WO1996021483A1

WO1996021483A1 - Self-retracting medical needle apparatus and methods

Info

Publication number: WO1996021483A1
Application number: PCT/US1995/016665
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gale H. Thorne; David L. Thorne; Charles V. Owen; Sandra A. Thorne
Original assignee: Specialized Health Products, Inc.
Priority date: 1995-01-10
Filing date: 1995-12-21
Publication date: 1996-07-18
Also published as: EP0801579A1; DE69530005D1; US5549708A; MX9704120A; CN1170600C; CN1171745A; ES2194932T3; AU704966B2; BR9510270A; DE69530005T2; NZ302476A; JP2002514940A; US5480385A; CA2205831A1; US5616135A; AU4853796A; JP3768533B2; EP0801579A4; US5542927A; EP0801579B1

Abstract

This invention is a method and apparatus associated with safe retraction of medical needles after use. Embodiments are disclosed for self-retracting needle systems for both blood draw, syringe, and catheter insertion systems. Invention manufacture requires only a minimal number and complexity of parts such that a projected manufacturing cost is potentially low enough to permit the apparatus to be cost-competitive with contemporary non-self-retracting needle systems. Methods for making and assembling each of the disclosed embodiments is also disclosed. One blood draw embodiment can be made with as few as three molded parts. Energy storing, needle retracting and mechanisms comprise elastic tubing (180), and vacuum generating piston parts. In an elastic tubing embodiment, selective, constrictive control of stretched tubing volumes effectively inhibits regurgitant flow from the needle. In all embodiments, needle retraction is a single-handed operation permitting a technician's other hand to be used in wound care. Use of frangible parts permits the apparatus housing to be attached to a needle cover, which, in combination, are used as a transport container to further reduce apparatus costs.

Description

SELF RETRACTING MEDICAL NEEDLE APPARATUS AND METHODS

Continuation

This application for patent is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08/455,514 filed May 31, 1995. which is a continuation of U.S. Patent No. 5.480.385. issued January 2. 1996 and of U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08/436.976 filed May 8. 1995, and U. S. Patent Application Serial Number 08/484.533 filed June 7. 1995. which are now allowed and are continuations-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 08/370,728 filed January 10. 1995. the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein.

Field of Invention

This invention relates generally to medical needle apparatus and methods and particularly to an apparatus comprising medical needles which are self-retracting from an extended position at which the needle is used to a retracted position where the needle is fully withdrawn and encased within a housing for safe disposal. Further, the invention is related to medical products which may only be used once to eliminate cross contamination from one patient to another and to those medical products which have sterile parts inherently protected from contamination without the need of additional packaging apparatus.

Prior Art Problems associated with inadvertent needle sticks are well known in the art of blood withdrawal, transdermal medication injection, catheter emplacement and other medical procedures involving uses of medical needles. Ever increasing attention is being paid to needle stick problems due to the contemporary likelihood of being exposed to AIDS and Hepatitis.

Commonly, procedures involving needle withdrawal require a technician to use one hand to place pressure at the wound site where a needle is being withdrawn while removing the needle apparatus with the other hand. It is common practice for a tending technician to give higher priority to care for the wound than is given to disposal of a needle. Such priority either requires an available sharps container within ready reach or another means for safe disposal without leaving the patient's side. Providing adequate care is often compounded by patient condition and mental state (e.g. in burn units and psychiatric wards). Under such conditions, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to take appropriate procedures to properly dispose of a used, exposed needle while caring for a patient.

Widespread knowledge and history associated with needle care and disposal problems have resulted in the conception and disclosure of a large number of devices, each of which represents an attempt to provide not only a solution to the problem of needle sticks, but a device which is commercially viable (i.e. cost and price competitive with currently used non-self retracting devices). Though some devices describe application in the area of blood withdrawal (see U.S. Patents No. 4,850,374 (Nydia Diaz- ramos) and 5,195,985 (Hall)), most contemporary related art is directed toward syringes and like devices. Related art may be broadly classified into two categories, devices which operate manually and devices which comprise self-contained needle retraction.

Examples of manually operated medical needle devices are provided in U.S.

Patents numbered 4,676,783 (Jagger et al.), 4,83.936 (Schroeder), 4,909.794 (Haber).

4.978,340 (Terrill et al.), 4.995,870 (Baskas), 5.098.402 (Davis). 5.180.370 (Gellespie).

