WO1995015784A2

WO1995015784A2 - Cardiac electrotherapy device for cardiac contraction measurement

Info

Publication number: WO1995015784A2
Application number: PCT/EP1994/004041
Authority: WO
Inventors: Bozidar Ferec-Petric
Original assignee: Pacesetter Ab
Priority date: 1993-12-06
Filing date: 1994-12-05
Publication date: 1995-06-15
Also published as: WO1995015784A3; EP0732960A1; HRP931478A2; US5693074A; JPH09506020A

Abstract

A cardiac electrotherapy device comprises an elongated elastic lead body (10, 11) having a distal electrode (14, 15) adapted to be connected to the heart; said lead body, including a sensor portion (17, 18) at a location adapted to undergo deformations responsive to heart muscles contractions, when the lead body is connected to the heart; said lead body comprising a high frequency transmission line means, having two conductors which are provided with terminals at the proximal end of the lead and which are adapted to transmit high frequency signals from the terminals to the sensor portion of the lead and vice versa; said sensor portion is varying its high frequency electric parameters, when being subjected to said deformations.

Description

CARDIAC ELECTROTHERAPY DEVICE FOR CARDIAC CONTRACTION

MEASUREMENT

Field of the Invention

This invention relates to cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverters - defibrillators, more particularly to improved detection of pathologic tachycardias and fibrillation, as well as to more physiologic sensor for rate responsive pacing and accurate detection of pacing capture.

Background and Prior Art

Tachycardia is a condition in which the heart beats rapidly. Pathologic tachycardia is the one which disturbs the hemodynamics, causing the drop of systemic blood pressure. There are many types of pathologic tachycardias and the electrophysiology differentiates two major classes: supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. Tachycardia is often the result of electrical feedback within the heart structures where the natural beat results in the feed¬ back of an electrical stimulus which prematurely triggers another beat. There are several different cardiac pacing modes which may terminate the tachycardia. The underlying prin¬ ciple in all of them is that if a pacemaker stimulates the heart at least once shortly after a heartbeat, before the next naturally occurring heartbeat at the rapid rate, the interposed sti¬ mulated heartbeat disrupts the stability of the feedback loop thus reverting the tachycardia to sinus rhythm. Such a pacemaker was disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,942,534 which, following detection of tachycardia, generates a stimulus after a delay interval. The most hazardous arrhythmia is ventricular tachycardia which may progress in the lethal arrhyth¬ mia ventricular fibrillation. Because the ventricular tachycardia is not always successfully treated and terminated by antitachycardia pacing, the implantable cardioverter - defibrilla- tor is used to deliver the high energy pulse shock in order to cause the cardio version of ventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm. Such an implantable device was disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4.614, 192 comprising a bipolar electrode for R-wave sensing, the system uti¬ lizing heart rate averaging and probability density function for fibrillation detection. The similar system for cardioversion is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,512 which has the high frequency pulse delivery. All these systems deliver high energy shock through the special patch-electrodes such as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,291 ,707. In order to simp¬ lify the surgical procedure, systems comprising superior vena cava electrode and subcuta¬ neous electrode, such as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,377, have been developed. The supraventricular tachycardia caused by atrial flutter or fibrillation can be also treated by implantable cardioverter such as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,572, 191. The difficulty in the electrotherapy treatment of tachycardia is that the implantable apparatus has to com¬ prise means for the accurate detection of pathologic tachycardia in order to deliver the electrotherapy pulses whenever the pathologic tachycardia occurs. The problem is that the heart rhythm increases its frequency physiologically whenever either the physical or the emotional stress occurs. The means for pathologic tachycardia detection must accurately differentiate the natural sinus tachycardia which may not be treated by means of electrothe¬ rapy from the pathologic tachycardia which has to be treated. Therefore the discrimination between normal and pathologic tachycardia on the basis of frequency measurement is not reliable. In order to overcome this problem numerous methods of tachycardia detection have been developed which are applicable in the implantable electrotherapy devices.

Such a system has been disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,551 where the heart rate sens¬ ing as well as probability density function were used to distinguish between ventricular fi¬ brillation and high rate tachycardia. More sophisticated system has been disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,317 which can automatically recognize the pathologic rhythm by means of monitoring of the pulse sequence representing the ventricular electrical activity. At least two sensing positions i.e. to each ventricular epicardial surface are used, but more sensing points will obtain better discrimination between normal and pathologic rhythms.

The problems which may occur with such systems are susceptibility on electromagnetic in- terference and muscular noise, as well as improper gain of the heart beat detectors causing the undersensing of cardiac rhythm. Therefore some means for detecting of noise and for automatic sensitivity adjustment is desirable.

