WO1995035381A1 - Modified pseudomonas lipases and their use - Google Patents
Modified pseudomonas lipases and their use Download PDFInfo
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- WO1995035381A1 WO1995035381A1 PCT/EP1995/002349 EP9502349W WO9535381A1 WO 1995035381 A1 WO1995035381 A1 WO 1995035381A1 EP 9502349 W EP9502349 W EP 9502349W WO 9535381 A1 WO9535381 A1 WO 9535381A1
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- lipase
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- lipase variant
- amino acid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
- C11D3/38627—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase containing lipase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
- C12N9/18—Carboxylic ester hydrolases (3.1.1)
- C12N9/20—Triglyceride splitting, e.g. by means of lipase
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to the field of lipolytic enzymes. More in particular, the invention is concerned with Pseudomonas Upases which have been modified by means of reco binant DNA techniques, with methods for their production and with their use, particularly in enzymatic detergent compositions.
- Lipolytic enzymes are enzymes which are capable of hydrolysing triglycerides into free fatty acids and diglycerides, monoglycerides and eventually glycerol. Some lipolytic enzymes can also split more complex esters such as cutin layers in plants or sebum of the skin. Lipolytic enzymes are used in industry for various enzymatic processes such as the inter- and trans-esterification of triglycerides and the synthesis of esters. They are also used in detergent compositions with the aim to improve the fat-removing properties of the detergent product.
- lipases EC 3.1.1.3
- EP-A- 258 068 and EP-A-305 216 both Novo Nordisk
- EP-A-331 376 (Amano) describes a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia and its production by means of rDNA techniques.
- Further examples of lipases produced by rDNA technique are given in WO-A-
- a characteristic feature of lipases is that they exhibit interfacial activation. This means that the enzyme activity is much higher on a substrate which has formed interfaces or micelles, than on fully dissolved substrate. Interface activation is reflected in a sudden increase in lipolytic activity when the substrate concentration is raised above the critical micel concentration (CMC) of the substrate, and interfaces are formed. Experimentally, this phenomenon can be observed as a discontinuity in the graph of enzyme activity versus substrate concentration.
- CMC critical micel concentration
- a helical lid covers the catalytic binding site. Upon binding to the lipid substrate, the lid is displaced and the catalytic site is exposed. The helical lid is also believed to interact with the lipid interface, thus allowing the enzyme to remain bound to the interface.
- O-A-92/05249 Novo Nordisk discloses genetically modified lipases, in particular the lipase from Humicola lanu ⁇ inosa, which have been modified at the lipid contact zone. The lipid contact zone is defined in the application as the surface which in the active form is covered by the helical lid.
- the modifications involve deletion or substitution of one or more amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone, so as to increase the electrostatic charge and/or decrease the hydrophobicity of the lipid contact zone, or so as to change the surface conformation of the lipid contact zone. This is achieved by deleting one or more negatively charged amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone, or substituting these residues by neutral or more positively charged amino acids, and/or by substituting one or more neutral amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone by positively charged amino acids, and/or deleting one or more hydrophillic amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone, or substituting these residues by hydrophobic amino acids.
- EP-A-407 225 Unilever
- various Pseudomonas lipase variants are disclosed.
- the lipase variants are stated to provide improved performance in use, e.g. by improved stability against attack by protease and/or oxidising agents and or increased activity by comparison with the parent enzyme.
- One of the many lipase variants is a variant of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, in which His 154 has been replaced with Arg (H154R) ; this variant is shown to have an improived storage stability.
- the publication provides no indication how lipase variants may be obtained having improved in-the-wash performance.
- the cutinases are a another class of lipolytic enzymes. These enzymes are capable of degrading cutin, a network of esterified long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols which occurs in plants as a protective coating on leaves and stems. In addition, they possess some lipolytic activity, i.e. they are capable of hydrolysing triglycerides. Thus they can be regarded as a special kind of lipases. Contrary to lipases, however, cutinases do not exhibit any substantial interfacial activation.
- Cutinases can be obtained from a number of sources, such as plants (e.g. pollen) , bacteria and fungi. Because of their fat degrading properties, cutinases have been proposed as ingredients for enzymatic detergent compositions. For example, O-A-88/09367 (Genencor) suggests combinations of a surfactant and a substantially pure bacterial cutinase enzyme to formulate effective cleaning compositions. Disclosed are detergent compositions comprising a cutinase obtained from the Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida ATCC 53552.
- the cutinase gene from Fusarium solani pisi has been cloned and sequenced (Ettinger et al., (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7883-7892).
- O-A-90/09446 Plant Genetics Systems describes the cloning and production of this gene in E. coli.
- the cutinase can efficiently catalyse the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters in aqueous and non-aqueous media, both in the absence and the presence of and interface between the cutinase and the substrate.
- this cutinase could be used to produce cleaning agents such as laundry detergents and other specialized fat dissolving preparations such as cosmetic compositions and shampoos.
- a way to produce the enzyme in an economic feasible way is not disclosed, neither are specific enzymatic detergent compositions containing the cutinase.
- only the lipase derived from Fusarium solani pisi has been cloned and sequenced (Ettinger et al.
- Humicola lanuginosa has so far found wide-spread commercial application as additive for detergent products under the trade name Lipolase (TM) .
- TM Lipolase
- Henrik Mal os notes that it is known that generally the activity of lipases during the washing process is low, and Lipolase (TM) is no exception.
- TM Lipolase
- the enzyme regains its activity and the fatty stains are hydrolysed.
- the hydrolysed material is removed. This also explains why the effect of lipases is low after the first washing cycle, but significant in the following cycles. Thus, there is still a need for lipolytic enzymes which exhibit any significant activity during the washing process.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide novel lipolytic enzymes from Pseudomonas origin, which have been modified so as to improve their performance, especially their in-the-wash lipolytic activity.
- lipolytic activity of certain Pseudomonas lipases may be improved by modifying the amino acid sequence in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased.
- the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased so as to form an enlarged lipid contact zone.
- the invention relates to variants of Pseudomonas lipases.
- Pseudomonas lipases can be obtained from a large number of Pseudomonas organisms.
- the lipase to be used as parent lipase or starting material in the present invention for the modification by means of recombinant DNA techniques, is preferably chosen from
- Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes The production of lipase from Pseudomonas glumae is described in EP-A-407 225 and EP-A-464,922 (Unilever). The production of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase is disclosed in EP-A- 334,462 and WO-A-94/02617 (both Gist-Brocades). When used in certain detergent compositions, these lipases, especially the Pseudomonas pseudoalcalignes lipases, may exhibit some "in- the-wash" effects.
- lipases having a high degree of homology of their amino acid sequence to the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
- genetic information encoding lipases from other organisms can be isolated using 5 1 - and 3'- DNA probes derived from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes cDNA encoding (pro) lipase and probes recognizing conserved sequences in other lipolytic enzymes.
- probes can be used to multiply cDNA's derived from messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of lipase producing organisms using the Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR technology (see, for example WO-A-92/05249) .
- mRNA's messenger RNA's
- PCR technology see, for example WO-A-92/05249
- sequences of these natural occurring lipases provide an excellent basis for further protein engineering of the lipases from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
- Pseudomonas lipases can be modified in such a way that the interaction with the substrate can be improved without forming such large hydrophobic areas on the surface of the modified lipase that the lipase molecules start to aggregate.
- the enlargement of the hydrophobic surface can be obtained by introducing hydrophobic amino acids like alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine, and methionine and to a lesser degree glutamic acid, glutamine and histidine, provided that the hydrophobic side chains of these amino acids are not buried in the hydrophobic core of the lipase.
- Methionine is not normally considered to be a hydrophobic amino acid. However, when integrated at certain positions, methionine can effectively contribute to the increased hydrophobicity at the surface of the lipase molecule.
- hydrophobic amino acids also charged amino acids to avoid aggregation of the enzyme.
- positively charged amino acids like lysine and arginine can also give enlargement of the hydrophobic surface area. This is limited to those positions in the lipase molecule where the methylene groups present in lysine and arginine can not be buried in the molecule.
- the advantage of using lysine or arginine is that the amino- or imido groups increase the probability that the methylene groups will be exposed and therefore will be able to interact with the lipid phase.
- Lysine and Arginine are not normally considered to be hydrophobic amino acids.
- the atoms forming the side chains of these residues contain a large number of hydrophobic atoms (in the methylene moieties) which may interact with the lipid phase.
- the size of the hydrophobic part of a lysine residue is comparable to that of a valine residue.
- Rhizomucor miehei lipase has been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods (Brady et al. (1990) Nature 343, 767-770, Brzozowski et al. (1991) Nature 351, 491-494, Derewenda et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1532-1541).
- the active-site Ser 144 belonging to a Ser-His- Asp protease-like catalytic triad, is buried under a short helical lid (residues 85-91) .
- the structure in which the active-site Ser is buried is referred to below as the "closed" conformation of the enzyme.
- Rhizomucor miehei lipase backbone and side-chains of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase.
- a crude starting model of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase was generated by applying the computational procedures described in S. Wodak et al. (1989) Protein Engineering 2, 335-345. This method is implemented in the SYBYL molecular modelling software package (TRIPOS associates, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri) . Subsequently, the model was refined by applying energy minimization (EM) and molecular dynamics (MD) techniques as implemented in the BIOSYM molecular modelling software package (BIOSYM, San Diego, California) . During EM and MD refinement of the model a knowledge-based approach was applied.
- EM energy minimization
- MD molecular dynamics
- Model quality was assessed by criteria such as number and quality of hydrogen bonds, hydrogen bonding patterns in the secondary structure elements, the orientation of peptide units, the values of and main chain dihedral angles, the angle of interaction of aromatic groups and the sizes of cavities. Moreover, the model was checked for inappropriately buried charges, extremely exposed hydrophobic residues and energetically unfavourable positions of disulphide bridges. Relevant side- chain rotamers were selected from the Ponder & Richards rotamer library (Ponder et al. (1987) J.Mol.Biol. 193, 775- 791) .
- the "open” and “closed” 3D- structures of Humicola langinosa lipase were obtained by applying rule-based comparative modelling techniques as implemented in the COMPOSER module of the SYBYL molecular modelling software package (TRIPOS associates, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri) .
- the obtained model of Humicola langinosa lipase was refined by the same computational procedures as mentioned above.
- the part of the lipase molecule which is involved in the adsorption of the substrate onto the enzyme was identified by comparing the three-dimensional (3D) structures of the fungus Rhizomucor miehei lipase and the Humicola lanuginosa lipase.
- the 3D structure of the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae has recently been published by Noble et al. (1994) .
- the 3D- structure of the lipase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes was obtained by applying rule-based comparative modelling techniques as implemented in the COMPOSER module of the SYBYL molecular modelling software package (TRIPOS associates, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri) .
- the obtained model of the Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase was refined by the same computational procedures as mentioned above.
- Ps. pseudoalcaligenes lip. GKVNLVGHSNGGPTVRYVAAVRPDLVA Therefore we have used the vector through the amino acid residues 83 to 87 (underlined) in the Pseudomonas glumae lipase molecule to define the part of the lipase molecule in which the amino acid modifications should be made in order to obtain a Pseudomonas lipase having improved in-the-wash activity.
- Table III gives the structure of the neighbouring amino acids for the lipolytic enzymes shown in Table II. TABLE III strand strand helix act.site H. lanuginosa lip.
- the invention in one of its aspects provides a modified Pseudomonas lipase having improved in-the-wash lipolytic activity wherein the amino acid sequence has been modified in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased.
- the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme adjacent to the lipid contact zone has been increased so as to form an enlarged lipid contact zone.
- the increase in surface hydrophobicity of the Pseudomonas lipase can be achieved by replacing one or more amino acid residues by amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine, methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine and histidine.
- amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine, methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine and histidine.
- valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine are preferred.
- the modified residues are located in that part of the molecule which is defined by the vector which is the least-square fit through the C ⁇ -atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, or the corresponding C -atoms of a different Pseudomonas lipase, and the plane perpendicular to said vector and containing the C ⁇ - atom of residue 84, or the corresponding C ⁇ -atom of a different Pseudomonas lipase.
- the Pseudomonas lipase variants produced according to the invention can bring advantage in enzyme activity, when used as part of detergent or cleaning compositions.
- they were found to possess an improved in-the- wash perfor-mance during the main cycle of a wash process.
- in-the-wash performance during the main cycle of a wash process it is meant that a detergent composition containing the enzyme is capable of removing a significant amount of oily soil from a soiled fabric in a single wash process in a European type of automatic washing machine, using normal washing conditions as far as concentration, water hardness, temperature, are concerned.
- the conventional commercially available lipolytic enzyme Lipolase (TM) ex Novo Nordisk does not appear to have any significant in-the-wash effect on oily soil.
- the in-the-wash effect of an enzyme on oily soil can be assessed using the following assay.
- New polyester test having a cotton content of less than 10% are prewashed using an enzyme-free detergent product such as the one given below, and are subsequently thoroughly rinsed. Such unsoiled cloths are then soiled with olive oil or another suitable, hydrolysable oily stain.
- Each tests cloth (weighing approxi ⁇ mately 1 g) is incubated in 30 ml wash liquor in a 100 ml polystyrene bottle.
- the wash liquor contains the detergent product given below at a dosage of 1 g per litre.
- the bottles are agitated for 30 minutes in a Miele TMT washing machine filled with water and using a normal 30°C main wash programme.
- the lipase variant is preadded to the wash liquor at 3 LU/ml.
- the control does not contain any enzyme.
- the washing powder has the following composition (in % by weight) :
- nonionic surfactant we used C 12 -C i 5 ethoxylated alcohol 10.5-13 EO, but the nature of the ethoxylated alcohol nonionic can vary within wide limits.
- the cloths are thoroughly rinsed with cold water and dried in a tumble dryer with cold air, and the amount of residual fat is assessed. This can be done in several ways. The common method is to extract the test cloth with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus, distilling off the solvent and determining the percentage residual fatty material as a fraction of the initial amount of fat on the cloth by weighing.
- brominated olive oil is used to soil the test cloths (Richards, S., Morris, M.A. and Arklay, T.H. (1968), Textile Research Journal 3_8, 105-107) .
- Each test cloth is then incubated in 30 ml wash liquor in a 100 ml polystyrene bottle.
- a series of bottles is then agitated in a washing machine filled with water and using a normal 30°C main wash programme. After the main wash, the test cloths are carefully rinsed in cold water during 5 seconds. Immediately after the rinse, the test cloths dried in a dryer with cold air.
- the amount of residual fat can be determined by measuring the bromine content of the cloth by means of X-ray fluorescence spectro etry.
- Bromine bw wherein: Bromine bw denotes the percentage bromine on the cloth before the wash and Bromine aw the percentage bromine after the wash.
- a further method of assessing the enzymatic activity is by measuring the reflectance at 460 nm according to standard techniques.
- a modified, mutated or mutant enzyme or a variant of an enzyme means an enzyme that has been produced by a mutant organism which is expressing a mutant gene.
- a mutant gene (other than one containing only silent mutations) means a gene encoding an enzyme having an amino acid sequence which has been derived directly or indirectly, and which in one or more locations is different, from the sequence of a corresponding parent enzyme.
- the parent enzyme means the gene product of the corresponding unaltered gene.
- a silent mutation in a gene means a change or difference produced in the polynucleotide sequence of the gene which (owing to the redundancy in the codon-amino acid relationships) leads to no change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme encoded by that gene.
- a mutant or mutated micro-organism means a micro ⁇ organism that is, or is descended from, a parent micro ⁇ organism subjected to mutation in respect of its gene for the enzyme. Such mutation of the organism may be carried out either (a) by mutation of a corresponding gene (parent gene) already present in the parent micro-organism, or (b) by the transfer (introduction) of a corresponding gene obtained directly or indirectly from another source, and then introduced (including the mutation of the gene) into the micro-organism which is to become the mutant micro-organism.
- a host micro-organism is a micro-organism of which a mutant gene, or a transferred gene of other origin, forms part. In general it may be of the same or different strain or species origin or descent as the parent micro-organism.
- the invention provides mutant forms of the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae and of the lipase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
- These lipase variants can be produced by a rDNA modified micro-organism containing a gene obtained or made by means of rDNA techniques.
- amino acid residues which are located in that part of the molecule which is defined by the vector which is the least-square fit through the C ⁇ -atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae, or the corresponding C ⁇ -atoms of a different lipase, and the plane perpendicular to said vector and containing the C ⁇ -atom of residue 84, or the corresponding C ⁇ -atom of a different Pseudomonas lipase, one can attempt to modify the amino acid sequence by introduction of suitable amino acids at one or more of the identified positions, for example mutation L134R relative to the sequence of Pseudomonas glumae lipase or a homologue thereof.
- Trp Tryptophan
- Met Methionine
- a mutation present in the amino acid sequence of a protein may be described by the position and nature of the mutation in the following abbreviated way: by the identity of an original amino acid residue affected by the mutation; the site (by sequence number) of the mutation; and by the identity of the amino acid residue substituted there in place of the original. If there is an insertion of an extra amino acid into the sequence, its position is indicated by one or more subscript letters attached to the number of the last preceding member of the regular sequence or reference sequence.
- a mutant characterised by substitution of Asparagine by Lysine in position 172 is designated as: Asnl72Lys or N172K.
- a (hypothetical) insertion of an additional amino acid residue such as proline after the Asparagine would be indicated as Asnl72AsnPro or N172NP, alternatively as *172aP, with the inserted residue designated as position number 172a.
- a (hypothetical) deletion of Asparagine in the same position would be indicated by Asnl72* or N172*.
- the asterisk stands either for a deletion or for a missing amino acid residue in the position designated, whether it is reckoned as missing by actual deletion or merely by comparison or homology with another or a reference sequence having a residue in that position.
- N172K+S54I+A128F designates a mutant protein carrying three mutations by substitution, as indicated for each of the three mentioned positions in the amino acid sequence.
- the mutations given in the following table may be combined if desired.
- the Table V given below shows certain useful examples of Pseudomonas lipase variants according to the invention, based on the sequence of Pseudomonas glumae lipase. TABLE V
- a process for producing the lipase variants of the invention Because Pseudomonas organisms often require a "modulator” or “helper” protein in order to achieve expression of the lipase gene, the production is primarilty carried out using a suitable Pseudomonas strain as host organism.
- the genes coding for modified (pro) lipases may be integrated in rDNA vectors that can be transferred into other host micro-organisms by means of rDNA technology.
- rDNA vectors essentially similar to the rDNA vector described in EP-A-407 225 can be used.
- the invention also provides genetic material derived from the introduction of modified Pseudomonas lipase genes, e.g. the gene from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes into cloning rDNA vectors, and the use of these to transform new host cells and to express the genes of the lipase variants in the new host cells.
- modified Pseudomonas lipase genes e.g. the gene from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes into cloning rDNA vectors
- polynucleotides made or modified by rDNA technique which encode such lipase variants, rDNA vectors containing such polynucleotides, and rDNA modified microorganisms containing such polynucleotides and/or such rDNA vectors.
- the invention also provides corresponding polynucleotides encoding the modified Pseudomonas lipases, e.g.
- polynucleotide having a base sequence that encodes a mature lipase variant, in which polynucleotide the final translated codon is followed by a stop codon and optionally having nucleotide sequences coding for the prepro- or pro-sequence of this lipase variant directly upstream of the nucleotide sequences coding for the mature lipase variant.
- the lipase-encoding nucleotide sequence derived from the organism of origin can be modified in such a way that at least one codon, and preferably as many codons as possible, are made the subject of 'silent' mutations to form codons encoding equivalent amino acid residues and being codons preferred by a new host, thereby to provide in use within the cells of such host a messenger-RNA for the introduced gene of improved stability.
- Upstream of the nucleotide sequences coding for the pro-or mature lipases there can be located a nucleotide sequence that codes for a signal or secretion sequence suitable for the chosen host.
- an embodiment of the invention relates to a rDNA vector into which a nucleotide sequence coding for a lipase variant or a precursor thereof has been inserted.
- the nucleotide sequence can be derived for example from:
- a naturally occurring nucleotide sequence e.g. encoding the original amino acid sequence of the lipase produced by Pseudomonas ⁇ pseudoalcaligenes
- rDNA vectors able to direct the expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding a Pseudomonas lipase gene as described above preferably comprise the following components:
- a secretion signal Preferred for the selected host cell
- the translated part of the gene should always end with an appropriate stop codon;
- An expression regulon (suitable for the selected host organism) situated upstream of the plus strand of the ds DNA encoding the Pseudomonas lipase (component (a) ) ;
- a terminator sequence (suitable for the selected host organism) situated down stream of the plus strand of the ds DNA encoding the Pseudomonas lipase (component (a) ;
- (dl) Nucleotide sequences which facilitate integration, of the ds DNA into the genome of the selected host or, (d2) an origin of replication suitable for the selected host; (el) Optionally a (auxotrophic) selection marker.
- the auxotrophic marker can consist of a coding region of the auxotrophic marker and a defective promoter;
- a ds DNA sequence encoding proteins involved in the maturation and/or secretion of one of the precursor forms of the lipase in the host selected.
- Such a rDNA vector can also carry, upstream and/or downstream of the polynucleotide as earlier defined, further sequences facilitative of functional expression of the lipase.
- the auxotrophic marker can consist of a coding region of the auxotrophic marker and a defective promoter region.
- Another embodiment of this invention is the fermentative production of one of the various Pseudomonas lipase variants described above.
- Such a fermentation can either be a normal batch fermentation, fed-batch fermentation or continuous fermentation.
- the selection of a process to be used depends on the host strain and the preferred down stream processing method (known per se) .
- the invention also provides a process for producing a Pseudomonas lipase variant as specified herein, which comprises the steps of fermentatively cultivating an rDNA modified micro-organism containing a gene made by rDNA technique which carries at least one mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the lipase thereby to confer upon the Pseudomonas lipase improved activity by comparison with the corresponding parent enzyme, making a preparation of the Pseudomonas lipase variant by separating the lipase produced by the micro-organism either from the fermentation broth, or by separating the cells of the micro-organism from the fermentation broth, disintegrating the separated cells and concentrating or part purifying the lipase variant either from said broth or from said cells by physical or chemical concentration or purification methods.
- Preferably conditions are chosen such that the Pseudomonas lipase variant is secreted by the micro ⁇ organism into the fermentation broth, the enzyme being recovered from the broth after removal of the cells either by filtration or centrifugation.
- the Pseudomonas lipase variant can then be concentrated and purified to a desired extent.
- Also provided by the invention is a method for the production of a modified micro-organism capable of producing a Pseudomonas lipase variant by means of rDNA techniques, characterized in that the gene coding for the lipase variant that is introduced into the micro-organism is fused at its 5 '-end to a gene fragment encoding a (modified) pre-sequence functional as a signal- or secretion-sequence for the host organism.
- rDNA modified micro-organisms containing a Pseudomonas lipase variant gene and able to produce the lipase variant encoded by said gene.
- a gene if originally present
- encoding the native lipase is preferably removed, e.g. replaced by another structural gene.
- enzymatic detergent compositions comprising the Pseudomonas lipase variants of the invention.
- Such compositions are combinations of the Pseudomonas lipase variants and other ingredients which are commonly used in detergent systems, including additives for detergent compositions and fully-formulated detergent and cleaning compositions, e.g. of the kinds known per se and described for example in EP-A-258 068.
- Pseudomonas lipase variants of the present invention can usefully be added to the detergent composition in any suitable form, i.e. the form of a granular composition, a solution or a slurry of the enzyme, or with carrier material (e.g. as in EP-A-258 068 and the Savinase(TM) and Lipolase(TM) products of Novo Nordisk) .
- carrier material e.g. as in EP-A-258 068 and the Savinase(TM) and Lipolase(TM) products of Novo Nordisk
- the added amount of Pseudomonas lipase variant can be chosen within wide limits, for example from 10 - 20,000 LU per gram, and preferably 50 - 2,000 LU per gram of the detergent composition.
- LU or lipase units are defined as they are in EP-A-258 068 (Novo Nordisk) . Similar considerations apply mutatis mutandis in the case of other enzymes, which may also be present. Examples of other useful enzymes are, for example, proteases, amylases and cellulases.
- protease is present together with the cutinase, by selecting such protease from those having pi lower than 10.
- EP-A-271 154 (Unilever) describes a number of such proteases.
- Proteases for use together with Pseudomonas lipase variants can in certain circumstances include subtilisin of for example BPN 1 type or of many of the types of subtilisin disclosed in the literature, some of which have already been proposed for detergents use, e.g.
- Fig. 1 In-the-wash effect for Pseudomonas glumae lipase and the lipase variant H154R.
- EXAMPLE 1 Construction of a synthetic gene encoding Pseudomonas glumae lipase and variants thereof.
- a synthetic gene encoding Pseudomonas glumae lipase was constructed essentially according to the cassette method described in EP-A-407 225 (Unilever) , and the variants thereof were constructed using the method disclosed in the same publication.
- EXAMPLE 2 The In-The-Wash activity of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase variant H154R.
- the effect on fat removal of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase variant H154R was compared to that of the wild type Pseudomonas glumae lipase.
- polyester test cloths soiled with brominated olive oil were used as monitors.
- the amount of fat on the test cloth was determined by measuring the amount of bromine on the test cloth by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (as described above) .
- the amount of enzymatic soil removal of the wild type Pseudomonas glumae lipase (WT) and of the H154R variant were compared at a dosage of 2 g/1 of the following detergent product, in a 40 minutes wash at 40°C at 27°FH.
- Figure 1 shows a comparison between the in-the-wash performance (oily soil removal) of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase variant H154R, relative to wild-type Pseudomonas glumae lipase. It is evident that the in-the-wash performance of the lipase variant is enhanced. For comparison, the same experiments were also carried out with Lipolase (TM) . Under all conditions, lipase variant H514R was superior.
- TM Lipolase
Abstract
Lipase variants of a parent Pseudomonas lipase are provided, wherein the amino acid sequence has been modified in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased. In particular, variants of lipase from Pseudomonas glumae and Pseudomonas alcaligenes are provided.
Description
MODIFIED PSEUDOMONAS LIPASES AND THEIR USE
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention generally relates to the field of lipolytic enzymes. More in particular, the invention is concerned with Pseudomonas Upases which have been modified by means of reco binant DNA techniques, with methods for their production and with their use, particularly in enzymatic detergent compositions.
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
Lipolytic enzymes are enzymes which are capable of hydrolysing triglycerides into free fatty acids and diglycerides, monoglycerides and eventually glycerol. Some lipolytic enzymes can also split more complex esters such as cutin layers in plants or sebum of the skin. Lipolytic enzymes are used in industry for various enzymatic processes such as the inter- and trans-esterification of triglycerides and the synthesis of esters. They are also used in detergent compositions with the aim to improve the fat-removing properties of the detergent product.
The most widely used lipolytic enzymes for detergents use are lipases (EC 3.1.1.3). For example, EP-A- 258 068 and EP-A-305 216 (both Novo Nordisk) describe the production of fungal lipases via heterologous host micro¬ organisms by means of rDNA techniques, especially the lipase from Thermomvces lanu inosus/Hu icola lanuαinosa. EP-A-331 376 (Amano) describes a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia and its production by means of rDNA techniques. Further examples of lipases produced by rDNA technique are given in WO-A-
89/09263 and EP-A-218 272 (both Gist-Brocades) . It has also been reported that Pseudomonas lipases require a "modulator" or "helper" protein in order to achieve expression of the lipase gene, see O-A-94/02617 (Gist-Brocades), O-A-91/00908 (Novo Nordisk) and EP-A-464 922 (Unilever) .
In spite of the large number of publications on lipases and their modifications, only the lipase from Humicola lanucrinosa has so far found wide-spread commercial
application as additive for detergent products under the trade name Lipolase (TM) .
A characteristic feature of lipases is that they exhibit interfacial activation. This means that the enzyme activity is much higher on a substrate which has formed interfaces or micelles, than on fully dissolved substrate. Interface activation is reflected in a sudden increase in lipolytic activity when the substrate concentration is raised above the critical micel concentration (CMC) of the substrate, and interfaces are formed. Experimentally, this phenomenon can be observed as a discontinuity in the graph of enzyme activity versus substrate concentration.
The mechanism of interfacial activation in lipases has been interpreted in terms of a conformation change in the protein structure of the lipase molecule. In the free, unbound state, a helical lid covers the catalytic binding site. Upon binding to the lipid substrate, the lid is displaced and the catalytic site is exposed. The helical lid is also believed to interact with the lipid interface, thus allowing the enzyme to remain bound to the interface. O-A-92/05249 (Novo Nordisk) discloses genetically modified lipases, in particular the lipase from Humicola lanuαinosa, which have been modified at the lipid contact zone. The lipid contact zone is defined in the application as the surface which in the active form is covered by the helical lid. The modifications involve deletion or substitution of one or more amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone, so as to increase the electrostatic charge and/or decrease the hydrophobicity of the lipid contact zone, or so as to change the surface conformation of the lipid contact zone. This is achieved by deleting one or more negatively charged amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone, or substituting these residues by neutral or more positively charged amino acids, and/or by substituting one or more neutral amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone by positively charged amino acids, and/or deleting one or more hydrophillic amino acid residues in the lipid contact zone, or substituting these residues by hydrophobic amino acids.
In EP-A-407 225 (Unilever) various Pseudomonas lipase variants are disclosed. The lipase variants are stated to provide improved performance in use, e.g. by improved stability against attack by protease and/or oxidising agents and or increased activity by comparison with the parent enzyme. One of the many lipase variants is a variant of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, in which His 154 has been replaced with Arg (H154R) ; this variant is shown to have an improived storage stability. The publication provides no indication how lipase variants may be obtained having improved in-the-wash performance.
The cutinases (EC 3.1.1.50) are a another class of lipolytic enzymes. These enzymes are capable of degrading cutin, a network of esterified long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols which occurs in plants as a protective coating on leaves and stems. In addition, they possess some lipolytic activity, i.e. they are capable of hydrolysing triglycerides. Thus they can be regarded as a special kind of lipases. Contrary to lipases, however, cutinases do not exhibit any substantial interfacial activation.
Cutinases can be obtained from a number of sources, such as plants (e.g. pollen) , bacteria and fungi. Because of their fat degrading properties, cutinases have been proposed as ingredients for enzymatic detergent compositions. For example, O-A-88/09367 (Genencor) suggests combinations of a surfactant and a substantially pure bacterial cutinase enzyme to formulate effective cleaning compositions. Disclosed are detergent compositions comprising a cutinase obtained from the Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida ATCC 53552. However, in the more recent European patent application EP-A- 476 915 (Clorox) , it is disclosed that the same enzyme - which is then referred to as a lipase - is no more effective than other lipases in removing oil stains from fabrics, when used by conventional methods. Recently, the three-dimensional structure has been determined of a cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi (Martinez et al. (1992) Nature 356, 615-618). It was found that this cutinase does not possess a helical lid to cover the
catalytic binding site. Instead, the active site serine residue appears to be accessible to the solvent. These findings appear to confirm the present theory about the mechanism of interfacial activation in lipases. The cutinase gene from Fusarium solani pisi has been cloned and sequenced (Ettinger et al., (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7883-7892). O-A-90/09446 (Plant Genetics Systems) describes the cloning and production of this gene in E. coli. The cutinase can efficiently catalyse the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters in aqueous and non-aqueous media, both in the absence and the presence of and interface between the cutinase and the substrate. On the basis of its general stability, it is suggested that this cutinase could be used to produce cleaning agents such as laundry detergents and other specialized fat dissolving preparations such as cosmetic compositions and shampoos. A way to produce the enzyme in an economic feasible way is not disclosed, neither are specific enzymatic detergent compositions containing the cutinase. As mentioned above, only the lipase derived from
Humicola lanuginosa has so far found wide-spread commercial application as additive for detergent products under the trade name Lipolase (TM) . In his article in Chemistry and Industry 1990, pages 183-186, Henrik Mal os notes that it is known that generally the activity of lipases during the washing process is low, and Lipolase (TM) is no exception. During the drying process, when the water content of the fabric is reduced, the enzyme regains its activity and the fatty stains are hydrolysed. During the following wash cycle the hydrolysed material is removed. This also explains why the effect of lipases is low after the first washing cycle, but significant in the following cycles. Thus, there is still a need for lipolytic enzymes which exhibit any significant activity during the washing process. In O-A-94/03578 (Unilever) it is disclosed that certain lipolytic enzymes, in particular the cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi, exhibit a clear in-the-wash effect. However, there is still a need for other lipolytic enzymes
having improved in-the-wash lipolytic activity and for methods for producing such enzymes.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide novel lipolytic enzymes from Pseudomonas origin, which have been modified so as to improve their performance, especially their in-the-wash lipolytic activity.
We have now surprisingly found that the lipolytic activity of certain Pseudomonas lipases, more in particular lipases from Pseudomonas glumae and/or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, may be improved by modifying the amino acid sequence in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased.
DEFINITION OF THE INVENTION
A lipase variant of a parent Pseudomonas lipase, wherein the amino acid sequence has been modified in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased. Preferably, the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased so as to form an enlarged lipid contact zone.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to variants of Pseudomonas lipases. As discussed above, Pseudomonas lipases can be obtained from a large number of Pseudomonas organisms. The lipase to be used as parent lipase or starting material in the present invention for the modification by means of recombinant DNA techniques, is preferably chosen from
Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. The production of lipase from Pseudomonas glumae is described in EP-A-407 225 and EP-A-464,922 (Unilever). The production of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase is disclosed in EP-A- 334,462 and WO-A-94/02617 (both Gist-Brocades). When used in certain detergent compositions, these lipases, especially the Pseudomonas pseudoalcalignes lipases, may exhibit some "in- the-wash" effects.
Also suitable as parent lipase or starting material in the present invention for the modification by means of recombinant DNA techniques, are lipases having a high degree of homology of their amino acid sequence to the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
Alternative to the improvement of Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipases by modification of its gene, genetic information encoding lipases from other organisms can be isolated using 51- and 3'- DNA probes derived from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes cDNA encoding (pro) lipase and probes recognizing conserved sequences in other lipolytic enzymes. These probes can be used to multiply cDNA's derived from messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of lipase producing organisms using the Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR technology (see, for example WO-A-92/05249) . In this way a number of natural occurring variants of the above mentioned lipases can be obtained with improved in-the-wash performance. Moreover, the sequences of these natural occurring lipases provide an excellent basis for further protein engineering of the lipases from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
On the basis of new ideas about the factors determining the activity of "in-the-wash" lipolytic enzymes and careful inspection of the 3D structure of Pseudomonas glumae lipase we have found a number of possibilities how to improve the performance of this lipase and Pseudomonas lipases in general by means of recombinant DNA techniques. The present invention shows that Pseudomonas lipases can be modified in such a way that the interaction with the substrate can be improved without forming such large hydrophobic areas on the surface of the modified lipase that the lipase molecules start to aggregate. The enlargement of the hydrophobic surface can be obtained by introducing hydrophobic amino acids like alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine, and methionine and to a lesser degree glutamic acid, glutamine and histidine, provided that the hydrophobic side
chains of these amino acids are not buried in the hydrophobic core of the lipase. Methionine is not normally considered to be a hydrophobic amino acid. However, when integrated at certain positions, methionine can effectively contribute to the increased hydrophobicity at the surface of the lipase molecule.
In some cases it was found to be beneficial to introduce beside the hydrophobic amino acids also charged amino acids to avoid aggregation of the enzyme. Surprisingly, we have found that when integrated at certain positions in the lipase molecule, positively charged amino acids like lysine and arginine can also give enlargement of the hydrophobic surface area. This is limited to those positions in the lipase molecule where the methylene groups present in lysine and arginine can not be buried in the molecule. The advantage of using lysine or arginine is that the amino- or imido groups increase the probability that the methylene groups will be exposed and therefore will be able to interact with the lipid phase. Lysine and Arginine are not normally considered to be hydrophobic amino acids. However, the atoms forming the side chains of these residues contain a large number of hydrophobic atoms (in the methylene moieties) which may interact with the lipid phase. In fact, the size of the hydrophobic part of a lysine residue is comparable to that of a valine residue.
If other intrinsic properties of the Pseudomonas lipase are negatively affected by the introduction of the positive charge, this may be compensated by the introduction of a compensating negative charge or deletion of a positive charge at the surface in or near that part of the lipase molecule which interacts with the lipid phase.
Inspection of the hydrophobicity of the surface of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase around the active site shows that the hydrophobicity is not optimal. To improve this certain amino acids in this area residues should be replaced by more bulky hydrophobic residues.
In order to get a better understanding of the relationship between structure and function in lipolytic enzymes, we have carefully studied the three-dimensional (3D) structures of a number of such enzymes. When these structures had not been published, we derived the structures by means of molecular modelling techniques.
The 3D structure of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase has been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods (Brady et al. (1990) Nature 343, 767-770, Brzozowski et al. (1991) Nature 351, 491-494, Derewenda et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1532-1541). The active-site Ser 144, belonging to a Ser-His- Asp protease-like catalytic triad, is buried under a short helical lid (residues 85-91) . The structure in which the active-site Ser is buried is referred to below as the "closed" conformation of the enzyme. It is believed that the adsorption at the oil-water interface is associated by a movement of the helical lid. As a consequence of this movement the active-site Serine becomes exposed and the hydrophobic area around the active-site increases. It is believed that the "open" conformation corresponds to the activated enzyme adsorbed at the oil-water interface.
The Cα-coordinates of the "closed" form of the fungus Rhizomucor miehei lipase have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank at Brookhaven. Elaborate computational methods were used for generating full protein coordinates
(backbone and side-chains) of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase. A crude starting model of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase was generated by applying the computational procedures described in S. Wodak et al. (1989) Protein Engineering 2, 335-345. This method is implemented in the SYBYL molecular modelling software package (TRIPOS associates, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri) . Subsequently, the model was refined by applying energy minimization (EM) and molecular dynamics (MD) techniques as implemented in the BIOSYM molecular modelling software package (BIOSYM, San Diego, California) . During EM and MD refinement of the model a knowledge-based approach was applied. The model was simultaneously optimized for the detailed energy terms of the potential energy function and
known structural criteria. Model quality was assessed by criteria such as number and quality of hydrogen bonds, hydrogen bonding patterns in the secondary structure elements, the orientation of peptide units, the values of and main chain dihedral angles, the angle of interaction of aromatic groups and the sizes of cavities. Moreover, the model was checked for inappropriately buried charges, extremely exposed hydrophobic residues and energetically unfavourable positions of disulphide bridges. Relevant side- chain rotamers were selected from the Ponder & Richards rotamer library (Ponder et al. (1987) J.Mol.Biol. 193, 775- 791) . The final choice of a particular side-chain rotamer from this library was based on structural criteria evaluations as mentioned above. MD was used to anneal the side-chain atoms into position. Elaborate examination of the model structure for consistency with known structural properties and EM and MD calculations to optimize structural characteristics allow to generate a reliable full atom model of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase. The "open" conformation of Rhizomucor miehei lipase was obtained by applying an MD computer simulation in which a C10-triglyceride was docked into the active site of the lipase. Elaborate comparison to the published conformational characteristics of the open structure (Derewenda et al. Biochemistry (1992) 31, 1532- 1541) showed that the computer model of the "open" conformation which was obtained in this way, is essentially the same.
Starting from the known 3D structure of the fungus Rhizomucor miehei lipase, the "open" and "closed" 3D- structures of Humicola langinosa lipase were obtained by applying rule-based comparative modelling techniques as implemented in the COMPOSER module of the SYBYL molecular modelling software package (TRIPOS associates, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri) . The obtained model of Humicola langinosa lipase was refined by the same computational procedures as mentioned above.
The part of the lipase molecule which is involved in the adsorption of the substrate onto the enzyme was
identified by comparing the three-dimensional (3D) structures of the fungus Rhizomucor miehei lipase and the Humicola lanuginosa lipase.
The 3D structure of the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae has recently been published by Noble et al. (1994) . Starting from the known 3D structure of this lipase, the 3D- structure of the lipase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes was obtained by applying rule-based comparative modelling techniques as implemented in the COMPOSER module of the SYBYL molecular modelling software package (TRIPOS associates, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri) . The obtained model of the Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase was refined by the same computational procedures as mentioned above.
From the three-dimensional structures of the lipolytic enzymes listed below in Table II, it is was unexpectedly observed that one can define a particular vector which is the least-square fit through the Cα-atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase. This vector is more or less perpendicular to the surface where the interaction with the substrate occurs.
From the following Table II it follows that when the primary sequences of a number of lipolytic enzymes from different sources are compared, the amino acid residues 83 to 87 of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase appear to be located in an area having a large extent of functional homology. The alignment can be guided by the use of the consensus sequence Gly-(His/Tyr) -Ser-X-Gly for lipolytic enzymes.
TABLE II Humicola lanuginosa lipase YRVVFTGHSLGGALATVAGADLRGNGY Mucor miehei lipase YKVAVTGHSLGGATALLCALGLYOREE human pancreas lipase SNVHVIGHSLGAHAAGEAGRRTNGTIG Fusarium s.p. cutinase ATLIAGGYS GAALAAASIEDLDSAIR Ps. glumae TKVNLIGHSOGGLTSRYVAAVAPOLVA
Ps. pseudoalcaligenes lip. GKVNLVGHSNGGPTVRYVAAVRPDLVA Therefore we have used the vector through the amino acid residues 83 to 87 (underlined) in the Pseudomonas glumae lipase molecule to define the part of the lipase molecule in which the amino acid modifications should be made in order to
obtain a Pseudomonas lipase having improved in-the-wash activity. The following Table III gives the structure of the neighbouring amino acids for the lipolytic enzymes shown in Table II. TABLE III strand strand helix act.site H. lanuginosa lip. 138-141 142 Ξer*146 147-159 his258 Mucor miehei lipase 136-139 (fit: 140-Ser*144) 145-157 his257 human pancreas lip. 144-147 (fit: 148-Ser*152) 153-165 his263 F.s.pisi cutinase 112-115 (fit: 116-Ser*120) 121-133 hislδδ Ps. glumae lipase 79- 82 (fit: 83-Ser* 87) 88-100 his285 Pseudomonas pseudo¬ alcaligenes lipase 79- 82 (fit: 83-Ser* 87) 88-100 his255 Ser* = active site Serine
The invention in one of its aspects provides a modified Pseudomonas lipase having improved in-the-wash lipolytic activity wherein the amino acid sequence has been modified in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased. Preferably, the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme adjacent to the lipid contact zone has been increased so as to form an enlarged lipid contact zone.
The increase in surface hydrophobicity of the Pseudomonas lipase can be achieved by replacing one or more amino acid residues by amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine, methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine and histidine. Preferred are valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine.
It was found to be advantageous to modify the amino acid sequence in such way that in addition to the increase in hydrophobicity at the surface, one or more positive charges have been introduced by introduction of one or more lysine or arginine residues.
Preferably, the modified residues are located in that part of the molecule which is defined by the vector
which is the least-square fit through the Cα-atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, or the corresponding C -atoms of a different Pseudomonas lipase, and the plane perpendicular to said vector and containing the Cα- atom of residue 84, or the corresponding Cα-atom of a different Pseudomonas lipase.
Because the three-dimensional structure of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase has been published (Noble et al., 1993) , it will be clear which modification will lead to modifications within the scope of this invention. In case the thee-dimensional structure of a particular Pseudomonas lipase is not yet known, it will nevertheless be possible by alignment of the amino acid sequence with a known sequence, guided by the consensus sequence Gly-(His/Tyr) -Ser-X-Gly for lipolytic enzymes, to arrive at suitable modifications within the scope of the present invention. Preferably, molecular modelling techniques are also used in this process.
The Pseudomonas lipase variants produced according to the invention can bring advantage in enzyme activity, when used as part of detergent or cleaning compositions. In particular, they were found to possess an improved in-the- wash perfor-mance during the main cycle of a wash process. By in-the-wash performance during the main cycle of a wash process, it is meant that a detergent composition containing the enzyme is capable of removing a significant amount of oily soil from a soiled fabric in a single wash process in a European type of automatic washing machine, using normal washing conditions as far as concentration, water hardness, temperature, are concerned. It should be born in mind that under the same conditions, the conventional commercially available lipolytic enzyme Lipolase (TM) ex Novo Nordisk does not appear to have any significant in-the-wash effect on oily soil.
The in-the-wash effect of an enzyme on oily soil can be assessed using the following assay. New polyester test having a cotton content of less than 10% are prewashed using an enzyme-free detergent product such as the one given below, and are subsequently thoroughly rinsed. Such unsoiled cloths
are then soiled with olive oil or another suitable, hydrolysable oily stain. Each tests cloth (weighing approxi¬ mately 1 g) is incubated in 30 ml wash liquor in a 100 ml polystyrene bottle. The wash liquor contains the detergent product given below at a dosage of 1 g per litre. The bottles are agitated for 30 minutes in a Miele TMT washing machine filled with water and using a normal 30°C main wash programme. The lipase variant is preadded to the wash liquor at 3 LU/ml. The control does not contain any enzyme. The washing powder has the following composition (in % by weight) :
Ethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant 9.5
Sodium sulphate 38.6
Sodium carbonate 40.4 Sodium silicate (Na20:Si20 = 2.4) 7.3
Water 4.2
As nonionic surfactant we used C12 -Ci5 ethoxylated alcohol 10.5-13 EO, but the nature of the ethoxylated alcohol nonionic can vary within wide limits. After washing, the cloths are thoroughly rinsed with cold water and dried in a tumble dryer with cold air, and the amount of residual fat is assessed. This can be done in several ways. The common method is to extract the test cloth with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus, distilling off the solvent and determining the percentage residual fatty material as a fraction of the initial amount of fat on the cloth by weighing.
According to a second, more sensitive method, brominated olive oil is used to soil the test cloths (Richards, S., Morris, M.A. and Arklay, T.H. (1968), Textile Research Journal 3_8, 105-107) . Each test cloth is then incubated in 30 ml wash liquor in a 100 ml polystyrene bottle. A series of bottles is then agitated in a washing machine filled with water and using a normal 30°C main wash programme. After the main wash, the test cloths are carefully rinsed in cold water during 5 seconds. Immediately after the rinse, the test cloths dried in a dryer with cold air. After drying the amount of residual fat can be determined by
measuring the bromine content of the cloth by means of X-ray fluorescence spectro etry. The fat removal can be determined as a percentage of the amount which was initially present on the test cloth, as follows: % Soil removal = Bromineb - Bromineα * 100 %
Brominebw wherein: Brominebw denotes the percentage bromine on the cloth before the wash and Bromineaw the percentage bromine after the wash. A further method of assessing the enzymatic activity is by measuring the reflectance at 460 nm according to standard techniques.
In the context of this invention, a modified, mutated or mutant enzyme or a variant of an enzyme means an enzyme that has been produced by a mutant organism which is expressing a mutant gene. A mutant gene (other than one containing only silent mutations) means a gene encoding an enzyme having an amino acid sequence which has been derived directly or indirectly, and which in one or more locations is different, from the sequence of a corresponding parent enzyme. The parent enzyme means the gene product of the corresponding unaltered gene. A silent mutation in a gene means a change or difference produced in the polynucleotide sequence of the gene which (owing to the redundancy in the codon-amino acid relationships) leads to no change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme encoded by that gene.
A mutant or mutated micro-organism means a micro¬ organism that is, or is descended from, a parent micro¬ organism subjected to mutation in respect of its gene for the enzyme. Such mutation of the organism may be carried out either (a) by mutation of a corresponding gene (parent gene) already present in the parent micro-organism, or (b) by the transfer (introduction) of a corresponding gene obtained directly or indirectly from another source, and then introduced (including the mutation of the gene) into the micro-organism which is to become the mutant micro-organism. A host micro-organism is a micro-organism of which a mutant gene, or a transferred gene of other origin, forms part. In
general it may be of the same or different strain or species origin or descent as the parent micro-organism.
In particular, the invention provides mutant forms of the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae and of the lipase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. These lipase variants can be produced by a rDNA modified micro-organism containing a gene obtained or made by means of rDNA techniques.
Once the amino acid residues have been identified which are located in that part of the molecule which is defined by the vector which is the least-square fit through the Cα-atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae, or the corresponding Cα-atoms of a different lipase, and the plane perpendicular to said vector and containing the Cα-atom of residue 84, or the corresponding Cα-atom of a different Pseudomonas lipase, one can attempt to modify the amino acid sequence by introduction of suitable amino acids at one or more of the identified positions, for example mutation L134R relative to the sequence of Pseudomonas glumae lipase or a homologue thereof. It will be clear to the skilled man that such modifications will affect the structure of the lipase. Obviously, modifications are preferred which do not affect the electrostaic charge around the active site too much.The inventors have developed the necessary level of understanding of the balance between the inevitable distortion of the conformation of the enzyme and the benefit in increased enzyme activity, which makes is possible to predict and produce successful lipase variants with a high rate of success. In the following Table IV and elsewhere in this specification, amino-acids and amino acid residues in peptide sequences are indicated by one-letter and three-letter abbreviations as follows:
TABLE IV A A = = A Allaa = = A Allaanniinnee V = Val - Valine
L = Leu = Leucine I = lie = Isoleucine
P = Pro = Proline F = Phe = Phenylalanine
W = Trp = Tryptophan M = Met = Methionine
G = Gly = Glycine .S = Ser = Serine
T = Thr = Threonine C = Cys = Cysteine
Y = Tyr = Tyrosine N = Asn = Asparagine
Q = Gin = Glutamine D = Asp = Aspartic Acid
E = Glu = Glutamic Acid K = Lys = Lysine
R = Arg = Arginine H = His = Histidine
In this specification, a mutation present in the amino acid sequence of a protein, and hence the mutant protein itself, may be described by the position and nature of the mutation in the following abbreviated way: by the identity of an original amino acid residue affected by the mutation; the site (by sequence number) of the mutation; and by the identity of the amino acid residue substituted there in place of the original. If there is an insertion of an extra amino acid into the sequence, its position is indicated by one or more subscript letters attached to the number of the last preceding member of the regular sequence or reference sequence. For example, a mutant characterised by substitution of Asparagine by Lysine in position 172 is designated as: Asnl72Lys or N172K. A (hypothetical) insertion of an additional amino acid residue such as proline after the Asparagine would be indicated as Asnl72AsnPro or N172NP, alternatively as *172aP, with the inserted residue designated as position number 172a. A (hypothetical) deletion of Asparagine in the same position would be indicated by Asnl72* or N172*. The asterisk stands either for a deletion or for a missing amino acid residue in the position designated, whether it is reckoned as missing by actual deletion or merely by comparison or homology with another or a reference sequence having a residue in that position.
Multiple mutations are separated by plus signs, e.g. N172K+S54I+A128F designates a mutant protein carrying three mutations by substitution, as indicated for each of the three mentioned positions in the amino acid sequence. The mutations given in the following table may be combined if desired.
The Table V given below shows certain useful examples of Pseudomonas lipase variants according to the invention, based on the sequence of Pseudomonas glumae lipase. TABLE V
Variants of Pseudomonas glumae lipase F23R, T129Y, L134R, T148V, H154R, T233R, L234R, V239F, T240L, H282R, V292F.
The Table VI given below shows some further useful examples of Pseudomonas lipase variants according to the invention, based on the sequence of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase.
TABLE VI Variants of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase I27R, G129Y, I135R, S155R, L210R, V213F, T262F.
Using his general knowledge and the information available in WO-A-94/03578 (Unilever), EP-A-464,922 (Unilever) and EP-A-334,462 (Gist-Brocades), the skilled man will have no difficulty in preparing other variants of Pseudomonas lipases, or variants from Pseudomonas lipases from other sources.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for producing the lipase variants of the invention. Because Pseudomonas organisms often require a "modulator" or "helper" protein in order to achieve expression of the lipase gene, the production is primarilty carried out using a suitable Pseudomonas strain as host organism. For that purpose, the genes coding for modified (pro) lipases may be integrated in rDNA vectors that can be transferred into other host micro-organisms by means of rDNA technology. For this purpose rDNA vectors essentially similar to the rDNA vector described in EP-A-407 225 can be used. The invention also provides genetic material derived from the introduction of modified Pseudomonas lipase genes, e.g. the gene from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes into cloning rDNA vectors, and the use of these to transform new
host cells and to express the genes of the lipase variants in the new host cells.
Also provided by the invention are polynucleotides made or modified by rDNA technique, which encode such lipase variants, rDNA vectors containing such polynucleotides, and rDNA modified microorganisms containing such polynucleotides and/or such rDNA vectors. The invention also provides corresponding polynucleotides encoding the modified Pseudomonas lipases, e.g. a polynucleotide having a base sequence that encodes a mature lipase variant, in which polynucleotide the final translated codon is followed by a stop codon and optionally having nucleotide sequences coding for the prepro- or pro-sequence of this lipase variant directly upstream of the nucleotide sequences coding for the mature lipase variant.
In such a polynucleotide, the lipase-encoding nucleotide sequence derived from the organism of origin can be modified in such a way that at least one codon, and preferably as many codons as possible, are made the subject of 'silent' mutations to form codons encoding equivalent amino acid residues and being codons preferred by a new host, thereby to provide in use within the cells of such host a messenger-RNA for the introduced gene of improved stability. Upstream of the nucleotide sequences coding for the pro-or mature lipases, there can be located a nucleotide sequence that codes for a signal or secretion sequence suitable for the chosen host. Thus an embodiment of the invention relates to a rDNA vector into which a nucleotide sequence coding for a lipase variant or a precursor thereof has been inserted.
The nucleotide sequence can be derived for example from:
(a) a naturally occurring nucleotide sequence (e.g. encoding the original amino acid sequence of the lipase produced by Pseudomonas ^pseudoalcaligenes) ;
(b) chemically synthesized nucleotide sequences consisting of codons that are preferred by the new host and a nucleotide
sequence resulting in stable messenger RNA in the new host, still encoding the original amino acid sequence; (c) genetically engineered nucleotide sequences derived from one of the nucleotide sequences mentioned in preceding paragraphs a or b coding for a Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase with a different amino acid sequence but having superior stability and/or activity in detergent systems.
Summarizing, rDNA vectors able to direct the expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding a Pseudomonas lipase gene as described above preferably comprise the following components:
(a) Double-stranded (ds) DNA coding for mature Pseudomonas lipase or prelipase or a corresponding prelipase in which at least part of the presequence has been removed directly down stream of a secretion signal (preferred for the selected host cell) . In cases where the part of the gene that should be translated does not start with the codon ATG, an ATG codon should be placed in front. The translated part of the gene should always end with an appropriate stop codon; (b) An expression regulon (suitable for the selected host organism) situated upstream of the plus strand of the ds DNA encoding the Pseudomonas lipase (component (a) ) ; (c) A terminator sequence (suitable for the selected host organism) situated down stream of the plus strand of the ds DNA encoding the Pseudomonas lipase (component (a) ;
(dl) Nucleotide sequences which facilitate integration, of the ds DNA into the genome of the selected host or, (d2) an origin of replication suitable for the selected host; (el) Optionally a (auxotrophic) selection marker. The auxotrophic marker can consist of a coding region of the auxotrophic marker and a defective promoter;
(e2) Optionally a ds DNA sequence encoding proteins involved in the maturation and/or secretion of one of the precursor forms of the lipase in the host selected. Such a rDNA vector can also carry, upstream and/or downstream of the polynucleotide as earlier defined, further sequences facilitative of functional expression of the
lipase. The auxotrophic marker can consist of a coding region of the auxotrophic marker and a defective promoter region.
Another embodiment of this invention is the fermentative production of one of the various Pseudomonas lipase variants described above. Such a fermentation can either be a normal batch fermentation, fed-batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. The selection of a process to be used depends on the host strain and the preferred down stream processing method (known per se) . Thus, the invention also provides a process for producing a Pseudomonas lipase variant as specified herein, which comprises the steps of fermentatively cultivating an rDNA modified micro-organism containing a gene made by rDNA technique which carries at least one mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the lipase thereby to confer upon the Pseudomonas lipase improved activity by comparison with the corresponding parent enzyme, making a preparation of the Pseudomonas lipase variant by separating the lipase produced by the micro-organism either from the fermentation broth, or by separating the cells of the micro-organism from the fermentation broth, disintegrating the separated cells and concentrating or part purifying the lipase variant either from said broth or from said cells by physical or chemical concentration or purification methods. Preferably conditions are chosen such that the Pseudomonas lipase variant is secreted by the micro¬ organism into the fermentation broth, the enzyme being recovered from the broth after removal of the cells either by filtration or centrifugation. Optionally, the Pseudomonas lipase variant can then be concentrated and purified to a desired extent. These fermentation processes in themselves apart from the special nature of the micro-organisms can be based on known fermentation techniques and commonly used fermentation and down stream processing equipment.
Also provided by the invention is a method for the production of a modified micro-organism capable of producing a Pseudomonas lipase variant by means of rDNA techniques, characterized in that the gene coding for the lipase variant that is introduced into the micro-organism is fused at its
5 '-end to a gene fragment encoding a (modified) pre-sequence functional as a signal- or secretion-sequence for the host organism.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there are provided rDNA modified micro-organisms containing a Pseudomonas lipase variant gene and able to produce the lipase variant encoded by said gene. In an rDNA modified micro-organism, a gene (if originally present) encoding the native lipase is preferably removed, e.g. replaced by another structural gene.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there are provided enzymatic detergent compositions comprising the Pseudomonas lipase variants of the invention. Such compositions are combinations of the Pseudomonas lipase variants and other ingredients which are commonly used in detergent systems, including additives for detergent compositions and fully-formulated detergent and cleaning compositions, e.g. of the kinds known per se and described for example in EP-A-258 068. More specifically, they may comprise from 5 - 60%, preferably from 20 - 50% by weight of a detergency builder and from 0.1 - 50 % by weight of an active system, which in turn may comprise 0 - 95 % by weight of one or more anionic surfactants and 5 - 100 % by weight of one or more nonionic surfactants. The Pseudomonas lipase variants of the present invention can usefully be added to the detergent composition in any suitable form, i.e. the form of a granular composition, a solution or a slurry of the enzyme, or with carrier material (e.g. as in EP-A-258 068 and the Savinase(TM) and Lipolase(TM) products of Novo Nordisk) .
The added amount of Pseudomonas lipase variant can be chosen within wide limits, for example from 10 - 20,000 LU per gram, and preferably 50 - 2,000 LU per gram of the detergent composition. In this specification LU or lipase units are defined as they are in EP-A-258 068 (Novo Nordisk) . Similar considerations apply mutatis mutandis in the case of other enzymes, which may also be present. Examples of other
useful enzymes are, for example, proteases, amylases and cellulases.
Advantage may be gained in such detergent compositions, where protease is present together with the cutinase, by selecting such protease from those having pi lower than 10. EP-A-271 154 (Unilever) describes a number of such proteases. Proteases for use together with Pseudomonas lipase variants can in certain circumstances include subtilisin of for example BPN1 type or of many of the types of subtilisin disclosed in the literature, some of which have already been proposed for detergents use, e.g. mutant proteases as described in for example EP-A-130 756 or EP-A- 251 446 (both Genentech) ; US-A-4 760 025 (Genencor) ; EP-A-214 435 (Henkel) ; WO-A-87/04661 (A gen) ; WO-A-87/05050 (Genex) ; Thomas et al. (1986/5) Nature 316, 375-376 and (1987)
J.Mol.Biol. 193, 803-813; Russel et al. (1987) Nature 328, 496-500.
The invention will now be further illustrated in the following Examples.
REFERENCES
Ettinger. W.F., Thukral, S.K. and Kolattukudy, P.E. (1987).
Structure of cutinase gene, cDNA, and the derived amino acid sequence from phytopathogenic fungi. Biochemistry 2j5, 7883-
7892.
Noble. M.E.M., Cleasby, A., Johnson, L.N., Eg ond, M.R. , and
Frenken, L.G.J. (1993) . The crystal structure of triacylglycerol lipase from Pseudomonas glumae reveals a partially redundant catalytic aspartate. FEBS Lett. 331, 123-
128.
In the Figures is:
Fig. 1. In-the-wash effect for Pseudomonas glumae lipase and the lipase variant H154R.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of a synthetic gene encoding Pseudomonas glumae lipase and variants thereof.
A synthetic gene encoding Pseudomonas glumae lipase was constructed essentially according to the cassette method described in EP-A-407 225 (Unilever) , and the variants thereof were constructed using the method disclosed in the same publication.
EXAMPLE 2 The In-The-Wash activity of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase variant H154R.
The effect on fat removal of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase variant H154R was compared to that of the wild type Pseudomonas glumae lipase. In the test polyester test cloths soiled with brominated olive oil were used as monitors. The amount of fat on the test cloth was determined by measuring the amount of bromine on the test cloth by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (as described above) .
The amount of enzymatic soil removal of the wild type Pseudomonas glumae lipase (WT) and of the H154R variant were compared at a dosage of 2 g/1 of the following detergent product, in a 40 minutes wash at 40°C at 27°FH.
Detergent Product A compound weight %
Coco-primary alkyl sulphate 5.2
Nonionic surfactant C12-C15 alcohol 5.2 7 EO
Nonionic surfactant C12-C15 alcohol 6.6 3 EO
Sodium silicate 0.45
Zeolite 4A 32.00
Sodium carbonate 11.52
Hardened Tallow soap 2.00
Figure 1 shows a comparison between the in-the-wash performance (oily soil removal) of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase variant H154R, relative to wild-type Pseudomonas glumae lipase. It is evident that the in-the-wash performance of the lipase variant is enhanced. For comparison, the same experiments were also carried out with Lipolase (TM) . Under all conditions, lipase variant H514R was superior.
*****
Claims
1. A lipase variant of a parent Pseudomonas lipase, wherein the amino acid sequence has been modified in such way that the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme has been increased, with the proviso, that the variant H154R form Pseudomonas glumae is not claimed.
2. A lipase variant according to Claim 1, in which the hydrophobicity at the surface of the enzyme adjacent to the lipid contact zone has been increased so as to form an enlarged lipid contact zone.
3. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the hydrophobicity has been increased by replacing one or more amino acid residues by amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine.
4. A lipase variant according to any of the preceding Claims, wherein the amino acid sequence has been modified in such way that in addition to the increase in hydrophobicity at the surface, one or more positive charges have been introduced.
5. A lipase variant according to Claim 4, in which the positive charges have been introduced by introduction of one or more lysine or arginine residues.
6. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the amino acid residue which is replaced has a small side chain, and is preferably selected from the group consisting of alanine, serine or glycine.
7. A lipase variant according to any of the preceding Claims, wherein the parent lipase is a Pseudomonas glumae lipase or a Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes lipase.
8. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the parent enzyme is a lipase which is immunologically cross-reacting with antibodies raised against the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae or Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.
9. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, whereby the modified residues are located in that part of the molecule which is defined by the vector which is the least-square fit through the Cα-atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, or the corresponding Cα- atoms of a different Pseudomonas lipase, and the plane perpendicular to said vector and containing the Cα-atom of residue 84, or the corresponding Cα-atom of a different Pseudomonas lipase.
10. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the modified residues are located in that part of the molecule which is located between a first plane perpendicular to the vector which is the least-square fit through the Cα-atoms of residues 83 to 87 of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase at a distance of 15 A from the Cα-atom of residue 84, and a second plane parallel to said first plane and containing the Cα-atom of residue 84, or the corresponding Cα-atom of a different Pseudomonas lipase.
11. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the modified residues are located at one or more of the following positions in the amino acid sequence of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, or the corresponding positions in a different lipase:
23, 129, 134, 148, 154, 233, 234, 239, 240, 282, 293.
12. A lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which on or more of the following modifications have been effected in the amino acid sequence of the Pseudomonas glumae lipase, or the corresponding positions in a different lipase: F23R, T129Y, L134R, T148V, T233R, L234R, V239F, T240L, H282R, L292F.
13. A process for producing a lipase variant according to any one of the preceding Claims, which comprises the steps of fermentatively cultivating an rDNA modified microorganism containing a gene made by rDNA technique which encodes the lipase variant, making a preparation of the lipase variant by separating the lipase variant produced by the micro-organism either from the fermentation broth, or by separating the cells of the micro-organism from the fermentation broth, disintegrating the separated cells and concentrating or part purifying the lipase either from said broth or from said cells by physical or chemical concentration or purification methods.
14. An rDNA modified micro-organism v/hich has been transformed by a rDNA vector carrying a gene encoding a Pseudomonas lipase variant according to any of Claims 1 to 12 and which is thereby able to express said lipase variant.
15. An rDNA modified micro-organism according to Claim 14 carrying a gene encoding a lipase variant that is introduced into the micro-organism by fusion at its 5 '-end to a gene fragment encoding a (modified) pre-sequence functional as a signal- or secretion-sequence for the host organism.
16. A recombinant DNA vector able to direct the expression of a nucleotide sequence encoding a lipase variant gene, comprising the following components: (a) Double-stranded (ds) DNA coding for the mature lipase variant or prelipase or a corresponding prelipase in which at least part of the presequence has been removed directly down stream of a secretion signal (preferred for the selected host O 95/35381
28 cell) , provided that where the part of the gene that should be translated does not start with the codon ATG, an ATG codon should be placed in front, and provided also that the part of the gene to be translated ends with an appropriate stop codon or has such codon added;
(b) An expression regulon (suitable for the selected host organism) situated upstream of the plus strand of the ds DNA encoding the lipase variant (component (a) ) ;
(c) A terminator sequence (suitable for the selected host organism) situated down stream of the plus strand of the ds
DNA encoding the lipase variant (component (a) ; (dl) Nucleotide sequences which facilitate integration, of the ds DNA into the genome of the selected host or, (d2) an origin of replication suitable for the selected host; (el) Optionally a (auxotrophic) selection marker;
(e2) Optionally a ds DNA sequence encoding proteins involved in the maturation and/or secretion of one of the precursor forms of the lipase variant in the host selected.
17. A recombinant DNA vector according to Claim 22, also carrying, upstream and/or downstream of the polynucleotide as earlier defined, further sequences facilitative of functional expression of the lipase.
18. A recombinant DNA vector according to any one of Claims 16-17, carrying an auxotrophic marker consisting of a coding region of the auxotrophic marker and a defective promotor region.
19. An enzymatic detergent composition comprising a
Pseudomonas lipase variant according to any one of Claims 1 to 12.
*****
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AU28845/95A AU2884595A (en) | 1994-06-20 | 1995-06-15 | Modified pseudomonas lipases and their use |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP94201761.7 | 1994-06-20 | ||
EP94201761 | 1994-06-20 |
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PCT/EP1995/002349 WO1995035381A1 (en) | 1994-06-20 | 1995-06-15 | Modified pseudomonas lipases and their use |
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