WO1995022119A1 - Procedure for analysing patterns - Google Patents

Procedure for analysing patterns Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995022119A1
WO1995022119A1 PCT/HU1995/000002 HU9500002W WO9522119A1 WO 1995022119 A1 WO1995022119 A1 WO 1995022119A1 HU 9500002 W HU9500002 W HU 9500002W WO 9522119 A1 WO9522119 A1 WO 9522119A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
information carrier
marks
patterns
procedure
interdependence
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/HU1995/000002
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Attila ALFÖLDI
Lázár Adrienne FELLEGINÉ
Béla KARTALY
László MAGOS
György MATAKOVICS
Péter MOLDVAI
András MOLNÁR
István MÜLLER
Csaba Nagy
Original Assignee
Recoware Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Recoware Ltd. filed Critical Recoware Ltd.
Publication of WO1995022119A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995022119A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
    • G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
    • G06V40/12—Fingerprints or palmprints
    • G06V40/1365—Matching; Classification

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a procedure for analysing patterns, especially, for examining and evaluating dermatoglyphic structures e.g. fingerprints, during which primary groups of marks composed of information carrier elements e.g. points of minutiae of master patterns associated with various carriers e.g.
  • a number of procedures and means suitable to compare, evaluate and identify various 2D or 3 D patterns are known worldwide. These methods became popular especially in the field of personal identification and entry authorization systems in the recent few years. Such means are used e.g. by the computerized cash dispensers (ATMs) of banks for the identification of persons using their credit cards as well as for the purpose of identifying persons authorized to entry into private areas. Most of these procedures are based on the analysis of fingerprints of the persons concerned, and comparing them to a master print stored previously. In addition, a number of various solutions for acquiring the relevant information relating to the papillary lines in the fingerprints and processing the information obtained are already available.
  • ATMs computerized cash dispensers
  • the Hungarian Patent Specification published under No. T/46161 describes a solution suitable for personal identification.
  • the essence of the procedure is. that characteristic data relating to the fingerprint of the person to be identified will be acquired, by dividing the fingerprint into bands and determining the number of wrinkles and grooves in the fingerprint that intersect the parallel straight lines of division in several positions of the straight line, while using the information thus obtained for the identification.
  • the identification of a fingerprint will be performed by comparing the distance data between the characteristic points - .the so-called points of minutiae - of the print under examination with those of a previously stored print.
  • the known methods usually require a reference point in comparing the fingerprints, which, however, cannot be undoubtedly specified in most cases of identification. In such cases, the result may be erroneous, or even, under extreme conditions, the procedure is unable to be used at all.
  • the invention is aimed at eliminating the deficiencies of the usual methods of examination and elaborating a solution that enables a more quick and more reliable procedure to be implemented.
  • the procedure according to the invention is based on the recognition that, if patterns to be examined that — although located a physically different places — can be considered to be consistent, are handled as a single consistent unit and, considering this, their evaluation is performed by using methods other than those known and the information carrier elements associated with the various patterns are provided - by means of other information carrier elements falling within their environment - with specifically generated characteristics, being such characteristics used for the comparison, the task can be solved.
  • the procedure according to the invention suitable for the analysis of patterns — especially for examination and analysis of dermatoglyphic structures, e.g. fingerprints —.during which primary groups of marks composed of information carrier elements e.g. points of minutiae of master patterns associated with various carriers e.g. persons will be established in the form suitable to be handled by some comparator device and a reference set composed of the individual basic groups of marks will be established and, by using the information carrier details of the patterns to be examined that are adapted to the information carrier elements of the basic patterns, a research group of marks also suitable to be handled by the said comparator device will be prepared and.
  • information carrier elements e.g. points of minutiae of master patterns associated with various carriers e.g. persons
  • each research group of patterns to be examined will be compared in turn with each basic group of marks included in the reference set, the results of the analysis will be recorded and primary indices of interdependence generated, thus establishing a primary order of interdependence by means of sorting the basic groups of marks of the reference set according to the primary indices of interdependence obtained -- is based on the principle, that primary indices of relationship associated with research group of marks prepared on the basis of patterns that are independent, nevertheless, that can be ranked with the same carrier, will be combined. thus establishing a secondary order of interdependence, which handles the patterns to be examined and suitable to be associated with the same carrier as a single unit.
  • a further criterion of the invention may be that the master pattern will be fed by means of a picture digitalizer device — e.g. scanner — to the input of an EDP device and, by means of said EDP device, it will be converted to some structure of figures, the terms of the said structure of figures that represent the information carrier elements e.g. minutiae of the master pattern will be completed by position- and direction parameters, thus establishing the basic group of marks
  • the pattern to be examined will be subject to sampling by means of an optoelectronic device e.g. video camera and, after conversion into digital form, the digitalized signals will be fed to the input of an EDP device and, by means of the said EDP device, they will be converted to a structure of figures, the terms of the said structure of figures that represent the information carrier details e.g. minutiae of the pattern to be examined will be completed by position- and direction parameters, thus establish- ing the research group of marks.
  • a computer will be used as a comparator device.
  • the secondary directional values will be determined, thus establishing converted and position independent secondary information carrier elements; this partial procedure will be repeated for each information carrier element, thus obtaining a position independent basic group of marks.
  • the secondary directional values will be determined prior to the comparison; thus establishing converted and position independent secondary information carrier details; this partial procedure will be repeated for each information carrier detail, thus obtaining a position independent research group of marks.
  • the secondary information carrier details of the position independent research group of marks will be compared to the secondary information carrier elements of the position independent basic groups of marks during the comparison and. in the case of coincidence between the secondary information carrier details and the secondary information carrier elements, the ratio of the number of edges connecting the selected information carrier elements together to the number of the selected information carrier elements will be determined and, based on the results thus obtained, the secondary order of interdependence will be established.
  • the procedure has a number of advantageous features; the most important one is that it enables the analysis, identification and selection of dermatoglyphic patterns to be performed more quickly and accurately.
  • a further advantage is that, by characterizing the information carrier elements in a manner other than usual and handling the structures of figures used for characterization in an original way enables the examination to be performed even on the basis of deteriorated patterns, or even, only part of the pattern to be examined.
  • Fig. 1 shows a master pattern, indicating the information carrier elements.
  • Fig. 2 shows the partial agreement of the information carrier elements.
  • Fig. 3 shows a pattern to be examined, indicating the information carrier details.
  • Fig. 4 shows the interdependence between part of the information carrier details.
  • Fig. 5 shows the information carrier elements compared and agreed.
  • Fig. 1 shows the master pattern 1 -which includes the information carrier elements l a.
  • the master pattern 1 consists in the papillary line structure of a fingerprint recorded earlier, with the minutiae of the line structure serving as the information carrier elements l a here.
  • the information carrier elements l a are defined by means of the associated coordinates - not indicated in the figure - and the directional parameters A and B.
  • the fig. 2 represents one of the central information carrier elements l b and the surrounding information carrier elements l e. Furthermore, the section S between the central information carrier element l b and the surrounding information carrier elements l c as well as the secondary directional parameters AA and BB are also shown.
  • Fig. 3 represents a -deteriorated- pattern 2 to be examined, with the information carrier details 2a and their associated directional parameters a and b.
  • Fig. 4 -similarly to Fig. 2 - represents a central information carrier detail 2b and the surrounding information carrier detail 2c. The section “s” and the secondary directional parameters "aa” and "bb" are also shown in the figure.
  • Fig. 5 shows the graph edges "e" connecting the information carrier elements la - associated with the master pattern 1 - agreed with the information carrier details 2a of the pattern 2 to be examined, together with the information carrier elements la at their ends.
  • master patterns were taken from various data carriers e.g. fingers, toes,, palms and soles of persons under various circumstances, by means of a traditional print recording method used in the criminal investigation.
  • the master patterns 1 were read by means of a scanner into a storage unit and converted into a structure of figures .
  • the characteristic elements of the structure of figures - i.e. the points of minutiae of the line structure - were completed by further data of identification, thus, by the coordinates of the given point of minutiae and the directional parameters A and B.
  • the directional parameters A and B represent the direction of tangent at the point of minutiae of the line associated with that point of minutiae.
  • a basic group of marks included the converted data of each dermatoglyphic structures taken from a person. The data once converted were subject to further transformation so that - as shown in Fig.
  • the length of the sections "s" between the said central information carrier element lb and each of the surrounding information carrier elements l c within a given circle around it, that is, the distance from tlie central information carrier element l b to each surrounding information carrier element l c was determined.
  • the secondary directional parameters AA and BB were calculated.
  • the secondary directional parameters AA and BB, together with the length of the section "s” clearly define the relative position of the central information carrier element l b and the surrounding information carrier element l c.
  • the central information carrier element lb was represented only by the data acquired from its surrounding; thus obtaining a position independent secondary information carrier element
  • the same procedure as in the case of the master patterns 1 was implemented, with the restriction that the clues suspected to originate from the same person, that is, the patterns 2 to be examined that can be associated with the same carrier, were handled as a single unit.
  • the structures of figures relating to the patterns 2 to be examined were established in the form suitable to be interpreted and handled by the computer.
  • the information carrier details 2a of the structures of figures were completed by position- as well as directional parameters "a" and "b", in order to obtain research groups of marks.
  • the information carrier details 2a of the research groups of marks - as mentioned earlier - were also transformed and, considering them the central information carrier details 2b, were determined clearly and in a position independent manner, by using the sections "s" to the surrounding information carrier details 2c and the secondary directional parameters "aa” and "bb", thus obtaining the position independent secondary information carrier details and the position independent research group of marks composed of the said position independent secondary information carrier details.
  • the ratio of the number of edges "e" to the number of information carrier elements l a selected was calculated.
  • the ratios were combined to a single value which was considered the primary index of interdependence obtained from the given partial examination.
  • these primary indices of interdependence were sorted, thus establishing a secondary order of interdependence that actually shows the carriers - that is, prints taken from persons - that, based on the master patterns 1>, show the best coincidence with the group generated from the patterns 2 to be examined, i.e. the clues to be found.
  • the procedure according to the invention can be favourably used to analyze, compare, select and identify group of patterns that are related although located at different places, more quickly and reliably.
  • the procedure is particularly suitable to be used in the criminal investigation, while accelerating the procedures, reducing the inaccuracies and the number of possible failures.

Abstract

The invention relates to a procedure for analysing patterns, especially for examining and evaluating dermatoglyphic structures, e.g. fingerprints, during which primary groups of marks composed of information carrier elements, e.g. points of minutiae of basic patterns associated with various carriers, e.g. persons, will be established in the form suitable to be handled by some comparator device and a reference set composed of the individual basic groups of marks will be established and, by using the information carrier details of the patterns to be examined that are adapted to the information carrier elements of the basic patterns, a research group of marks also suitable to be handled by the said comparator device will be prepared and, then, by means of the said comparator device, each research group of patterns to be examined will be compared in turn with each basic group of marks included in the reference set, the results of the analysis will be recorded and primary indices of interdependence generated, thus establishing a primary order of interdependence by means of sorting the basic groups of marks of the reference set according to the primary indices of interdependence obtained. A special feature of the procedure is that the primary indices of interdependence associated with the research group of marks established relating to patterns to be examined (2) that are independent, nevertheless, suitable to be ranked with the same carrier, will be combined and, thus, a secondary order of interdependence will be established, that handles the patterns under examination (2) suitable to be related to the same carrier as a single unit.

Description

Procedure for analysing patterns
The invention relates to a procedure for analysing patterns, especially, for examining and evaluating dermatoglyphic structures e.g. fingerprints, during which primary groups of marks composed of information carrier elements e.g. points of minutiae of master patterns associated with various carriers e.g. persons will be established in the form suitable to be handled by some comparator device and a reference set composed of the individual basic groups of marks will be established and, by using the information carrier details of the patterns to be examined that are adapted to the information carrier elements of the master patterns, a research group of marks also suitable to be handled by the said comparator device will be prepared and, then, by means of the comparator device, each research group of patterns to be examined will be compared in turn with each basic group of marks included in the reference set, the results of the analysis will be recorded and primary indices of interdependence generated, thus establishing a primary order of interdependence by means of sorting the basic groups of marks of the reference set according to the primary indices of interdependence obtained.
A number of procedures and means suitable to compare, evaluate and identify various 2D or 3 D patterns are known worldwide. These methods became popular especially in the field of personal identification and entry authorization systems in the recent few years. Such means are used e.g. by the computerized cash dispensers (ATMs) of banks for the identification of persons using their credit cards as well as for the purpose of identifying persons authorized to entry into private areas. Most of these procedures are based on the analysis of fingerprints of the persons concerned, and comparing them to a master print stored previously. In addition, a number of various solutions for acquiring the relevant information relating to the papillary lines in the fingerprints and processing the information obtained are already available.
The Hungarian Patent Specification published under No. T/46161 describes a solution suitable for personal identification. The essence of the procedure is. that characteristic data relating to the fingerprint of the person to be identified will be acquired, by dividing the fingerprint into bands and determining the number of wrinkles and grooves in the fingerprint that intersect the parallel straight lines of division in several positions of the straight line, while using the information thus obtained for the identification.
In other cases, as described e.g. in the USA patent specification registered under No. 4.896,363, the identification of a fingerprint will be performed by comparing the distance data between the characteristic points - .the so-called points of minutiae - of the print under examination with those of a previously stored print.
For the comparison between an actual and a previously stored fingerprint, the USA patent specification registered under No. 5.105,467 describes a procedure consisting of several stages, in which a verification by using a directional ruler will be performed first, and only part of the minutiae in the samples passed this stage will be examined in detail.
Similar methods are described among others in the patent specifications EP 343.580 and EP 50.842. In the latter, the identity of fingerprints will be decided by rotating and offsetting the points of minutiae as required. However, each of the known methods has the disadvantage that, in each case, only one fingerprint will be subject to comparison and, in addition, differences — within a relatively wide tolerance band — between the stored fingerprint and that under examination are allowed.
There are, however, tasks, in which differences within a wide band cannot be allowed and, ' in addition, more than one fingerprints have to be examined. One of such fields is the identification of fingerprints in the criminalistics where several clues have to be examined and identified, as accurately as possible, within the shortest possible time.
By using the traditional procedures, only consistent areas can be examined and, these procedures are suitable only to handle the prints and compare them with the recorded prints separately. The list of suspected persons will also be established by handling the results obtained separately, which, due tσ the distortion and deterioration of the prints, may show significant differences, thus rendering the preparation of a true list of suspected persons and the criminal investigation more difficult
It is also disadvantageous, that the analysis by using traditional methods takes long time.
It shall also be considered unfavourable that the known methods usually require a reference point in comparing the fingerprints, which, however, cannot be undoubtedly specified in most cases of identification. In such cases, the result may be erroneous, or even, under extreme conditions, the procedure is unable to be used at all. The invention is aimed at eliminating the deficiencies of the usual methods of examination and elaborating a solution that enables a more quick and more reliable procedure to be implemented.
It is also an objective that the procedure itself does not require any typical reference points for the purpose of comparison and analysis; instead, it will be case-independent, thus allowing any dermatoglyphic patterns even with deteriorated motives to be identified.
The procedure according to the invention is based on the recognition that, if patterns to be examined that — although located a physically different places — can be considered to be consistent, are handled as a single consistent unit and, considering this, their evaluation is performed by using methods other than those known and the information carrier elements associated with the various patterns are provided - by means of other information carrier elements falling within their environment - with specifically generated characteristics, being such characteristics used for the comparison, the task can be solved.
According to the objective set, the procedure according to the invention suitable for the analysis of patterns — especially for examination and analysis of dermatoglyphic structures, e.g. fingerprints —.during which primary groups of marks composed of information carrier elements e.g. points of minutiae of master patterns associated with various carriers e.g. persons will be established in the form suitable to be handled by some comparator device and a reference set composed of the individual basic groups of marks will be established and, by using the information carrier details of the patterns to be examined that are adapted to the information carrier elements of the basic patterns, a research group of marks also suitable to be handled by the said comparator device will be prepared and. then, by means of the comparator device, each research group of patterns to be examined will be compared in turn with each basic group of marks included in the reference set, the results of the analysis will be recorded and primary indices of interdependence generated, thus establishing a primary order of interdependence by means of sorting the basic groups of marks of the reference set according to the primary indices of interdependence obtained -- is based on the principle, that primary indices of relationship associated with research group of marks prepared on the basis of patterns that are independent, nevertheless, that can be ranked with the same carrier, will be combined. thus establishing a secondary order of interdependence, which handles the patterns to be examined and suitable to be associated with the same carrier as a single unit.
A further criterion of the invention may be that the master pattern will be fed by means of a picture digitalizer device — e.g. scanner — to the input of an EDP device and, by means of said EDP device, it will be converted to some structure of figures, the terms of the said structure of figures that represent the information carrier elements e.g. minutiae of the master pattern will be completed by position- and direction parameters, thus establishing the basic group of marks
In another version of the procedure, the pattern to be examined will be subject to sampling by means of an optoelectronic device e.g. video camera and, after conversion into digital form, the digitalized signals will be fed to the input of an EDP device and, by means of the said EDP device, they will be converted to a structure of figures, the terms of the said structure of figures that represent the information carrier details e.g. minutiae of the pattern to be examined will be completed by position- and direction parameters, thus establish- ing the research group of marks. A computer will be used as a comparator device.
Prior to the comparison, the distances from one of the information carrier elements of the basic group of marks, considered the central information carrier element, to each of the surrounding information carrier elements and, -<- based on the section between the said central information carrier element and each of the surrounding information carrier elements as well as the directional parameters associated with the said information carrier element — . the secondary directional values will be determined, thus establishing converted and position independent secondary information carrier elements; this partial procedure will be repeated for each information carrier element, thus obtaining a position independent basic group of marks.
In a preferred version of the procedure, the distance from one of the' information carrier details included in the research group of marks, considered the central information carrier detail, to each surrounding information carrier detail and. — based on the section between the said central information carrier detail and each surrounding information carrier detail as well as the directional parameters associated with the said information carrier detail — . the secondary directional values will be determined prior to the comparison; thus establishing converted and position independent secondary information carrier details; this partial procedure will be repeated for each information carrier detail, thus obtaining a position independent research group of marks.
In a favourable version of the procedure, the secondary information carrier details of the position independent research group of marks will be compared to the secondary information carrier elements of the position independent basic groups of marks during the comparison and. in the case of coincidence between the secondary information carrier details and the secondary information carrier elements, the ratio of the number of edges connecting the selected information carrier elements together to the number of the selected information carrier elements will be determined and, based on the results thus obtained, the secondary order of interdependence will be established.
The procedure has a number of advantageous features; the most important one is that it enables the analysis, identification and selection of dermatoglyphic patterns to be performed more quickly and accurately.
A further advantage is that, by characterizing the information carrier elements in a manner other than usual and handling the structures of figures used for characterization in an original way enables the examination to be performed even on the basis of deteriorated patterns, or even, only part of the pattern to be examined.
It is also favourable that the procedure requires no new and sophisticated means - a feature that influences the popularization of the method to a large extent.
It shall be regarded as an economic advantage that, due to the reduced time of obtaining more accurate results, the additional costs can also be reduced and, in addition, the time necessary for identification during the criminal investigation can be reduced; which may result in the successful implementation of the actions as the case may be.
The procedure according to the invention will be described in detail, by means of an exemplary embodiment, based on drawings. Fig. 1 shows a master pattern, indicating the information carrier elements.
Fig. 2 shows the partial agreement of the information carrier elements.
Fig. 3 shows a pattern to be examined, indicating the information carrier details.
Fig. 4 shows the interdependence between part of the information carrier details.
Fig. 5 shows the information carrier elements compared and agreed.
Fig. 1 shows the master pattern 1 -which includes the information carrier elements l a. The master pattern 1 consists in the papillary line structure of a fingerprint recorded earlier, with the minutiae of the line structure serving as the information carrier elements l a here. The information carrier elements l a are defined by means of the associated coordinates - not indicated in the figure - and the directional parameters A and B.
The fig. 2 represents one of the central information carrier elements l b and the surrounding information carrier elements l e. Furthermore, the section S between the central information carrier element l b and the surrounding information carrier elements l c as well as the secondary directional parameters AA and BB are also shown.
Fig. 3 represents a -deteriorated- pattern 2 to be examined, with the information carrier details 2a and their associated directional parameters a and b. Fig. 4 -similarly to Fig. 2 - represents a central information carrier detail 2b and the surrounding information carrier detail 2c. The section "s" and the secondary directional parameters "aa" and "bb" are also shown in the figure.
Fig. 5 shows the graph edges "e" connecting the information carrier elements la - associated with the master pattern 1 - agreed with the information carrier details 2a of the pattern 2 to be examined, together with the information carrier elements la at their ends.
An exemplary embodiment of the procedure according to the invention will be described below.
First, master patterns were taken from various data carriers e.g. fingers, toes,, palms and soles of persons under various circumstances, by means of a traditional print recording method used in the criminal investigation.
Then,* the master patterns 1 were read by means of a scanner into a storage unit and converted into a structure of figures . The characteristic elements of the structure of figures - i.e. the points of minutiae of the line structure - were completed by further data of identification, thus, by the coordinates of the given point of minutiae and the directional parameters A and B. The directional parameters A and B represent the direction of tangent at the point of minutiae of the line associated with that point of minutiae.
Based on the information carrier elements l a provided with position- as well as A and B directional parameters, a basic group of marks and, based on the said basic group of marks, a reference set including the entirety of the master patterns 1 were established. It shall be noted here that the basic group of marks included the converted data of each dermatoglyphic structures taken from a person. The data once converted were subject to further transformation so that - as shown in Fig. 2 - , by regarding one of the information carrier element la as the central information carrier element l b, the length of the sections "s" between the said central information carrier element lb and each of the surrounding information carrier elements l c within a given circle around it, that is, the distance from tlie central information carrier element l b to each surrounding information carrier element l c was determined. In addition, by using the section "s" and the directional parameter A as well as the section "s" and each of the directional parameters B, the secondary directional parameters AA and BB were calculated. The secondary directional parameters AA and BB, together with the length of the section "s" clearly define the relative position of the central information carrier element l b and the surrounding information carrier element l c.
Having this partial procedure performed, the central information carrier element lb was represented only by the data acquired from its surrounding; thus obtaining a position independent secondary information carrier element
The transformation described last was performed for each information carrier element l a considered central information carrier element l b; thus, position independent basic groups of marks were obtained relating to each master pattern 1.
Relating to the patterns 2 to be examined, the same procedure as in the case of the master patterns 1 was implemented, with the restriction that the clues suspected to originate from the same person, that is, the patterns 2 to be examined that can be associated with the same carrier, were handled as a single unit. By using a video camera and a device that converted the video signals from the video camera into digital signals, the structures of figures relating to the patterns 2 to be examined were established in the form suitable to be interpreted and handled by the computer. The information carrier details 2a of the structures of figures were completed by position- as well as directional parameters "a" and "b", in order to obtain research groups of marks.
The information carrier details 2a of the research groups of marks - as mentioned earlier - were also transformed and, considering them the central information carrier details 2b, were determined clearly and in a position independent manner, by using the sections "s" to the surrounding information carrier details 2c and the secondary directional parameters "aa" and "bb", thus obtaining the position independent secondary information carrier details and the position independent research group of marks composed of the said position independent secondary information carrier details.
Then, the position independent basic groups of marks prepared as described above, were compared to the position independent research group of marks obtained from the patterns 2 to be examined, along the complete reference set.
The comparison was performed by means of a computer. Due to the fact that the comparison itself can be performed in different ways well known to the specialists, or even, by using the methods described in the patent specifications referred to, it will not be detailed here.
In the case of coincidence between the data of the secondary information carrier elements and secondary information carrier details established during the procedure of comparison, the in- formation carrier elements l a were marked and each of the information carrier elements l a thus selected were connected together by means of graph edges "e".
As a next step, the ratio of the number of edges "e" to the number of information carrier elements l a selected was calculated. After performing the comparisons relating to each pattern 2 to be examined associated with a single carrier with each group of master patterns 1, the ratios were combined to a single value which was considered the primary index of interdependence obtained from the given partial examination. Finally, these primary indices of interdependence were sorted, thus establishing a secondary order of interdependence that actually shows the carriers - that is, prints taken from persons - that, based on the master patterns 1>, show the best coincidence with the group generated from the patterns 2 to be examined, i.e. the clues to be found.
The procedure according to the invention can be favourably used to analyze, compare, select and identify group of patterns that are related although located at different places, more quickly and reliably. The procedure is particularly suitable to be used in the criminal investigation, while accelerating the procedures, reducing the inaccuracies and the number of possible failures.
List of references
Master pattern l a Information carrier element
A Directional parameter B Directional parameter
lb Central information carrier element l c Surrounding information carrier element S Section
AA Secondary directional parameter BB Secondary directional parameter
Pattern tobe examined
2a Information carrier detail a Directional parameter b Directional parameter
2b Central information carrier detail
2c Surrounding information carrier detail s Section aa Secondary directional parameter bb Secondary directional parameter e Edge

Claims

1. Procedure for analysing patterns, especially for examining and evaluating dermatoglyphic structures e.g. fingerprints, during which primary groups of marks composed of information carrier elements e.g. points of minutiae of basic patterns associated with various carriers e.g. persons will be established in the form suitable to be handled by some comparator device and a reference set composed of the individual basic groups of marks will be established and, by using the information carrier details of the patterns to be examined that are adapted to the information carrier elements of the basic patterns, a research group of marks also suitable to be handled by the said comparator device will be prepared and, then, by means of the comparator device, each research group of patterns to be examined will be compared in turn with each basic group of marks included in the reference set. the results of the analysis will be recorded and primary indices of interdependence generated, thus establishing a primary order of interdependence by means of sorting the basic groups of marks of the reference set according to the primary indices of interdependence obtained, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by that the primary indices of interdependence associated with research group of marks established relating to patterns to be examined (2) that are independent, nevertheless, suitable to be ranked with the same carrier, will be combined and, thus, a secondary order of interdependence will be established, that handles the patterns under examination (2) suitable to be related to the same carrier as a single unit.
2. Procedure as in claim 1 , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by that the master pattern ( 1 ) will be fed by means of a picture digitalizer device - e.g. scanner - to the input of an EDP device and, by /
- ' means of said EDP device, it will be converted to a structure of figures, the terms of the said structure of figures that represent the information carrier elements (la) e.g. minutiae of the master pattern (1) will be completed by position- and direction parameters (A, B), thus establishing the basic group of marks.
3. Procedure as in claim 1 or 2, ch ar a cte i z e d by that the pattern to be examined (2) will be subject to sampling by means of an optoelectronic device e.g. video camera and. after conversion into digital form, the digitalized signals will be fed to the input of an EDP device and, by means of the said EDP device, they will be converted to a structure of figures, the terms of the said structure of figures that represent the information carrier details (2a) e.g. minutiae of the pattern to be examined (2) will be completed, by position- and direction parameters (a, b), thus establishing the research group of marks.
4. Procedure as in any of the claims lto3, characteri z- e d by that a computer is used as a comparator device.
5. Procedure as in any of the claims 1 to 4, charact eriz- e d by that, prior to the comparison, the distance from one of the information carrier elements (la) of the basic group of marks, considered the central information carrier element (lb), to each surrounding information carrier element (c) and. — based on the section (S) between the said central information carrier element (lb) and each surrounding information carrier element (lc) as well as the data of the directional parameters (A,B) associated with the said information carrier element (la) — . the secondary directional parameters (AA. BB) will be determined, thus establishing converted and position indepen¬ dent secondary information carrier elements; this partial proce- dure will be repeated for each information carrier element ( la), thus obtaining a position independent basic group of marks.
6. Procedure as in claim 5. c h a r a c t e r i z e d by that, prior to the comparison, the distance from one of the information carrier details (2a) included in the research group of marks, considered the central information carrier detail (2b), to each surrounding information carrier detail (2c) and, — based on the section (s) between the said central information carrier detail (2b) and each surrounding information carrier detail (2c) as well as the data of the directional parameters (a, b) associated with the said information carrier detail (2a) — , the secondary directional parameters (aa, bb) will be determined, thus establishing converted and position independent secondary information carrier details; this partial procedure will be repeated for each information carrier detail (2a) and a position independent research group of marks will be established.
7. Procedure as in claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by that, in the procedure of comparison, the secondary information carrier details of the position independent research groups of marks will be compared to the secondary information carrier elements of the position independent basic groups of marks and, in the case of coincidence between the secondary information carrier details and the secondary information carrier elements, the ratio of the number of edges (e) connecting the selected information carrier elements ( la) together to the number of the selected information carrier elements ( l a) will be determined and, based on the results thus obtained, the secondary order of interdependence will be established.
PCT/HU1995/000002 1994-02-15 1995-02-14 Procedure for analysing patterns WO1995022119A1 (en)

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HU212147B (en) 1996-06-28

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