Therefore the implanted pacemaker noise rejection system described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,617, as well as the automatic sensitivity control systems disclosed in the U. S.Pat. - No. 4,766,902 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,511 have been developed. The implantable cardio- verting system usually comprises the cardiac pacing system because of the backup of bra- dycardial events which follow the cardioversion high voltage pulse. There are also patients who suffer from pathologic tachycardia as well as from bradycardia which has to be treated by cardiac pacing. Therefore the physiological sensor for control of the heart rate is desirable in order to obtain the rate responsive pacing. It is also possible that the car¬ dioversion implantable device comprises a dual chamber physiologic pacing function. In such a system a sensor for atrial fibrillation detection would be important not only for the appropriate ventricular response on atrial rhythms, but also for differentiating supraventri- cular from ventricular tachycardia. There are many physiological control systems for rate responsive pacing, but only few of them can be used for tachycardia detection as well. As far as it is known to the inventor, none of these sensor systems can be used for ventricular tachycardia detection, rate responsive pacing, for atrial fibrillation detection, for pacing capture confirmation and for noise detection. The system disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,950 comprises a circulatory systemic blood pressure measurement system which de¬ tects the drop of pressure in the case of pathologic heart rhythm.

Furthermore the stroke volume and ventricular volume measurement is possible in the sy¬ stem described in the U.S.Pat.No. 4,686,987 as well as in the U.S.Pat.No. 4,535,774.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,815,611 discloses the measurement of the lead tip flexions by means of the variable impedance flexible resistor for only the lead tip flexions detection. Variable resistor is therefore mounted fixed at the lead tip. Such disclosure is convenient for measurement of local bending detection of the lead tip caused by the apical muscle contraction precisely the septum. Actually, in chronic phase when fibrous channel encloses the lead, the transducer, such as disclosed in relevant document, moves together with ven¬ tricular septum having the same magnitude of movements. In the invention of this applica¬ tion, the magnitude of movements of transmission line depends on the lead body resistance to the forces of the entire ventricle which bend the lead in the region being distant from the apical region (transatrial curvature).

U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,017 discloses system dedicated to the pressure measurements, design being a compromise between the obligatory electrical insulation from the blood and the fact that the silicone covering the sensor decreases the sensitivity of the sensor. A normally insulated pacing lead comprises the transducer adjacent to the lead body outer wall surface.

Obviously all these systems measure indirectly the mechanical contraction of the heart that is the consequence of the electrical depolarization and which has the performance influ¬ enced by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system as well as by circulatory cathe- cholamines. Sympathetic stimulation as well as elevation of the circulatory cathecholamines concentration increase the velocity of the contraction and therefore the hemodynamic for¬ ces are accordingly transferred to the circulatory system. The contraction acceleration is therefore a ventricular inotropic parameter modified during exercise. The quality of the mechanical cardiac contraction significantly differs in normal and pathologic rhythms. Therefore the system for direct measurement of parameters of the mechanical cardiac con¬ traction, as it is disclosed in the present invention, obtains more exact physiological para¬ meters which may be used for closed loop rate responsive pacing regulation, as well as for different cardiac rhythm detection. In contrary to the previously described systems, in dis¬ closed system of this patent application, the cardiac contraction energy is transformed di- rectly into the mechanical stretching energy within the lead body thereby producing the high frequency signal parameters variation within the lead body which is mechanically coupled to the heart muscle. Therefore, cardiac contraction provides the high frequency si¬ gnal variations having amplitude and frequency characteristics representing the same cha¬ racteristics of the contraction itself, consequently enabling the high frequency signal pro- cessing in such a way as to obtain the information about the contraction amplitude and ve- locity being sensors for cardiac electrotherapy control. There is no external mechanical energy which can impede the lead tension measurement signal, as well as there is no si¬ gnificant influence of the fibrotic tissue to the signal.

There are my U.S. patent No. 5,261,418 and my U.S. patent application No. 827,055 being allowed for a patent disclosing the system for lead tension measurement comprising so-called tensiometric transducers. These transducers may be produced of either the piezo¬ electric material or the conductive rubber. Both materials may be used for production of tensiometric stylets. In these patent applications, there is a possibility to use a standard pacing lead for tensiometric measurement. Normally, the stylet channel of a lead enables the control of the lead implantation by means of a steel wire (stylet) insertion. Manipulat¬ ing the stylet i.e. rotating, pushing and pulling governs the direction of the lead tip. After the proper positioning of the lead tip, the stylet is pulled-out. Therefore every implanted lead comprises an empty stylet channel which may be used for the permanent insertion of a stylet which may be used for lead tension measurement. In contrary to these applica¬ tions, the present invention discloses a system without a special transducer, wherein the stylet channel is used for insertion of an electric conductor which constitutes a high frequency transmission line together with a lead conductor. European Pat. No. 461-539 as well as U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,707 specify tensiometric patch, but there is no disclosure of defibrillator patch comprising a transmission line.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,842 discloses a motion sensor which may be mounted onto the re¬ stricted and relatively small area of a defibrillator patch. Motion sensor such as disclosed in this patent detects mechanical cardiac motion in only one restricted area having contact with myocardium. Relevant patent discloses the system which produces the signal during the cardiac motion at the region of epicardium whereon the transducer is fixed.

Summary of the Invention

It is an object of this invention to provide a cardiac electrotherapy device which is able to measure the heart muscles contractions directly and with high precision.

The invention is characterized by the feamres of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are subject of the remaining claims.

The term "high frequency" used in this application covers frequencies in an area of about 5 MHz to 100 MHz.

According to the present invention, the system for lead tension measurement is incorporat- ed within the implantable electrotherapy apparams in order to achieve the measurement of the mechanical contractions of the heart muscle. The measurement system comprises spe¬ cially designed lead being a high frequency transmission line. In another embodiment, the measurement system comprises the insulated stylet within the cardiac pacing lead, wherein the lead conductor and the stylet form a coaxial cable being a high frequency transmission line. The transmission line is mechanically coupled to the heart muscle, wherein mechani¬ cal stress to the lead produces variation of the electrical parameters of the transmission line. The implantable electrotherapy apparams comprises electronic circuits for either ana¬ lyzing or measuring the high frequency signal transmission and reflection variations pro¬ duced within the aforementioned transmission line and caused by means of the cardiac muscle contractions. It can transmit a high frequency signal to the transmission line and to continously monitor the characteristic impedance and voltage standing wave ratio at the in¬ put of the transmission line. Signal processing of the high frequency signal provides car¬ diac contraction detection, pathologic tachycardia recognition and ventricular inotropic pa¬ rameter used for rate responsive pacing regulation.

There are several principles of measurements of the transmission line parameters:

1. A kind of measurement bridge (for instance Schering bridge) measuring the line impe¬ dance, using the high-frequency sinusoidal signal (between 5 and 100 MHz). 2. Reflection coefficient measurement by means of the directional coupler again by the high-frequency sinusoidal signal (between 5 and 100 MHz).

3. Standing waves ratio measurement

4. Pulse reflectometry - whereby the narrow single pulse is emitted and the time interval between emission and its reflection is measured. The narrow single pulse has a very broad frequency spectrum dependent on its duration and repetition rate.

A cardiac electrotherapy system according to the invention comprises a cardiac lead being a transmission line means; a high frequency electronic circuitry means for electric parame¬ ters measurement of the said transmission line, and for processing of the said electric pa¬ rameters, said parameters varying due to the bending of said cardiac pacing lead, said bending being caused by the heart muscle contractions; cardiac pacing means for providing pacing signal to the heart; and control means responsive to the measured parameters of said transmission line for controlling the pacing signals to the heart.

In a first embodiment of the invention said cardiac lead has a distal electrode adapted to be connected to the heart and comprises an elastic, plastic body; an electrical conductor contained within said plastic body having an interior stylet channel, terminating in an elec¬ trode for delivery of pacing pulses; an insulated stylet wire disposed in said stylet channel at a location at which bending distortions of said plastic body occur due to said heart muscle contractions when said plastic body is implanted in said heart or attached to said heart, said insulated stylet wire and said electrical conductor forming a transmission line which changes its electrical parameters dependent on the frequency and magnitude of said heart muscle contractions.

In a second embodiment of the invention said cardiac lead has a distal electrode adapted to be connected to the heart and comprises: an elastic, plastic body; a first electrical con- ductor contained within said plastic body terminating in an electrode for delivery of pacing pulses; a second electrical conductor at a location at which bending distortions of said pla¬ stic body occur due to said heart muscle contractions when said plastic body is implanted in said heart or attached to said heart, said second electrical conductor and said first elec¬ trical conductor forming a transmission line which changes its electrical parameters, espe- cially its capacitance dependent on the frequency and magnitude of said heart muscle con¬ tractions.

Said high frequency electronic circuitry means for electric parameters measurement of the said transmission line provides a signal representing the variation of said parameters caused by variation of the geometry of said transmission line, said signal being generated by the said heart muscle contractions and said signal's amplitude and frequency character¬ istics representing amplitude and frequency characteristics of said heart muscle contrac¬ tions.

Said signal may be a representation of the variation of the sending end vector impedance or of the voltage standing wave ratio or of the reflection coefficient of said transmission line .

Said high frequency electronic circuitry means for electric parameters measurement of the said transmission line may comprise a high frequency bridge means, e.g. a Schering bridge, said bridge means being balanced when no force or an initial force, caused by the specific implantation position is applied to said lead, and said bridge being unbalanced whenever a force is applied to said lead.

Said control means responsive to the measured parameters of said transmission line for controlling the pacing signals to the heart preferably includes means for cardiac arrhythmia detection and differentiation between various arrhythmias or means includes means for the pacing rate modulation in rate responsive pacing mode or means for pacing capture con¬ firmation. In another embodiment of the invention said high frequency electronic circuitry for electric parameters measurement of the said transmission line comprises means for matching the output impedance of said circuitry to the input impedance of said transmission line.

To this end said lead may comprise a connector means on its proximal end, said connector providing electrical connection between said transmission line and said high frequency electronic circuitry, without impeding said matching of said impedances.

In case of the first embodiment, mentioned above said electrical conductor may be con- nected to the first pole of said high frequency electronic circuitry, and said stylet wire is connected to the second pole of said high frequency electronic circuitry .

In case of the second embodiment, mentioned above said first electrical conductor may be connected to the first pole of said high frequency electronic circuitry, and said second electrical conductor may be connected to the second pole of said high frequency electronic circuitry.

Preferably said transmission line comprises termination means at its distal end. Said ter¬ mination may be an open circuit, a short circuit or may have an impedance matched to the impedance of said transmission line.

In a cardiac electrotherapy system wherein said termination means varies its impedance be¬ cause of the said lead body tension being caused by the heart muscle contractions, said im¬ pedance variation generates a mismatching of said termination to said transmission line, whereby frequency and extent of said mismatching depend on frequency and magnimde of said heart muscle contractions and can be used for electric parameters measurement of the said transmission line.

These and other objects will be more readily understood by reference to the following description and accompanying drawing in which: Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional four-chamber view of a human heart having implanted the atrial as well as the ventricular pacing lead.

Fig. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a pacing system of this invention.

Fig. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a pacemaker of this invention.

Fig. 4 is a cross-section of a lead section comprising stylet, being the transmission line.

Fig. 5 is a cross-section of a lead section designed to be a transmission line.

Fig. 6 is an example of high frequency measurement on the open circuited pacing lead comprising the transmission line which was rhythmically bent.

Fig. 7 is an example of the equivalent circuit of the lead section.

Fig. 8 is a cross-section of a defibrillator patch.

Description of the Preferred Embodiment

In the embodiment of Fig. 1 , there is disclosed a four-chamber cross-section of the human heart having implanted an atrial 10 as well as a ventricular 11 cardiac pacing lead. Both leads enter the right atrium 12 through the superior vena cava 13. The atrial lead is a J-shaped lead comprising an electrode 14 on its tip which is positioned in the right atrial appendage. The ventricular lead has an electrode 15 on its tip which is positioned in the right ventricle 16 in the apical position. Though unipolar leads are disclosed, bipolar leads would be also implanted in the same anatomic relation to the heart chambers. Every con¬ traction of the heart muscle deflects both pacing leads. The atrial contraction causes the bending of the atrial lead while the ventricular contraction causes the bending of the ven- tricular lead. Magnitude of the lead deflection depends on the radial lead stiffness and on the heart muscle contraction forces. It also depends on the initial bending forces caused by the specific implantation position. For instance, the atrial lead implanted in the appendage will have smaller J-shape radius of the one being implanted on the anterior atrial wall. If the lead body is J-preshaped, the lead body will bear lower tension forces if implanted in the atrial appendage than if implanted on the atrial wall or septum. In contrary, if the lead body is straight-shaped, the lead in appendage will bear greater body tension than the lead implanted on the anterior wall or interatrial septum. Depending on the transatrial loop ra¬ dius, the ventricular lead will bear some initial bending tension forces. Because of the car¬ diac muscle contractions, the lead body has to bear the additional dynamic tension forces. Every implanted lead has the part of the lead body which is mostly exposed to the bending caused by the cardiac contractions. This bending section is clearly visible on the X-ray diascopy of leads especially when a surgeon adjusts the optimal loop of the ventricular lead thus changing the magnimde of the bending deflection. The bending section 17 of the lead 10 implanted in the right atrial appendage is shaded gray, as well as it is the bending sec¬ tion 18 of the ventricular lead 11. Especially in chronic phase of cardiac pacing, when fi- brotic tissue anchors the lead tip to the endocardium, the lead is perfectly mechanically coupled to the heart muscle. Therefore the myocardial movements forces are transferred to the lead with inconsequential losses caused by the lead elasticity which attenuates these forces. It is known from the art, that various cardiac rhythms have different hemodynam- ics, that means different magnitudes of contraction movements as well as different frequen¬ cy spectra of these movements. For example, ventricular tachycardia impedes the cardiac contractions significantly, causing decrease of the contraction magnimde. Different cardiac rhythms cause various forces of the implanted lead mechanical tension. Furthermore, sympathetic stimulation increases the contraction acceleration being the ventricular inotro- pic parameter. The aim of the present invention is to enable the measurement of the im¬ planted lead tension and thereby detect and differentiate various cardiac rhythms, as well as to achieve the closed loop regulation of rate responsive pacing. In the embodiment of Fig. 2, there is disclosed a single chamber cardiac pacing system consisting of a cardiac pacemaker 20 comprising connector assembly 21 , and of a pacing lead 22, being a high frequency transmission line at least at its section 23 and being im¬ planted into the right ventricle whith its tip 24 in the apex. There are sensing - pacing cir- cuit 25 and high frequency measurement circuit 26 within the pacemaker, which are con¬ trolled by the logic and control circuit 27) and powered by the battery 28. It is important that the lead section 23 comprising the transmission line changes its electrical parameters because of the bending within the bending section (18 in Fig. 1). The extent of a transmis¬ sion line parameter change depends on the magnimde of cardiac contraction as well as the frequency spectrum of transmission line parameter variation corresponds with the frequen¬ cy spectrum of the cardiac contractions.

In the embodiment of Fig. 3, there is disclosed a block diagram of the pacemaker from Fig. 2 disclosing connections among various circuits. Logic and control circuits 30 usually comprise microprocessor and memory being controlled by the software as it is disclosed in the prior art. They may also comprise telemetry and programming circuits (not shown) for radio frequency link with external programmer as it is disclosed in the prior art. Cir¬ cuit 30 controls the high frequency circuit 31 as well as the output and sensing circuit 32. The circuit 31 is a measurement circuit which can measure and continously monitor either one of the electrical parameters of a transmission line: the input (sending end) impedance, voltage standing waves ratio VSWR and reflection coefficient. Matching network 33 matches the output impedance of the high frequency circuit 31 to the characteristic imped¬ ance of the lead (not shown). Consequently, circuit 31 provides the results of measure¬ ments to the circuit 30. Circuit 32 delivers electrotherapy pulses as well as it detects the spontaneous rhythm of the patient's heart, as it is described in numerous prior art docu¬ ments. Circuits of the pacemaker have to comprise three connections: two poles for the high frequency signal and two poles for the pacing-sensing signal. Accordingly, connec¬ tions 34 and 35 are used to connect the high frequency circuit 31 and connections 35 and 36 are used to connect the pacing-sensing circuit 32. In unipolar pacing system, connec- tions 34 and 35 are pins of the connector assembly, while connection 36 is a pacemaker case. Consequently, pin 35 is used for pacing lead conductor connection, while pins 34 and 35 are used to connect the transmission line. In bipolar pacing system, connections 34, 35 and 36 are pins of the connector assembly. Consequently, pins 35 and 36 are used for two pacing lead conductors connection, while pins 34 and 35 are used to connect the trans- mission line. In both systems, pin 35 is connected to the active pacing electrode of a lead, while pin 36 is connected to the indifferent electrode.

In the embodiment of Fig. 4, there is disclosed one example of tensiometric transmission line designed as a lead stylet. Actually, the section of an unipolar lead, being the receiving end of the transmission line, is disclosed having lead conductor 40 and insulation sheet 41. There is only one lead conductor in unipolar lead having a stylet channel 42. Precise de¬ sign of lead conductor 40 is not disclosed because it is not important for disclosure of phy¬ sical and electric principle of this invention. However, as it is known from the prior art, it may be helicoidally wounded wire or multifiliar strip, or any other different design. Despite the conductor 40 design, the electrical principle remains the same. The conductive stylet wire 43, insulated by an insulation sheet 44 is inserted within the channel 42. On the distal end of the stylet 43, there is a termination 45, being electrically connected to the stylet wire 43 by means of the joint 46 being either a solder or a conductive glue.

In the example of this embodiment, the termination 45 is disclosed to be a cylinder. The termination 45 maintains the sliding electrical contact with the lead conductor 40. Lead conductor 40, insulation 44 and wire 43 constitute a coaxial cable insulated by insulation 41. At high frequency, this is a transmission line having characteristic impedance. The proximal end of the lead, being the sending end of the tensiometric transmission line, is not shown. However, as it is disclosed in prior art documents, every lead comprises the appropriate connector to the pacemaker. In this particular embodiment, such a connector would ensure the electrical connection between lead conductor 40 and pin 35, as well as between stylet wire 43 and pin 34. This connector may not impede the impedance matching between the transmission line and the pacemaker high frequency circuits. Termination 45 may be designed to be either an open circuit or a short circuit between conductor 40 and wire 43. Termination 45 may be also an impedance matched to the cha¬ racteristic line impedance. Normally, the lead tension causes thepressure onto the stylet in¬ sulation 44. If the lead section is exposed to bending, the insulation sheet 44 will be distended and compressed rhythmically corresponding to the heart beats.

Accordingly, the geometry of coaxial cable will change. Consequently, the characteristic line impedance will also change. Therefore the insulation sheet 44 has to be made of a soft material susceptible to compression and distension. For instance, if the transmission line is terminated by a matched impedance, there will be no reflections, and the measured VSWR is approximately equal to unity. The input line impedance is than equal to the cha¬ racteristic line impedance. Geometry variation of the transmission line causes variation of the characteristic line impedance.

Accordingly, variation of matching at the sending end as well as at the receiving end oc- curs. Therefore, variation of either VSWR, or reflection coefficient, or input impedance can be measured at the sending end (pacemaker high frequency circuits) of transmission line.

In the embodiment of Fig. 5 there is disclosed a cross-section of the unipolar lead section designed to be a special kind of transmission line. The lead comprises an insulation tube 50, and two helically wounded lead conductors 51 and 52. Conductor 51 and conductor 52 are wounded one adjacent to the another in such a way as to constitute a stylet channel 53. Insulation tube 50 is usually made of either silicone or polyurethane. Conductors 51 and 52 are insulated by thin insulation coatings 54 and 55, respectively. If the lead were im- planted within the human body, the water penetrates after some time through the insulation tube 50. Accordingly, bending of the lead body 50 causes the variation of the conductance between the two conductors 51 and 52 due to the local variation of mutual distance between conductors. Even more influential is the change of inductance caused by the va¬ riation of distance between the two conductors. The proximal end of the lead, being the sending end of the tensiometric transmission line, is not shown. However, as it is dis- closed in prior art documents, it comprises the appropriate connector to the pacemaker. In this particular embodiment, such a connector would ensure the electrical connection between lead conductor 51 and pin 34, as well as between lead conductor 52 and pin 35. This connector may not impede the impedance matching between the transmission line and the pacemaker high frequency circuits. The receiving end of the transmission line compris¬ es a termination 56 being electrically connected to both lead conductors 51 and 52. Due to the lead body bending, the geometry of the lead changes rhythmically corresponding to the mechanical contractions. Consequently, the transmission line parameters deviate rhythmically as well as synchronously with cardiac contractions. Distal part of the lead is not shown, but it is terminated by an electrode having electrical contact with the lead conductor 52. In the embodiment of this example, lead conductor 52 is used for pacing- sensing signal transmission, while both lead conductors 51 and 52 constitute the transmis¬ sion line.

In the embodiment of Fig. 6, there is disclosed a diagram showing the result of measure¬ ment of the sending end vector impedance of the lead such as disclosed in Fig. 5. Lead conductors were teflone insulated helicoidally wounded multistrand wires. The line termination 56 was the open circuit. The coaxial connector of the lead was connected to the high accuracy network analyzer measurement instrument. The section of the lead, such as disclosed in Fig. 5, was tied between closure of left thumb and left index and closure of right thumb and right index. The lead was intentionally bent in the section between the two hands by means of the rhythmic motion of the two hands. Fig. discloses sending end vector impedance: its absolute value 60 and phase 61 as functions of time. The frequency of the input signal was 20 MHz. As it is demonstrated, lead bending causes variation of sending end vector impedance. Moreover, the first derivative of the impedance 62 as well of the phase 63 is proportional to the velocity of bending. The left numbers column 64 de¬ signates the values of the absolute value in Ohms. The right numbers column 65 designates the values of the phase in degrees. The lead implanted within the human heart will therefore provide signal representing the cardiac contraction. Every pacing pulse must be followed by the cardiac contraction i.e. transmission line parameters variation. Different cardiac arrhythmias produce different patterns of transmission line parameters variation. The first derivative of the transmission line parameter variation is the ventricular inotropic parameter used for closed loop pacing rate regulation. Accordingly, this invention enables pacing capture confirmation, tachycardia detection and rate responsive pacing.

Fig. 7 shows the equivalent circuit of a pacing lead section being the transmission line 3dx long. This Fig. explains the theoretical background of this invention. Designation L is for distributed inductance per unit length representing the effect of the variation of magnetic flux set up around the conductors. Designation C is for distributed capacitance (per unit length) between the conductors. Distributed resistance per unit length R represents the im¬ perfection of the conductors. Distributed conductance per unit length G represents the im¬ perfection of the insulation. These designations are common in the transmission lines theo¬ ry. Lead bending causes the variation of capacitance Cdx, conductance Gdx and inductance Ldx, at the location of lead geometry variation. Accordingly, variable inductance 70, va- riable conductance 71 and variable capacitance 72 are disclosed. However, in various examples of possible lead designs, there will be different power of the variation of these three parameters varying the line impedance. The dry lead from Fig. 4 will mainly change the capacitance Cdx. After some time of post-implant period, the water will soak the in¬ sulation and the conductance Gdx variation becomes more influential.

The lead from Fig. 5 will mainly change the inductance Ldx, but the influence of capaci¬ tance and conductance is not negligible. Accordingly, lead may be designed in such a way as to achieve the sensitivity of either three line parameters on the lead bending i.e. geo¬ metry variation. There is also another possible embodiment of disclosed system, being almost the same and having same electrical connections, wherein transmission line main¬ tains its geometry and its parameters constant despite of the lead body tension, but has a termination on its distal end which is susceptible to lead body tension. Accordingly, the impedance of termination varies dependent on heart muscle contractions, causing the mis¬ matching between the line impedance and the termination impedance. These principles are by no way limited to the leads. Transmission line, susceptible to change of its parameters because of geometry variation, may also be incorporated within the implantable defibrillator patch.

In the embodiment of Fig. 8, there is disclosed a cross-section of a defibrillator patch. The patch is made of the elastic insulation material 80, usually silicon rubber. The conductive surface 81 is defibrillating electrode, usually made of wire mesh. A lead conductor 82 is electrically coupled to the electrode 81 by means of a junction 83 and electrically connects the electrode 81 to the electrotherapy output circuit of an implantable defibrillator (not shown). A second lead conductor 84 is electrically connected to the second conductive wire mesh 86 by means of a junction 85. Conductive gluing or even point welding may be used for junctions 83 and 85. There is an elastic insulation layer 87 between electrode 81 and conductive mesh 86. Defibrillating electrode 81, insulation layer 87 and mesh 86 are mounted in parallel planes having the equivalent surface and create a capacitor. Both lead conductors 82 and 84 are built in a coaxial bipolar lead wire, insulated by silicone 88 as it is known in the art, and create a coaxial cable being the transmission line. In disclosed embodiment, the coaxial transmission line is terminated by a capacitor. Bending of the patch deforms the wire meshes 81 and 86 as well as it distends and compresses the insula¬ tion layer 87. Accordingly, the capacitance of the capacitor 81-87-86 is modulated by the cardiac contractions. Therefore, if the sending end transmission line parameters of the co¬ axial lead conductor 82-88-84 are measured at the proximal end (not shown) of the lead conductor, the measured parameters are modulated by the cardiac contractions.

There have been described two major principles of the invention:

1. The transmission line is sensitive to the bending, and the transmission line parameters are modulated by the cardiac contractions; the transmission line must be implanted within the bending segment of the lead (Fig. 4 and 5). 2. The transmission line is not sensitive to the bending, and the transmission line is termi¬ nated by the load wherein the load parameters are modulated by the cardiac contractions; termination of the transmission line comprising the load must be implanted within the bending segment of the lead (Fig. 8).

While specific embodiments of present invention have been described, it should be understood that these embodiments are described for purposes of illustration only. The foregoing description is not intended in any way to limit the scope of the present inven¬ tion. Rather is the intention that the scope of the invention be limited only as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A cardiac electrotherapy device comprising an elongated elastic lead body (10, 11 , 22, 90), having a distal electrode (14,

15 ,24, 81) adapted to be connected to the heart; said lead body, including a sensor portion (17, 18, 81/86/87) at a location adapted to undergo deformations responsive to heart muscles contractions, when the lead body is connected to the heart; said lead body comprising a high frequency transmission line means, having two conductors (40/43, 51/52, 82/84) which are provided with terminals (34/35) at the proximal end of the lead and which are adapted to transmit high frequency signals from the terminals to the sensor portion of the lead and vice versa; said sensor portion is varying its high frequency electric parameters, when being subjected to said deformations.

2. Device according to claim 1, wherein said sensor portion is formed by at least a part of said two conductors (51/52).

3. Device according to claim 1 , wherein said sensor portion is formed by a ter¬ mination means (56, 81/86/87) electrically connected to the distal end of the conductors (51/52, 82/84).

4. Device according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein said high frequency elec- trie parameter is represented by the sending end vector impedance (60, 61) of said trans¬ mission line detectable at the proximal end of the lead.

5. Device according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein said high frequency elec¬ tric parameter is represented by the reflection coefficient of the of the transmission line de- tectable at the proximal end of the lead.

6. Device according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein said high frequency elec¬ tric parameter is represented by the voltage standing wave ration of said transmission line detectable at the proximal end of the lead.

7. Device according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein said high frequency elec¬ tric parameter comprises a capacitance between two electrically conductive elements (40/43, 51/53, 81/86/87) formed by or connected to said conductors (40/43, 51/52, 82/84).

8. Device according to any of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a high frequen¬ cy electronic circuitry means (30, 31) connectable or connected to the sending end (proxi¬ mal end) of said transmission line for electric parameters measurement of the said transmission line, and for processing of the said electric parameters.

9. Device according according to claim 8, wherein said high frequency electro¬ nic circuitry comprises means (33) for matching the output impedance of said circuitry to the input impedance of said transmission line.

10. Device according to claim 8 or 9, further comprising a cardiac pacing means (32) for providing pacing signals to the heart; and control means (30) responsive to the measured parameters of said transmission line for controlling the pacing signals to the heart.

11. Device according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein said cardiac pacing lead having a distal electrode adapted to be connected to the heart comprises: an elastic, plastic body (10,11,22,41); an electrical conductor (40) contained within said plastic body having an inte¬ rior stylet channel (42), terminating in an electrode (14,15,24) for delivery of pacing puls- es; an insulated (44) stylet wire (43) disposed in said stylet channel at a location (17,18,23) at which bending of said plastic body occur due to said heart muscle contrac¬ tions when said plastic body is implanted in said heart or attached to said heart, said insu¬ lated stylet wire and said electrical conductor forming a transmission line which changes its electrical parameters (70,71,72) dependent on the frequency and magnimde of said heart muscle contractions.

12. Device according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein said cardiac pacing lead having a distal electrode adapted to be connected to the heart comprises: an elastic, plastic body (10, 11 ,22,50); a first electrical conductor (52) contained within said plastic body terminating in an electrode (14,15,24) for delivery of pacing pulses; a second electrical conductor (51) at a location (17, 18,23) at which bending of said plastic body occur due to said heart muscle contractions when said plastic body is im- planted in said heart or attached to said heart, said second electrical conductor and said first electrical conductor forming a transmission line which changes its electrical parame¬ ters (70,71,72) dependent on the frequency and magnimde of said heart muscle contrac¬ tions.

13. Device according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein said high frequency electronic circuitry means (26,31) provides signal representing the variation of said parameters caused by variation of the geometry of said transmission line, said signal being generated by the said heart muscle contractions and said signal's amplitude and frequency characteristics representing amplitude and frequency characteristics of said heart muscle contractions.

14. Device according to claim 13, wherein said high frequency signal represents the variation of the sending end vector impedance (60,61) of said transmission line .

15. Device according to claim 13, wherein said signal represents the variation of the voltage standing wave ratio of said transmission line .

16. Device according to claim 13, wherein said signal represents the variation of the reflection coefficient of said transmission line .

17. Device according to claim 13, wherein said high frequency electronic cir¬ cuitry means (31) comprises a high frequency bridge means, said bridge being balanced when no force or an initial force, caused by the specific implantation position is applied to said sensor portion (17, 18, 81/86/87) of the lead, and said bridge being unbalanced whenever a force is applied to said sensor portion.

18. Device according to claim 10, wherein said control means (27,30) includes means for cardiac arrhythmia detection and differentiation between various arrhythmias.

19. Device according to claim 10, wherein said control means includes means for the pacing rate modulation in rate responsive pacing mode.

20. Device according to claim 10, wherein said control means includes means for pacing capture confirmation.

21. Device according to any of claims 9 to 20, wherein said pacing lead com¬ prises a connector means (21) on its proximal end, said connector providing electrical con¬ nection between said transmission line and said high frequency electronic circuitry, without impeding said matching of said impedances.

22. Device according to claims 11 and 21 , wherein said electrical conductor is connected to the first pole (35) of said high frequency electronic circuitry, and said stylet wire is connected to the second pole (34) of said high frequency electronic circuitry.

23. Device according to claims 12 and 21, wherein said first electrical conduc¬ tor is connected to the first pole (35) of said high frequency electronic circuitry, and said second electrical conductor is connected to the second pole (34) of said high frequency electronic circuitry.

24. Device according to claim 1 , wherein said transmission line comprises ter¬ mination means (45,56) at its distal end.

25. Device according to claim 16, wherein said termination is open circuit.

26. Device according to claim 16, wherein said termination is short circuit.

27. Device according to claim 16, wherein said termination has impedance matched to the impedance of said transmission line.

28. Device according to claim 19, wherein said termination varies its imped¬ ance because of the said lead body tension being caused by the heart muscle contractions, said impedance variation generating the mismatching of said termination to said transmis¬ sion line, whereby frequency and extent of said mismatching depend on frequency and magnimde of said heart muscle contractions.