5.188.599 (Botich et al.), 5.195,985 (Hall). 5,205,823 (Zdeb), 5,205.824 (Mazur). 5.215.533 (Robb). and 5.256.153 (Hake). Manual withdrawal is generally a two-handed procedure, making wound care a secondary step or requiring an added medical technician. Examples of self-retracting devices are found in U.S. Patents numbered 4.946,446 (Vadher). 4,955.870 (Ridderheim et al.), 4.966.593 (Lennox). 4.988.339 (Vadher), 4,994.034 (Botich et al.), 5,1 14.404 (Paxton et al.), 5,147,303 (Martin), 5.092.853 (Couvertier), 5.246.428 (Falknor), 5.254,099 (Karacina). and 5,267,976 (Guerineau et al.). Guerineau et al. discloses self-retraction resulting from a vacuum force while others disclosed above generally disclose self-retraction resulting from release of a cocked or biased spring.

Generally, other than acceptance ofthe type of operation offered by such devices. commercial viability is dependent upon manufacturing cost. Purchase decisions in the area in which these devices are used are very cost sensitive. If gains in either improvement in safety or in labor savings are not found to make a device sufficiently competitive with contemporary competitive items, those devices are usually not found to be commercially viable. Motivation for providing a cost competitive self-retracting needle apparatus coupled with improved safety of use of the apparatus resulted in conception ofthe inventions disclosed herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION In brief summary, each novel invention disclosed herein dramatically diminishes known major problems resulting from injury-related needle sticks which occur when needle tips are bared as medical needles are withdrawn from a patient at the end of a needle insertion procedure.

In preferred embodiments, operation of each invention involves elongating a medical needle apparatus and providing access to a medical needle which is enclosed by a cover prior to use. The act of elongating the apparatus energizes a force storing memory element and cocks a releasable latch. Generally, the needle is made available for a medical procedure by physically separating the needle cover from the rest of the apparatus immediately prior to use. Once the cover is removed, the needle is used in a medical procedure (e.g. for acquiring a blood sample or for catheter insertion).

In a preferred embodiment, when the medical procedure is complete, a simple distortion of a portion of the housing, preferably done by squeezing the housing by the thumb and forefinger of one hand, retracts the needle safely into the housing. It is important to note that the needle can be removed directly from a patient and safely encased in the housing by a simple action of a single hand of an attending technician, leaving the technician's other hand free for other concurrent medical procedures, such as care ofthe wound site from which the needle is retracted. After retraction, the needle is fully enclosed and contained, permitting the needle apparatus to be laid aside without fear of an inadvertent needle stick while full attentive care is provided to the patient.

Generally, this novel invention is for a self-retracting medical needle apparatus which is employed in transporting, using and retracting a medical needle into safe containment within a housing after use. The apparatus comprises the housing into which the medical needle is retracted at the end of a medical procedure. In a preferred method, the apparatus is triggered by a technician causing the needle to be retracted by the apparatus directly from a patient and, in a continuing motion, to be deposited into the housing. In addition to the housing, the apparatus comprises a needle cover, a medical needle assembly, a needle support catch, and a linear motion energy storage member.

The housing is characterized by an elongated, generally cylindrical shape having an opening at one end through which the medical needle passes. To prepare the apparatus for use, the apparatus is elongated to an extended state by moving the one end apart from an opposing end ofthe housing. In this manner, the medical needle which is most closely associated with the one end is also moved apart from the opposing end. To assure that the medical needle is affixed in a stable condition relative to the housing, the housing comprises a catch for a latch which secures the apparatus in the extended state.

When the apparatus is in the extended state, a medical needle assembly associated with the medical needle is cocked, ready to be triggered to thereby retract the medical needle into the housing. A predetermined portion of the housing is dedicated to communicating a releasing action upon a trigger which disengages the needle assembly, thereby causing the medical needle to be retracted into the housing. The dedicated housing portion is preferably a deformable section ofthe housing which, when deformed, communicates with the trigger, but at other times provides a physical barrier to protect the medical needle from contamination and harm from sources external to the apparatus. In a preferred embodiment, an easily removed shield is used to cover the dedicated, communicating portion ofthe housing to prevent inadvertent triggering and subsequent premature retraction of the needle from the patient.

Before use, at least a portion of the needle cover generally extends outwardly from the one end of the housing. The needle cover and housing, in combination, commonly provide a measure of protection for maintaining sharpness and sterility of the medical needle. Further, in a preferred embodiment, the cover provides a handle which is used in elongating the apparatus.

In addition to the medical needle, the medical needle assembly comprises a secure attachment to the medical needle, a releasible latch which is affixed to a needle support catch when the apparatus is elongated for use, the trigger and a connecting hub which is integral with the needle attachment and which is used to affix the needle and attachment to a linear motion energy storage member. The medical needle assembly is substantially disposed within the housing and cover for transport and storage prior to use. When properly used, the medical needle is bared for use in a medical procedure subsequent to elongating the apparatus.

In a preferred embodiment, the needle support catch is an integral part of the housing. The needle support catch is disposed to engage the latch and thereby securely affix the needle when the apparatus is elongated.

The linear motion energy storage member may be a spring, a piston which draws a vacuum in a chamber as the apparatus is extended or any component which stores retracting energy as the apparatus is elongated. However, the preferred storage member is an elastic tube which not only stores potential energy for needle retraction as the apparatus is elongated, but also provides a pathway for fluid which is passed through the needle during the medical procedure. Preferred materials for the elastic tube are silicone rubber and medical grade latex, although other tubing materials may be used within the scope ofthe invention. It should be noted that the elastic tubing is preferably in a rest or unstretched state while the apparatus is being transported or stored prior to use. The elastic tube is only stretched (stressed) when the apparatus is elongated for use. As the needle may be directly retracted from a patient, it is preferred that fluid flow from the needle be kept to an absolute minimum during retraction. Due. at least in part, to tubing expansion about a hub when the elastic tube is stretched, most often an extended tube defines an internal volume which is larger than the internal volume of the same tube when unstretched. Generally, that internal volume difference is a function of the difference in diameter ofthe internal diameter ofthe unstretched tube and the external diameter of hubs which connect and secure each end ofthe elastic tube to the apparatus. For this reason, it is preferred to utilize hubs which have substantially the same external diameter as the internal diameter ofthe tube when unstretched.

However, even when utilizing hubs having such restricted diameters, a small amount of regurgitant flow is still possible when the tube is released from a stretched state to constrict into a relaxed state. It has been found through experimentation that the volume ofthe tubing when stretched must be physically constricted to a volume which is less than that of the tubing when unstretched to assure that no regurgitant flow can occur under such conditions. Several mechanisms for so constricting the tubing have been successfully tested. A first tube constricting mechanism comprises a mechanical lever associated with the latch. The mechanical lever is disposed to distort the tubing when the apparatus is elongated to differentially reduce the volume ofthe stretched tube to be smaller than the volume ofthe same tube when relaxed. The lever is preferably integrally attached to the releasible latch and moves along a ramp disposed within the housing to distort the tube more when the tubing is stretched than when the tubing is relaxed after retracting the needle.

A second tube constricting mechanism comprises a helical wrap disposed about the elastic tube. As the tube is stretched, the helical wrap partially chokes the tube to reduce the inner volume of the stretched tube to be less than that of the relaxed tube. Both of these mechanisms eradicate the causes of liquid regurgitation as the medical needle is retracted into the housing.

In a blood draw (phlebotomy) application, an evacuated blood collection tube receiving barrel assembly is affixed to the opposing end of the apparatus mentioned above. The barrel assembly comprises a needle for accessing a blood collection tube. The needle communicates with the elastic tube and is most often covered by a snubber.

In this case, the medical needle is sized to be compatible with blood draw applications.

In a syringe application, a luer fitting is affixed to the opposing end of the apparatus mentioned above. The apparatus then becomes a syringe needle retraction system which may be used with any standard syringe having a complementary luer fitting. In this case, the apparatus and medical needle are sized and configured to be compatible with syringes used in medical applications.

In a catheter application, a filter which differentially passes gas, but which is impervious to liquid, is affixed to the opposing end of the apparatus and to the elastic tube. The elastic tube then becomes a part which shows a "blood flash" used to show evidence of a catheter's entry into a blood vessel. In general, use ofthe apparatus comprises the steps of elongating the apparatus thereby positioning a medical needle relative to parts moved away from the needle during apparatus elongation, affixing the needle thereat, storing energy in a linear energy storage member and cocking a trigger for later release, exposing the needle, performing a medical procedure on a patient and, while the needle is still resident in the patient, accessing a portion of the housing in communication with the trigger, and actuating the trigger by action of a single hand, in a direction transverse to the long axis ofthe needle, to retract the needle directly from the patient into an enclosed housing for safe disposal within the apparatus. It is preferred that the accessing step described above comprise removal of a shield over a deformable portion ofthe housing, where the deformable portion provides a communicating link between the single hand and the trigger.

It is also preferred that the storage of energy in the linear energy storage member involves stretching an elastic tube which also provides a useful pathway for fluid which is passed through the needle. Further, it is preferred that the elongating step comprises a partial constriction ofthe elastic tube whereby the internal volume ofthe stretched tube is less than the internal volume ofthe tube when relaxed and unstretched. This latter step is particularly useful in eliminating undesirable fluid regurgitation when the medical needle is retracted.

In a blood sampling embodiment, the invention comprises a housing/transport container which includes a barrel, a needle/hub assembly and a barrel/hub component. In some embodiments, apparatus ofthe instant invention require as few as three molded parts with each part being representative of the container, assembly and component mentioned above. However, contemporary molding methods and automated fabrication restrictions dictate implementation of four to five molded parts in the presently preferred embodiments.

It is noted that, except for needles which are integrally connected to injection molded parts and an extruded tube, all parts are injection molded. In the case of the blood draw application, an additional snubber tube is customarily used to cover a vacuum tube accessing needle in the barrel. Accordingly, it is a primary object to provide a novel and improved medical needle retracting device comprising a housing and associated needle cover which, in 8 combination, protect tip integrity and sterility of a medical needle and other internal parts ofthe device until use and which automatically fully retracts the needle into the housing after use.

It is a key object ofthe present invention to provide the blood withdrawal device with an attached barrel for a blood acquisition vacuum tube (e.g. a VACUTAINER® made by Becton Dickinson).

It is another key object to provide a needle cover for the device which is releasibly affixed to the housing during transport and storage ofthe device, but which is frangibly separable from the housing. It is an important object to provide a means for releasing a cocked needle assembly by distorting a portion of the housing rather than requiring a button or other mechanical device to project through the housing wall.

It is also an important object to provide a protection for the portion which is distorted from being inadvertently deformed during insertion and use ofthe needle and to remove the protection with a single digit motion immediately prior to retracting the needle.

It is an object to provide parts disposed at each end ofthe device which facilitate manually extending the apparatus for use.

It is another primary object that the device be single use only and that the needle be safely enclosed when retracted.

It is an important object that the device be made with as few injection molded parts as possible.

It is an object to provide an embodiment ofthe invention which comprises a latch which is releasable by franging a section of an assembly associated with the medical needle.

It is a significant object to provide a manufacturing method for assembly of the device which is compatible with automatic assembly equipment.

It is an object to provide a force storing memory element which stores energy as the apparatus is extended and which provides needle retracting force upon release of the needle assembly. It is a meaningful object to provide a memory element which comprises an enclosed fluid flow pathway for withdrawn blood.

It is an object to nullify forces within the apparatus which cause regurgitant flow when the needle is retracted. It is an object to provide a means for connecting the needle cover to the needle assembly during device manufacture which does not put undue stress upon a frangible part.

It is an object to provide a blood draw device associated with the apparatus. It is yet another primary object to provide a novel and improved IV catheter insertion apparatus comprising a housing which maintains sterility of a medical needle, a catheter and other internal parts ofthe apparatus until use and which automatically fully retracts the needle into the housing after use.

It is still another object to provide a means for seeing a blood "flashback" within the IV catheter device as influent blood courses into the device from a pierced blood vessel.

It is an object to provide a syringe needle retraction device associated with the apparatus, the syringe needle retraction device being usefully employed with a medical syringe comprising a luer fitting.

These and other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description taken with reference to accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective view of a sealed blood draw device, showing the exterior of the device housing.

Figure 2 is a perspective view of the blood draw device seen in Figure 1 from which a needle cover and associated needle (not shown) have been pulled by first frangibly breaking away the needle cover from a portion ofthe housing.

Figure 3 is a perspective view ofthe blood draw device seen in Figure 2 showing a needle bared by cover removal and a partially removed seal which covered and protected the internal portion of a blood draw vacuum tube barrel, relative to the needle. Figure 4 is a perspective view ofthe blood draw device showing displacement of a flap, seen in place in Figure 3. the displacement permitting an area of the housing previously under the flap to be distorted, the distortion resulting in retraction of the needle into the housing.

Figure 5 is a greatly magnified perspective view of a medical needle having a portion ofthe needle treated with a mold release. Figure 6 is an exploded side view of a blood draw device with some portions segmented and other portions removed for better presentation.

Figure 7 is a lateral elevation of a needle/hub assembly which initially resides within the housing and is separably affixed to the cover.

Figure 8 is a top elevation ofthe needle/hub assembly seen in Figure 7. Figure 9 is a bottom elevation ofthe needle/hub assembly seen in Figure 7.

Figure 10 is an exploded perspective of a section ofthe needle/hub assembly seen in Figures 7-9 and a valve leaflet which is used to restrict regurgitant flow from the device.

Figure 10A is a perspective view of a section of a needle/hub assembly showing a valve leaflet affixed by molding to the needle/hub assembly through a living hinge.

Figure 1 1 is an exploded view ofthe device of Figure 6 with a first assembly step completed.

Figure 12 is an exploded view of the device of Figure 7 with a second assembly step, comprising attaching an elastic tube, completed. Figure 13 is an exploded view ofthe device of Figure 7 with a third assembly step of attaching the elastic tube to the barrel part. (Note that a perspective of a completely assembled device is seen in Figure 1.)

Figure 14 is a section of a used device prior to retracting the needle.

Figure 14A is a perspective view of a needle/hub assembly with portions removed for clarity of presentation.

Figure 15 is a lateral elevation of an elastic tube stretched between hubs of the barrel and needle/hub assembly parts.

Figure 16 is a side elevation of an alternative embodiment of a needle/hub assembly showing a first part which is molded about and securely affixed to the needle and a second part which is molded about the needle but which is free to slide longitudinally along the needle. Figure 17 is a side elevation of the embodiment seen in Figure 16 with the slidable part moved to an adjoining position relative to the first part.

Figure 18 is a longitude section of a portion of the device showing the alternate needle/hub embodiment in three different positions in the device. Figure 19 is a section similar to the section seen in Figure 18, but rotated 90°.

Figure 20 is a perspective view with some parts removed for clarity of a barrel section associated with the embodiment seen in Figures 16-20.

Figure 21 is an exploded perspective view ofthe device comprising the alternate needle/hub embodiment. Figure 22 is perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the invention showing a totally enclosed IV catheter insertion assembly.

Figure 23 is a longitudinal section of the assembly seen in Figure 22.

Figure 24 is a perspective view of a 3 cc syringe which is currently commercially available. Figure 25 is a perspective view of a retractable medical needle with a back cover removed for ready connection to a medical syringe, such as the syringe seen in Figure 24.

Figures 26A-D are perspective views ofthe retractable medical needle assembly in various stages of use.

Figure 27 is a magnified lateral elevation section ofthe medical needle assembly. Figure 28 is a lateral elevation section of the assembly seen in Figure 27, but somewhat reduced in size and having a medical needle extended for use.

Figure 29 is an exploded view of the retractable medical needle assembly.

Figures 30A-C are perspective views of molded elastic tube parts.

Figure 31 is a perspective view of another blood draw device, showing the exterior of the device housing.

Figure 32 is a cross section along lines F32/F32 ofthe blood draw device seen in Figure 31.

Figure 33 is a cross section of the blood draw device of Figure 31 in a cocked state and ready for use in a medical procedure. Figure 33A is a side elevation of a needle cover which has been removed in

Figure 33. Figure 33B is a cross section of a stretched elastic tube.

Figure 33C is a cross section ofthe stretched elastic tube seen in Figure 33B. but being distorted by a plastic section from the more circular geometry seen in Figure 33B.

Figure 34 is an exploded view of parts seen in Figures 32 and 33. Figure 35 is a perspective view of a needle withdrawal device which is cocked by extending a slidable exterior cover away from a needle cover.

Figure 36 is a perspective view of a catheter version of the needle withdrawal device seen in Figure 35, with the slidable exterior cover disposed away from a medical needle to thereby cock the device for automatic needle retraction. Figure 37 is a cross section ofthe catheter version seen in Figure 36.

Figure 38 is a cross section of a needle withdrawal device disposed in a rest or needle transportation state and having another embodiment of an elastic tube distortion apparatus.

Figure 39 is a rear elevation ofthe needle withdrawal device seen in Figure 38. Figure 40 is a cross section ofthe needle withdrawal device seen in Figure 38. but disposed in a cocked or ready state whereat a medical needle is ready for use.

Figure 41 is a magnified cross section along lines 41-41 of Figure 38. wherein an unstretched elastic tube is disposed between a pair of tube distorting clamps.

Figure 42 is a magnified cross section taken along lines 42-42 of Figure 40 ofthe elastic tube and clamps seen in Figure 38, the tube having been stretched and the clamps disposed about the tube to distort it from a round geometry.

Figure 43 is a perspective view of an elastic tube with a helical member wrapped about the tube.

Figure 44 is a cross section ofthe elastic tube and helical member seen in Figure 43.

Figure 45 is a perspective view ofthe elastic tube of Figure 43 stretched and the helical member also elongated to close tightly about the elastic tube to distort the tube from a round geometry.

Figure 46 is a cross section ofthe elastic tube and helical member seen in Figure 45.

Figure 47 is a perspective view of a two part medical needle hub apparatus. Figure 48 is a top elevation ofthe two part medical hub apparatus seen in Figure 47. with one part separated from the other part.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS In this description, unless a specific object is referenced, the term proximal is used to indicate the segment of a device normally closest to the patient when it is being used. In like manner, the term distal refers to the other (away from the patient) end. Reference is now made to the embodiments illustrated in Figures 1-48 wherein like numerals are used to designate like parts throughout. In some cases, parts having similar form and function to parts earlier cited are enumerated with prime numerals ofthe earlier cited parts.

Reference is now made to Figure 1 wherein an embodiment according to the invention of a blood draw device 10 is seen. As seen in Figure 1. device 10 comprises a barrel section 20 and a needle containment section 30. In a completely assembled device, section 20 is securely affixed to section 30 along circular line 32 to provide protection for contents of the device from environmental damage and contamination.

Barrel section 20 comprises a planar seal 40 and a pair of left and right ear or handle parts, designated 50 and 60. respectively, and a hollow barrel 70. Planar seal 40 is adhesively attached to barrel section 20 within a plane area defined by continuous line 72 such that the hollow of barrel 70 is maintained in a sterile condition prior to use. To use device 10, seal 40 is manually removed. Of course, a different kind of seal may be used, such as a snap-on part which may be molded as a tether-attached part of section 20. The snap-on part is not shown, but production of such parts is well known in the art. A more detailed description ofthe internal parts of barrel 70 is provided hereafter. Needle containment section 30 comprises an elongated tube 80. a flap 90. a proximally facing front face plate 100 and a pull-ring 1 10. Pull-ring 1 10 is separable from front face plate 100 at a frangibly detachable segment 1 12. which is described in more detail hereafter.

Steps related to the use of device 10 are seen in Figures 2-4. In Figure 2. pull-ring 1 10 has been detached from front face plate 100. Detachment of segment 1 12 produces a ragged collar 1 14. As pull-ring 1 10 is advanced from face plate 100. a needle cover 120. which is firmly affixed and integrally molded with pull-ring 1 10, appears through a hole created by removal of collar 114. Once pull-ring 110 is fully extended, a yoke 130 snaps into place about the hole produced by removal of collar 114. The structure of yoke 130 and its related parts are disclosed in more detail hereafter. A next step is to remove seal 40 from barrel section 20. Figure 3 illustrates seal

40 in the process of being removed. In a next step, pull-ring and needle cover 120 are removed from device 10. Needle cover 120 is preferably attached to a hub 132 by a rotatably detachable coupler, such as by a threaded or bayonet type connector. In any event, the coupling attachment between hub 132 and cover 120 must be able to support a pull force of at least as great as a retarding force imposed in the opposite direction by a retracting mechanism which is energized by the pull extending cover 120 until engagement of yoke 130. As seen in Figure 3, a hollow medical needle 140 is bared upon removal of cover 120.

As seen in Figure 4, flap 90 comprises a living hinge attachment 142 to elongated tube 80. Flap 90 also comprises a hook latch 144 which is normally engaged in a groove 146 proximally disposed in tube 80. Located in flap 90, when disposed in groove 146, is a deformable area 148 of tube 80. While flap 90 is disposed and latched into groove 146. area 148 is fully protected from any deformation. Thus, during a medical blood draw procedure, flap 90 is latched into groove 146. Once blood acquisition has been completed, flap 90 is rotated by action of a single digit after which needle 140 may be retracted by depressing area 148. Retraction places needle 140 safely inside tube 80. The only access inside tube 80 and needle 140 is a hole 150 in hub 132 which is the essentially the same diameter as the cross sectional diameter of needle 140. Further, as is explained later, needle 140 is securely held well away from hole 150. Retraction mechanisms for needle 140 are described in detail hereafter.

Also seen in Figure 4 is a snap-on cover 151 affixed by a tether 152 to handle 60. Cover 151 is an alternative embodiment to seal 40. Cover 151 has the advantage of not requiring a cover part to be made separately from barrel section 20. However, to provide assurance that cover 151 has not been opened previous to a procedure to which device 10 is uniquely dedicated, an additional seal, such as a shrink wrap about exterior edges of cover 151 and related parts of handles 50 and 60 and tube 80 should be used. The making of parts attached by tether is well known in the art.

Reference is now made to Figure 6 wherein an exploded view of one embodiment of device 10 comprises a needle containment section 30. a needle/hub part 160. a valve disk 170. an elastic tube 180 and barrel section 20. Attention is first drawn to needle/hub part 160. which is shown magnified for more clarity of details in Figures 7-9.

Part 160 comprises medical needle 140, a fore part 190 proximal to the sharp end of needle 140, a central part 192, and an aft part 194. Normally, unseen extensions of needle 140 through part 160 is indicated by double dashed lines 196 and 198 for clarity ofthe extent of needle 140 passage through part 160. Fore part 190 comprises yoke 130. hub 132. annular groove 200, annular stop 202, and elbow shaped extension 204 which comprises an outwardly extending part 206. Central part 192 comprises a frangible bridge 208 and a support 210. Aft part 194 comprises a short shaft 212 and a tube hub 214. Part 160 is preferably molded as a single part with end-to-end continuity between parts 190, 192 and 194. Aft part 160 is firmly and securely affixed to needle 140, while fore part 190 is only slidably affixed and otherwise free to move along needle 140 when bridge 208 is franged. Aft part 160 may be affixed adhesively by methods which are well known in the art.

Hub 132 comprises a releasable connector component which may be in the form of a threaded surface 216 as seen in Figures 7-9. Yoke 130 comprises a sloped annular face 218 and a transverse latching surface ring 220 distal to and juxtaposed to face 218.

Groove 200 is interposed between and contiguous with ring 220 and stop 202. The function and use of yoke 130, groove 200 and stop 202 are described in detail hereafter.

As best seen in Figure 7. an extension 204 protrudes distally from stop 202 via a lateral bar 222 to an elbow 224 where extension 204 makes an orthogonal bend to form upward and outwardly extending part 206. Bridge 208 is a part which is narrow in both transverse dimensions to govern the degree of pressure required to frange bridge 208 from extending part 204. One of the surprising aspects of the instant invention is the force which may be placed upon bridge 208 when pulling against a force retaining memory element used in retracting needle 140 without breaking bridge 208 away from extension 204. Clearly, if even a nominal torque is place upon bridge 208 during a pull. bridge 208 might break. Close tolerances should be maintained between needle 140 and fore part 190 to reduce and keep such torque at a level which does not cause bridge 208 to break while needle 140 is being pulled forward. The method for achieving close tolerances between needle 140 and fore part 190 is disclosed hereafter. Bridge 208 is contiguous with a support 210. Shaft 212 is medially disposed about needle 140 and distally connected to support 210. Tube hub 214. connected to shaft 212, provides a valve leaflet containment basket 226, wherein a one-way valve leaflet may be placed and trapped by a tube mounted on hub 214. Basket 226 is better seen in Figure 10. Basket 226 comprises a slot formed by a distal facing side 228 and a proximal facing side 230, the two sides being connected by a bottom plate 232 and two side members 234 and 236.

Side 228 is a smooth planar face comprising a non-protruding blunt end 238 of needle 140. Also shown in Figure 10 is a valve leaflet disk 240. Disk 240 is made of compliant synthetic resinous material which, under pressure, deforms to seal end 238 of needle 140 against regurgitant flow when pressure downstream from needle 140 is greater than upstream pressure. This seal is very important to contain blood within needle 140 upon retraction of needle 140. To assure a low resistance to flow from needle 140, disk 240 comprises a plurality of raised feet which space the distal side of valve disk 240 away from side 230. That spacing and various cuts, designated 242. 244. 246 and 248 in distal end 250 of aft part 194 provide a low resistance pathway for effluent flow from a patient.

Care should be taken such that the diameter, designated by A arrows, of disk 240 is less than the sum of distances indicated by arrows B and C. but greater than B plus the diameter of needle end 238 to assure that regurgitant flow is always stopped. However. disk 240 should not be inadvertently held in an open condition by a tube stretched over hub 214.

Another embodiment of a one-way valve is seen in Figure 10A. If hub 214 is made of sufficiently resilient and compliant material, a leaflet valve may be integrally molded on the distal end of the hub. In the embodiment of Figure 10 A. a thin planar wafer 252 is integrally connected to a hub 214' (which is otherwise similar to hub 214) by a living hinge to curtail proximal flow through needle 140 at end 238 while being permissive to distal effluent flow.

In the embodiment seen in Figure 6, retractive force is provided by a stretched tube. For this purpose, tube 180 is cut to a predetermined length allowing for displacement about a proximal and a distal hub and for a length of the tube which stretches when device 10 is cocked as needle 140 is pulled outward for use. Tube 180 comprises a proximal end 254 and a distal end 256. Tube 180 may be made from any elastic material which is effectively inert to blood and which can provide a return force sufficient to retract a needle directly from a patient into safe containment. (An elastic force in the range of two to four pounds is recommended although it has been found that a return force in the range of one pound is adequate to remove needle 140 from a patient and retract it into a housing.)

The tube should preferably be capable of being stretched at least a length of four times its resting length. However, the currently preferred material is latex. Note that a needle of one inch in length should require a tube not greater in length than about one- half inch.

Barrel section 20 comprises a plurality of internally disposed parts, generally designated 258. Parts 258 comprise an elongated stabilizing key 260, a distal tube hub 262. an assembly plate 264, a rear delivery needle 266. and a needle cover 268. Stabilizing key 260 is an elongated rod which stretches from assembly plate 264 to beyond stop 202 when device 10 is assembled and tube 180 is relaxed. Hub 262 is formed about needle 266 to provide a piercing entry to a low pressure collection tube (not shown) such as a VACUTAINER^® (Manufactured and distributed by Becton Dickinson of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey.) As is standard practice in an apparatus which is used to provide entry to low pressure collection tubes, a pierceable needle cover 268 is provided to deter leakage as collection tubes are replaced.

Figures 6. 1 1. 12, 13 and 14 demonstrate simplicity of assembly of device 10.

Figure 6 is representative of parts in a preassembled configuration. Step one in assembly comprises insertion of valve disk 170 into valve containment basket 226 as seen in Figure 1 1. Note that step one is not required when a valve leaflet such as a valve formed by wafer 252 is an integral part of tube hub 214'. Attachment of tube 180 to hub 214 (or hub 214' in the case ofthe embodiment seen in Figure 10A) is seen in Figure 12. To assure that tube 180 is securely affixed to hub 214 (or 214'), it is recommended that an adhesive be applied to a proximal portion of hub 214 (or 214') immediately before tube 180 attachment. A suitable adhesive material should be used and care should be taken to assure that no inappropriate blood reactive material is allowed to contact areas where blood may flow. One adhesive which has provided satisfactory adhesion in models ofthe invention which have been reduced to practice is Duro Super Glue, manufactured and distributed by Loctite Coφoration, Cleveland, Ohio 44128, commonly known as Super Glue, although other adhesive materials known in the art may also be used within the scope of the invention. All such adhesives should be qualified to be compatible with use in a medical application.

Completion of a fluid flow path from needle 140 is seen in Figure 13. Tube 180 is connected on distal end 256 to hub 262. At the same time stabilizing key 260 is engaged in a locking slot 270 (See Figure 14A) disposed in annular stop 202. Key 260 is formed to slide laterally into and out of slot 270 and fit snugly therein when tube 180 is relaxed (i.e. during assembly). In this manner, no undue torque or rotational stress is placed upon frangible bridge 208 during assembly. To provide a pathway for key 260 past support 210, a material relieving flat 272 is formed along the plane of travel of key 260 in support 210. As a next step, needle containment section 30 is disposed about the assembled parts. Needle cover 120 comprises a female connecting segment 274 which is complementary to the male connector provided by hub 216. Cover 120 is preferably affixed by rotating section 30 relative to hub 216 although press-on connections which can withstand pull forces exerted by an elongating tube or spring or the like may also be used, As needle cover 120 is connected to hub 216. tube 80 of section 30 engages assembly plate 264. Tube 80 is securely affixed to assembly plate 264 by adhesive or ultrasonic welding processes which are well known in the art of plastics assembly. In this manner, a union is provided to protect needle 140. As such, sections 20 and 30 in combination provide a housing for needle 140 which may be used without additional packaging for transport. Attention is now drawn to front face plate 100 of section 30. