WO1995026204A1 - Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs - Google Patents
Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995026204A1 WO1995026204A1 PCT/US1995/003547 US9503547W WO9526204A1 WO 1995026204 A1 WO1995026204 A1 WO 1995026204A1 US 9503547 W US9503547 W US 9503547W WO 9526204 A1 WO9526204 A1 WO 9526204A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cells
- tissues
- seq
- oligonucleotide analog
- oligonucleotide
- Prior art date
Links
- 108091034117 Oligonucleotide Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K thiophosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=S RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 title abstract description 33
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 title description 21
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000000091 immunopotentiator Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000007108 local immune response Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000028709 inflammatory response Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 210000004927 skin cell Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000074 antisense oligonucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000012230 antisense oligonucleotides Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 206010059313 Anogenital warts Diseases 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r)-6-amino-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC(N)(CC1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000700588 Human alphaherpesvirus 1 Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002924 anti-infective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000701074 Human alphaherpesvirus 2 Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000701806 Human papillomavirus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001093 anti-cancer Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000002434 immunopotentiative effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- ZWXNIBJNMPZZKZ-JILWZBBZSA-A afovirsen sodium Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C3=NC=NC(N)=C3N=C2)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([S-])(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)OP([O-])(=S)OC[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)N2C(N=C(N)C=C2)=O)O)C1 ZWXNIBJNMPZZKZ-JILWZBBZSA-A 0.000 description 42
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 27
- JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate Polymers Cc1cn(C2CC(OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)C(COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3CO)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 210000003719 b-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 26
- ABEXEQSGABRUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16-methylheptadecyl 16-methylheptadecanoate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C ABEXEQSGABRUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 241000764238 Isis Species 0.000 description 25
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 25
- 238000005417 image-selected in vivo spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 25
- 238000012739 integrated shape imaging system Methods 0.000 description 25
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 21
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 21
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 20
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 20
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 16
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 15
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 13
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 13
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 12
- 108020000948 Antisense Oligonucleotides Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 10
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 208000000907 Condylomata Acuminata Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 9
- 208000025009 anogenital human papillomavirus infection Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 201000004201 anogenital venereal wart Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 9
- 102000000588 Interleukin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 8
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=O RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000002443 helper t lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 230000003308 immunostimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000002510 keratinocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 150000004713 phosphodiesters Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 208000000260 Warts Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 230000028996 humoral immune response Effects 0.000 description 6
- 206010020718 hyperplasia Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 230000001506 immunosuppresive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002297 mitogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 201000010153 skin papilloma Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 102000000589 Interleukin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108010002352 Interleukin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000700584 Simplexvirus Species 0.000 description 5
- 102000004887 Transforming Growth Factor beta Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108090001012 Transforming Growth Factor beta Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000840 anti-viral effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000002950 fibroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 230000021633 leukocyte mediated immunity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- ZRKFYGHZFMAOKI-QMGMOQQFSA-N tgfbeta Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(O)=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZRKFYGHZFMAOKI-QMGMOQQFSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 229940041181 antineoplastic drug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 4
- OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytosine Chemical compound NC=1C=CNC(=O)N=1 OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000001177 retroviral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000004989 spleen cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- RWQNBRDOKXIBIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N thymine Chemical compound CC1=CNC(=O)NC1=O RWQNBRDOKXIBIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010018338 Glioma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010062016 Immunosuppression Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102000014150 Interferons Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010050904 Interferons Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 3
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000006052 T cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 aqueous Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001516 cell proliferation assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000036755 cellular response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000000245 forearm Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000016784 immunoglobulin production Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000005087 mononuclear cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 231100000587 neutral red assay Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000008300 phosphoramidites Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 210000004180 plasmocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000014621 translational initiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108020000946 Bacterial DNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- CMSMOCZEIVJLDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclophosphamide Chemical compound ClCCN(CCCl)P1(=O)NCCCO1 CMSMOCZEIVJLDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N Guanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000018713 Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010027412 Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Proteins 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000008072 Lymphokines Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010074338 Lymphokines Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010057466 NF-kappa B Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000003945 NF-kappa B Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108700020796 Oncogene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 108091081024 Start codon Proteins 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101150093137 UL13 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-XVFCMESISA-N Uridine Chemical group O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005875 antibody response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001574 biopsy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010241 blood sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003833 cell viability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960004397 cyclophosphamide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940104302 cytosine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 231100000135 cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000003013 cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013583 drug formulation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
- UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanine Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2 UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000010884 herpes simplex virus keratitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000029824 high grade glioma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000008348 humoral response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003053 immunization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002649 immunization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940079322 interferon Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000265 leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229920006008 lipopolysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 210000000207 lymphocyte subset Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000011614 malignant glioma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003226 mitogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- PGSADBUBUOPOJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N neutral red Chemical group Cl.C1=C(C)C(N)=CC2=NC3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 PGSADBUBUOPOJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003819 peripheral blood mononuclear cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBISA-N phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate Chemical compound C([C@]1(O)C(=O)C(C)=C[C@H]1[C@@]1(O)[C@H](C)[C@H]2OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(CO)=C[C@H]1[C@H]1[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C1(C)C PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009870 specific binding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100001274 therapeutic index Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 229940113082 thymine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JUDOLRSMWHVKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-dioxo-1$l^{6},2-benzodithiol-3-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)SS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 JUDOLRSMWHVKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YRNWIFYIFSBPAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-n,n-dimethylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 YRNWIFYIFSBPAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010001513 AIDS related complex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930024421 Adenine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2 GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011719 B6C3F1 mouse Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010077805 Bacterial Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000167854 Bourreria succulenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004366 CD4-positive T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100025064 Cellular tumor antigen p53 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004394 Complementary RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010062580 Concanavalin A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- MIKUYHXYGGJMLM-GIMIYPNGSA-N Crotonoside Natural products C1=NC2=C(N)NC(=O)N=C2N1[C@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O MIKUYHXYGGJMLM-GIMIYPNGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-guanosine Natural products C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000052510 DNA-Binding Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710096438 DNA-binding protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004437 Endogenous Retroviruses Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700005088 Fungal Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009889 Herpes Simplex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005100 Herpetic Keratitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010001336 Horseradish Peroxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000742664 Human papillomavirus 11 Regulatory protein E2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701828 Human papillomavirus type 11 Species 0.000 description 1
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282567 Macaca fascicularis Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005949 Malathion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000013967 Monokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010050619 Monokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006051 NK cell activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000772415 Neovison vison Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108700026244 Open Reading Frames Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010073938 Ophthalmic herpes simplex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091081548 Palindromic sequence Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001631646 Papillomaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000007079 Peptide Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010033276 Peptide Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020005067 RNA Splice Sites Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091081021 Sense strand Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700026039 Simplexvirus UL13 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010041660 Splenomegaly Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000024932 T cell mediated immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000016266 T-Cell Antigen Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010092262 T-Cell Antigen Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100030780 Transcriptional activator Myb Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710187995 Transcriptional activator Myb Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000011117 Transforming Growth Factor beta2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101800000304 Transforming growth factor beta-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- GLNADSQYFUSGOU-GPTZEZBUSA-J Trypan blue Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C1=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C2C=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(/N=N/C3=CC=C(C=C3C)C=3C=C(C(=CC=3)\N=N\C=3C(=CC4=CC(=CC(N)=C4C=3O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)C)=C(O)C2=C1N GLNADSQYFUSGOU-GPTZEZBUSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 108060008682 Tumor Necrosis Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010053613 Type IV hypersensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108700005077 Viral Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JGJBTOUVZMRNGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(4-cyano-2-methylbutan-2-yl)-propan-2-ylamino]phosphonous acid Chemical class C(#N)CCC(C)(C)N(P(O)O)C(C)C JGJBTOUVZMRNGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000403 acute toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000643 adenine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009098 adjuvant therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000961 alloantigen Effects 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940035674 anesthetics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002260 anti-inflammatory agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940121363 anti-inflammatory agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000118 anti-neoplastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011394 anticancer treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000612 antigen-presenting cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003443 antiviral agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012911 assay medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007640 basal medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-PSQAKQOGSA-N beta-L-uridine Natural products O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-PSQAKQOGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000010217 blepharitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008366 buffered solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007541 cellular toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004700 cellular uptake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019693 cherries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003184 complementary RNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000039 congener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012059 conventional drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004087 cornea Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004207 dermis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C(=O)OCC JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006196 drop Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002900 effect on cell Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108700004025 env Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150030339 env gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010027225 gag-pol Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003193 general anesthetic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940029575 guanosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010562 histological examination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005965 immune activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005931 immune cell recruitment Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006450 immune cell response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036737 immune function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004957 immunoregulator effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000099 in vitro assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010874 in vitro model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005462 in vivo assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940047124 interferons Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000004073 interleukin-2 production Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007928 intraperitoneal injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010023332 keratitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003810 lymphokine-activated killer cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000453 malathion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003071 memory t lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007102 metabolic function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004264 monolayer culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010172 mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012457 nonaqueous media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009871 nonspecific binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940046166 oligodeoxynucleotide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008816 organ damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004768 organ dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010647 peptide synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004962 physiological condition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007505 plaque formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036470 plasma concentration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004935 positive regulation of immunoglobulin production Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000023603 positive regulation of transcription initiation, DNA-dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011533 pre-incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009696 proliferative response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000069 prophylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011321 prophylaxis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003180 prostaglandins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001243 protein synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108700042226 ras Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000010837 receptor-mediated endocytosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007390 skin biopsy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003393 splenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004988 splenocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013223 sprague-dawley female rat Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000025889 stromal keratitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000456 subacute toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000057 systemic toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003104 tissue culture media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011200 topical administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005945 translocation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004614 tumor growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000003390 tumor necrosis factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000005951 type IV hypersensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000027930 type IV hypersensitivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N uracil arabinoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940045145 uridine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029663 wound healing Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
- A61K31/7105—Natural ribonucleic acids, i.e. containing only riboses attached to adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil and having 3'-5' phosphodiester links
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
- A61K31/7125—Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkage, i.e. other than 3'-5' phosphodiesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
- C12N15/1131—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against viruses
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
- C12N15/1131—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against viruses
- C12N15/1133—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against viruses against herpetoviridae, e.g. HSV
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
- C12N15/1135—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/117—Nucleic acids having immunomodulatory properties, e.g. containing CpG-motifs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/18—Type of nucleic acid acting by a non-sequence specific mechanism
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
- C12N2310/31—Chemical structure of the backbone
- C12N2310/315—Phosphorothioates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
- C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
- C12N2310/321—2'-O-R Modification
Definitions
- This invention is directed towards methods for stimulating a localized immune response and for enhancing the efficacy of antiinfective and anticancer agents through local immune stimulation.
- This invention is further directed toward immunopotentiators comprising phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs which produce the desired immune stimulation.
- the cell-mediated immune response (“local immune response” ) is produced by T-cells or thymus derived lymphocytes.
- T-cells are able to detect the presence of invading pathogens through a recognition system referred to as the T-cell antigen receptor.
- T-cells direct the release of multiple T-cell lymphokines including the interleukin-2 family (IL-2).
- IL-2 is a T-cell growth factor which promotes the production of many more T-cells sensitive to the particular antigen. This production constitutes a clone of T-cells.
- the sensitized T- cells attach to cells containing the antigen.
- T-cells carry out a variety of regulatory and defense functions and play a central role in immunologic responses.
- T-cells When stimulated to produce a cell-mediated immune response, some T-cells respond by acting as killer cells, killing the host's own cells when these have become infected with virus and possibly when they become cancerous and therefore foreign. Some T-cells respond by stimulating B cells while other T-cells respond by suppressing immune responses.
- the antibody or humoral immune response depends on the ability of B-cells, or bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, to recognize specific antigens.
- the mechanism by which B-cells recognize antigens and react to them is as follows. Each B cell has receptor sites for specific antigens on its surface. When an antigen attaches to the receptor site of a B-cell, the B-cell is stimulated to divide. The daughter cells become plasma cells which manufacture antibodies complementary to the attached antigen. Each plasma cell produces thousands of antibody molecules per minute which are released into the bloodstream. As the plasma cells die, others are produced, so that, once the body is exposed to a particular antigen, antibodies are produced against that antigen as long as the antigen is present in the body.
- helper T-cells appear to be regulated by the helper T- cells and suppressor T-cells.
- Helper T-cells appear to stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies against antigens, while suppressor T-cells inhibit antibody production by either preventing the B-cells from functioning or preventing the helper T-cells from stimulating the B-cells.
- Some B- cells are T-cell independent and require no stimulation by the T-cells.
- Immunopotentiators such as adjuvants, are substances' which are added to therapeutic or prophylactic agents, for example vaccines or antigens used for immunization, to stimulate the immune response. Adjuvants cause an accumulation of mononuclear cells, especially macrophages, at the site of injection.
- Macrophages involved in this first stage of the immune response take in the protein antigens and break them down into peptide fragments which are then exposed on the cell surface where they form a physical association with class II histocompatibility antigens.
- the T helper cells recognize only protein fragments associated with class II histocompatibility antigen, and not the free undegraded protein.
- Nonprotein antigens are similarly processed by macrophages or other antigen-presenting cells.
- the macrophages release monokines from the interleukin-1 family (IL-1) which stimulate the T helper cells to secrete IL-2.
- IL-1 and IL-2 result in the clonal expansion of T helper cells.
- the clonal expansion of T helper cells is followed by their interaction with B-cells, which in turn secrete antibody.
- IL-1 proteins have been linked with prostaglandin production, inflammation and induction of fever. IL-1 proteins have been shown to have multiple effects on cells involved in inflammation and wound healing and are known to stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts and attract cells involved in the inflammatory response.
- Adjuvants encompass several broad classes including aluminum salts, surface-active agents, polyanions, bacterial derivatives, vehicles and slow-release materials. At present, most adjuvants have been found to stimulate macrophages at the site of action; however, certain adjuvants have been found to act as T-cell replacers enabling B-cells to respond to antigen in the absence of T-cells. An example of such an adjuvant is endotoxin, a B-cell mitogen.
- cytokines Polynucleotides and other polyanions have been shown to cause release of cytokines. Also, bacterial DNA species have been reported to be mitogenic for lymphocytes in vitro . Furthermore, deoxyoligonucleotides (30-45 nucleotides in length) have been reported to induce interferons and enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity. Kuramoto et al. (1992) Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 83:1128-1131. Oligonucleotides that displayed NK-stimulating activity contained specific palindromic sequences and tended to be guanosine rich.
- Immune stimulation has also been reported for antisense oligomers that are complementary to the initiation sequence of HIV rev and to the mink cell focus-forming (MCF) envelope gene initiation region. Krieg et al. (1989) J. Immunol . 143:2448-2451; Branda et al. (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology 45:2037-2043.
- the MCF sequence is an endogenous retroviral sequence found in mice. In a study designed to determine whether expression of these endogenous viral sequences suppresses lymphocyte activation (as expressed infectious retroviral sequences can), antisense oligonucleotides and analogs complementary to the MCF env gene AUG region were used to inhibit expression of MCF mRNA.
- Immune stimulation was concluded not to be a general property of oligodeoxynucleotides, as they have been used by others to inhibit T-cell function. Branda et al. (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology 45:2037-2043. The ability to reverse transforming growth factor- ⁇
- TGF- ⁇ TGF- ⁇ 2-specific phosphorothioate- antisense oligonucleotide analogs
- TGF- ⁇ an immunosuppressive factor produced by malignant gliomas, is characterized by a wide range of immunoregulatory properties including depression of T-cell mediated tumor cytotoxicity, inhibition of IL-1- or IL-2- dependent T-cell proliferation, lymphokine-activated killer and natural killer cell activation, generation of cytotoxic macrophages and B-cell function.
- oligonucleotide analogs in these experiments were used to block TGF- ⁇ protein synthesis at the translation level.
- preincubation of tumor cell cultures with TGF- ⁇ 2-S-0DN's enhanced lymphocyte proliferation up to 2.5 fold and autologous tumor cytotoxicity up to 60%.
- Jachimaczak et al. suggested these observations may have implications for in vivo and in vitro activation of a cellular immune response against autologous malignant glioma cells by inhibiting TGF- ⁇ synthesis.
- antisense oligonucleotides and analogs have been used to specifically inhibit expression of genes implicated in immunosuppression, thus reversing the immunosuppressive effects.
- An antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the cellular proto-oncogene c-myb has been demonstrated to block T-cell proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
- Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been shown to specifically inhibit T-cell functions, i.e., proliferation in response to allo-antigen or PHA and IL-2 production.
- antisense oligonucleotides have been used to specifically inhibit the expression of genes involved in T- cell proliferation, thus blocking proliferation and resulting in an immunosuppressive effect.
- Phosphorothioate monomers and congeners thereof also have been demonstrated to affect humoral and cell- mediated immune responses. It was shown that mice treated with 0,0,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP), a contaminant of malathion and other organophosphate pesticides, developed immunosuppression characterized by a decreased ability to make either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses to subsequent immunizations. Rodgers et al. (1987) Toxicol . Rppl . Pharmacol . 88: 270-281. On the contrary, 0, S, S-trimethylphosphorodithioate (OSS-TMP) enhanced the generation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Rodgers et al. (1988) Toxicol . 51:241-253.
- OOS-TMP 0, S, S-trimethyl phosphorothioate
- AMPLIGEN ® Bacterial DNA and certain synthetic polynucleotides, both single- and double-stranded, can stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes in mice.
- AMPLIGEN ® polyI: oly(C 12 U), HEM Research Inc., Rockville, MD
- dsRNA double-stranded RNA
- AMPLIGEN ® has been reported to stabilize T4 cell counts in patients with AIDS-related complex and to have antineoplastic effects.
- AMPLIGEN ® is a specific form of mismatched dsRNA which has a uridine substituted for every twelfth cytosine in the poly(C) strand.
- Poly(I):poly(C) without this mismatching was highly immunogenic but proved to be severely toxic and was abandoned as a clinical candidate in the 1970s.
- Certain synthetic oligonucleotides and analogs have been shown to be mitogenic in vitro. These oligonucleotides were polydeoxyguanosine, polydeoxycytosine or a mixture of the two. Phosphorothioates were found to be more active than the corresponding phosphodiesters.
- oligonucleotide analog ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2)
- ISIS 1082 SEQ ID NO: 2
- This oligonucleotide is complementary to the translation initiation codon of the herpes simplex virus UL13 gene. It was concluded that the mitogenic effects of this and certain other oligonucleotides on B cells may be due to preferential uptake of phosphorothioates and other mitogenic oligonucleotides by B cells, and that the enhanced penetration promotes a high intracellular concentration of these compounds, leading to non-specific activation.
- Oligonucleotides having a sequence identical to a portion of the sense strand of the mRNA encoding the p65 subunit of NF-kB, a DNA binding protein, were found to stimulate splenic cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo.
- the proliferating spleen cells were shown to be B cells. Immunoglobulin secretion and NF-kB activity in these cell lines was also increased by the sense oligonucleotide. Both phosphodiester and phosphorothioate sense oligonucleotides stimulated the splenocyte proliferation.
- the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to the same region of p65 did not have this effect, and the stimulatory effect was abolished by mixing the sense and antisense oligonucleotides.
- Sense oligonucleotides having two mismatches from the target sense sequence also failed to elicit the proliferative effect. It was concluded that this was a sequence-specific effect which may involve direct binding of the sense sequence to specific proteins. Mclntyre et al. (1993) Antisense Res . and Devel . 3:309-322. It has now been found, surprisingly, that oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate bond can induce stimulation of a local immune response.
- This immunostimulation does not appear to be related to any antisense effect which these oligonucleotide analogs may or may not possess.
- These oligonucleotide analogs are useful as immunopotentiators, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities, such as drugs, particularly antiinfective and anticancer drugs, and surgical procedures to increase efficacy.
- other therapeutic modalities such as drugs, particularly antiinfective and anticancer drugs, and surgical procedures to increase efficacy.
- the antiinfective and anticancer effects already possessed by certain antisense oligonucleotide analogs are enhanced through such immune stimulation.
- oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate bond can be used to induce stimulation of a systemic or humoral immune response.
- these oligonucleotides are also useful as immunopotentiators of an antibody response, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities.
- the present invention provides methods of stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues by administering an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond to the cells or tissues.
- Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs have been shown to stimulate a local immune response in animals and humans. These methods are believed to be useful for enhancing the efficacy of a therapeutic treatment, particularly an antiinfective or anticancer treatment.
- the present invention also provides oligonucleotide immunopotentiators having at least one phosphorothioate bond which are capable of eliciting a local inflammatory response. These oligonucleotide immunopotentiators may also possess a therapeutic activity, for example antisense activity. Several embodiments of these immunopotentiators are provided which have been shown to stimulate a local immune response in animals and humans.
- Oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs have recently become accepted as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. For example, workers in the field have now identified antisense, triplex, decoy and other oligonucleotide therapeutic compositions which are capable of modulating expression of genes implicated in viral, fungal and metabolic functions and diseases. Oligonucleotide drugs have been safely administered to humans and several clinical trials of antisense oligonucleotide analog drugs are presently underway. It is, thus, established that oligonucleotides and analogs can be useful therapeutic instrumentalities and that the same can be configured to be useful in regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
- the present invention provides a method for stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues.
- the method comprises administering to selected cells or tissues an effective amount, preferably the amount needed to elicit a local inflammatory response, of an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond.
- selected cells or tissues be infected by a fungus bacterium or virus.
- the cells are skin cells infected with a virus, such as Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) or Human Papilloma Virus.
- the tissues are condyloma acuminata (genital warts) .
- the present invention also provides a method for enhancing the efficacy of a therapeutic treatment, preferably treatment with an antiinfective or anticancer drug or a surgical treatment, by administering to cells or tissues an effective amount, preferably the amount needed to elicit a local inflammatory response, of an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond.
- the cells are skin cells infected with a virus, such as Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) or Human Papilloma Virus
- the therapeutic treatment is treatment with an antiviral drug or surgical excision.
- the tissues are condyloma acuminata (genital warts) .
- the present invention employs phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide analogs which elicit a local inflammatory response.
- These oligonucleotide analogs can be used alone to stimulate a local immune response or can be administered in combination with another therapeutic modality, either a drug or a surgical procedure.
- These oligonucleotide analogs can modulate cytokine release in skin cells upon contacting skin cells with an effective amount of oligonucleotide analog.
- an "effective amount” it is meant an amount sufficient to elicit an immune response resulting in the release of cytokines.
- oligonucleotide analogs which have both therapeutic efficacy (through antisense or other means) and immunopotentiating activity.
- the therapeutic activity is antisense activity against a foreign nucleic acid (bacterial, fungal, viral or oncogene-derived) in a host. Examples of several phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog sequences useful in the present invention are provided in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.
- immunopotentiator refers to a material which produces non ⁇ specific immune stimulation. Immune stimulation can be assayed by measuring various immune parameters, for example antibody-forming capacity, number of lymphocyte subpopulations, mixed leukocyte response assay or lymphocyte proliferation assay. Immune stimulation may result in increased resistance to infection or resistance to tumor growth upon administration.
- oligonucleotide refers to a plurality of joined nucleotide units formed from naturally-occurring bases and cyclofuranosyl groups joined by native phosphodiester bonds.
- Oligonucleotide analog refers to moieties which function similarly to oligonucleotides but which have non naturally-occurring portions.
- oligonucleotide analogs may have altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages. Exemplary among these are the phosphorothioate and other sulfur containing species which are known for use in the art. They may also comprise altered base units or other modifications consistent with the spirit of this invention.
- at least one of the phosphodiester bonds of the oligonucleotide is replaced by a phosphorothioate bond.
- the oligonucleotide analog may have additional modifications to enhance the uptake, stability, affinity or other features of the oligonucleotide. Some examples of such modifications are modifications at the 2' position of the sugar such as 2'-0-alkyl modifications, preferably lower alkyl such as 2'-0-methyl and 2' -0-propyl. All such analogs are comprehended by this invention so long as they function effectively to produce an immune response.
- the oligonucleotide analogs in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 15 to about 50 subunits. As will be appreciated, a subunit is a base and sugar combination suitably bound to adjacent subunits through phosphodiester or other bonds.
- oligonucleotide analogs of this invention are designed to be specifically hybridizable with messenger RNA of a virus or oncogene, for example HSV-1, HSV-2, HPV or ras. This relationship between an oligonucleotide and its complementary RNA target is referred to as "antisense”. These antisense oligonucleotide analogs, which also stimulate an immune response in keeping with the nature of the invention, thus can be said to have a “combination” or “multimodal" mechanism of action.
- Hybridization in the context of this invention, means hydrogen bonding, also known as Watson-Crick base pairing, between complementary bases, usually on opposite nucleic acid strands or two regions of a nucleic acid strand. Guanine and cytosine are examples of complementary bases which are known to form three hydrogen bonds between them. Adenine and thymine are examples of complementary bases which form two hydrogen bonds between them.
- oligonucleotide and “substantially complementary” are terms which indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between the target and the oligonucleotide or analog. It is understood that an oligonucleotide need not be 100% complementary to its target nucleic acid sequence to be specifically hybridizable.
- An oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable when binding of the oligonucleotide to the target interferes with the normal function of the messenger RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligonucleotide to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or, in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are conducted.
- messenger RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as translocation of the RNA to the site for protein translation, actual translation of protein from the RNA, maturation of the RNA and possibly even independent catalytic activity which may be engaged in by the RNA.
- the overall effect of such interference with the RNA function is to cause interference with expression of the targeted nucleic acid.
- oligonucleotide analogs of this invention are used as immunopotentiators.
- oligonucleotide analogs are administered to animals, especially humans, in accordance with this invention.
- Oligonucleotides may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the oligonucleotide.
- Pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, antiinflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like in addition to oligonucleotides.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be done topically (including ophthalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally), intralesionally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip or subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intradermal or intramuscular injection. It is generally preferred to apply the oligonucleotide analogs in accordance with this invention topically, intralesionally or parenterally.
- Formulations for topical administration may include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.
- compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets, or tablets.
- Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.
- Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
- the oligonucleotide analog is administered in conjunction with a therapeutic agent, for example an antiinfective or anticancer drug, or a surgical procedure.
- a therapeutic agent for example an antiinfective or anticancer drug, or a surgical procedure.
- the oligonucleotide analog may be administered before, after and/or simultaneously with the alternative treatment.
- the oligonucleotide analog is administered by intradermal injection to the wound area upon excision of genital warts.
- the oligonucleotide analog is administered by intradermal injection into genital warts.
- Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, but will normally be one or more doses per day, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates.
- oligonucleotides which are targeted to selected mRNAs were made. Natural oligonucleotides containing a phosphodiester backbone were screened for anti-viral activity in an infectious yield assay. The sequences showing the best activity in this assay were synthesized as phosphorothioate analogs, the phosphorothioate backbone modification greatly enhancing the antiviral activity of the oligonucleotides through stimulation of a local immune response.
- Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs include at least one modified or unnatural internucleotide linkage which, in addition to its enhancement of immune stimulation, can confer stability and enhance uptake of oligonucleotide into cells.
- An 0 (oxygen) of the phosphate diester group linking nucleotides is modified to S (sulfur).
- Phosphorothioates often have in vivo half-lives over 24 hours and have been shown to be stable in cells, tissues, and drug formulations. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs are believed to enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and cellular uptake is often dependent on length and size, specific sequences, protein binding, and pendant modifications.
- ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2), a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog 21 nucleotides in length targeted to the translation initiation codon for the UL13 gene of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, has been shown to inhibit HSV-1 replication in vitro. Synthesis of the UL13 protein in vitro by translational arrest with an IC 50 of 200-400 nm has been observed. In vitro assessment of the cellular toxicity of ISIS 1082 demonstrated that the predicted therapeutic index for the compound is equivalent to or better than that predicted for ACV in parallel assays.
- HSV Herpes Simplex Virus
- ISIS 1082 shows antiviral activity in ACV-resistant strains of virus and the favorable therapeutic index observed with the compound underscore the potential clinical value of this class of antiviral compounds.
- the safety profile of this and other related phosphorothioates has also been evaluated in animal models. It has been observed that the compound causes an immune cell activation in rodents at the site of injection. Specifically, repeated intradermal administrations to rats elicited an infiltrate of mononuclear cells. This was believed to be a consequence of the interaction between the oligonucleotide analog and keratinocytes of the skin, and the resulting release of cytokines.
- Oligonucleotide induction of IL-l ⁇ (all are SEQ ID NO: 2)
- IL-l ⁇ The ability to induce IL-l ⁇ in this assay is correlated with the presence of the phosphorothioate backbone. It is likely that a uniformly phosphorothioate backbone is not necessary for cytokine induction, i.e., gapped, alternating or otherwise mixed backbones containing at least one phosphorothioate linkage may also induce IL-l ⁇ . These results also demonstrate that other modifications, such as the sugar modifications in this example, can also be present as long as at least one phosphorothioate is present.
- Antisense oligonucleotides and analogs have been used to inhibit the replication of virus in cell culture. Studies have also shown the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides in animal models of viral infection. Animal models of HSV-induced keratitis are well suited for such studies. Such ocular HSV infections are usually treated topically and thus provide a relatively simple way to test the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides in vivo . The drugs can be applied topically in aqueous solution and several parameters of the infection can be monitored.
- the effectiveness of the phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide analog ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2) made in accordance with the teachings of the invention was tested for treatment of herpetic keratitis. It was found that topical treatment with this anti-UL13 oligonucleotide analog significantly reduced the severity of HSV-induced stromal keratitis. Three different concentrations of the oligonucleotide analog as well as a buffer control (50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.8, 0.15 M NaCl) and untreated animals infected with HSV-1 were tested.
- ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is a phosphorothioate 20 mer complementary to the translation initiation of both HPV types 6 and 11 mRNA encoded by the HPV E2 open-reading frame. HPV-6 and HPV-11 are associated with genital warts. ISIS 2105 has been shown to inhibit E2-dependent transactivation by HPV-11 E2 expressed from a surrogate promoter. ISIS 2105 is among the first compounds to have specific antiviral effect on papillomavirus, as demonstrated by inhibition of focus formation.
- ISIS 2105 The effects of ISIS 2105 on IL-l ⁇ release and viability in the 3-dimensional in vitro human skin model was examined. Incubation of the skin model with ISIS 2105 resulted in a concentration dependent increase of cytokine release similar to that seen with ISIS 1082. There was essentially no effect on cellular viability, as measured by the Neutral Red assay. These data suggest that IL-l ⁇ (and possibly other cytokines) is released from keratinocytes in response to ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- Intradermal administration of ISIS 2105 in rabbits has resulted in no local or systemic toxicity.
- Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs can be administered to mice, rats and rabbits without significant acute or subacute toxicity.
- ISIS 2105 has also been administered to cynomolgus monkeys by intradermal injection at doses up to 10 mg/kg every other day for four weeks, and was found to be well tolerated. No antibodies to ISIS 2105 were detectable in monkey plasma at the end of the study, indicating that ISIS 2105 is not intrinsically antigenic, i.e., while it stimulates an immune response, it is not itself an antigen.
- Intradermal administration of ISIS 2105 does produce a local inflammatory response, however, in all species examined, including rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys and humans. This response appears to be a class effect of all phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs, as similar responses were produced in rat skin by both ISIS 2105 and ISIS 1082 in 14-day studies. This response is not a delayed-type hypersensitivity involving memory T-lymphocytes but rather a result of the immunostimulation caused by these oligonucleotide analogs acting as adjuvants or immunopotentiators.
- phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs do not appear to be intrinsically antigenic, they are immunostimulatory. Immune stimulation is also indicated by an increased humoral immune response in rats and B-cell proliferation in the spleens of mice. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen of both rats and mice, and in the lymph nodes of mice, was seen after ISIS 2105 treatment.
- mice and rats given repeated intradermal injections of ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or repeated intravenous or subcutaneous injections of several other phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs [ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1), ISIS 2503 (SEQ ID NO: 3, targeted to the ras oncogene)] developed, on a subacute basis, splenomegaly characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia. Lymphoid hyperplasia was also observed in lymph nodes under many experimental conditions.
- a predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate has been observed in other organs/tissues following repeated parenteral administration of phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs.
- Biopsies were taken from the injection sites of two of the three men in the dosing group receiving ISIS 2105 injections in the forearm twice weekly (1.02 mg/injection at 3 sites) for three weeks. Both subjects had a dense inflammatory reaction at the injection sites. This was detected by histological examination of biopsies from injection sites. There was both T- and B- cell involvement which is indicative of a local immunological response to ISIS 2105.
- ISIS 2105 Blood samples taken from three subjects at least two months after completion of the trial showed no evidence of circulating antibodies to ISIS 2105. This indicates that, as was found in monkeys, ISIS 2105 is not intrinsically antigenic in humans.
- Radiolabelled ISIS 2105 has been injected intradermally into each of four genital warts (condyloma acuminata) in five male patients. Systemic absorption of radiolabelled compound was monitored by blood sampling at intervals postinjection. Warts were removed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours postinjection. After injection, ISIS 2105 was localized at the site of injection with rapid absorption (70% in 4 hours) . Appreciable amounts of intact drug (4 ⁇ M) still remained in the wart tissue at 72 hours. Current estimates from in vitro studies indicate that concentrations of approximately 1 ⁇ M (and perhaps lower) are therapeutically effective. The prolonged retention time at the site of injection indicates that twice-weekly intralesional injections should be sufficient for therapeutic effect.
- Oligonucleotides and analogs were synthesized at ISIS Pharmaceuticals on an automated DNA synthesizer using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. ⁇ -cyanoethyldiisopropyl-phosphoramidites were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). For phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs, the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by a 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation cycle wait step was increased to 68 seconds and was followed by the capping step.
- 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs were synthesized according to the procedures set forth above substituting 2'-O-methyl ⁇ -cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites (Chemgenes, Needham, MA) for standard phosphoramidites and increasing the wait cycle after the pulse delivery of tetrazole and base to 360 seconds.
- 2'-0- propyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs were prepared by slight modifications of this procedure.
- oligonucleotides and analogs Prior to use in various assays, oligonucleotides and analogs were prepared by first incubating stock solutions at 37°C for 1 hour and diluting prewarmed drug in tissue culture medium to specified concentrations. Diluted compounds were filter sterilized by centrifugation through 0.2 ⁇ m pore size Centrex filters.
- HeLa (ATCC CCL2) cells were maintained as monolayer cultures in low glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DME) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FCS) while normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) [Clonetics #CC2010] were grown in Fibroblast Basal Medium (Clonetics #CC-3130) with 0.2% FCS) in a 5% C0 2 -humidified incubator at 37°C.
- DME Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium
- FCS heat inactivated fetal bovine serum
- NHDF normal human dermal fibroblasts
- HeLa cells (10 4 ) were plated in 24 well tissue culture plates in 2.0 ml of 10% DME and allowed to attach to plate surfaces overnight. The next day, medium was aspirated and 2.0 ml of medium containing increasing concentrations of ISIS 1082 or medium alone was added to each well and placed in the incubator for 5 days. At the end of the incubation period, the cells were harvested and counted in the presence of trypan blue.
- the in vitro model of skin was obtained from Advanced Tissue Sciences (La Jolla, CA). Nylon mesh squares of tissue derived from neonatal keratinocytes and fibroblasts were removed from storage wells containing agarose and transferred to sterile, 24 well tissue culture plates containing low glucose DME supplemented with 10% FCS and allowed to equilibrate in a 37°C incubator overnight. The next day, the growth medium was removed and replaced with assay medium (DME, 2% FCS) containing oligonucleotide and incubated with the tissue for 24 hours.
- assay medium DME, 2% FCS
- Example 5 Neutral Red Assay The keratinocyte tissue substrates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, 5% C0 2 , 90% humidity in the presence of oligonucleotide or LPS/PMA in assay media. The test agents were removed, replaced with neutral red solution (50 ⁇ g/ml), and incubated for 3 hours. The neutral red was removed and tissue substrates were washed with PBS. After a brief exposure to 0.5% formaldehyde/1% calcium chloride solution, incorporated dye was extracted using 1% acetic acid in 50% aqueous ethanol. The color intensity of the solution, measured at 540 run, was proportional to viability of cells after drug exposure.
- a murine monoclonal antibody specific for IL-l ⁇ was applied to microtiter plates. A 200 ⁇ l aliquot of sample supernatant was pipetted into the wells and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. After washing away any unbound proteins, a polyclonal antibody against IL-l ⁇ conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was added to the wells to sandwich any immobilized IL-l ⁇ and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme, a substrate solution of hydrogen peroxide and tetramethylbenzidine was added to the wells and color developed in proportion to the amount of bound IL-l ⁇ . The color development was terminated by the addition of 2N sulfuric acid and the intensity of the color was measured at 450 nm.
- ISIS 2105 The effects of repeated administration of ISIS 2105 to rats on the humoral component of the immune response to a T-cell dependent antigen were determined. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen and lymph nodes of rats dosed with ISIS 2105 had previously been observed. Histomorphologic changes were found to be associated with increased antibody production capacity in the spleen. Doses of 0.033, 0.18, 0.33 or 3.3 mg/kg/day were administered intradermally to groups of 5 female Sprague-Dawley rats daily for 14 days. The control group was given vehicle alone. A positive control group received cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection on days 11-14 of the study.
- ISIS 2105 appeared to enhance the humoral response in rats receiving 3.3 mg/kg/day.
- mice The effects of ISIS 2105 on various immune parameters in female B6C3F1 mice when administered by intradermal injection daily for 14 days were determined. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen of mice dosed with ISIS 2105 had previously been observed. Groups of 5 females each received doses of 0 (vehicle control), 0.066, 0.33, 0.66 or 6.6 mg/kg/day. On the day after the last injection (day 15), the animals were sacrificed, spleens were removed and weighed, and a spleen cell homogenate was prepared for determination of immunologic parameters, including enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulations using specific antibodies, the mixed leukocyte response (MLR) assay, and the lymphocyte proliferation assay.
- MLR mixed leukocyte response
- Example 9 Intradermal injection of ISIS 2105 in humans
- ISIS 2105 for clinical trials was formulated as sterile phosphate-buffered solution for intradermal injection of volumes of 0.1 ml to 0.15 ml per injection. The concentration of ISIS 2105 varied depending on desired dose. Intradermal injections of ISIS 2105 were given into the ventral surface of the forearm of healthy male volunteers.
- Skin biopsies were performed in two human subjects following administration of 5 doses of 1.02 mg of ISIS 2105.
- a skin ellipse measuring 1.2 x 0.5 cm having a central pigmented area of 0.2 cm was removed from the forearm injection site. This ellipse was bisected and processed for microscopic histological analysis. The histological analysis revealed a moderately dense, inflammatory infiltrate in all layers of the dermis from both subjects. Immunohistochemistry revealed a mixture of cell types present. T-cells were predominant; however, B-cells were also present suggesting the immunological response was both T-cell and B-cell in nature.
- Example 11 Injection of ISIS 2105 into genital warts in human subjects
- the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1) was 14 C labeled in the 2-position of thymine.
- Approximately 1 mg (3.5 ⁇ Ci/mg) was injected intradermally in each of four genital warts (condyloma acuminata) in five male patients.
- Systemic absorption of radiolabelled compound was monitored by blood sampling 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 144 hours postinjection. Warts were removed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours postinjection.
- ISIS 2105 was rapidly absorbed (70% in 4 hours). However, appreciable amounts of intact drug (4 ⁇ M) remained in the wart tissue at 72 hours. Current estimates indicate that concentrations of approximately 1 ⁇ M are therapeutically effective. Peak plasma concentrations were achieved within 1 hour following the absorption of labeled ISIS 2105 from the injection site. Drug was cleared from plasma with a rapid distribution and prolonged elimination phase. The total body elimination half-life was estimated at 156 hours. The oligonucleotide was slowly metabolized and the radiolabel was eliminated, principally as C0 2 in expired air and in urine. In summary, following a single dose, intact ISIS 2105 was localized at the site of injection with rapid absorption but prolonged retention time in wart tissue. This indicates that twice- weekly intralesional injections should be sufficient for therapeutic effect.
- Condyloma acuminata (genital warts) measuring at least lxl mm 2 are surgically removed. Upon cessation of bleeding with electrocautery, skin surrounding the ablated area is injected with 0.1 cc of ISIS 2105 drug formulation containing 0.3 mg or 1 mg of ISIS 2105. Up to 4 warts are treated.
Abstract
Methods of stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues employing immunopotentiating oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate internucleotide bond are provided. Methods of enhancing the efficacy of a therapeutic treatment by stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues employing oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate bond are also provided. The oligonucleotide analogs may have antisense efficacy in addition to immunopotentiating activity. Methods of modulating cytokine release in skin cells and immunopotentiators which include oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate bond capable of eliciting a local inflammatory response are also provided.
Description
IMMUNE STIMULATION BY PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS
Field of the Invention
This invention is directed towards methods for stimulating a localized immune response and for enhancing the efficacy of antiinfective and anticancer agents through local immune stimulation. This invention is further directed toward immunopotentiators comprising phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs which produce the desired immune stimulation.
Background of the Invention
Developments in recombinant DNA technology and peptide synthesis have made possible the creation of a new generation of drugs. However, small peptides and other agents do not always invoke the immune response necessary for a therapeutic effect. Substances which increase cell- mediated and/or humoral response may be required in the formulation for efficacy. The potency of a variety of agents, particularly antiinfective and antitumor drugs, may be enhanced by stimulation of an immune response.
The cell-mediated immune response ("local immune response" ) is produced by T-cells or thymus derived lymphocytes. T-cells are able to detect the presence of invading pathogens through a recognition system referred to as the T-cell antigen receptor. Upon detection of an antigen, T-cells direct the release of multiple T-cell lymphokines including the interleukin-2 family (IL-2). IL-2 is a T-cell growth factor which promotes the production of many more T-cells sensitive to the particular antigen. This production constitutes a clone of T-cells. The sensitized T- cells attach to cells containing the antigen. T-cells carry out a variety of regulatory and defense functions and play a central role in immunologic responses. When stimulated to produce a cell-mediated immune response, some T-cells respond by acting as killer cells, killing the host's own cells when these have become infected with virus and possibly when they become cancerous and therefore foreign. Some T-cells respond
by stimulating B cells while other T-cells respond by suppressing immune responses.
The antibody or humoral immune response ( "systemic immune response") depends on the ability of B-cells, or bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, to recognize specific antigens. The mechanism by which B-cells recognize antigens and react to them is as follows. Each B cell has receptor sites for specific antigens on its surface. When an antigen attaches to the receptor site of a B-cell, the B-cell is stimulated to divide. The daughter cells become plasma cells which manufacture antibodies complementary to the attached antigen. Each plasma cell produces thousands of antibody molecules per minute which are released into the bloodstream. As the plasma cells die, others are produced, so that, once the body is exposed to a particular antigen, antibodies are produced against that antigen as long as the antigen is present in the body. Many B-cells appear to be regulated by the helper T- cells and suppressor T-cells. Helper T-cells appear to stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies against antigens, while suppressor T-cells inhibit antibody production by either preventing the B-cells from functioning or preventing the helper T-cells from stimulating the B-cells. Some B- cells, however, are T-cell independent and require no stimulation by the T-cells. Immunopotentiators, such as adjuvants, are substances' which are added to therapeutic or prophylactic agents, for example vaccines or antigens used for immunization, to stimulate the immune response. Adjuvants cause an accumulation of mononuclear cells, especially macrophages, at the site of injection. Macrophages involved in this first stage of the immune response take in the protein antigens and break them down into peptide fragments which are then exposed on the cell surface where they form a physical association with class II histocompatibility antigens. The T helper cells recognize only protein fragments associated with class II histocompatibility antigen, and not the free undegraded protein. Nonprotein
antigens are similarly processed by macrophages or other antigen-presenting cells. The macrophages release monokines from the interleukin-1 family (IL-1) which stimulate the T helper cells to secrete IL-2. The actions of IL-1 and IL-2 result in the clonal expansion of T helper cells. The clonal expansion of T helper cells is followed by their interaction with B-cells, which in turn secrete antibody.
Administration of an adjuvant resulting in stimulation of I -1 and other cytokines results in a complex spectrum of biological activities. In addition to being a primary immunostimulatory signal, IL-1 proteins have been linked with prostaglandin production, inflammation and induction of fever. IL-1 proteins have been shown to have multiple effects on cells involved in inflammation and wound healing and are known to stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts and attract cells involved in the inflammatory response.
Adjuvants encompass several broad classes including aluminum salts, surface-active agents, polyanions, bacterial derivatives, vehicles and slow-release materials. At present, most adjuvants have been found to stimulate macrophages at the site of action; however, certain adjuvants have been found to act as T-cell replacers enabling B-cells to respond to antigen in the absence of T-cells. An example of such an adjuvant is endotoxin, a B-cell mitogen.
Polynucleotides and other polyanions have been shown to cause release of cytokines. Also, bacterial DNA species have been reported to be mitogenic for lymphocytes in vitro . Furthermore, deoxyoligonucleotides (30-45 nucleotides in length) have been reported to induce interferons and enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity. Kuramoto et al. (1992) Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 83:1128-1131. Oligonucleotides that displayed NK-stimulating activity contained specific palindromic sequences and tended to be guanosine rich. Immune stimulation has also been reported for antisense oligomers that are complementary to the initiation sequence of HIV rev and to the mink cell focus-forming (MCF) envelope
gene initiation region. Krieg et al. (1989) J. Immunol . 143:2448-2451; Branda et al. (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology 45:2037-2043. The MCF sequence is an endogenous retroviral sequence found in mice. In a study designed to determine whether expression of these endogenous viral sequences suppresses lymphocyte activation (as expressed infectious retroviral sequences can), antisense oligonucleotides and analogs complementary to the MCF env gene AUG region were used to inhibit expression of MCF mRNA. This resulted in increased lymphocyte activation. However, this was believed to be a specific effect resulting from inhibition of the target gene, rather than an effect of oligonucleotides per se. In this case both phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides complementary to this target had the same effect, whereas antisense oligonucleotides to other retroviral targets and phosphorothioate control oligonucleotides had no effect. Krieg et al. (1989) J. Immunol . 143:2448-2451; Branda et al. (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology 45:2037-2043. Branda et al. showed that an anti-rev phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog is mitogenic in both mononuclear cells from murine spleens and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A concentration- dependent stimulation of immunoglobulin production was also observed in vitro and in vivo. This mitogenic effect was specific for B-cells. These effects on B-cells were believed to be specific to this anti-rev oligomer as oligonucleotides complementary to the gag-pol initiation site and the 3' splice site of endogenous retroviral sequences were known not to be stimulatory (Krieg et al. (1989) J. Immunol . 143:2448- 2451 ) and because another phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog of similar size, targeted to the human p53 protein, did not exhibit the same effect. The data suggested that endogenous retroviruses may suppress lymphocyte activation and that antisense oligonucleotides specific for these inhibitory retroviruses may reverse this suppression and stimulate B-lymphocytes. Though Branda et al. speculated about the possibility that the immune stimulation associated
with this oligomer may be independent of its antisense activity, for example, contamination with endotoxin, no evidence for this could be found. Furthermore, the lymphocyte stimulation seen was to an extent not usually seen with exposure to double-stranded RNAs, which stimulate lymphokines. Immune stimulation was concluded not to be a general property of oligodeoxynucleotides, as they have been used by others to inhibit T-cell function. Branda et al. (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology 45:2037-2043. The ability to reverse transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β)-mediated cellular immunosuppression in malignant glioma by addition of TGF-β2-specific phosphorothioate- antisense oligonucleotide analogs (TGF-β2-S-0DN's) has also been reported. Jachimaczak et al. (1993) J. -Veurosurg 78:944-951. TGF-β, an immunosuppressive factor produced by malignant gliomas, is characterized by a wide range of immunoregulatory properties including depression of T-cell mediated tumor cytotoxicity, inhibition of IL-1- or IL-2- dependent T-cell proliferation, lymphokine-activated killer and natural killer cell activation, generation of cytotoxic macrophages and B-cell function. The oligonucleotide analogs in these experiments were used to block TGF-β protein synthesis at the translation level. In in vitro studies, preincubation of tumor cell cultures with TGF-β2-S-0DN's enhanced lymphocyte proliferation up to 2.5 fold and autologous tumor cytotoxicity up to 60%. Jachimaczak et al. suggested these observations may have implications for in vivo and in vitro activation of a cellular immune response against autologous malignant glioma cells by inhibiting TGF-β synthesis.
Thus, as illustrated by the above-described studies, antisense oligonucleotides and analogs have been used to specifically inhibit expression of genes implicated in immunosuppression, thus reversing the immunosuppressive effects.
An antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the cellular proto-oncogene c-myb has been demonstrated to block
T-cell proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Gewirtz et al. (1989) Science 245:180-183. Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been shown to specifically inhibit T-cell functions, i.e., proliferation in response to allo-antigen or PHA and IL-2 production. Kloc et al.(1991) FASEB J. 5:A973.
Thus, antisense oligonucleotides have been used to specifically inhibit the expression of genes involved in T- cell proliferation, thus blocking proliferation and resulting in an immunosuppressive effect.
Phosphorothioate monomers and congeners thereof also have been demonstrated to affect humoral and cell- mediated immune responses. It was shown that mice treated with 0,0,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP), a contaminant of malathion and other organophosphate pesticides, developed immunosuppression characterized by a decreased ability to make either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses to subsequent immunizations. Rodgers et al. (1987) Toxicol . Rppl . Pharmacol . 88: 270-281. On the contrary, 0, S, S-trimethylphosphorodithioate (OSS-TMP) enhanced the generation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Rodgers et al. (1988) Toxicol . 51:241-253.
Bacterial DNA and certain synthetic polynucleotides, both single- and double-stranded, can stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes in mice. One such example is AMPLIGEN® [polyI: oly(C12U), HEM Research Inc., Rockville, MD] , a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) which acts as a ly phokine to mediate cellular immune activity. This includes killer cell modulation, macrophage modulation, B- lymphocyte modulation, tumor necrosis factor modulation, interferon modulation and modulation of interferon-induced intracellular enzymes. AMPLIGEN® has been reported to stabilize T4 cell counts in patients with AIDS-related complex and to have antineoplastic effects. AMPLIGEN® is a specific form of mismatched dsRNA which has a uridine substituted for every twelfth cytosine in the poly(C) strand. Poly(I):poly(C) without this mismatching was highly
immunogenic but proved to be severely toxic and was abandoned as a clinical candidate in the 1970s. U.S. Patent 5,194,245. Certain synthetic oligonucleotides and analogs have been shown to be mitogenic in vitro. These oligonucleotides were polydeoxyguanosine, polydeoxycytosine or a mixture of the two. Phosphorothioates were found to be more active than the corresponding phosphodiesters. Pisetsky et al., (1993) Life Sciences 54:101-107. In addition, a 21-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog, ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2), was also shown to stimulate proliferation and antibody production by murine B cells. This oligonucleotide is complementary to the translation initiation codon of the herpes simplex virus UL13 gene. It was concluded that the mitogenic effects of this and certain other oligonucleotides on B cells may be due to preferential uptake of phosphorothioates and other mitogenic oligonucleotides by B cells, and that the enhanced penetration promotes a high intracellular concentration of these compounds, leading to non-specific activation. Oligonucleotides having a sequence identical to a portion of the sense strand of the mRNA encoding the p65 subunit of NF-kB, a DNA binding protein, were found to stimulate splenic cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. The proliferating spleen cells were shown to be B cells. Immunoglobulin secretion and NF-kB activity in these cell lines was also increased by the sense oligonucleotide. Both phosphodiester and phosphorothioate sense oligonucleotides stimulated the splenocyte proliferation. The antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to the same region of p65 did not have this effect, and the stimulatory effect was abolished by mixing the sense and antisense oligonucleotides. Sense oligonucleotides having two mismatches from the target sense sequence also failed to elicit the proliferative effect. It was concluded that this was a sequence-specific effect which may involve direct binding of the sense sequence to specific proteins. Mclntyre et al. (1993) Antisense Res . and Devel . 3:309-322.
It has now been found, surprisingly, that oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate bond can induce stimulation of a local immune response. This immunostimulation does not appear to be related to any antisense effect which these oligonucleotide analogs may or may not possess. These oligonucleotide analogs are useful as immunopotentiators, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities, such as drugs, particularly antiinfective and anticancer drugs, and surgical procedures to increase efficacy. In addition, the antiinfective and anticancer effects already possessed by certain antisense oligonucleotide analogs are enhanced through such immune stimulation.
It has also been found that oligonucleotide analogs having at least one phosphorothioate bond can be used to induce stimulation of a systemic or humoral immune response. Thus, these oligonucleotides are also useful as immunopotentiators of an antibody response, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides methods of stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues by administering an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond to the cells or tissues. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs have been shown to stimulate a local immune response in animals and humans. These methods are believed to be useful for enhancing the efficacy of a therapeutic treatment, particularly an antiinfective or anticancer treatment. The present invention also provides oligonucleotide immunopotentiators having at least one phosphorothioate bond which are capable of eliciting a local inflammatory response. These oligonucleotide immunopotentiators may also possess a therapeutic activity, for example antisense activity. Several embodiments of these immunopotentiators are provided
which have been shown to stimulate a local immune response in animals and humans.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs have recently become accepted as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. For example, workers in the field have now identified antisense, triplex, decoy and other oligonucleotide therapeutic compositions which are capable of modulating expression of genes implicated in viral, fungal and metabolic functions and diseases. Oligonucleotide drugs have been safely administered to humans and several clinical trials of antisense oligonucleotide analog drugs are presently underway. It is, thus, established that oligonucleotides and analogs can be useful therapeutic instrumentalities and that the same can be configured to be useful in regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
The present invention provides a method for stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues. The method comprises administering to selected cells or tissues an effective amount, preferably the amount needed to elicit a local inflammatory response, of an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond. It is preferred that selected cells or tissues be infected by a fungus bacterium or virus. In one embodiment, the cells are skin cells infected with a virus, such as Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) or Human Papilloma Virus. In one embodiment, the tissues are condyloma acuminata (genital warts) . The present invention also provides a method for enhancing the efficacy of a therapeutic treatment, preferably treatment with an antiinfective or anticancer drug or a surgical treatment, by administering to cells or tissues an effective amount, preferably the amount needed to elicit a local inflammatory response, of an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond. In one
embodiment, the cells are skin cells infected with a virus, such as Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) or Human Papilloma Virus, and the therapeutic treatment is treatment with an antiviral drug or surgical excision. In one embodiment, the tissues are condyloma acuminata (genital warts) .
The present invention employs phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide analogs which elicit a local inflammatory response. These oligonucleotide analogs can be used alone to stimulate a local immune response or can be administered in combination with another therapeutic modality, either a drug or a surgical procedure. These oligonucleotide analogs can modulate cytokine release in skin cells upon contacting skin cells with an effective amount of oligonucleotide analog. By an "effective amount" it is meant an amount sufficient to elicit an immune response resulting in the release of cytokines. In one embodiment of the invention, oligonucleotide analogs are provided which have both therapeutic efficacy (through antisense or other means) and immunopotentiating activity. In one embodiment, the therapeutic activity is antisense activity against a foreign nucleic acid (bacterial, fungal, viral or oncogene-derived) in a host. Examples of several phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog sequences useful in the present invention are provided in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.
In the context of this invention, the term "immunopotentiator" refers to a material which produces non¬ specific immune stimulation. Immune stimulation can be assayed by measuring various immune parameters, for example antibody-forming capacity, number of lymphocyte subpopulations, mixed leukocyte response assay or lymphocyte proliferation assay. Immune stimulation may result in increased resistance to infection or resistance to tumor growth upon administration.
The term "oligonucleotide" refers to a plurality of joined nucleotide units formed from naturally-occurring bases
and cyclofuranosyl groups joined by native phosphodiester bonds.
"Oligonucleotide analog, " as that term is used in connection with this invention, refers to moieties which function similarly to oligonucleotides but which have non naturally-occurring portions. Thus, oligonucleotide analogs may have altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages. Exemplary among these are the phosphorothioate and other sulfur containing species which are known for use in the art. They may also comprise altered base units or other modifications consistent with the spirit of this invention. In accordance with this invention, at least one of the phosphodiester bonds of the oligonucleotide is replaced by a phosphorothioate bond. The oligonucleotide analog may have additional modifications to enhance the uptake, stability, affinity or other features of the oligonucleotide. Some examples of such modifications are modifications at the 2' position of the sugar such as 2'-0-alkyl modifications, preferably lower alkyl such as 2'-0-methyl and 2' -0-propyl. All such analogs are comprehended by this invention so long as they function effectively to produce an immune response. The oligonucleotide analogs in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 15 to about 50 subunits. As will be appreciated, a subunit is a base and sugar combination suitably bound to adjacent subunits through phosphodiester or other bonds.
Certain oligonucleotide analogs of this invention are designed to be specifically hybridizable with messenger RNA of a virus or oncogene, for example HSV-1, HSV-2, HPV or ras. This relationship between an oligonucleotide and its complementary RNA target is referred to as "antisense". These antisense oligonucleotide analogs, which also stimulate an immune response in keeping with the nature of the invention, thus can be said to have a "combination" or "multimodal" mechanism of action. Several embodiments of this type are phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.
"Hybridization, " in the context of this invention, means hydrogen bonding, also known as Watson-Crick base pairing, between complementary bases, usually on opposite nucleic acid strands or two regions of a nucleic acid strand. Guanine and cytosine are examples of complementary bases which are known to form three hydrogen bonds between them. Adenine and thymine are examples of complementary bases which form two hydrogen bonds between them.
"Specifically hybridizable" and "substantially complementary" are terms which indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between the target and the oligonucleotide or analog. It is understood that an oligonucleotide need not be 100% complementary to its target nucleic acid sequence to be specifically hybridizable. An oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable when binding of the oligonucleotide to the target interferes with the normal function of the messenger RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligonucleotide to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or, in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are conducted. The functions of messenger RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as translocation of the RNA to the site for protein translation, actual translation of protein from the RNA, maturation of the RNA and possibly even independent catalytic activity which may be engaged in by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with the RNA function is to cause interference with expression of the targeted nucleic acid.
The oligonucleotide analogs of this invention are used as immunopotentiators. For therapeutic or prophylactic treatment, oligonucleotide analogs are administered to animals, especially humans, in accordance with this invention. Oligonucleotides may be formulated in a
pharmaceutical composition, which may include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the oligonucleotide. Pharmaceutical compositions may also include one or more active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, antiinflammatory agents, anesthetics, and the like in addition to oligonucleotides.
The pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be done topically (including ophthalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally), intralesionally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip or subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intradermal or intramuscular injection. It is generally preferred to apply the oligonucleotide analogs in accordance with this invention topically, intralesionally or parenterally. Formulations for topical administration may include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets, or tablets.
Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.
Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide analog is administered in conjunction with a therapeutic agent, for example an antiinfective or anticancer drug, or a surgical procedure. When oligonucleotide analog is administered in conjunction with another such therapeutic modality, the oligonucleotide analog may be administered before, after and/or simultaneously with the alternative treatment. In one
embodiment of the invention, the oligonucleotide analog is administered by intradermal injection to the wound area upon excision of genital warts. In another embodiment of the invention, the oligonucleotide analog is administered by intradermal injection into genital warts.
Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, but will normally be one or more doses per day, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates.
In accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, a number of antisense oligonucleotides which are targeted to selected mRNAs were made. Natural oligonucleotides containing a phosphodiester backbone were screened for anti-viral activity in an infectious yield assay. The sequences showing the best activity in this assay were synthesized as phosphorothioate analogs, the phosphorothioate backbone modification greatly enhancing the antiviral activity of the oligonucleotides through stimulation of a local immune response.
Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs include at least one modified or unnatural internucleotide linkage which, in addition to its enhancement of immune stimulation, can confer stability and enhance uptake of oligonucleotide into cells. An 0 (oxygen) of the phosphate diester group linking nucleotides is modified to S (sulfur). Phosphorothioates often have in vivo half-lives over 24 hours and have been shown to be stable in cells, tissues, and drug formulations. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs are believed to enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and cellular uptake is often dependent on length and size, specific sequences, protein binding, and pendant modifications. Liposo es and cationic lipids can significantly enhance the uptake and fate of oligonucleotides and analogs.
ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2), a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog 21 nucleotides in length targeted to the translation initiation codon for the UL13 gene of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, has been shown to inhibit HSV-1 replication in vitro. Synthesis of the UL13 protein in vitro by translational arrest with an IC50 of 200-400 nm has been observed. In vitro assessment of the cellular toxicity of ISIS 1082 demonstrated that the predicted therapeutic index for the compound is equivalent to or better than that predicted for ACV in parallel assays. The demonstration that ISIS 1082 shows antiviral activity in ACV-resistant strains of virus and the favorable therapeutic index observed with the compound underscore the potential clinical value of this class of antiviral compounds. Studies have shown that the compound is minimally toxic at therapeutically relevant concentrations in vitro. The safety profile of this and other related phosphorothioates has also been evaluated in animal models. It has been observed that the compound causes an immune cell activation in rodents at the site of injection. Specifically, repeated intradermal administrations to rats elicited an infiltrate of mononuclear cells. This was believed to be a consequence of the interaction between the oligonucleotide analog and keratinocytes of the skin, and the resulting release of cytokines.
To better understand the mechanism of the local immunostimulatory response, the effects of ISIS 1082 on IL-lα release and viability in a 3-dimensional in vitro human skin model consisting of neonatal keratinocytes and fibroblasts were examined. This system was chosen because epidermal cytokines play an important role in mediating inflammatory and immune responses in the skin. Keratinocytes are the principal source of cytokines in the epidermis. This in vitro skin model displays many of the functional and metabolic properties of a differentiated epidermis and has been induced to specifically release IL-lα in response to a mixture of lipopolysaccharide/phorbol myristate acetate.
Incubation of the skin model with ISIS 1082 resulted in a concentration dependent increase of cytokine release with essentially no effect on cellular viability, as measured by the Neutral Red assay. These data indicate that IL-lα, and possibly other cytokines, are released from keratinocytes in response to ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2) may contribute to the immune cell responses seen in vivo . It was subsequently determined that an oligonucleotide (ISIS 1049, SEQ ID NO: 2) having the same sequence as ISIS 1082 but with a phosphodiester backbone did not induce IL-lα release in the skin model. To further elucidate the relationship between oligonucleotide structure and IL-lα release, a series of oligonucleotides and analogs having SEQ ID NO: 2 and either phosphorothioate (P=S) or phosphodiester (P=0) backbones were prepared. These oligonucleotide analogs were further modified at the 2' position. Table 1 shows these oligonucleotides and their ability to induce IL-lα induction from the skin model.
Table 1
Oligonucleotide induction of IL-lα (all are SEQ ID NO: 2)
ISIS # Backbone 2' grouplnduce IL-lα?
ISIS 1049 P=0 deoxyno
ISIS 1082 P=S deoxyyes
ISIS 7374 P=0 0-methylno
ISIS 2007 P=S O-methylyes
ISIS 7389 P=0 0-propylno
ISIS 7337 P=S O-propylyes
The ability to induce IL-lα in this assay is correlated with the presence of the phosphorothioate backbone. It is likely that a uniformly phosphorothioate backbone is not necessary for cytokine induction, i.e., gapped, alternating or otherwise mixed backbones containing at least one phosphorothioate linkage may also induce IL-lα. These results also demonstrate that other modifications, such as
the sugar modifications in this example, can also be present as long as at least one phosphorothioate is present.
Antisense oligonucleotides and analogs have been used to inhibit the replication of virus in cell culture. Studies have also shown the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides in animal models of viral infection. Animal models of HSV-induced keratitis are well suited for such studies. Such ocular HSV infections are usually treated topically and thus provide a relatively simple way to test the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides in vivo . The drugs can be applied topically in aqueous solution and several parameters of the infection can be monitored. In one experiment using a murine model, the effectiveness of the phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide analog ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2) made in accordance with the teachings of the invention was tested for treatment of herpetic keratitis. It was found that topical treatment with this anti-UL13 oligonucleotide analog significantly reduced the severity of HSV-induced stromal keratitis. Three different concentrations of the oligonucleotide analog as well as a buffer control (50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.8, 0.15 M NaCl) and untreated animals infected with HSV-1 were tested. All animals were infected with 1 x 105 plaque forming units (pfu) following scratching of the cornea. It was found that treatment with 0.3% and 1.0% ISIS 1082 did not affect the severity of blepharitis, but treated mice healed slightly faster. Treatment with ISIS 1082 reduced stromal disease and vascularization on days 11, 13, and 15 post-infection. This reduction in disease was statistically significant on some days but not on others, probably because of small sample size and variability in the disease. These results indicate that antisense oligonucleotide analogs of the invention may be useful in treating HSV keratitis. ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is a phosphorothioate 20 mer complementary to the translation initiation of both HPV types 6 and 11 mRNA encoded by the HPV E2 open-reading frame.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 are associated with genital warts. ISIS 2105 has been shown to inhibit E2-dependent transactivation by HPV-11 E2 expressed from a surrogate promoter. ISIS 2105 is among the first compounds to have specific antiviral effect on papillomavirus, as demonstrated by inhibition of focus formation.
The effects of ISIS 2105 on IL-lα release and viability in the 3-dimensional in vitro human skin model was examined. Incubation of the skin model with ISIS 2105 resulted in a concentration dependent increase of cytokine release similar to that seen with ISIS 1082. There was essentially no effect on cellular viability, as measured by the Neutral Red assay. These data suggest that IL-lα (and possibly other cytokines) is released from keratinocytes in response to ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1).
Intradermal administration of ISIS 2105 in rabbits has resulted in no local or systemic toxicity. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs, both as single doses and as daily doses over a several-week period, can be administered to mice, rats and rabbits without significant acute or subacute toxicity. ISIS 2105 has also been administered to cynomolgus monkeys by intradermal injection at doses up to 10 mg/kg every other day for four weeks, and was found to be well tolerated. No antibodies to ISIS 2105 were detectable in monkey plasma at the end of the study, indicating that ISIS 2105 is not intrinsically antigenic, i.e., while it stimulates an immune response, it is not itself an antigen.
Intradermal administration of ISIS 2105 does produce a local inflammatory response, however, in all species examined, including rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys and humans. This response appears to be a class effect of all phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs, as similar responses were produced in rat skin by both ISIS 2105 and ISIS 1082 in 14-day studies. This response is not a delayed-type hypersensitivity involving memory T-lymphocytes but rather a result of the immunostimulation caused by these
oligonucleotide analogs acting as adjuvants or immunopotentiators. Thus, while the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs do not appear to be intrinsically antigenic, they are immunostimulatory. Immune stimulation is also indicated by an increased humoral immune response in rats and B-cell proliferation in the spleens of mice. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen of both rats and mice, and in the lymph nodes of mice, was seen after ISIS 2105 treatment. Mice and rats given repeated intradermal injections of ISIS 1082 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or repeated intravenous or subcutaneous injections of several other phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs [ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1), ISIS 2503 (SEQ ID NO: 3, targeted to the ras oncogene)] developed, on a subacute basis, splenomegaly characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia. Lymphoid hyperplasia was also observed in lymph nodes under many experimental conditions. In addition, a predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate has been observed in other organs/tissues following repeated parenteral administration of phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs. These effects were not associated with any organ damage or dysfunction, and were reversible upon cessation of oligonucleotide administration.
Studies in rats to determine the association of this hyperplasia and the humoral component of the immune response to a T-cell dependent antigen demonstrated that the IgM antibody-forming cell response to the antigen was increased by 72% in rats dosed daily with ISIS 2105 at 3.3 mg/kg/day, compared with rats dosed with vehicle only. This was considered significant.
In clinical trials, 21 human subjects completed the trial with seven different dosing regimens. All subjects showed some degree of inflammation at the injection site, the extent of which was related to size and frequency of dose. Biopsies were taken from the injection sites of two of the three men in the dosing group receiving ISIS 2105 injections in the forearm twice weekly (1.02 mg/injection at 3 sites)
for three weeks. Both subjects had a dense inflammatory reaction at the injection sites. This was detected by histological examination of biopsies from injection sites. There was both T- and B- cell involvement which is indicative of a local immunological response to ISIS 2105.
Blood samples taken from three subjects at least two months after completion of the trial showed no evidence of circulating antibodies to ISIS 2105. This indicates that, as was found in monkeys, ISIS 2105 is not intrinsically antigenic in humans.
Radiolabelled ISIS 2105 has been injected intradermally into each of four genital warts (condyloma acuminata) in five male patients. Systemic absorption of radiolabelled compound was monitored by blood sampling at intervals postinjection. Warts were removed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours postinjection. After injection, ISIS 2105 was localized at the site of injection with rapid absorption (70% in 4 hours) . Appreciable amounts of intact drug (4 μM) still remained in the wart tissue at 72 hours. Current estimates from in vitro studies indicate that concentrations of approximately 1 μM (and perhaps lower) are therapeutically effective. The prolonged retention time at the site of injection indicates that twice-weekly intralesional injections should be sufficient for therapeutic effect.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples which are meant to be illustrations only and are not intended to limit the present invention to specific embodiments.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Preparation of Oligonucleotides and Analogs
Oligonucleotides and analogs were synthesized at ISIS Pharmaceuticals on an automated DNA synthesizer using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl-phosphoramidites were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). For phosphorothioate
oligonucleotide analogs, the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by a 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation cycle wait step was increased to 68 seconds and was followed by the capping step. 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs were synthesized according to the procedures set forth above substituting 2'-O-methyl β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites (Chemgenes, Needham, MA) for standard phosphoramidites and increasing the wait cycle after the pulse delivery of tetrazole and base to 360 seconds. 2'-0- propyl phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs were prepared by slight modifications of this procedure.
Prior to use in various assays, oligonucleotides and analogs were prepared by first incubating stock solutions at 37°C for 1 hour and diluting prewarmed drug in tissue culture medium to specified concentrations. Diluted compounds were filter sterilized by centrifugation through 0.2 μm pore size Centrex filters.
Example 2: Cell Line Maintenance
HeLa (ATCC CCL2) cells were maintained as monolayer cultures in low glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DME) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FCS) while normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) [Clonetics #CC2010] were grown in Fibroblast Basal Medium (Clonetics #CC-3130) with 0.2% FCS) in a 5% C02-humidified incubator at 37°C.
Example 3: In Vitro Cellular Proliferation Assay
Asynchronous, logarithmically growing HeLa cells (104) were plated in 24 well tissue culture plates in 2.0 ml of 10% DME and allowed to attach to plate surfaces overnight. The next day, medium was aspirated and 2.0 ml of medium containing increasing concentrations of ISIS 1082 or medium alone was added to each well and placed in the incubator for
5 days. At the end of the incubation period, the cells were harvested and counted in the presence of trypan blue.
Example 4: In Vitro Skin Model
The in vitro model of skin (Full thickness model ZK1200) was obtained from Advanced Tissue Sciences (La Jolla, CA). Nylon mesh squares of tissue derived from neonatal keratinocytes and fibroblasts were removed from storage wells containing agarose and transferred to sterile, 24 well tissue culture plates containing low glucose DME supplemented with 10% FCS and allowed to equilibrate in a 37°C incubator overnight. The next day, the growth medium was removed and replaced with assay medium (DME, 2% FCS) containing oligonucleotide and incubated with the tissue for 24 hours.
Example 5: Neutral Red Assay The keratinocyte tissue substrates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, 5% C02, 90% humidity in the presence of oligonucleotide or LPS/PMA in assay media. The test agents were removed, replaced with neutral red solution (50 μg/ml), and incubated for 3 hours. The neutral red was removed and tissue substrates were washed with PBS. After a brief exposure to 0.5% formaldehyde/1% calcium chloride solution, incorporated dye was extracted using 1% acetic acid in 50% aqueous ethanol. The color intensity of the solution, measured at 540 run, was proportional to viability of cells after drug exposure.
Example 6: Human IL-lα Immunoassay
A murine monoclonal antibody specific for IL-lα was applied to microtiter plates. A 200 μl aliquot of sample supernatant was pipetted into the wells and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. After washing away any unbound proteins, a polyclonal antibody against IL-lα conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was added to the wells to sandwich any immobilized IL-lα and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Following a wash to remove any unbound
antibody-enzyme, a substrate solution of hydrogen peroxide and tetramethylbenzidine was added to the wells and color developed in proportion to the amount of bound IL-lα. The color development was terminated by the addition of 2N sulfuric acid and the intensity of the color was measured at 450 nm.
Example 7: Immunological evaluation of ISIS 2105 in rats
The effects of repeated administration of ISIS 2105 to rats on the humoral component of the immune response to a T-cell dependent antigen were determined. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen and lymph nodes of rats dosed with ISIS 2105 had previously been observed. Histomorphologic changes were found to be associated with increased antibody production capacity in the spleen. Doses of 0.033, 0.18, 0.33 or 3.3 mg/kg/day were administered intradermally to groups of 5 female Sprague-Dawley rats daily for 14 days. The control group was given vehicle alone. A positive control group received cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection on days 11-14 of the study. All animals were sensitized to sheep RBCs on day 11 by intravenous injection. At the end of the 14-day dosing period, the rats were euthanized and terminal body weights, spleen and thymus weights were recorded. The IgM antibody- forming cell response of the spleen was determined ex vivo in spleen homogenates by quantifying plaque formation after addition of sheep RBCs. High-dose animals had increased spleen weights, both absolute (55%) and percent of body weight (48%), and an increased spleen cellularity (27%) compared to vehicle-treated animals. The IgM antibody- forming cell response to the T-dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen, when evaluated as total spleen activity, was increased by 72% in the 3.3 mg/kg/day group compared to vehicle-treated animals. This was considered to be significant. The positive control, cyclophosphamide, produced anticipated decreases in immune parameters. In
conclusion, ISIS 2105 appeared to enhance the humoral response in rats receiving 3.3 mg/kg/day.
Example 8: Immunological evaluation of ISIS 2105 in mice
The effects of ISIS 2105 on various immune parameters in female B6C3F1 mice when administered by intradermal injection daily for 14 days were determined. Lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen of mice dosed with ISIS 2105 had previously been observed. Groups of 5 females each received doses of 0 (vehicle control), 0.066, 0.33, 0.66 or 6.6 mg/kg/day. On the day after the last injection (day 15), the animals were sacrificed, spleens were removed and weighed, and a spleen cell homogenate was prepared for determination of immunologic parameters, including enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulations using specific antibodies, the mixed leukocyte response (MLR) assay, and the lymphocyte proliferation assay. No animals died during the study, and there were no treatment-related effects on body weight or weight gain. Spleen weight (both absolute and relative to body weight) was increased by approximately 50- 60% in the high-dose group (6.6 mg/kg/day) and this was associated with increases in total spleen cell number (35%) and in the fraction of Ig+ cells (45%) which is a marker for B-lymphocytes. Results at the lower doses were inconsistent. The MLR, an indicator of T-cell-dependent immune function, was decreased at the two highest doses, but there was no effect on the spleen cell proliferative response to the T- cell mitogen, Con A, at any dose level, which indicates that the proliferative capacity of T-lymphocytes was not altered. These results are somewhat inconsistent and must be considered preliminary; however, it was concluded that the high doses of ISIS 2105 may cause a form of immunostimulation.
Example 9: Intradermal injection of ISIS 2105 in humans
ISIS 2105 for clinical trials was formulated as sterile phosphate-buffered solution for intradermal injection
of volumes of 0.1 ml to 0.15 ml per injection. The concentration of ISIS 2105 varied depending on desired dose. Intradermal injections of ISIS 2105 were given into the ventral surface of the forearm of healthy male volunteers.
Example 10: Immunostimulatory Response in Humans
Skin biopsies were performed in two human subjects following administration of 5 doses of 1.02 mg of ISIS 2105. A skin ellipse measuring 1.2 x 0.5 cm having a central pigmented area of 0.2 cm was removed from the forearm injection site. This ellipse was bisected and processed for microscopic histological analysis. The histological analysis revealed a moderately dense, inflammatory infiltrate in all layers of the dermis from both subjects. Immunohistochemistry revealed a mixture of cell types present. T-cells were predominant; however, B-cells were also present suggesting the immunological response was both T-cell and B-cell in nature.
Example 11: Injection of ISIS 2105 into genital warts in human subjects To evaluate its pharmacokinetics, the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analog ISIS 2105 (SEQ ID NO: 1) was 14C labeled in the 2-position of thymine. Approximately 1 mg (3.5 μCi/mg) was injected intradermally in each of four genital warts (condyloma acuminata) in five male patients. Systemic absorption of radiolabelled compound was monitored by blood sampling 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 144 hours postinjection. Warts were removed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours postinjection. Urine and C02 samples for 14C analysis were taken at intervals postinjection. Safety monitoring of these patients revealed no clinically significant abnormalities. After injection, ISIS 2105 was rapidly absorbed (70% in 4 hours). However, appreciable amounts of intact drug (4 μM) remained in the wart tissue at 72 hours. Current estimates indicate that concentrations of approximately 1 μM are therapeutically effective. Peak plasma concentrations were achieved within 1 hour following
the absorption of labeled ISIS 2105 from the injection site. Drug was cleared from plasma with a rapid distribution and prolonged elimination phase. The total body elimination half-life was estimated at 156 hours. The oligonucleotide was slowly metabolized and the radiolabel was eliminated, principally as C02 in expired air and in urine. In summary, following a single dose, intact ISIS 2105 was localized at the site of injection with rapid absorption but prolonged retention time in wart tissue. This indicates that twice- weekly intralesional injections should be sufficient for therapeutic effect.
Example 12: Evaluation of ISIS 2105 as surgical adjuvant therapy
Condyloma acuminata (genital warts) measuring at least lxl mm2 are surgically removed. Upon cessation of bleeding with electrocautery, skin surrounding the ablated area is injected with 0.1 cc of ISIS 2105 drug formulation containing 0.3 mg or 1 mg of ISIS 2105. Up to 4 warts are treated.
SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:
(i) APPLICANTS: Hutcherson, Stephen L.
Glover, Josephine M.
(ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Immune Stimulation by Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Analogs
(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 3
(iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:
(A) ADDRESSEE: Law Offices of Jane Massey Licata
(B) STREET: 210 Lake Drive East, Suite 201
(C) CITY: Cherry Hill
(D) STATE: NJ
(E) COUNTRY: USA
(F) ZIP: 08002
(v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM:
(A) MEDIUM TYPE: DISKETTE, 3.5 INCH, 1.44 Mb STORAGE
(B) COMPUTER: IBM PS/2
(C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS
(D) SOFTWARE: WORDPERFECT 5.1 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA:
(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: n/a
(B) FILING DATE: Herewith
(C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA:
(A) APPLICATION NUMBER:
(B) FILING DATE:
(viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION:
(A) NAME: Jane Massey Licata
(B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 32,257
(C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: ISPH-0131 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION:
(A) TELEPHONE: (609) 779-2400
(B) TELEFAX: (609) 779-8488
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 20
(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single
(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1: TTGCTTCCAT CTTCCTCGTC (20)
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 21
(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single
(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2: GCCGAGGTCC ATGTCGTACG C (21)
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:SEQ ID NO: 3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 20
(B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: Single
(D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (iv) ANTI-SENSE: Yes
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3: TCCGTCATCG CTCCTCAGGG (20)
Claims
1. A method of stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues, which comprises administering an effective amount of an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond to selected cells or tissues.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the oligonucleotide analog is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected cells or tissues are infected with a fungus or bacterium.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected cells or tissues are infected with a virus.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the virus is Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1, Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 or Human Papilloma Virus.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the tissues are condyloma acuminata.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the oligonucleotide analog is SEQ ID NO: 1.
8. • The method of claim 7 wherein the oligonucleotide analog is administered by intradermal injection into the condyloma.
9. A method of enhancing the efficacy of a therapeutic treatment by stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues by administering an effective amount of an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond to the cells or tissues.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the selected cells or tissues are infected or are cancerous.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the therapeutic treatment is treatment with an antiinfective drug or surgical excision.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the selected cells or tissues are infected with a fungus or a bacterium.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the selected cells or tissues are infected with a virus.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the virus is Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1, Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 or Human Papilloma Virus.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the tissues are condyloma acuminata.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the oligonucleotide analog is SEQ ID NO: 1.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the therapeutic treatment is surgical excision of the condyloma and wherein the oligonucleotide analog is administered to the excision site at the time of excision.
18: A method of stimulating a local immune response in selected cells or tissues to enhance the antiinfective or anticancer effect of an antisense oligonucleotide analog which comprises administering an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond to cells or tissues which are infected or cancerous.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the oligonucleotide analog is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.
20. A method of modulating cytokine release in skin cells which comprises contacting skin cells with an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond in an amount sufficient to elicit an immune response resulting in the release of cytokine.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the cytokine is IL-lα.
22. The method of claim 20 wherein the oligonucleotide analog is SEQ ID NO: 1.
23. An immunopotentiator which comprises an oligonucleotide analog having at least one phosphorothioate bond capable of eliciting a local inflammatory response.
24. The immunopotentiator of claim 23 which is an antisense oligonucleotide.
25. The immunopotentiator of claim 24 which has SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US21798894A | 1994-03-25 | 1994-03-25 | |
US08/217,988 | 1994-03-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995026204A1 true WO1995026204A1 (en) | 1995-10-05 |
Family
ID=22813309
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1995/003547 WO1995026204A1 (en) | 1994-03-25 | 1995-03-16 | Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5663153A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1995026204A1 (en) |
Cited By (149)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998016247A1 (en) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-04-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates |
WO1998049288A1 (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 1998-11-05 | Hybridon, Inc. | Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and in vivo protection from infection |
WO1998055609A1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 1998-12-10 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Inhibitors of dna immunostimulatory sequence activity |
WO1999050409A1 (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 1999-10-07 | Hybridon, Inc. | Mixed-backbone oligonucleotides containing pops blocks to obtain reduced phosphorothioate content |
WO2000075304A1 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2000-12-14 | Aventis Pasteur | Immunostimulant oligonucleotide |
FR2797263A1 (en) * | 1999-08-06 | 2001-02-09 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | New immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, useful e.g. as adjuvants in vaccines for human use, induce lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion |
US6194388B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2001-02-27 | The University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides |
US6207646B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2001-03-27 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
US6214806B1 (en) | 1997-02-28 | 2001-04-10 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CPC dinucleotide in the treatment of LPS-associated disorders |
US6218371B1 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2001-04-17 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Methods and products for stimulating the immune system using immunotherapeutic oligonucleotides and cytokines |
WO2000061151A3 (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2001-04-26 | Us Health | Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response |
US6239116B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2001-05-29 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
US6339068B1 (en) | 1997-05-20 | 2002-01-15 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Vectors and methods for immunization or therapeutic protocols |
US6406705B1 (en) | 1997-03-10 | 2002-06-18 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant |
US6429199B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2002-08-06 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells |
US6498148B1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 2002-12-24 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a Th1 phenotype |
WO2003030656A2 (en) | 2001-10-06 | 2003-04-17 | Merial Limited | Methods and compositions for promoting growth and innate immunity in young animals |
US6589940B1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 2003-07-08 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
JP2003526673A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-09-09 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Methods for reducing papillomavirus infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
JP2003526670A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-09-09 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Remission of symptoms of herpes infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
JP2003526672A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-09-09 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Methods of preventing and treating respiratory viral infections using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
JP2003535043A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-11-25 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Methods for preventing and treating viral infections using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
EP1374894A2 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2004-01-02 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
US6727230B1 (en) | 1994-03-25 | 2004-04-27 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs |
US6780989B2 (en) | 1996-12-27 | 2004-08-24 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Diribonucleoside Phosphoramidites |
US6887464B1 (en) | 1999-02-02 | 2005-05-03 | Biocache Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Advanced antigen presentation platform |
US6949520B1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2005-09-27 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon |
US7001890B1 (en) | 1997-01-23 | 2006-02-21 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination |
US7038029B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2006-05-02 | Immunotech S.A. | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof |
US7049302B1 (en) | 1998-08-10 | 2006-05-23 | Antigenics Inc. | Compositions of CPG and saponin adjuvants and uses thereof |
WO2007071707A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine |
US7282476B2 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2007-10-16 | University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation | Proaerolysin containing protease activation sequences and methods of use for treatment of prostate cancer |
WO2007116028A2 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2007-10-18 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Conjugate vaccines |
WO2008085486A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-17 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof |
WO2008109155A2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2008-09-12 | The Trustees Of The University Pennsylvania | Compositions and methods for treatment of cervical cancer |
WO2009000826A1 (en) | 2007-06-26 | 2008-12-31 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide conjugates |
US7514415B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2009-04-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
US7514414B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2009-04-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides and methods of use |
US7517520B2 (en) | 2003-03-26 | 2009-04-14 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Packaging of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides into virus-like particles: method of preparation and use |
US7537767B2 (en) | 2003-03-26 | 2009-05-26 | Cytis Biotechnology Ag | Melan-A- carrier conjugates |
EP2172216A2 (en) | 1997-03-10 | 2010-04-07 | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute | Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant |
WO2010082020A1 (en) | 2009-01-13 | 2010-07-22 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Vaccine |
WO2010084408A2 (en) | 2009-01-21 | 2010-07-29 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Pta089 protein |
WO2010086614A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2010-08-05 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Treatment |
WO2010086617A2 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2010-08-05 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Treatment |
US7785873B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2010-08-31 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Antigen arrays for treatment of bone disease |
WO2010141861A1 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2010-12-09 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants |
WO2010149743A2 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Id Biomedical Corporation Of Quebec | Vaccine |
WO2010149745A1 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP2266603A1 (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2010-12-29 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Tumour vaccines |
EP2269638A2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2011-01-05 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine compositions comprising virosomes and a saponin adjuvant |
WO2011015590A1 (en) | 2009-08-05 | 2011-02-10 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic composition comprising variants of staphylococcal clumping factor a |
US7919477B2 (en) | 2000-01-14 | 2011-04-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Multiple CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their use to induce an immune response |
WO2011054007A1 (en) | 2009-11-02 | 2011-05-05 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Ror1 as therapeutic and diagnostic target |
WO2011051445A1 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2011-05-05 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Process for preparing an influenza seed virus for vaccine manufacture |
WO2011117408A1 (en) | 2010-03-26 | 2011-09-29 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Hiv vaccine |
US8043622B2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2011-10-25 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory lung disease with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
WO2011151431A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2011-12-08 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Oral vaccine comprising an antigen and a toll-like receptor agonist |
EP2433648A2 (en) | 2006-10-12 | 2012-03-28 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising an oil in water emulsion adjuvant |
WO2012041842A1 (en) | 2010-09-27 | 2012-04-05 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine |
EP2441775A1 (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2012-04-18 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Protein |
EP2447719A1 (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2012-05-02 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Proteins |
WO2012064659A1 (en) | 2010-11-08 | 2012-05-18 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccines comprising non-specific nucleoside hydrolase and sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (smt) polypeptides for the treatment and diagnosis of leishmaniasis |
EP2455101A2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2012-05-23 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Influenza vaccine with oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant |
WO2012080369A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-21 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Mycobacterium antigenic composition |
US8217016B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2012-07-10 | Curevac Gmbh | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic agent for tumorous diseases |
US8222225B2 (en) | 2008-05-21 | 2012-07-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating pneumoconiosis with oligodeoxynucleotides |
EP2476434A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 | 2012-07-18 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic composition |
EP2476431A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2012-07-18 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Lyophilised antigen composition |
EP2486938A1 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2012-08-15 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US8323664B2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2012-12-04 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Live vaccine strains of Francisella |
WO2013001369A2 (en) | 2011-06-28 | 2013-01-03 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Therapeutic and diagnostic target |
US8425913B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2013-04-23 | The Secretary Of State Of Defence | Immunogenic agents against Burkholderia pseudomallei and/or Burkholderia mallei, comprising lipopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide and/or proteins from Burkholderia pseudomallei |
EP2612680A1 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-07-10 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA | Vaccine |
WO2013119856A1 (en) | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-15 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Improved adjuvant formulations comprising tlr4 agonists and methods of using the same |
US8574564B2 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2013-11-05 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid packaged particles for the treatment of hypersensitivity |
US8609108B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 | 2013-12-17 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase attenuated Francisella |
WO2014020331A1 (en) | 2012-08-01 | 2014-02-06 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Therapeutic and diagnostic target |
WO2014024024A1 (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2014-02-13 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Method for eliciting in infants an immune response against rsv |
WO2014024026A1 (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2014-02-13 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Method for eliciting in infants an immune response against rsv and b. pertussis |
US8691209B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2014-04-08 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Packaging of immunostimulatory substances into virus-like particles: method of preparation and use |
US8895521B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 | 2014-11-25 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Methods and compositions for the treatment of uveitis |
US8916161B2 (en) | 2005-06-14 | 2014-12-23 | Sophiris Bio Inc. | Method of treating or preventing benign prostatic hyperplasia using modified pore-forming proteins |
US8957047B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2015-02-17 | Immune Design Corp. | GLA monotherapy for use in cancer treatment |
US8980864B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-03-17 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods of altering cholesterol levels |
WO2015041318A1 (en) | 2013-09-20 | 2015-03-26 | 独立行政法人医薬基盤研究所 | Complex containing oligonucleotide having immunopotentiating activity and use thereof |
US8999380B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-04-07 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of biologics and proteins associated with human disease |
US9044420B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-06-02 | Immune Design Corp. | Immunogenic compositions and methods of using the compositions for inducing humoral and cellular immune responses |
WO2015103167A2 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2015-07-09 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Single vial vaccine formulations |
US9107886B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-08-18 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding basic helix-loop-helix family member E41 |
US9181319B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2015-11-10 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US9186372B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2015-11-17 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Split dose administration |
US9278127B2 (en) | 2006-07-17 | 2016-03-08 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals, Sa | Influenza vaccine |
US9283287B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-03-15 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of nuclear proteins |
US9334328B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2016-05-10 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
US9364525B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2016-06-14 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Vaccines for malaria |
US9404126B2 (en) | 2006-06-12 | 2016-08-02 | Kuros Biosciences Ag | Processes for packaging aggregated oligonucleotides into virus-like particles of RNA bacteriophages |
US9428535B2 (en) | 2011-10-03 | 2016-08-30 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
WO2016140702A1 (en) | 2015-03-03 | 2016-09-09 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Serivces | Display platform from bacterial spore coat proteins |
US9464124B2 (en) | 2011-09-12 | 2016-10-11 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US9463198B2 (en) | 2013-06-04 | 2016-10-11 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Compositions and methods for reducing or preventing metastasis |
EP3109258A1 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2016-12-28 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
US9533047B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2017-01-03 | Modernatx, Inc. | Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids |
US9572897B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-02-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins |
US9597380B2 (en) | 2012-11-26 | 2017-03-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | Terminally modified RNA |
US9700605B2 (en) | 2006-10-12 | 2017-07-11 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising an oil in water emulsion |
US9730999B2 (en) | 2005-03-23 | 2017-08-15 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Adjuvanted influenza virus compositions |
US9809824B2 (en) | 2004-12-13 | 2017-11-07 | The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services | CpG oligonucleotide prodrugs, compositions thereof and associated therapeutic methods |
EP3251680A1 (en) | 2008-05-22 | 2017-12-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
WO2017210364A1 (en) | 2016-06-01 | 2017-12-07 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Nanoalum particles containing a sizing agent |
US9895435B2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2018-02-20 | Immune Design Corp. | Vaccines for HSV-2 |
US9909114B2 (en) | 2013-03-28 | 2018-03-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccines comprising leishmania polypeptides for the treatment and diagnosis of leishmaniasis |
WO2018053294A1 (en) | 2016-09-16 | 2018-03-22 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccines comprising mycobacterium leprae polypeptides for the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of leprosy |
WO2018109220A2 (en) | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-21 | Institute For Research In Biomedicine | Novel recombinant prefusion rsv f proteins and uses thereof |
US10064934B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2018-09-04 | Modernatx, Inc. | Combination PIV3/hMPV RNA vaccines |
US10064935B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2018-09-04 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus RNA vaccines |
EP3372675A1 (en) | 2017-03-09 | 2018-09-12 | Université de Liège | Methods for in vitro differentiation of monocytes to regulatory macrophages |
WO2018193063A2 (en) | 2017-04-19 | 2018-10-25 | Institute For Research In Biomedicine | Novel malaria vaccines and antibodies binding to plasmodium sporozoites |
US10124055B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2018-11-13 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus RNA vaccines |
US10188748B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2019-01-29 | Curevac Ag | Pharmaceutical composition containing a stabilised mRNA optimised for translation in its coding regions |
WO2019035066A1 (en) | 2017-08-17 | 2019-02-21 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Modified mrna vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and uses thereof |
WO2019051149A1 (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2019-03-14 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Liposomal formulations comprising saponin and methods of use |
US10233429B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2019-03-19 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Hand, foot, and mouth vaccines and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
US10273269B2 (en) | 2017-02-16 | 2019-04-30 | Modernatx, Inc. | High potency immunogenic zika virus compositions |
WO2019090228A2 (en) | 2017-11-03 | 2019-05-09 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Zika vaccines and immunogenic compositions, and methods of using the same |
EP3492097A1 (en) | 2013-08-05 | 2019-06-05 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Combination immunogenic compositions |
US10323076B2 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2019-06-18 | Modernatx, Inc. | Polynucleotides encoding low density lipoprotein receptor |
US10449244B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 | 2019-10-22 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika RNA vaccines |
EP3556353A2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2019-10-23 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. | Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems |
WO2020016322A1 (en) | 2018-07-19 | 2020-01-23 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Processes for preparing dried polysaccharides |
EP3608332A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-02-12 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine against human rhinovirus |
US10653767B2 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2020-05-19 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus MRNA vaccines |
US10695419B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2020-06-30 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus vaccine |
US10806782B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2020-10-20 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Hand, foot, and mouth vaccines and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
US10815291B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2020-10-27 | Modernatx, Inc. | Polynucleotides encoding immune modulating polypeptides |
EP3736293A1 (en) | 2013-02-12 | 2020-11-11 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Therapeutic and diagnostic target for cancer comprising dll3 binding reagents |
WO2020243115A1 (en) | 2019-05-25 | 2020-12-03 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Composition and method for spray drying an adjuvant vaccine emulsion |
US10898584B2 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2021-01-26 | Curevac Ag | Modified RNA with decreased immunostimulatory properties |
WO2021097347A1 (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2021-05-20 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Rig-i agonist and adjuvant formulation for tumor treatment |
WO2021132528A1 (en) | 2019-12-25 | 2021-07-01 | ナパジェン ファーマ,インコーポレテッド | Short-chain cpg-containing oligodeoxynucleotide with linked polydeoxyadenylic acid, complex containing said oligodeoxynucleotide, and use thereof |
US11103578B2 (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2021-08-31 | Modernatx, Inc. | Respiratory virus nucleic acid vaccines |
EP3888676A1 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2021-10-06 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic combinations |
US11351242B1 (en) | 2019-02-12 | 2022-06-07 | Modernatx, Inc. | HMPV/hPIV3 mRNA vaccine composition |
US11364292B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 | 2022-06-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | CHIKV RNA vaccines |
US11406703B2 (en) | 2020-08-25 | 2022-08-09 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus vaccine |
US11497807B2 (en) | 2017-03-17 | 2022-11-15 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zoonotic disease RNA vaccines |
US11629181B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2023-04-18 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | RSV F protein compositions and methods for making same |
WO2023114727A1 (en) | 2021-12-13 | 2023-06-22 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services | Bacteriophage lambda-vaccine system |
US11905525B2 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2024-02-20 | Modernatx, Inc. | Reduction of elimination of immune responses to non-intravenous, e.g., subcutaneously administered therapeutic proteins |
Families Citing this family (132)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5849719A (en) * | 1993-08-26 | 1998-12-15 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method for treating allergic lung disease |
US20030050263A1 (en) * | 1994-07-15 | 2003-03-13 | The University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Methods and products for treating HIV infection |
US20030026782A1 (en) * | 1995-02-07 | 2003-02-06 | Arthur M. Krieg | Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides |
US7935675B1 (en) * | 1994-07-15 | 2011-05-03 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
US5968909A (en) * | 1995-08-04 | 1999-10-19 | Hybridon, Inc. | Method of modulating gene expression with reduced immunostimulatory response |
US20030078223A1 (en) * | 1996-01-30 | 2003-04-24 | Eyal Raz | Compositions and methods for modulating an immune response |
JPH11209289A (en) * | 1998-01-22 | 1999-08-03 | Taisho Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Mucosal immunity inducer |
CA2328406A1 (en) * | 1998-05-14 | 1999-11-18 | Hermann Wagner | Methods for regulating hematopoiesis using cpg-oligonucleotides |
DK1077722T3 (en) | 1998-05-22 | 2006-11-27 | Ottawa Health Research Inst | Methods and products for the induction of mucosa immunity |
US20040247662A1 (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2004-12-09 | Dow Steven W. | Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes |
US6693086B1 (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2004-02-17 | National Jewish Medical And Research Center | Systemic immune activation method using nucleic acid-lipid complexes |
US20030022854A1 (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2003-01-30 | Dow Steven W. | Vaccines using nucleic acid-lipid complexes |
ATE326239T1 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 2006-06-15 | Dynavax Tech Corp | METHODS FOR TREATING IG-E ASSOCIATED DISEASES AND COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN SUCH METHODS |
US20040242521A1 (en) * | 1999-10-25 | 2004-12-02 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Thio-siRNA aptamers |
US6423493B1 (en) * | 1998-10-26 | 2002-07-23 | Board Of Regents The University Of Texas System | Combinatorial selection of oligonucleotide aptamers |
US20060172925A1 (en) * | 1998-10-26 | 2006-08-03 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Thio-siRNA aptamers |
US7776343B1 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 2010-08-17 | Csl Limited | Immunogenic complexes and methods relating thereto |
FR2790955B1 (en) | 1999-03-19 | 2003-01-17 | Assist Publ Hopitaux De Paris | USE OF STABILIZED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AS ANTI-TUMOR ACTIVE INGREDIENT |
US7098192B2 (en) | 1999-04-08 | 2006-08-29 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of STAT3 expression |
US6977245B2 (en) | 1999-04-12 | 2005-12-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response |
DE19935756A1 (en) * | 1999-07-27 | 2001-02-08 | Mologen Forschungs Entwicklung | Covalently closed nucleic acid molecule for immune stimulation |
ATE419869T1 (en) * | 1999-08-19 | 2009-01-15 | Dynavax Tech Corp | METHOD FOR MODULATING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE USING IMMUNSTIMULATIVE SEQUENCES AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF |
US20050249794A1 (en) * | 1999-08-27 | 2005-11-10 | Semple Sean C | Compositions for stimulating cytokine secretion and inducing an immune response |
US6677445B1 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2004-01-13 | Chiron Corporation | Chimeric antisense oligonucleotides and cell transfecting formulations thereof |
DK1221955T3 (en) * | 1999-09-25 | 2006-01-30 | Univ Iowa Res Found | Immune-stimulating nucleic acid |
US20090130135A1 (en) * | 1999-10-01 | 2009-05-21 | Michael Buschle | Hcv vaccines |
US7223398B1 (en) * | 1999-11-15 | 2007-05-29 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunomodulatory compositions containing an immunostimulatory sequence linked to antigen and methods of use thereof |
US7585847B2 (en) * | 2000-02-03 | 2009-09-08 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy |
US20040131628A1 (en) * | 2000-03-08 | 2004-07-08 | Bratzler Robert L. | Nucleic acids for the treatment of disorders associated with microorganisms |
US7129222B2 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2006-10-31 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunomodulatory formulations and methods for use thereof |
US20030129251A1 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2003-07-10 | Gary Van Nest | Biodegradable immunomodulatory formulations and methods for use thereof |
US20020098199A1 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2002-07-25 | Gary Van Nest | Methods of suppressing hepatitis virus infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
EP1278761B1 (en) * | 2000-05-01 | 2005-04-06 | Hybridon, Inc. | MODULATION OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CpG-MEDIATED IMMUNE STIMULATION BY POSITIONAL MODIFICATION OF NUCLEOSIDES |
AU7013401A (en) | 2000-06-22 | 2002-01-02 | Univ Iowa Res Found | Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer |
KR100917101B1 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2009-09-15 | 도요 보세키 가부시키가이샤 | Flexible metal laminate and production method thereof |
EP1366077B1 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2011-05-25 | Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH | PROCESS FOR HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF CpG-BASED IMMUNO-AGONIST/ANTAGONIST |
ES2307568T3 (en) * | 2000-12-08 | 2008-12-01 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | CPG TYPE NUCLEIC ACIDS AND SAME USE METHODS. |
WO2002052002A2 (en) * | 2000-12-27 | 2002-07-04 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunomodulatory polynucleotides and methods of using the same |
US20030050268A1 (en) * | 2001-03-29 | 2003-03-13 | Krieg Arthur M. | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid for treatment of non-allergic inflammatory diseases |
US7176296B2 (en) * | 2001-04-30 | 2007-02-13 | Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides |
US7105495B2 (en) * | 2001-04-30 | 2006-09-12 | Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Modulation of oligonucleotide CpG-mediated immune stimulation by positional modification of nucleosides |
WO2002094845A2 (en) * | 2001-05-21 | 2002-11-28 | Intercell Ag | Method for stabilising of nucleic acids |
US6818787B2 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2004-11-16 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of GABA analogs, compositions and uses thereof |
ES2487645T3 (en) * | 2001-06-21 | 2014-08-22 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Chimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of use thereof |
US7785610B2 (en) * | 2001-06-21 | 2010-08-31 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Chimeric immunomodulatory compounds and methods of using the same—III |
US7666674B2 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2010-02-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Use of sterically stabilized cationic liposomes to efficiently deliver CPG oligonucleotides in vivo |
US20030148316A1 (en) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-08-07 | Lipford Grayson B. | Methods and compositions relating to plasmacytoid dendritic cells |
EP1420829A4 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2006-05-17 | Dynavax Tech Corp | Immunomodulatory compositions, formulations, and methods for use thereof |
WO2003020884A2 (en) | 2001-08-14 | 2003-03-13 | The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Health And Human Services | Method for rapid generation of mature dendritic cells |
DE60229422D1 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2008-11-27 | Coley Pharm Gmbh | COMBINATION MOTIF IMMUNOSTIMULATING OLIGONUCLEOTIDES WITH IMPROVED EFFECT |
US7169854B2 (en) * | 2001-09-11 | 2007-01-30 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Fluororesin composition, process for preparing the same and cable coated with the same |
EP1451581A4 (en) * | 2001-10-05 | 2006-01-11 | Coley Pharm Gmbh | Toll-like receptor 3 signaling agonists and antagonists |
WO2003094836A2 (en) * | 2001-10-12 | 2003-11-20 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Methods and products for enhancing immune responses using imidazoquinoline compounds |
US20030162190A1 (en) * | 2001-11-15 | 2003-08-28 | Gorenstein David G. | Phosphoromonothioate and phosphorodithioate oligonucleotide aptamer chip for functional proteomics |
US8466116B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2013-06-18 | The Unites States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to induce epithelial cell growth |
US7615227B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2009-11-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to induce angiogenesis |
US20050221381A1 (en) * | 2002-02-28 | 2005-10-06 | Christof Klade | Method for isolating ligands |
EP2258712A3 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2011-05-04 | Multicell Immunotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and Methods to Initiate or Enhance Antibody and Major-histocompatibility Class I or Class II-restricted T Cell Responses by Using Immunomodulatory, Non-coding RNA Motifs |
CA2479187A1 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-09-25 | Astral, Inc. | Immunostimulatory double stranded rna and methods of inducing, enhancing or modulating the immune response |
US20070037769A1 (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2007-02-15 | Multicell Immunotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods to treat and control tumors by loading antigen presenting cells |
WO2003086280A2 (en) | 2002-04-04 | 2003-10-23 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | Immunostimulatory g,u-containing oligoribonucleotides |
US20040038303A1 (en) * | 2002-04-08 | 2004-02-26 | Unger Gretchen M. | Biologic modulations with nanoparticles |
US20040013649A1 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2004-01-22 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Cancer vaccines and methods of using the same |
US20040009949A1 (en) * | 2002-06-05 | 2004-01-15 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Method for treating autoimmune or inflammatory diseases with combinations of inhibitory oligonucleotides and small molecule antagonists of immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids |
DE10229872A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2004-01-29 | Curevac Gmbh | Immune stimulation through chemically modified RNA |
US7569553B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2009-08-04 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses |
US7576066B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2009-08-18 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses |
US20040053880A1 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2004-03-18 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses |
US7807803B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2010-10-05 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses |
US7605138B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2009-10-20 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Nucleic acid compositions for stimulating immune responses |
EP1523557A2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2005-04-20 | Intercell AG | Antigens encoded by alternative reading frame from pathogenic viruses |
WO2004016586A2 (en) * | 2002-08-16 | 2004-02-26 | Board Of Regents The University Of Texas System | Compositions and methods related to flavivirus envelope protein domain iii antigens |
AR040996A1 (en) * | 2002-08-19 | 2005-04-27 | Coley Pharm Group Inc | IMMUNE STIMULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS |
EP1537418A2 (en) | 2002-09-13 | 2005-06-08 | Intercell AG | Method for isolating hepatitis c virus peptides |
US8263091B2 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2012-09-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating and preventing infections in immunocompromised subjects with immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides |
EP1572978A4 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2006-05-24 | Univ Texas | Bead bound combinatorial oligonucleoside phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate aptamer libraries |
CN1753687A (en) | 2002-10-29 | 2006-03-29 | 科勒制药集团股份有限公司 | Use of cpg oligonucleotides in the treatment of hepatitis c virus infection |
WO2004052293A2 (en) * | 2002-12-11 | 2004-06-24 | Hawaii Biotech, Inc. | Recombinant vaccine against flavivirus infection |
JP2006512927A (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2006-04-20 | コーリー ファーマシューティカル グループ,インコーポレイテッド | 5 'CPG nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US8158768B2 (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2012-04-17 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory sequence oligonucleotides and methods of using the same |
ATE544772T1 (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2012-02-15 | Dynavax Tech Corp | IMMUNO-STIMULATING SEQUENCE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF |
EP1601789A4 (en) * | 2003-01-16 | 2007-10-31 | Idera Pharmaceuticals Inc | Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of oligonucleotide-based compounds by utilizing modified immunostimulatory dinucleotides |
US20070041998A1 (en) * | 2003-03-24 | 2007-02-22 | Intercell Ag | Use of alum and a th1 immune response inducing adjuvant for enhancing immune responses |
ES2562456T3 (en) * | 2003-03-24 | 2016-03-04 | Valneva Austria Gmbh | Use of an adjuvant that induces a Th1 immune response to improve immune responses |
CA2520181A1 (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-10-14 | Astral Inc. | Selected rna motifs to include cell death and/or apoptosis |
AU2004226605A1 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-14 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Ltd. | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid oil-in-water formulations for topical application |
WO2005018537A2 (en) * | 2003-05-23 | 2005-03-03 | Board Of Regents - The University Of Texas System | Structure based and combinatorially selected oligonucleoside phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate aptamer targeting ap-1 transcription factors |
US7910523B2 (en) * | 2003-05-23 | 2011-03-22 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Structure based and combinatorially selected oligonucleoside phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate aptamer targeting AP-1 transcription factors |
US20060121489A1 (en) * | 2003-05-23 | 2006-06-08 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | High throughput screening of aptamer libraries for specific binding to proteins on viruses and other pathogens |
US7410975B2 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2008-08-12 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists |
US20050013812A1 (en) * | 2003-07-14 | 2005-01-20 | Dow Steven W. | Vaccines using pattern recognition receptor-ligand:lipid complexes |
US20050118611A1 (en) * | 2003-07-24 | 2005-06-02 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Thioaptamers enable discovery of physiological pathways and new therapeutic strategies |
CA2536139A1 (en) | 2003-09-25 | 2005-04-07 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Nucleic acid-lipophilic conjugates |
WO2005034979A2 (en) * | 2003-10-11 | 2005-04-21 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Methods and compositions for enhancing innate immunity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
UA88457C2 (en) | 2003-10-30 | 2009-10-26 | Коли Фармасьютикал Гмбх | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid with enhanced immunostimulatory potency |
US20050239733A1 (en) * | 2003-10-31 | 2005-10-27 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | Sequence requirements for inhibitory oligonucleotides |
US20050100983A1 (en) * | 2003-11-06 | 2005-05-12 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | Cell-free methods for identifying compounds that affect toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling |
US20050181035A1 (en) * | 2004-02-17 | 2005-08-18 | Dow Steven W. | Systemic immune activation method using non CpG nucleic acids |
TW200533750A (en) * | 2004-02-19 | 2005-10-16 | Coley Pharm Group Inc | Immunostimulatory viral RNA oligonucleotides |
TWI235440B (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-07-01 | Advanced Semiconductor Eng | Method for making leadless semiconductor package |
JP2008506789A (en) * | 2004-07-18 | 2008-03-06 | シーエスエル、リミテッド | Immunostimulatory complex and oligonucleotide formulation for inducing enhanced interferon-gamma response |
DE102004042546A1 (en) * | 2004-09-02 | 2006-03-09 | Curevac Gmbh | Combination therapy for immune stimulation |
PT1791858E (en) | 2004-09-24 | 2010-07-26 | Intercell Ag | Modified vp1-capsid protein of parvovirus b19 |
MY159370A (en) * | 2004-10-20 | 2016-12-30 | Coley Pharm Group Inc | Semi-soft-class immunostimulatory oligonucleotides |
JP2008531018A (en) * | 2005-02-24 | 2008-08-14 | コーリー ファーマシューティカル グループ,インコーポレイテッド | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotide |
SG161260A1 (en) * | 2005-04-08 | 2010-05-27 | Coley Pharm Group Inc | Methods for treating infectious disease exacerbated asthma |
US20060241076A1 (en) * | 2005-04-26 | 2006-10-26 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | Modified oligoribonucleotide analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity |
US20060281702A1 (en) * | 2005-05-18 | 2006-12-14 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Combinatorial selection of phosphorothioate aptamers for RNases |
US20090117132A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2009-05-07 | Pfizer, Inc. | Anti-Ctla-4 Antibody and Cpg-Motif-Containing Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide Combination Therapy for Cancer Treatment |
US20100130425A1 (en) | 2005-09-09 | 2010-05-27 | Oregon Health & Science University | Use of toll-like receptor ligands in treating excitotoxic injury, ischemia and/or hypoxia |
KR20080047463A (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2008-05-28 | 콜리 파마슈티칼 게엠베하 | Modulation of immunostimulatory properties of short interfering ribonucleic acid (sirna) by nucleotide modification |
BRPI0616235A2 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2011-06-14 | Coley Pharm Gmbh | phosphodiester main chain immunostimulatory monofilamentated ribonucleic acid |
AU2006318464B2 (en) | 2005-11-25 | 2011-02-17 | Zoetis Belgium Sa | Immunostimulatory oligoribonucleotides |
EP2405002B1 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2014-09-24 | AdiuTide Pharmaceuticals GmbH | Compositions and methods for oligonucleotide formulations |
AU2007280690C1 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2012-08-23 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acid of formula (I): GIXmGn, or (II): CIXmCn, in particular as an immune-stimulating agent/adjuvant |
DE102006035618A1 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-07 | Curevac Gmbh | New nucleic acid useful as immuno-stimulating adjuvant for manufacture of a composition for treatment of cancer diseases e.g. colon carcinomas and infectious diseases e.g. influenza and malaria |
PT2078080E (en) | 2006-09-27 | 2015-09-18 | Coley Pharm Gmbh | Cpg oligonucleotide analogs containing hydrophobic t analogs with enhanced immunostimulatory activity |
WO2008057529A2 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2008-05-15 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Peptide-based vaccine compositions to endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (cetp) |
WO2009030254A1 (en) | 2007-09-04 | 2009-03-12 | Curevac Gmbh | Complexes of rna and cationic peptides for transfection and for immunostimulation |
DK2176408T5 (en) | 2008-01-31 | 2015-12-14 | Curevac Gmbh | Nucleic acids comprising FORMULA (NuGiXmGnNv) a AND DERIVATIVES AS IMMUNE STIMULATING AGENTS / ADJUVANTS. |
WO2010037408A1 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Composition comprising a complexed (m)rna and a naked mrna for providing or enhancing an immunostimulatory response in a mammal and uses thereof |
US20110053829A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 | 2011-03-03 | Curevac Gmbh | Disulfide-linked polyethyleneglycol/peptide conjugates for the transfection of nucleic acids |
NO2575876T3 (en) | 2010-05-26 | 2018-05-05 | ||
CN103025876A (en) | 2010-07-30 | 2013-04-03 | 库瑞瓦格有限责任公司 | Complexation of nucleic acids with disulfide-crosslinked cationic components for transfection and immunostimulation |
EP2640190A4 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2016-05-11 | Selecta Biosciences Inc | Modified nicotinic compounds and related methods |
EP2736537A4 (en) | 2011-07-29 | 2015-04-15 | Selecta Biosciences Inc | Synthetic nanocarriers that generate humoral and cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) immune responses |
WO2013113326A1 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polymeric carrier cargo complex and at least one protein or peptide antigen |
SG11201510746WA (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2016-03-30 | Curevac Ag | Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine |
CA2936286A1 (en) | 2014-04-01 | 2015-10-08 | Curevac Ag | Polymeric carrier cargo complex for use as an immunostimulating agent or as an adjuvant |
CN111700877A (en) | 2014-09-03 | 2020-09-25 | 吉倪塞思公司 | Therapeutic nanoparticles and related compositions, methods and systems |
LU92821B1 (en) | 2015-09-09 | 2017-03-20 | Mologen Ag | Combination comprising immunostimulatory oligonucleotides |
GB2542425A (en) | 2015-09-21 | 2017-03-22 | Mologen Ag | Means for the treatment of HIV |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5457189A (en) * | 1989-12-04 | 1995-10-10 | Isis Pharmaceuticals | Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of papillomavirus |
US5506212A (en) * | 1990-01-11 | 1996-04-09 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotides with substantially chirally pure phosphorothioate linkages |
US5248670A (en) * | 1990-02-26 | 1993-09-28 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Antisense oligonucleotides for inhibiting herpesviruses |
US5514577A (en) * | 1990-02-26 | 1996-05-07 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotide therapies for modulating the effects of herpes viruses |
WO1994008003A1 (en) * | 1991-06-14 | 1994-04-14 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE INHIBITION OF THE ras GENE |
US5582986A (en) * | 1991-06-14 | 1996-12-10 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of the ras gene |
-
1995
- 1995-03-16 WO PCT/US1995/003547 patent/WO1995026204A1/en active Application Filing
- 1995-06-06 US US08/467,930 patent/US5663153A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-09-11 US US08/712,135 patent/US5723335A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
---|
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Volume 37, No. 2, issued February 1993, L.M. COWSERT et al., "In Vitro Evaluation of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Targeted to the E2 mRNA of Papilloma Virus: Potential Treatment for Genital Warts", pages 171-177. * |
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Volume 45, No. 10, issued 25 May 1993, R. BRANDA et al., "Immune Stimulation by an Antisense Oligomer Complementary to the Rev Gene of HIV-1", pages 2037-2043. * |
LIFE SCIENCES, Volume 54, issued January 1994, D. PISETSKY et al., "Stimulation of Murine Lymphocyte Proliferation by a Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide with Antisense Activity for Herpes Simplex Virus", pages 101-107. * |
THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, Volume 267, No. 28, issued 05 October 1992, B. MONIA et al., "Selective Inhibition of Mutant Ha-ras mRNA Expression by Antisense Oligonucleotides", pages 19954-19962. * |
W.E. PAUL, "Fundamental Immunology", Third Edition, Published 1993, by RAVEN PRESS, LTD (NEW YORK, NEW YORK), pages 1327-1329, 1350. * |
Cited By (319)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6727230B1 (en) | 1994-03-25 | 2004-04-27 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs |
US6194388B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2001-02-27 | The University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides |
US6653292B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2003-11-25 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Method of treating cancer using immunostimulatory oligonucleotides |
US7888327B2 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2011-02-15 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions |
EP1167377A2 (en) * | 1994-07-15 | 2002-01-02 | The University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides |
US6239116B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2001-05-29 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
EP1167377A3 (en) * | 1994-07-15 | 2004-09-08 | The University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunomodulatory oligonucleotides |
US6207646B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2001-03-27 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
US6429199B1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 2002-08-06 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules for activating dendritic cells |
WO1998016247A1 (en) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-04-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates |
US7208478B2 (en) | 1996-10-11 | 2007-04-24 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates |
US6610661B1 (en) | 1996-10-11 | 2003-08-26 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Immunostimulatory polynucleotide/immunomodulatory molecule conjugates |
EP1746159A3 (en) * | 1996-10-30 | 2009-11-25 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
EP1746159A2 (en) * | 1996-10-30 | 2007-01-24 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules |
EP2360252A1 (en) | 1996-10-30 | 2011-08-24 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules comprising GTCGTT motifs |
EP2322615A1 (en) | 1996-10-30 | 2011-05-18 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Use of unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides for the treatment of allergy |
US6780989B2 (en) | 1996-12-27 | 2004-08-24 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Diribonucleoside Phosphoramidites |
US7001890B1 (en) | 1997-01-23 | 2006-02-21 | Coley Pharmaceutical Gmbh | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polynucleotide and optionally an antigen especially for vaccination |
US6214806B1 (en) | 1997-02-28 | 2001-04-10 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CPC dinucleotide in the treatment of LPS-associated disorders |
US6406705B1 (en) | 1997-03-10 | 2002-06-18 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant |
EP2172216A2 (en) | 1997-03-10 | 2010-04-07 | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute | Use of nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as an adjuvant |
EP1408110A3 (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 2007-10-31 | Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and in vivo protection from infection |
US7700570B2 (en) | 1997-04-30 | 2010-04-20 | Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and prophylaxis and treatment of viral infection in a mammal |
WO1998049288A1 (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 1998-11-05 | Hybridon, Inc. | Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and in vivo protection from infection |
US6821957B2 (en) | 1997-05-20 | 2004-11-23 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Vectors and methods for immunization or therapeutic protocols |
US6339068B1 (en) | 1997-05-20 | 2002-01-15 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Vectors and methods for immunization or therapeutic protocols |
EP1003850A4 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2005-07-06 | Univ California | Inhibitors of dna immunostimulatory sequence activity |
EP2085090A3 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2012-05-02 | The Regents of the University of California | Inhibitors of DNA immunostimulatory sequence activity |
WO1998055495A2 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 1998-12-10 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
EP1374894A2 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2004-01-02 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
EP1374894A3 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2004-09-22 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
WO1998055495A3 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 1999-05-27 | Dynavax Tech Corp | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
WO1998055609A1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 1998-12-10 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Inhibitors of dna immunostimulatory sequence activity |
US8729039B2 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 2014-05-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Use of inhibitory oligonucleotides to treat autoimmune disease |
US6589940B1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 2003-07-08 | Dynavax Technologies Corporation | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, compositions thereof and methods of use thereof |
EP1003850A1 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 2000-05-31 | The Regents of the University of California | Inhibitors of dna immunostimulatory sequence activity |
US6225292B1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 2001-05-01 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Inhibitors of DNA immunostimulatory sequence activity |
US6498148B1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 2002-12-24 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Immunization-free methods for treating antigen-stimulated inflammation in a mammalian host and shifting the host's antigen immune responsiveness to a Th1 phenotype |
WO1999050409A1 (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 1999-10-07 | Hybridon, Inc. | Mixed-backbone oligonucleotides containing pops blocks to obtain reduced phosphorothioate content |
US6218371B1 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 2001-04-17 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Methods and products for stimulating the immune system using immunotherapeutic oligonucleotides and cytokines |
US7858589B2 (en) | 1998-08-10 | 2010-12-28 | Antigenics Inc. | Compositions of CpG and saponin adjuvants and uses thereof |
US7049302B1 (en) | 1998-08-10 | 2006-05-23 | Antigenics Inc. | Compositions of CPG and saponin adjuvants and uses thereof |
US6887464B1 (en) | 1999-02-02 | 2005-05-03 | Biocache Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Advanced antigen presentation platform |
US7279555B2 (en) | 1999-02-02 | 2007-10-09 | Virginia Commonwealth University | Advanced antigen presentation platform |
WO2000061151A3 (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2001-04-26 | Us Health | Oligodeoxynucleotide and its use to induce an immune response |
WO2000075304A1 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2000-12-14 | Aventis Pasteur | Immunostimulant oligonucleotide |
AU776268B2 (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2004-09-02 | Aventis Pasteur | Immunostimulant oligonucleotide |
FR2797263A1 (en) * | 1999-08-06 | 2001-02-09 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | New immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, useful e.g. as adjuvants in vaccines for human use, induce lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion |
US6949520B1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2005-09-27 | Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. | Methods related to immunostimulatory nucleic acid-induced interferon |
US7919477B2 (en) | 2000-01-14 | 2011-04-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Multiple CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their use to induce an immune response |
US8232259B2 (en) | 2000-01-14 | 2012-07-31 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Multiple CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and their use to induce an immune response |
JP2003526672A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-09-09 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Methods of preventing and treating respiratory viral infections using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
JP2003535043A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-11-25 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Methods for preventing and treating viral infections using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
JP2003526670A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-09-09 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Remission of symptoms of herpes infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
JP2003526673A (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2003-09-09 | ダイナバックス テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | Methods for reducing papillomavirus infection using immunomodulatory polynucleotide sequences |
EP2266603A1 (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2010-12-29 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Tumour vaccines |
US7785873B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2010-08-31 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Antigen arrays for treatment of bone disease |
US10188748B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2019-01-29 | Curevac Ag | Pharmaceutical composition containing a stabilised mRNA optimised for translation in its coding regions |
US10568972B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2020-02-25 | Curevac Ag | Pharmaceutical composition containing a stabilised mRNA optimised for translation in its coding regions |
US11369691B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2022-06-28 | Curevac Ag | Pharmaceutical composition containing a stabilised mRNA optimised for translation in its coding regions |
US11135312B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2021-10-05 | Curevac Ag | Pharmaceutical composition containing a stabilised mRNA optimised for translation in its coding regions |
US7282476B2 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2007-10-16 | University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation | Proaerolysin containing protease activation sequences and methods of use for treatment of prostate cancer |
US7745395B2 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2010-06-29 | University of Victoria Innovatiion and Development Corporation | Proaerolysin containing protease activation sequences and methods of use for treatment of prostate cancer |
US7838266B2 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2010-11-23 | University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation | Proaerolysin containing protease activation sequences and methods of use for treatment of prostate cancer |
US8691209B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2014-04-08 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Packaging of immunostimulatory substances into virus-like particles: method of preparation and use |
US9950055B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2018-04-24 | Kuros Biosciences Ag | Packaging of immunostimulatory substances into virus-like particles: method of preparation and use |
US9163244B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2015-10-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides and methods of use |
US8580944B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2013-11-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides and methods of use |
US7514414B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2009-04-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides and methods of use |
US8227438B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2012-07-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides and methods of use |
WO2003030656A2 (en) | 2001-10-06 | 2003-04-17 | Merial Limited | Methods and compositions for promoting growth and innate immunity in young animals |
US8217016B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2012-07-10 | Curevac Gmbh | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic agent for tumorous diseases |
US9433670B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2016-09-06 | Curevac Ag | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic against tumour diseases |
US9433669B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2016-09-06 | Curevac Ag | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic against tumor diseases |
US9655955B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2017-05-23 | Curevac Ag | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic against tumour diseases |
US9155788B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2015-10-13 | Curevac Gmbh | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic against tumour diseases |
US9439956B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2016-09-13 | Curevac Ag | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic against tumour diseases |
US9463228B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2016-10-11 | Curevac Ag | Application of mRNA for use as a therapeutic against tumour diseases |
US7381807B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2008-06-03 | Immunotech S.A. | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof |
US7038029B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2006-05-02 | Immunotech S.A. | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof |
US7943316B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2011-05-17 | David Horn, Llc | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof |
US7951786B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2011-05-31 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
US8288359B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2012-10-16 | The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
US7514415B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2009-04-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
US8557789B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2013-10-15 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Development of Health and Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory arthropathies with supressors of CPG oligonucleotides |
US8501188B2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2013-08-06 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory lung disease with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
US8043622B2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2011-10-25 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating inflammatory lung disease with suppressors of CpG oligonucleotides |
US9006203B2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2015-04-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of reducing inflammatory infiltration in subjects with inflammatory lung disease |
US7517520B2 (en) | 2003-03-26 | 2009-04-14 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Packaging of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides into virus-like particles: method of preparation and use |
US7537767B2 (en) | 2003-03-26 | 2009-05-26 | Cytis Biotechnology Ag | Melan-A- carrier conjugates |
US8895521B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 | 2014-11-25 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Methods and compositions for the treatment of uveitis |
EP2269638A2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2011-01-05 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine compositions comprising virosomes and a saponin adjuvant |
US9809824B2 (en) | 2004-12-13 | 2017-11-07 | The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services | CpG oligonucleotide prodrugs, compositions thereof and associated therapeutic methods |
US9730999B2 (en) | 2005-03-23 | 2017-08-15 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Adjuvanted influenza virus compositions |
US8916161B2 (en) | 2005-06-14 | 2014-12-23 | Sophiris Bio Inc. | Method of treating or preventing benign prostatic hyperplasia using modified pore-forming proteins |
US9950029B2 (en) | 2005-06-14 | 2018-04-24 | Sophiris Bio Inc. | Method of treating or preventing benign prostatic hyperplasia using modified pore-forming proteins |
US8425913B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2013-04-23 | The Secretary Of State Of Defence | Immunogenic agents against Burkholderia pseudomallei and/or Burkholderia mallei, comprising lipopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide and/or proteins from Burkholderia pseudomallei |
US8574564B2 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2013-11-05 | Cytos Biotechnology Ag | Immunostimulatory nucleic acid packaged particles for the treatment of hypersensitivity |
EP2402025A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2012-01-04 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine |
EP2384765A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2011-11-09 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine |
EP2382986A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2011-11-02 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals s.a. | Vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae |
EP3020411A1 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2016-05-18 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals s.a. | Vaccine |
WO2007071710A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Vaccine comprising streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide conjugates |
WO2007071707A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine |
WO2007071711A2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Vaccine |
EP2476434A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 | 2012-07-18 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic composition |
EP3141261A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 | 2017-03-15 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic composition |
EP2476433A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 | 2012-07-18 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic composition |
EP2392346A1 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2011-12-07 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA | Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine |
WO2007116028A2 (en) | 2006-04-07 | 2007-10-18 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Conjugate vaccines |
US10358656B2 (en) | 2006-06-12 | 2019-07-23 | Kuros Biosciences Ag | Oligonucleotides packaged into virus-like particles of RNA bacteriophages |
US9404126B2 (en) | 2006-06-12 | 2016-08-02 | Kuros Biosciences Ag | Processes for packaging aggregated oligonucleotides into virus-like particles of RNA bacteriophages |
US9902972B2 (en) | 2006-06-12 | 2018-02-27 | Kuros Biosciences Ag | Processes for packaging oligonucleotides into virus-like particles of RNA bacteriophages |
US9943588B2 (en) | 2006-07-17 | 2018-04-17 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Influenza vaccine |
US11564984B2 (en) | 2006-07-17 | 2023-01-31 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Influenza vaccine |
US9278127B2 (en) | 2006-07-17 | 2016-03-08 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals, Sa | Influenza vaccine |
US9592282B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2017-03-14 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Vaccines for malaria |
US9364525B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2016-06-14 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Vaccines for malaria |
US8790910B2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2014-07-29 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Live vaccine strain |
US8323664B2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2012-12-04 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Live vaccine strains of Francisella |
US9950063B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2018-04-24 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US10765736B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2020-09-08 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
EP3403667A1 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2018-11-21 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
EP2486938A1 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2012-08-15 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US9907845B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2018-03-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Methods of using a vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US10792359B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2020-10-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Methods of using a vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US9987355B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2018-06-05 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
EP3795173A1 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2021-03-24 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US8840908B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2014-09-23 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US8273361B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2012-09-25 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
EP2433648A2 (en) | 2006-10-12 | 2012-03-28 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising an oil in water emulsion adjuvant |
US9700605B2 (en) | 2006-10-12 | 2017-07-11 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising an oil in water emulsion |
WO2008085486A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-17 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof |
EP2591800A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2013-05-15 | The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania | Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof |
EP2526966A2 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2012-11-28 | The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania | Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof |
EP2502634A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2012-09-26 | The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania | Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof |
EP3118221A1 (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2017-01-18 | Oxford BioTherapeutics Ltd | Proteins |
EP3118220A1 (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2017-01-18 | Oxford BioTherapeutics Ltd | Protein |
EP2441775A1 (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2012-04-18 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Protein |
EP2447719A1 (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2012-05-02 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Proteins |
WO2008109155A2 (en) | 2007-03-08 | 2008-09-12 | The Trustees Of The University Pennsylvania | Compositions and methods for treatment of cervical cancer |
US9452209B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2016-09-27 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Influenza vaccine |
US10548969B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2020-02-04 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Oil-in-water emulsion influenza vaccine |
US9597389B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2017-03-21 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Oil-in-water emulsion influenza vaccine |
EP2455101A2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2012-05-23 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Influenza vaccine with oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant |
US10016495B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2018-07-10 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Oil-in-water emulsion influenza vaccine |
EP2489367A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2012-08-22 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Lyophilised antigen composition |
US8557247B2 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2013-10-15 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Lyophilised antigen composition |
EP2476431A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2012-07-18 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Lyophilised antigen composition |
WO2009000826A1 (en) | 2007-06-26 | 2008-12-31 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide conjugates |
EP2687228A2 (en) | 2007-06-26 | 2014-01-22 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine comprising streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide conjugates |
EP4108688A1 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2022-12-28 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP4206231A1 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2023-07-05 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP4108687A1 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2022-12-28 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP4219566A2 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2023-08-02 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP3109258A1 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2016-12-28 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP3508505A1 (en) | 2007-12-24 | 2019-07-10 | ID Biomedical Corporation of Quebec | Recombinant rsv antigens |
EP2612680A1 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-07-10 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA | Vaccine |
US8222225B2 (en) | 2008-05-21 | 2012-07-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of treating pneumoconiosis with oligodeoxynucleotides |
EP3251680A1 (en) | 2008-05-22 | 2017-12-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccine composition containing synthetic adjuvant |
US8778356B2 (en) | 2009-01-13 | 2014-07-15 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Vaccine |
WO2010082020A1 (en) | 2009-01-13 | 2010-07-22 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Vaccine |
WO2010084408A2 (en) | 2009-01-21 | 2010-07-29 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Pta089 protein |
WO2010086614A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2010-08-05 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Treatment |
WO2010086617A2 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2010-08-05 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Treatment |
US8609108B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 | 2013-12-17 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase attenuated Francisella |
US10632191B2 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2020-04-28 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants |
WO2010141861A1 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2010-12-09 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants |
US9814772B2 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2017-11-14 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants |
US8722064B2 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2014-05-13 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants |
US9480740B2 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2016-11-01 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants |
EP3124491A1 (en) | 2009-06-05 | 2017-02-01 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvants and vaccine compositions containing them |
WO2010149743A2 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Id Biomedical Corporation Of Quebec | Vaccine |
WO2010149745A1 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Recombinant rsv antigens |
US11820812B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2023-11-21 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | RSV F protein compositions and methods for making same |
US11655284B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2023-05-23 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | RSV F protein compositions and methods for making same |
US11827694B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2023-11-28 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | RSV F protein compositions and methods for making same |
US11629181B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2023-04-18 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | RSV F protein compositions and methods for making same |
WO2011015590A1 (en) | 2009-08-05 | 2011-02-10 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic composition comprising variants of staphylococcal clumping factor a |
WO2011051445A1 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2011-05-05 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Process for preparing an influenza seed virus for vaccine manufacture |
WO2011054007A1 (en) | 2009-11-02 | 2011-05-05 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Ror1 as therapeutic and diagnostic target |
WO2011117408A1 (en) | 2010-03-26 | 2011-09-29 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Hiv vaccine |
WO2011151431A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2011-12-08 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Oral vaccine comprising an antigen and a toll-like receptor agonist |
US9447164B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2016-09-20 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US9181319B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2015-11-10 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US9937233B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2018-04-10 | Modernatx, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
WO2012041842A1 (en) | 2010-09-27 | 2012-04-05 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine |
US9334328B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2016-05-10 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
US9701965B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2017-07-11 | Modernatx, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US9657295B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2017-05-23 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
US10064959B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2018-09-04 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
WO2012064659A1 (en) | 2010-11-08 | 2012-05-18 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccines comprising non-specific nucleoside hydrolase and sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (smt) polypeptides for the treatment and diagnosis of leishmaniasis |
EP3023106A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2016-05-25 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Mycobacterium antigenic composition |
WO2012080369A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-21 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Mycobacterium antigenic composition |
WO2012080370A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-21 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Mycobacterium antigenic composition |
EP3593813A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2020-01-15 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Mycobacterium antigenic composition |
US9950068B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2018-04-24 | Modernatx, Inc. | Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids |
US9533047B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2017-01-03 | Modernatx, Inc. | Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids |
US9044420B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-06-02 | Immune Design Corp. | Immunogenic compositions and methods of using the compositions for inducing humoral and cellular immune responses |
WO2013001369A2 (en) | 2011-06-28 | 2013-01-03 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Therapeutic and diagnostic target |
US9464124B2 (en) | 2011-09-12 | 2016-10-11 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US10022425B2 (en) | 2011-09-12 | 2018-07-17 | Modernatx, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US10751386B2 (en) | 2011-09-12 | 2020-08-25 | Modernatx, Inc. | Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof |
US9428535B2 (en) | 2011-10-03 | 2016-08-30 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof |
US9271996B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2016-03-01 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Formulation and delivery of PLGA microspheres |
US9186372B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2015-11-17 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Split dose administration |
US9295689B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2016-03-29 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Formulation and delivery of PLGA microspheres |
EP3563834A1 (en) | 2012-02-07 | 2019-11-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Improved adjuvant formulations comprising tlr4 agonists and methods of using the same |
WO2013119856A1 (en) | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-15 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Improved adjuvant formulations comprising tlr4 agonists and methods of using the same |
US11510875B2 (en) | 2012-02-07 | 2022-11-29 | Access To Advanced Health Institute | Adjuvant formulations comprising TLR4 agonists and methods of using the same |
US9220792B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-12-29 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding aquaporin-5 |
US9301993B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-04-05 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding apoptosis inducing factor 1 |
US9216205B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-12-22 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding granulysin |
US9192651B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-11-24 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of secreted proteins |
US9827332B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-11-28 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins |
US10501512B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2019-12-10 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides |
US9220755B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-12-29 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins associated with blood and lymphatic disorders |
US9828416B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-11-28 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of secreted proteins |
US9814760B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-11-14 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of biologics and proteins associated with human disease |
US9782462B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-10-10 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins associated with human disease |
US9675668B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-06-13 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 |
US9233141B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-01-12 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins associated with blood and lymphatic disorders |
US9587003B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-03-07 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of oncology-related proteins and peptides |
US9572897B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2017-02-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins |
US9107886B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-08-18 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding basic helix-loop-helix family member E41 |
US9114113B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-08-25 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding citeD4 |
US9149506B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-10-06 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding septin-4 |
US9061059B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-06-23 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for treating protein deficiency |
US9221891B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-12-29 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | In vivo production of proteins |
US9050297B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-06-09 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator |
US9089604B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-07-28 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for treating galactosylceramidase protein deficiency |
US9254311B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-02-09 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins |
US9255129B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-02-09 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding SIAH E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 |
US9303079B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-04-05 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins |
US9283287B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-03-15 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of nuclear proteins |
US9878056B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2018-01-30 | Modernatx, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of cosmetic proteins and peptides |
US8999380B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-04-07 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides for the production of biologics and proteins associated with human disease |
US9095552B2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2015-08-04 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Modified polynucleotides encoding copper metabolism (MURR1) domain containing 1 |
US9895435B2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2018-02-20 | Immune Design Corp. | Vaccines for HSV-2 |
WO2014020331A1 (en) | 2012-08-01 | 2014-02-06 | Oxford Biotherapeutics Ltd. | Therapeutic and diagnostic target |
WO2014024026A1 (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2014-02-13 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Method for eliciting in infants an immune response against rsv and b. pertussis |
EP3488865A1 (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2019-05-29 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Method for eliciting in infants an immune response against rsv and b. pertussis |
WO2014024024A1 (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2014-02-13 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Method for eliciting in infants an immune response against rsv |
US9597380B2 (en) | 2012-11-26 | 2017-03-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | Terminally modified RNA |
EP3736293A1 (en) | 2013-02-12 | 2020-11-11 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Therapeutic and diagnostic target for cancer comprising dll3 binding reagents |
EP3608332A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-02-12 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Vaccine against human rhinovirus |
US8980864B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-03-17 | Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods of altering cholesterol levels |
US9909114B2 (en) | 2013-03-28 | 2018-03-06 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccines comprising leishmania polypeptides for the treatment and diagnosis of leishmaniasis |
US10993956B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2021-05-04 | Immune Design Corp. | GLA monotherapy for use in cancer treatment |
US10342815B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2019-07-09 | Immune Design Corp. | GLA monotherapy for use in cancer treatment |
US8962593B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2015-02-24 | Immune Design Corp. | GLA monotherapy for use in cancer treatment |
US8957047B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2015-02-17 | Immune Design Corp. | GLA monotherapy for use in cancer treatment |
US9463198B2 (en) | 2013-06-04 | 2016-10-11 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Compositions and methods for reducing or preventing metastasis |
EP3492097A1 (en) | 2013-08-05 | 2019-06-05 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Combination immunogenic compositions |
EP4253546A2 (en) | 2013-09-20 | 2023-10-04 | National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition | Complex containing oligonucleotide having immunopotentiating activity and use thereof |
WO2015041318A1 (en) | 2013-09-20 | 2015-03-26 | 独立行政法人医薬基盤研究所 | Complex containing oligonucleotide having immunopotentiating activity and use thereof |
EP3572511A1 (en) | 2013-09-20 | 2019-11-27 | National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition | Complex containing oligonucleotide having immunopotentiating activity and use thereof |
US10815291B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2020-10-27 | Modernatx, Inc. | Polynucleotides encoding immune modulating polypeptides |
US10323076B2 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2019-06-18 | Modernatx, Inc. | Polynucleotides encoding low density lipoprotein receptor |
US10898584B2 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2021-01-26 | Curevac Ag | Modified RNA with decreased immunostimulatory properties |
EP3915579A1 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2021-12-01 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Single vial vaccine formulations |
WO2015103167A2 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2015-07-09 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Single vial vaccine formulations |
US11801223B2 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2023-10-31 | Access To Advanced Health Institute | Single vial vaccine formulations |
US11406706B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2022-08-09 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Llc | Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems |
EP3556353A2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2019-10-23 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. | Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems |
EP3888676A1 (en) | 2014-06-13 | 2021-10-06 | GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. | Immunogenic combinations |
US10806782B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2020-10-20 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Hand, foot, and mouth vaccines and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
US10233429B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2019-03-19 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Hand, foot, and mouth vaccines and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
WO2016140702A1 (en) | 2015-03-03 | 2016-09-09 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Serivces | Display platform from bacterial spore coat proteins |
US11007260B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 | 2021-05-18 | Modernatx, Inc. | Infectious disease vaccines |
US10702597B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 | 2020-07-07 | Modernatx, Inc. | CHIKV RNA vaccines |
US11364292B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 | 2022-06-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | CHIKV RNA vaccines |
US10449244B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 | 2019-10-22 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika RNA vaccines |
US10702600B1 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2020-07-07 | Modernatx, Inc. | Betacoronavirus mRNA vaccine |
US10238731B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2019-03-26 | Modernatx, Inc. | Chikagunya virus RNA vaccines |
US10702599B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2020-07-07 | Modernatx, Inc. | HPIV3 RNA vaccines |
US10064934B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2018-09-04 | Modernatx, Inc. | Combination PIV3/hMPV RNA vaccines |
US10064935B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2018-09-04 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus RNA vaccines |
US10933127B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2021-03-02 | Modernatx, Inc. | Betacoronavirus mRNA vaccine |
US10675342B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2020-06-09 | Modernatx, Inc. | Chikungunya virus RNA vaccines |
US10124055B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2018-11-13 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus RNA vaccines |
US10543269B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2020-01-28 | Modernatx, Inc. | hMPV RNA vaccines |
US11872278B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2024-01-16 | Modernatx, Inc. | Combination HMPV/RSV RNA vaccines |
US10272150B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2019-04-30 | Modernatx, Inc. | Combination PIV3/hMPV RNA vaccines |
US11484590B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2022-11-01 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus RNA vaccines |
US10716846B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2020-07-21 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus RNA vaccines |
US10517940B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2019-12-31 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus RNA vaccines |
US11278611B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2022-03-22 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus RNA vaccines |
US10383937B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2019-08-20 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus RNA vaccines |
US11235052B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2022-02-01 | Modernatx, Inc. | Chikungunya virus RNA vaccines |
WO2017210364A1 (en) | 2016-06-01 | 2017-12-07 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Nanoalum particles containing a sizing agent |
WO2018053294A1 (en) | 2016-09-16 | 2018-03-22 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Vaccines comprising mycobacterium leprae polypeptides for the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of leprosy |
US11801290B2 (en) | 2016-09-16 | 2023-10-31 | Access To Advanced Health Institute | Vaccines comprising Mycobacterium leprae polypeptides for the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of leprosy |
US11541113B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2023-01-03 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus vaccine |
US11197927B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2021-12-14 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus vaccine |
US10695419B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2020-06-30 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus vaccine |
US11103578B2 (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2021-08-31 | Modernatx, Inc. | Respiratory virus nucleic acid vaccines |
WO2018109220A2 (en) | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-21 | Institute For Research In Biomedicine | Novel recombinant prefusion rsv f proteins and uses thereof |
US10273269B2 (en) | 2017-02-16 | 2019-04-30 | Modernatx, Inc. | High potency immunogenic zika virus compositions |
EP3372675A1 (en) | 2017-03-09 | 2018-09-12 | Université de Liège | Methods for in vitro differentiation of monocytes to regulatory macrophages |
US11497807B2 (en) | 2017-03-17 | 2022-11-15 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zoonotic disease RNA vaccines |
US11905525B2 (en) | 2017-04-05 | 2024-02-20 | Modernatx, Inc. | Reduction of elimination of immune responses to non-intravenous, e.g., subcutaneously administered therapeutic proteins |
WO2018193063A2 (en) | 2017-04-19 | 2018-10-25 | Institute For Research In Biomedicine | Novel malaria vaccines and antibodies binding to plasmodium sporozoites |
US11793872B2 (en) | 2017-08-17 | 2023-10-24 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Modified MRNA vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and uses thereof |
WO2019035066A1 (en) | 2017-08-17 | 2019-02-21 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Modified mrna vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and uses thereof |
EP4242223A2 (en) | 2017-08-17 | 2023-09-13 | The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania | Modified mrna vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and uses thereof |
US11141478B2 (en) | 2017-08-17 | 2021-10-12 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Modified mRNA vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and uses thereof |
WO2019051149A1 (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2019-03-14 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Liposomal formulations comprising saponin and methods of use |
US10653767B2 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2020-05-19 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus MRNA vaccines |
US11207398B2 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2021-12-28 | Modernatx, Inc. | Zika virus mRNA vaccines |
WO2019090228A2 (en) | 2017-11-03 | 2019-05-09 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Zika vaccines and immunogenic compositions, and methods of using the same |
WO2019090238A1 (en) | 2017-11-03 | 2019-05-09 | Takeda Vaccines, Inc. | Zika vaccines and immunogenic compositions, and methods of using the same |
WO2020016322A1 (en) | 2018-07-19 | 2020-01-23 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa | Processes for preparing dried polysaccharides |
US11351242B1 (en) | 2019-02-12 | 2022-06-07 | Modernatx, Inc. | HMPV/hPIV3 mRNA vaccine composition |
WO2020243115A1 (en) | 2019-05-25 | 2020-12-03 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Composition and method for spray drying an adjuvant vaccine emulsion |
WO2021097347A1 (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2021-05-20 | Infectious Disease Research Institute | Rig-i agonist and adjuvant formulation for tumor treatment |
WO2021132528A1 (en) | 2019-12-25 | 2021-07-01 | ナパジェン ファーマ,インコーポレテッド | Short-chain cpg-containing oligodeoxynucleotide with linked polydeoxyadenylic acid, complex containing said oligodeoxynucleotide, and use thereof |
US11406703B2 (en) | 2020-08-25 | 2022-08-09 | Modernatx, Inc. | Human cytomegalovirus vaccine |
WO2023114727A1 (en) | 2021-12-13 | 2023-06-22 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services | Bacteriophage lambda-vaccine system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5723335A (en) | 1998-03-03 |
US5663153A (en) | 1997-09-02 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US5663153A (en) | Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs | |
US6727230B1 (en) | Immune stimulation by phosphorothioate oligonucleotide analogs | |
EP0850300B1 (en) | Method of modulating gene expression with reduced immunostimulatory response | |
CA2168409C (en) | G cap-stabilized oligonucleotides | |
CA2203652C (en) | A method of down-regulating gene expression | |
CA2288222C (en) | Oligonucleotide mediated specific cytokine induction and in vivo protection from infection | |
EP3087988A2 (en) | Use of inhibitors of toll-like receptors in the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia and diseases related thereto | |
US7943316B2 (en) | Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and uses thereof | |
EP0664833B1 (en) | Therapeutic anti-hiv oligonucleotide and pharmaceutical | |
US7173014B2 (en) | HIV-specific synthetic oligonucleotides and methods of their use | |
KR100353924B1 (en) | Composition and Method for Treatment of CMV Infections | |
JPH09500787A (en) | Promoting inhibition of oligonucleotides on protein production, cell growth and / or growth of infectious disease pathogens | |
Barker Jr et al. | Plasmodium falciparum: Effect of Chemical Structure on Efficacy and Specificity of Antisense Oligonucleotides against Malariain Vitro | |
AU705122B2 (en) | Oligonucleotides specific for cytokine signal transducer gp130 mRNA | |
US5780612A (en) | Oligonucleotides specific for cytokine signal transducer gp130 mRNA | |
EP1007656B1 (en) | Modified protein kinase a-specific hybrid oligonucleotide in combination with paclitaxol and methods of their use | |
WO1997037669A1 (en) | Oligonucleotides with anti-epstein-barr virus activity | |
CA2283684C (en) | Down-regulation of gene expression by colorectal administration of synthetic oligonucleotides |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |