WO1996017565A1 - Apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids - Google Patents
Apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996017565A1 WO1996017565A1 PCT/US1995/015917 US9515917W WO9617565A1 WO 1996017565 A1 WO1996017565 A1 WO 1996017565A1 US 9515917 W US9515917 W US 9515917W WO 9617565 A1 WO9617565 A1 WO 9617565A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
- A23L2/54—Mixing with gases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5089—Processes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
- A61M1/1698—Blood oxygenators with or without heat-exchangers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/32—Oxygenators without membranes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0021—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
- A61M25/0023—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
- A61M25/0026—Multi-lumen catheters with stationary elements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0067—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the distal end, e.g. tips
- A61M25/0068—Static characteristics of the catheter tip, e.g. shape, atraumatic tip, curved tip or tip structure
- A61M25/007—Side holes, e.g. their profiles or arrangements; Provisions to keep side holes unblocked
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/2319—Methods of introducing gases into liquid media
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/237—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media
- B01F23/2376—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media characterised by the gas being introduced
- B01F23/23761—Aerating, i.e. introducing oxygen containing gas in liquids
- B01F23/237612—Oxygen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/29—Mixing systems, i.e. flow charts or diagrams
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/45—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using flow mixing
- B01F23/454—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using flow mixing by injecting a mixture of liquid and gas
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B5/00—Water
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
- D21C9/147—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with oxygen or its allotropic modifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
- A61M1/1678—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes intracorporal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0043—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by structural features
- A61M2025/0057—Catheters delivering medicament other than through a conventional lumen, e.g. porous walls or hydrogel coatings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
- A61M2202/04—Liquids
- A61M2202/0468—Liquids non-physiological
- A61M2202/0476—Oxygenated solutions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
- A61M25/09—Guide wires
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F2101/00—Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
- B01F2101/2202—Mixing compositions or mixers in the medical or veterinary field
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- B01F2101/00—Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/237—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media
- B01F23/2376—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids characterised by the physical or chemical properties of gases or vapours introduced in the liquid media characterised by the gas being introduced
- B01F23/23762—Carbon dioxide
Definitions
- the invention relates to an apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids into a variety of environments in a manner which stabilizes the dissolved gas, so that cavitation nucleation does not occur at the exit port of the delivery system. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus and method of delivery of oxygen-supersaturated liquids into the blood stream.
- Myocardial ischemia occurs transiently in the majority of patients subjected to coronary angioplasty procedures, including both balloon angioplasty and newer modalities such as directional atherectomy, rotational atherectomy, and stent placement.
- the duration of balloon inflation is usually determined by the severity of myocardial ischemia, rather than by the operator's estimate of the potential utility of longer balloon inflations.
- evidence of severe ischemia commonly chest pain and ECG changes and occasionally hemodynamic or electrical instability, requires that the operator deflate the balloon in approximately 60 to 12 0 seconds.
- anatomically difficult lesions such as type B and C lesions, which presently comprise approxi ⁇ mately 1/2 of all lesions treated with angioplasty, longer periods of balloon inflation are frequently desirable for the first balloon inflation.
- Autoperfusion balloon catheters permit much longer periods of balloon inflation in most patients in whom this approach is used.
- blood flow through these catheters is inadequate when the systemic arterial pressure is low and may be inadequate in some patients despite a normal blood pressure.
- the deflated profile of autoperfusion balloon catheters, particularly at the distal balloon end, is relatively bulky compared to standard balloon catheters.
- 17% of all coronary balloon catheters used in the U.S. today are autoperfusion catheters.
- auto ⁇ perfusion catheters have been technically refined, such as the development of the monorail system, their utili ⁇ zation has increased.
- the apparatus includes a high pressure tubular housing within which concentric tubes are axially disposed. Each defines an annular space therebetween through which the gas-saturated liquid may pass.
- the method of delivering gas-supersaturated liquids from a source of gas into a site within an environment having a low concentration of the gas comprises: exposing a carrier to a compressed form of the gas to form a gas-saturated pressurized carrier; compressing the gas-saturated pressurized carrier to form a compressed carrier for transporting the gas to eliminate gas nuclei from a delivery system; transporting the gas-saturated compressed carrier to the delivery system at a pressure (P) ; and infusing the gas-saturated compressed carrier from the delivery system through an exit port to the environment at a pressure (p) , where (P) exceeds (p) , without associated bubble formation and cavitation proximate the exit port so that the gas is transported to the site in solution with the carrier in a supersatu ⁇ rated state.
- OSPS oxygen-supersaturated physiologic solu ⁇ tions
- Oxygen concentrations as high as 4 cc 0 2 (STP)/g, a concentration which exceeds - 6 - that of arterial blood (0.2 cc 0 2 /g) by more than an order of magnitude, can be infused into aqueous media, including blood, without cavitation inception in the effluent.
- STP serum-derived protein
- a concentration which exceeds - 6 - that of arterial blood 0.2 cc 0 2 /g
- FIGURE 1A is a schematic of an angioplasty apparatus including the delivery.system of the present invention
- FIGURE IB is an enlarged portion of Figure 1A;
- FIGURE 1C is an enlarged view of a portion of
- FIGURE ID is a radial cross-sectional view of the embodiment of Figure IC taken along the line A-A of Figure IC;
- FIGURE IE is a radial cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment thereof.
- FIGURE 2 depicts a clinical saturated oxygen solution delivery system
- FIGURE 3A is an axial sectional view of a concentric capillary array which forms an embodiment of the delivery system of the present invention
- FIGURE 3B is a radial cross-sectional view taken along the line B-B thereof.
- FIGURE 4 depicts a distal end of an oxygen- saturated physiological solution perfusion guidewire
- FIGURE 5 depicts a proximal end of the perfu ⁇ sion guidewire
- FIGURE 6 depicts a distal end of an oxygen- saturated physiological solution perfusion guidewire (alternate embodiment) .
- the apparatus 10 covers an apparatus and a method of delivering gas-supersaturated liquids from a source of gas into a site within an environment having a low concentration of the gas.
- the apparatus 10 includes a high pressure tubular housing 12 defining a lumen 14 therewithin.
- a plurality of axially disposed concentric tubes 16 are supported within the lumen 14.
- Each defines an annular space 18 between adjacent tubes.
- Extending radially inwardly from the tubular housing 12 are one or more supports 20.
- Each support 20 is con ⁇ nected to the concentric tubes 16 to prevent radial or axial migration thereof during high pressure infusion of the oxygen-saturated physiologic solution.
- the method steps of the present invention comprise: exposing a carrier to a compressed form of the gas to form a gas-saturated pressurized carrier; compressing the gas-saturated pressurized carrier to form a compressed carrier for transporting the gas and to eliminate gas nuclei from a delivery system; transporting the gas-saturated compressed carrier to the delivery system at a pressure (P) ; and infusing the gas-saturated compressed carrier from the delivery system through an exit port to the environment at a pressure (p) , where (P) exceeds (p) , without associated bubble formation and cavitation proximate the exit port so that the gas is transported to the site in solution with the carrier in a supersatu ⁇ rated state.
- the step of exposing the com- pressed carrier to the gas under pressure comprises the step of providing a membrane oxygenator 26 ( Figure 2) .
- that step may comprise the step of providing a rapid mixer 28, or both a membrane oxygena ⁇ tor 26 and a rapid mixer 28.
- FIG 1A there is depicted an exemplary environment within which the invention may be used.
- a Y- adaptor 56 through which a guidewire 30 passes.
- a flushing port 58 permits a central channel or lumen 14 to be irrigated with a flushing solution.
- a balloon inflation port 62 is provided.
- the reference numeral 64 indicates the point of supersatu- rated oxygen solution (SOS) infusion.
- the guidewire 30 has a thinner proximal end 30' which connects to a thicker resistance end of the guidewire 30''.
- the annular space 18 is defined between the thicker end 30'' and the tubular housing 12.
- annular capillary space for stabilizing gas-supersaturated liquids
- Wires and various types of tubings including metal, such as stainless steel; polymeric, such as polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate; and glass, each having dimensional tolerances of a few microns, can be obtained commercial ⁇ ly without difficulty.
- metal such as stainless steel
- polymeric such as polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate
- glass each having dimensional tolerances of a few microns, can be obtained commercial ⁇ ly without difficulty.
- a target dimension of the space between the two can be achieved easily with great precision.
- the process can be repeated numerous times, so that the overall flow rate can be readily increased to a desired level.
- perfusion of oxygen-supersaturated physiologic solutions could be performed either between a guidewire 30 and the central channel of a conventional balloon angioplasty catheter or between a guidewire 30 and a thin-walled tubing 12, the outer diameter of which is sufficiently small to allow its passage through the central channel of commer ⁇ cially available coronary angioplasty catheters.
- the space between the central channel and outer surface of the tube enclosing the guidewire could then be used for other purposes, such as flushing ordinary physiologic crystalloid solutions.
- the physiologic solutions include balanced salt solutions, such as those which contain calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and mixtures thereof. It will also be appreciated that suitable physiologic solutions may include buffers selected from a group consisting of phosphates, bicarbonates, and mixtures thereof. Additionally, the physiologic solution may comprise a physiologically balanced salt solution and an oncotic agent selected from the group consisting of albumen, hydroxyethyl starch, and mixtures thereof. It may also be helpful to provide a physiologic solution including a balanced salt solution and a perfluoro chemical, for example. A commercially available solu ⁇ tion is known as Fluosol-DA-20%, available from Alpha Therapeutic (Los Angeles, California) . It will be readily apparent that other equivalent substituents may be selected, but for brevity they are not specifically enumerated here.
- the "perfusion wire" 30 for delivery of oxygen-supersaturat ⁇ ed aqueous solutions may be used with virtually any clinically available over-the-wire balloon angioplasty system, at a relatively low cost.
- the rate of infusion could be adjusted to provide any level of needed oxygen delivery.
- valves for maintaining the desired levels of both gas and hydrostatic pressures
- automatic cutoff mechanisms activated by a sudden excessive increase in flow velocity or decrease in pressure as a result of fracture of the delivery tubes
- a heat ex- changer to increase the temperature of the liquid to physiologic levels (37 * C)
- a bubble detector either ultrasonic such as a pulsed Doppler wire, fiberoptic- based reflectance 66 ( Figure 6) , or external micro ⁇ phone
- Perfusion of non-gas-supersaturated crystal ⁇ loids through the central channel of the angioplasty balloon may be used to flush stagnant regions of potential cavitation nucleation beyond the inflated balloon, particularly proximal to the site of infusion of SOS (supersaturated oxygen solutions) , during SOS infusion.
- SOS supersaturated oxygen solutions
- the distal end of the hollow tubing contains a section with multiple perfora ⁇ tions or exit ports 22.
- the latter can be made in the wall of the metal tubing or the spring section can be covered with a tubular film (e.g., polyimide, heat shrink polyethylene terephthalate, etc, which can have perforations on the order of 25 to 100 microns in size which are made either with a laser or electron beam or mechanically) .
- the coils of the spring can be spread apart sufficiently to allow access of the oxygen-supersaturated fluid to the holes in the perforated tube.
- the perforations are provided for two princi ⁇ pal reasons: 1) to improve the uniformity of the perfusion along the axis of the guidewire, and 2) to reduce the mean velocity of flow as a result of the relatively large area available for perfusion (from the sum total of the areas of the perforations) compared to the use of a single annular space.
- the more uniform, lower flow velocity, for a given flow rate, achieved with this approach results in less turbulence and a reduction in the tendency for gas-supersaturated fluids to generate or grow gas nuclei within vortices in the region into which the gas-supersaturated fluid is delivered.
- the "onion- skin" geometry of multiple layers of co-axial tubings 16 is employed at the distal end of the delivery system, as shown in Figure 3A and 3B.
- the scope of the present invention is not limited to the medical environment.
- Other applications are manifest in, for instance, fire fighting. If a high flow rate of approximately 2400 liters/minute is used in firefighting, 0.5 to 1 cc/g of inert gas such as nitro ⁇ gen or carbon dioxide could be stabilized during deliv- ery by the use of approximately 40 to 80 concentric metal tubes, approximately 1 inch in length or shorter, having a space of 30 to 100 microns between tubes, at the distal end of the delivery system.
- the outer diameter of the housing for the concentric tubes would be similar to currently used nozzles (on the order of 2 inches or less) in firefighting equipment.
- a membrane oxygenator 26 under high pressure.
- a Parr reactor (30-1500 psi) with an with an impeller stirrer 28.
- an air-driven water pump 40 Connected to the stirrer 28 is an air-driven water pump 40 which, in turn, is connected to a high pressure vessel (0.1 - 1.0 kbar) 34.
- the oxygen-supersaturated physiologic solution (OSPS) then passes through a fluid regulator and a 0.2 micron filter 68 and a heat exchanger 70 before passage to the OS perfusion guidewire at an approximate pressure of 200-2000 psi.
- OSPS oxygen-supersaturated physiologic solution
- silicon membranes having a thickness of 75 to 150 microns are typically used in commercially available membrane oxygenators. At 1 bar, the efficiency of transfer of oxygen is on the order of 200 to 400 cc 0 2 /minute/m 2 surface area of silicone membrane.
- a prototype membrane oxygenator, for use at a high partial pressure of gas was made by enclosing 5 silicone tubings, each 4 feet long and having an inter ⁇ nal diameter of 0.012" and an outer diameter of 0.025", within a 4 ft. long high pressure stainless steel tube. Epoxy was used to seal the space between the tubes over the last several centimeters of the proximal and distal ends of the metal tube. A single fused silica tubing, 0.15 mm i.d./.25 mm o.d. in size, passed through the proximal seal into the midportion of the metal tubing. It allowed gas to be introduced into the space between the silicon tubings.
- the inner lumen of the silicone tubings was used for flow of water or 5 g% dextrose in water which had been transiently pressurized to 10,000 psi to eliminate cavitation nuclei.
- a single pressure source-a gas cylinder of compressed oxygen- was used for both.
- Oxygen from the gas cylinder was delivered directly to the outside of the silicon tubings, and water was delivered to the lumena of the silicone tubings from a high pressure vessel which was pressur ⁇ ized with oxygen from the same gas cylinder.
- the oxygen concentration of the effluent from the capillary tubings was what one would predict by the level of oxygen partial pressure used in the membrane oxygenator. Thus, at a partial pressure of 500 psi, approximately 1 cc 0 2 /g water was produced. In addition, because cavitation nuclei had been removed by high hydrostatic compression prior to perfusion through the membrane oxygenator, the effluent delivered from the capillary tubes (typically 25 to 100 microns in internal diameter) into water was free of bubbles.
- oxygen could diffuse at a high partial pressure across the wall of the semi- permeable membrane or tubings (such as those fabricated from silicone, Teflon, or polypropylene) without cre ⁇ ation or growth of gas nuclei in the water.
- the limited surface area of a prototype high pressure membrane oxygenator permitted fully oxygenated water to be delivered at high gas pressures with a maximum water flow rate of approximately 7 g/minute. Higher flow rates of water, wherein the partial pressure of the gas in the water approximates that in . the gas phase, can be achieved by proportionately increasing the surface area of the membrane across which the gas diffuses.
- a high pressure membrane oxygenator 26 ( Figure 1)
- gas can be introduced into cavitation-free liquid through the high pressure mem ⁇ brane oxygenator en route to capillary tubings (includ ⁇ ing concentric spaces) at the distal end of the delivery system or en route to a high pressure pump.
- the membrane oxygenator is designed such that the flow rate of liquid through the oxygenator exceeds its capacity to fully saturate the liquid at the high partial pressure of the gas, the higher hydrostatic pressure of the liquid, compared to the partial pressure of gas dis ⁇ solved in the liquid, helps to inhibit the formation or growth of cavitation nuclei and bubbles.
- a high pressure membrane oxygenator facilitates the continuous produc- tion of gas-supersaturated liquids which do not produce cavitation nucleation at the exit port of the delivery system.
- a 100 micron (i.d.) silica channel will allow ejection of OSPS containing a maximum concentration of 1.5 cc 02/g, while a 5 micron channel will permit a maximum concentration of approximately 4.0 cc 02/g, which corresponds well to the maximum concentra ⁇ tion observed by Hemmingsen under static conditions.
- tissue ischemia which is currently treated with a hyperbaric oxygen chamber might be treated similarly with a catheter infusion of OSPS.
- OSPS oxygen-driven oxygen chamber
- Examples include acute traumatic injuries, unresolved infections, radiation-injured tissue, osteomyelitis, failing skin grafts and flaps, extensive thermal burns, and central nervous system problems .
- Hyperbaric oxygen has been found to: (1) inhibit neutrophil adhesion to venules in ischemic tissue; (2) quench lip peroxides with hydro- peroxyl radicals which are produced only at oxygen pressures > 1 bar; (3) inhibit the conversion of xan- thine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase; (4) increase tissue levels of superoxide dismutase; (5) greatly improve oxygen diffusion through edematous tissues; and (6) produce marked clinical benefit in a variety of ischemia/reperfusion problems.
- infusion of OSPS may also find utility in reducing reperfusion injury immediately following angioplasty for treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
- the disclosed OSPS delivery system permits its simultaneous use as a conventional coronary angio- plasty guidewire, which would be compatible with commer ⁇ cially available over-the-wire coronary angioplasty catheters.
- Preliminary in vivo dog coronary artery studies suggest that OSPS infusion through prototype guidewires can be used to reduce myocardial ischemia without adverse effects.
- guidewire-based OSPS infusion could be used to potentially treat a wide variety of other medical conditions associated with regional tissue hypoxia.
- oxygenated DsW was transferred from the Parr reactor vessel to a high pressure vessel 34 and hydrostatically compressed to 0.2 to 1.0 kbar for at least a few minutes with either an air driven water pump (SC Hydraulics, Inc.) or with a hydraulic compressor 40.
- SC Hydraulics, Inc. air driven water pump
- the fluid was then delivered through capillary tubings at a hydrostatic pressure which equalled or exceeded the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen to an OSPS perfusion guidewire 30.
- the concentration of oxygen achieved was determined by infusion of approximately 1 cc of the fluid from the Parr vessel through a fused silica capillary tubing (i.d. 100 microns or less) into a sealed space within a glass pipette.
- Oxygen-supersaturated DsW was injected into water saturated with oxygen at room temperature, and any presence of bubbles in the effluent was detected by argon ion laser induced fluorescence of fluorescein which had been added to the DsW. The absence of bubbles in the effluent was confirmed by 20 ns strobe light microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy (sub- micron particle size analyzer) .
- a conventional 3.0 mm coronary angioplasty balloon catheter was advanced into either the circumflex artery or the left anterior descending coronary artery under fluoroscopic control (Precise Optics fluoroscopic unit with a 6" image intensifier and 2:1 optical magni ⁇ fication capability at the output phosphor) through a clinically available guide catheter to perform the balloon inflations.
- the OSPS was delivered via the central channel of the angioplasty catheter with a prototype perfusion guidewire.
- FIG. 4-6 there is depicted a fiberoptic 42 within a hollow stainless steel tube 44.
- a radio-opaque flexible spring 46 is spotwelded to the hollow stainless steel tube 44. At an end of the spring 46 remote from the stainless steel tube 44, there is defined an exit port 22 for oxygen-supersaturated solution delivery.
- the guidewire 30 extends beyond the first spring 46. At a leading end of the guidewire 30 is another radio-opaque flexible spring section 48 to facilitate location of the delivery system within an environment of interest.
- Figure 5 depicts a proximal end of the perfu ⁇ sion guidewire.
- OSPS is introduced at OSPS inlet 50.
- a proximal end of the hollow stainless steel tubing may be provided with a thicker wall section 52.
- the delivery system may include means for providing a laser output 54 coupled to the fiberoptic 42.
- the capillary channel for OSPS perfusion consists of the space 18 within a hollow SS (medical grade 304 or 316) guidewire ( Figure IE) (0.014" o.d., 0.009" to 0.010" i.d.), the distal 15 cm of which has the spring design for flexibility and an inner safety wire (0.003" to 0.005"; spot welded to the spring) which serves to prevent separation of the coils and to reduce the lumen size.
- a highly flexible, hollow nitinol (titanium/nickel alloy) wire having similar dimensions to the hollow SS wire is spot welded to the latter.
- a 3 cm long radio-opaque distal platinum spring terminates the safety wire which extends beyond the point of infusion.
- the advantages of this design include mechani ⁇ cal similarity to and compatibility with currently used angioplasty guidewires and a high pressure rating (1 kbar) .
- Overall capillary channel resistance is designed to permit a flow rate of approximately 20 cc/min. at a hydrostatic pressure of 1,000 to 2,000 psi applied to the proximal end of the perfusion guidewire.
- FIG. 6 there is depicted an alternate embodiment of the OSPS perfusion guidewire.
- a high pressure tubular housing 12 defining a lumen therewithin.
- the housing 12 has a distal end 70.
- a coiled spring 46 extends from the tubular housing 12.
- a jacket 72 includes a proximal sleeve section and a distal perforated section 76 that defines exit ports 22.
- the proximal sleeve section is located proximate to the distal end 70 of the tubular housing 12.
- the proximal sleeve section of the jacket is placed over the coiled spring to prevent leakage of the solution through the coiled spring, while allowing perfusion of the solution through the exit ports of the perforated section.
- the oxygen-saturated physiologic solution is stabilized upon emergence from the apparatus so that the oxygen is transported to a site of interest in solution in a supersaturated state without associated bubble formation and cavitation proximate the exit ports.
- the apparatus may also include one or more fiberoptics 42 located axially within the tubular housing and the coiled spring.
- the fiberoptics conduct radiant energy and receive reflected energy, and may be used for bubble detection.
- the coiled spring 46 includes a section wherein successive coils of the spring are spaced apart to allow the oxygen-saturated physiologic solution to pass through from the exit ports.
- a solid plug is inserted within a guidewire spring section 48 to block forward flow of the OSPS.
- an on-line bubble detector is incorporated in the guidewire.
- the output is coupled to the proximal end of a fiberoptic 66, the distal end of which terminates within the OSPS capillary channel near the point of infusion.
- Light which would be reflected by potential bubbles is monitored via this fiberoptic or via a second fiberoptic. Interference by absorption of light by blood is not problematic, since all blood is replaced or deleted by infusion of translucent crystalloid solu- tions.
- the oxygen concentration of the effluent is the oxygen concentration of the effluent and the diameter of the capillary tubing at the exit port.
- the capillary channel within the perfusion guidewire is sufficiently small to stabilize OSPS during a coronary infusion, it is designed to stabilize an oxygen concentration which is greater than that to be used in a clinical setting. For example, if a concen ⁇ tration of 0.2 cc 02/g OSPS is used in vivo, the perfu ⁇ sion guidewire would permit bubble-free infusion of the fluid having a concentration of at least 0.4 cc 02/g.
- the surface properties of candidate material for fabrication of capillary channels may affect the stability of OSPS during infusion.
- hydro- phobic materials such as hollow carbon fibers with an i.d. of 5 microns, should not be used to attempt to stabilize OSPS with 2 cc 02/g during its infusion into a 1 bar aqueous environment.
- Hydrophotic impurities have been implicated as potential sources of cavitation nuclei.
- a hydrophilic surface in contact with OSPS is preferred.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP95943026A EP0906071A1 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 1995-12-06 | Apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids |
JP51778196A JP4190577B2 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 1995-12-06 | Oxygen supersaturated physiological solution delivery device |
AU44181/96A AU4418196A (en) | 1994-12-09 | 1995-12-06 | Apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US353,137 | 1994-12-09 | ||
US08/353,137 US5599296A (en) | 1991-02-14 | 1994-12-09 | Apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids |
Publications (1)
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WO1996017565A1 true WO1996017565A1 (en) | 1996-06-13 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
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PCT/US1995/015917 WO1996017565A1 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 1995-12-06 | Apparatus and method of delivery of gas-supersaturated liquids |
Country Status (7)
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US (2) | US5599296A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0906071A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4190577B2 (en) |
AR (1) | AR000315A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU4418196A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2207410A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996017565A1 (en) |
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- 1995-12-06 CA CA002207410A patent/CA2207410A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-12-06 EP EP95943026A patent/EP0906071A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-12-06 JP JP51778196A patent/JP4190577B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-06 AU AU44181/96A patent/AU4418196A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-12-06 WO PCT/US1995/015917 patent/WO1996017565A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-12-11 AR AR33456095A patent/AR000315A1/en unknown
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6676900B1 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 2004-01-13 | Therox, Inc. | Method for the preparation and delivery of gas-enriched fluids |
EP0917479A4 (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 2000-09-27 | Therox Inc | High pressure transluminal fluid delivery device |
EP0917479A1 (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1999-05-26 | Therox, Inc. | High pressure transluminal fluid delivery device |
US6746417B2 (en) | 1997-08-15 | 2004-06-08 | Therox Inc | Apparatus for generalized extracorporeal support |
US6248087B1 (en) | 1997-08-15 | 2001-06-19 | Therox, Inc. | Apparatus for generalized extracorporeal support |
US6454997B1 (en) | 1997-08-15 | 2002-09-24 | Therox, Inc. | Apparatus for the preparation and delivery of gas-enriched fluids |
US6607698B1 (en) | 1997-08-15 | 2003-08-19 | Therox, Inc. | Method for generalized extracorporeal support |
WO2000004943A1 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2000-02-03 | Therox, Inc. | Method and apparatus for the preparation and delivery of gas-enriched fluids |
US6602467B1 (en) | 1998-07-24 | 2003-08-05 | Therox, Inc. | Apparatus and method for blood oxygenation |
US6936221B1 (en) | 1998-07-24 | 2005-08-30 | Therox, Inc. | Method of forming gas-enriched fluid |
US6565807B1 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2003-05-20 | Therox, Inc. | Method of blood oxygenation |
US6811750B2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2004-11-02 | Therox, Inc. | Apparatus for blood oxygenation |
US6855291B2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2005-02-15 | Therox, Inc. | Method of blood oxygenation |
US6890482B2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2005-05-10 | Therox, Inc. | Apparatus for blood oxygenation |
US7172727B2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2007-02-06 | Therox, Inc. | Apparatus for blood oxygenation |
US6613280B2 (en) | 2001-03-20 | 2003-09-02 | Therox, Inc. | Disposable cartridge for producing gas-enriched fluids |
US7820102B2 (en) | 2001-03-20 | 2010-10-26 | Therox, Inc. | Disposable cartridge for producing gas-enriched fluids |
US8192384B2 (en) | 2008-12-04 | 2012-06-05 | Therox, Inc. | System for enriching a bodily fluid with a gas having a dual-function power switch mechanism |
US8246564B2 (en) | 2008-12-04 | 2012-08-21 | Therox, Inc. | System for enriching a bodily fluid with a gas having automated priming capabilities |
US8636952B2 (en) | 2008-12-04 | 2014-01-28 | Therox, Inc. | System for enriching a bodily fluid with a gas having a removable gas-enrichment device with an information recording element |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4190577B2 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
JPH10510186A (en) | 1998-10-06 |
EP0906071A4 (en) | 1999-04-07 |
AU4418196A (en) | 1996-06-26 |
US5599296A (en) | 1997-02-04 |
EP0906071A1 (en) | 1999-04-07 |
US5797874A (en) | 1998-08-25 |
AR000315A1 (en) | 1997-06-18 |
CA2207410A1 (en) | 1996-06-13 |
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