a white solid. TLC: Rf 0.50 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1);

1H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 1.27(s,9H), 2.92(m,1H), 3.12(m,1H), 4.22(m,1H), 6.91(d,1H), 7.07(s.1H), 7.44(s.1H), 7.50(m,3H), 7.75(s.1H), 7.85(m,3H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 28.3, 37.9, 55.7, 78.1, 125.5, 126.1, 127.5, 127.6, 128.0, 132.0, 133.1, 136.2, 155.4, 173.7. A stream of hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of 1.95g (0.0062 mol) of N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine dissolved in 60 ml of anhydrous 1,4-dioxane, for 15 minutes. Ether (400 ml) was added, causing a solid to precipitate. The solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to give 1.36g (88% yield) of L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine amide hydrochloride (8b). ¹H NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 3.27(m,2H), 4.10(m, 1H), 7.48(m,3H), 7.55(s.1H), 7.79(s.1H), 7.86(m,3H), 8.14(s,1H) , 8.40(bm,3H); ¹³C NMR(d₆-DMSO) δ 37.0, 53.6, 125.9, 126.3, 127.7, 127.9, 128.1, 128.4, 132.4, 133.0, 133.1, 169.8.

The diastereomers (8) and (9) can be made from L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine amide hydrochloride (8b) and (1d), using the sequence of reactions used to prepare Compound (1) from Compounds (1j) and (1d).

Compound (8): HPLC retention time (method A) 22.6 minutes. ¹H NMR (CD₃CN/D₂O) δ 0.71(m,6H), 1.09(m,2H), 1.28(m,1H), 2.12(m,2H), 2.59(m,1H), 2.84(m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 4.45(m, 1 H), 6.94(m,7H).

MS: mle 385 (M+).

Compound (9): HPLC retention time (method A) 24.3 minutes, MS: mle 385 (M+). EXAMPLE 8

Synthesis of N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'- naphthyl)-alanyl-L-serine amide (Compound 10)

With reference to Scheme 8, N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-(O-benzyl)serine amide (10a) was prepared from N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine and L-(O-benzyl)serine amide in 80% yield with the method used to prepare (7a). TLC: Rf 0.51 (chloroform-isopropanol 9: 1); ¹H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 1.24(s,9H), 2.93(m,1H), 3.19(m, 1H), 3.65(m,2H), 4.34(m, 1H), 4.48(m, 1H), 4.51 (s,2H), 7.16(d.1H), 7.27(s.1H), 7.34(m,5H), 7.46(m,4H), 7.78(s.1H), 7.82(m,3H), 8.04(d.1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 28.0, 37.4, 52.5, 55.9, 70.0, 72.1, 78.2, 125.4, 125.9, 127.3, 127.4, 127.5, 127.8, 128.2, 131.8, 132.9, 135.9, 138.2, 155.4, 171.3, 171.5.

L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-(O-benzyl)serine amide (10b) was prepared from Compound (10a) in 95% yield with the method used to prepare Compound (1j). TLC: Rf 0.08 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR d₆-DMSO) δ 2.81(m,1H), 3.15(m,1H), 3.42(m,3H), 3.63(m,2H), 4.37(s,2H), 4.43(m, 1H), 7.32(m,6H), 7.46(m,4H), 7.72(s.1H), 7.82(m,3H), 8.14(d.1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 40.6, 52.0, 55.8, 70.0, 72.0, 125.3, 125.9, 127.4, 127.5, 127.7, 128.0, 128.2, 131.8, 133.0, 136.2, 138.1, 171.5, 174.0. Compound (10c) was prepared from Compounds (10b) and (1d) as a mixture of diastereomers in 97% yield following the method used to prepare Compound (1k). TLC: Rf 0.69 and 0.73 (chloroform-isopropanol 9: 1); ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 0.25 & 0.40(d,3H), 0.68 & 0.79(d,3H), l.OO(m,1H), 1.32(m,2H), 2.31(bm,3H), 2.64(m,1H), 2.98(m,1H), 3.37 & 3.50(s,3H), 3.68(m,2H), 4.48(m,1H), 4.49 & 4.53(s,2H), 4.72(m,1H), 7.35(bm,6H), 7.44(m,4H), 7.78(m,4H), 7.93 & 7.99(d.1H), 8.30 & 8.49(d.1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 21.4 & 22.1, 22.8, 24.5 & 25.1, 36.3 & 36.6, 37.1, 39.6, 41.0 & 41.1, 51.1 & 51.4, 52.6 & 52.7, 53.7 & 54.2, 69.8 & 69.9, 72.1, 125.3, 125.8, 127.4, 127.5, 127:6, 127.8, 128.2, 131.8 & 131.9, 132.9 & 133.0, 135.7 & 135.8, 138.1, 170.0, 171.2, 171.3, 171.8, 172.5, 174.0, 174.2.

Compound (10d) was prepared from Compound (10c) in 74% yield with the method used to prepare Compound (lm). TLC: Rf 0.12 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1).

Compound (10) was prepared from Compound (10d) in 84% yield with the method used to prepare Compound (1n). HPLC retention times: 25.2 and 27.1 minutes (method A).

MS: mle 472 (M+).

EXAMPLE 9

Synthesis of N-{D,L-2-(hvdroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-3-(2'- naphthyl)-alanyl-L-alanine methylamide (Compound 11)

Referring to Scheme 9, Compound (11a) was prepared from N-BOC-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanine and L-alanine methylamide hydrochloride, in 89% yield using the method previously described to prepare Compound (li).

TLC: Rf 0.58 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹ H NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 1.21 (d,3H), 1.25(s,9H), 2.54(d,3H), 2.91 (m, 1H) , 3.18(m,1H) , 4.28(m,2H), 7.04(d,1H) , 7.46(m,3H), 7.75(s.1H), 7.83(m,4H), 8.07(d.1H); ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 18.5, 25.5, 28.0, 37.5, 48.1, 55.7, 78.1, 125.4, 125.9, 127.3, 127.4, 127.5, 127.9, 131.8, 132.9, 135.9, 155.3, 171.1, 172.3.

Compound (11b) was prepared from Compounds (11a) and (1d), in 86% yield using the method previously described to prepare Compound (A₂).

TLC: R_f 0.57 and 0.62 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1); ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO; mixture of diastereomers) δ 0.23 & 0.40(d,3H), 0.70 & 0.79(d,3H), 1.01(m,2H), 1.18 & 1.26(d,3H), 1.32(m,2H), 2.22(m,2H), 2.53(d,3H), 2.92(m,1H), 3.22(m,1H), 3.38 & 3.39(s,3H), 4.22(m,1H), 4.63(m,1H), 7.44(m,4H), 7.73(s,1H), 7.81(m,4H), 8.22 & 8.46(d.1H).

Compound (11) was prepared from Compound (11b) in 23% yield using the method previously described to prepare Compound (A3). TLC: Rf 0.18 (chloroform-isopropanol 9:1). EXAMPLE 10

Synthesis of N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-amino-2- dimethylbutanoyl-L-alanine, 2-aminoethyl amide (Compound 13)

Following Reaction Scheme 10, N-Boc-L-tert-leucine 13(b) was prepared by treating L-tert-leucine (Aldrich Chemical) with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate and diisopropylethyl amine in dimethylfluoride (DMF). Then (13b) was treated with NHS and

dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in anhydrous tertrahydrofuran to produce N-Boc-L-tertleucine N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester, which then is coupled with (lh) from Reaction

Scheme 2 and Example 1 to produce (13c). Compound (13) was prepared from (13c) by following procedures similar to those described in Example 1 and shown in Reaction Scheme 2 for the synthesis of compound (1). ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 0.76(d, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.82(d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.90(s,9H), 1.06(m, 1H), 1.17(d, j = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.39(m, 2H), 2.08(m, 2H), 2.69(m, 2H), 2.86(m, 1H), 3.18(m, 2H), 4.19(m, 2H),

8.30(m, 1H), 8.03(d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86(d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) δ 18.4, 22.6, 23.5, 25.7, 27.1, 34.5, 36.2, 39.2, 40.0, 41.1, 48.8, 60.3, 167.8, 170.1, 172.6, 174.5. EXAMPLE 11

Inhibition of TNF-α Release by T-cells

The following example demonstrates the selective in vitro inhibition of T-cell TNF-α secretion, as compared to TNF-ß and IFN-γ secretion, by Compound 1. Human peripheral blood T-cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by rosetting with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide-treated sheep erythrocytes. After hypotonic lysis of sheep erythrocytes, monocytes were depleted by plastic adherence for one hour at 37 °C. The peripheral blood T-cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) which was immobilized on the culture wells at 10 μg/ml in PBS plus 10 ng/ml of the phorbol ester, PMA. Culture medium comprised RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 U/ml penicillin, and 50 μg/ml streptomycin. The stimulation was performed in the presence or absence of the inhibitor Compound 1 (200 μM), and TNF-α in the medium was assayed by ELISA. Results are shown in Table I.

TABLE I

Effect of Compound 1 on Cytokine Production bv Peripheral Blood T Cells

TNF-α (pg/ml) 3 Hrs. 24 Hrs. 48 Hrs.

with Compound 1 † 100 300 without Compound 1 100 325 800

TNF-β (pg/ml)

with Compound 1 † 160 1050 without Compound 1 † 160 830

IFN-γ (ELISA OD)

with Compound 1 0.2 0.9 1.08

without Compound 1 0.3 0.65 1.15

† undetectable

After 3 hours, there was 100 pg/ml of TNF-α in the medium of cells without Compound 1 and no detectable TNF-α in the medium of cells with 200 μM of Compound 1.

At 24 and 48 hours, Compound 1 inhibited TNF-α release by 72% and 63%, respectively, while there was no inhibitory effect on the release of TNF-β or interferon-γ. Compound 1 clearly demonstrates selective inhibition of TNF-α secretion and has no effect on either

TNF-β or interferon-γ secretion.

EXAMPLE 12

Compound 1 Induced Increase in Cell Surface TNF-α on PMA+Ionomycin-Stimulated

Human T-cells This example describes the effects of Compound 1 on cell surface TNF-α for human

T-cells which have been stimulated by PMA and ionomycin. The alloreactive human T-cell clone, PL-1, does not express cell surface TNF-α in the absence of stimulation. However, after stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin, cell surface TNF-α, as well as the ligands for CD40 and 41 BB, are rapidly induced on the cell surface. Detection of cell surface TNF-α was performed by staining with an Fc fusion protein consisting of an Fc portion of a human IgG1 molecule (1gGFc) coupled with an extracellular domain of TNF receptor (p80). Detection of cell surface ligands for 41BB and CD40 was performed by staining with analogous Fc fusion proteins consisting of IgGFc and extracellular domains of 41BB and CD40, respectively. A fusion molecule consisting of IgGFc and the extracellular portion of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R:Fc) was utilized as a negative control for staining, since PL-1 cells do not express cell-surface IL-4 in response to PMA stimulation. TNFR:Fc and IL-4R:Fc fusion proteins are described in EP 0 464 533, incorporated herein by reference. The same general procedures used to construct the TNFR:Fc and IL-4R:Fc fusion molecules were utilized in the construction of the 41BB:Fc and CD40:Fc molecules. Fc fusion proteins bound to their respective cell-surface ligands were then detected with a biotinylated anti-human IgGl followed by streptavidin-phycoerythrin. The intensity of staining was measured by a FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) scan flow cytometer. The results are shown in Table II. TABLE II

Effects of Compound 1 on Expression of Cell Surface TNF -α, IL-4, 41BBL and

PMA and Ionomycin-Stimulated Human T-Cells (MFI, arbitrary units)

TNF-α 41BBL CD40L IL-4

No stimulation 10 10 10 10

4h after stimulation

+ Compound 1 3040 344 107 10

- Compound 1 83 428 107 10

18h after stimulation

+ Compound 1 616 9 46 10

- Compound 1 7 5 19 10

The specificity of Compound 1 for increasing cell surface TNF-α is apparent. Cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin for four hours in the presence of Compound 1, followed by staining with TNFR:Fc as described above, displayed a MFI of 3040 as compared to 83 in the absence of Compound 1. The effect of Compound 1 was specific for TNFR:Fc binding as no increase on 41BB:Fc or CD40:Fc binding was detected. A substantial increase in cell-surface TNF-α resulted in a 100-fold increase in TNFR:Fc binding in the presence of Compound 1 (MFI was 616) as compared to an MFI of 7 in absence of Compound 1, after 18 hours of stimulation. Under the same conditions, 41BB:Fc and CD40:Fc binding were enhanced only approximately 2-fold. EXAMPLE 13

In vivo Inhibition of TACE

500 μg Compound A versus Compound 1 versus control

Female Balb/c mice (18-20g) were injected i.v. with 400 μg of LPS. Simultaneously, the mice were injected subcutaneously with 500 μg of Compound A or Compound 1 in 0.5 ml of saline containing 0.02% DMSO. Control mice received LPS intravenously and saline/DMSO subcutaneously. Two hours following the LPS injection, serum was obtained and pooled from two mice in each treatment group. TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA and are shown in the following Table III.

TABLE m

Comparison of 500 μg Each of Compound 1 versus Compound A on LPS-Induced Serum

TNF Levels in Balb/c Mice (pg/ml) Compound 1 Compound A Saline/DMSO

Serum TNF-α level undetectable 65 157

Compound 1 inhibits the secretion of TNF-α at least by 80%, and essentially by 100%, as the TNF-α levels were undetectable. Comparatively, Compound A reduced serum TNF-α levels by approximately 60% as compared to the saline/DMSO control.

In a similar manner to the procedure described above, mice were injected i.v. with

400 μg LPS. Simultaneously, the mice were injected subcutaneously with 500 μg

Compound 1 in 0.5 ml saline containing 0.02% DMSO. Two hours later, serum was obtained and pooled. TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA. Results are shown in

Table IV in pg/ml.

TABLE IV

Effect of 500 μg Compound 1 on LPS-Induced Serum TNF Levels in Balb/c Mice (pg/ml)

Experiment No. LPS + Comd 1 LPS onlv LPS + Saline

1 301 1696 1268

2 269 2527 1768

3 281 1833 1732 In experiment 1 , Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 82% as compared to TNF-α levels in mice that received LPS only. As compared to mice that received LPS + saline, Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 76%. In experiment 2, Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 89% as compared to TNF-α levels in mice that received LPS only. As compared to mice that received LPS + saline, Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 85%. In experiment 3, Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 85% as compared to TNF-α levels in mice that received LPS only. As compared to mice that received LPS + saline, Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 84%. Overall, Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels by 85.4 ± 2.98% as compared to TNF-α levels in mice that received LPS only. From Tables III and IV, Compound 1 effectively reduces serum TNF-α levels by at least 80% when administered at 25 mg/kg in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis syndrome. 250 μg Compound A versus Compound 1 versus control

Female Balb/c mice (18-20g) were injected i.v. with 450 μg of LPS. Simultaneously, the mice were injected subcutaneously with 250 μg of Compound A or Compound 1 in 0.25 ml of saline containing 0.02% DMSO. Control mice received LPS intravenously and saline/DMSO subcutaneously. Two hours following the LPS injection, serum was obtained from three mice in each treatment group. TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA. The results are expressed as the mean optical density (OD) obtained in the ELISA from each treatment group, and are shown in Table V. The background OD of the control sample was 0.162 ± 0.003. TABLE V

Comparison of 250 μg Each of Compound 1 versus Compound A on LPS-Induced Serum

TNF Levels in Balb/c Mice

LPS+Saline LPS+Saline+DMSO Cmpd 1+DMSO Cmpd A+DMSO

0.271 ± 0.022 0.268 ± 0.040 0.147 ± 0.004 0.299 ± 0.023

Table V illustrates the effect of Compound 1 and Compound A on inhibiting serum

TNF-α release in LPS -stimulated mice. Compound 1 reduced serum TNF-α levels to those of the control, thereby indicating a complete inhibition of TNF-α secretion at 250 μg/ml.

Compound A had no effect in reducing serum TNF-α levels as shown by the similarity in

OD readings between LPS+Saline, LPS+Saline+DMSO, and Compound A. EXAMPLE 14

Serum stability of Compound A and Compound 1

Each of Compound 1 and Compound A was diluted to 50 μM in normal mouse serum and incubated at 37°C. At various times, aliquots were withdrawn, diluted 100-fold into ice-cold PBS, and tested for inhibitory efficacy against purified TACE. After 40 minutes, Compound A showed a decrease in inhibitory effect corresponding to a 3-4 fold loss in concentration of the compound, and Compound 1 showed no decrease in inhibitory effect.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein:

X is hydroxamic acid, thiol, phosphoryl or carboxyl;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

R¹, R² and R3 each independent of the other is hydrogen,

alkylene(cycloalkyl), OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵), halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl, aryl, a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid; or the group

-R⁶R⁷, wherein R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl and R⁷ is

OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵) or halogen, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

provided that when n is 1, A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical;

when n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; and

B is unsubstituted or substituted C₂ to C₈ alkylene; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein B is C₂ to C₆ alkylene.

3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein B is dimethylene.

4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X is hydroxamic acid.

5. A compound according to claim 3, wherein X is hydroxamic acid.

6. A compound according to claim 5, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.

7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₁ to C₆ alkylenearyl.

8. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkylenephenol, C₁ to C₆

alkylene(cycloalkyl) or C₁ to C₆ alkylenearyl.

9. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R³ is C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

10. A compound according to claim 9, wherein R³ is t-butyl.

11. A compound according to claim 13, wherein R³ is methylenephenol.

12. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R³ is C₁ to C₆ alkylenearyl.

13. A compound according to claim 12, wherein R³ is methylene-(2'-naphthyl).

14. A compound according to claim 1, wherein A is an alanyl or seryl radical, and n is 1.

15. A compound according to claim 14, wherein A is alanyl, and n is 1.

16. The compound according to claim 1, which is N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine, 2- (amino)ethyl amide.

17. The compound according to claim 1 , which is N- {D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-amino-2-dimethylbutanoyl-L- alanine, 2-(amino)ethyl amide.

18. A method for treating a mammal having a disease characterized by an

overproduction or an upregulated production of TNF-α, comprising administering to the mammal a composition comprising an effective amount of a biologically active compound of the formula:

wherein:

X is hydroxamic acid, thiol, phosphoryl or carboxyl;

m is 0, 1 or 2; R¹, R² and R³ each independent of the other is hydrogen,

alkylene(cycloalkyl), OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵), halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₁ to C₈ alkylenearyl, aryl, a protected or unprotected side chain of a naturally occurring α-amino acid; or the group -R⁶R⁷, wherein R⁶ is C₁ to C₈ alkyl and R⁷ is OR⁴, SR⁴, N(R⁴)(R⁵) or halogen, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

Y is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl,

alkylene(cycloalkyl), the group -R⁸-COOR⁹ or the group -R ^{1 0}NCR^{1 1})(R¹²); wherein R⁸ is C₁ to C₈ alkylene; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₈ alkyl; R¹⁰ is C₁ to C₈ alkylene; and R^{1 1} and R¹² are each, independent of the other, hydrogen or unsubstituted or substituted C₁ to C₈ alkyl; provided that when n is 1, A is a protected or an unprotected α-amino acid radical; and when n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; andwhen n is 2, A is the same or different protected or unprotected α-amino acid radical; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein the compound is capable of reducing serum TNF-α levels by at least 80% when administered at 25mg/kg in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis syndrome;

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein B is C₂ to C₆ alkylene.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein B is dimethylene.

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein X is hydroxamic acid.

22. The method according to claim 18, wherein R¹ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₆

alkyl.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.

24. The method according to claim 18, wherein R² is hydrogen or C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein R² is isobutyl.

26. The method according to claim 18, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkylenephenol , C₁ to C₆

alkylene(cycloalkyl) or C₁ to C₆ alkylenearyl.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein R³ is C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein R³ is t-butyl.

29. The method according to claim 26, wherein R³ is C₁ to C₆ alkylenearyl.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein R³ is methylene-(2'-naphthyl).

31. The method according to claim 18, wherein A is an alanyl or seryl radical, and n is 1.

32. The method according to claim 31, wherein A is alanyl, and n is 0 or 1.

33. The method according to claim 18, which is N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-(2'-naphthyl)alanyl-L-alanine, 2- (amino)ethyl amide.

34. The method according to claim 18, which is N-{D,L-2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl-4-methylpentanoyl}-L-3-amino-2-dimethylbutanoyl--alanine, 2-(amino)ethyl amide.

35. A pharmaceutical composition for treating TNF-α related disorders, conditions or diseases comprising a compound according to claim 1 as the active component.

36. A pharmaceutical composition for treating TNF-α related disorders, conditions or diseases comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a protein having TNF-α binding activity.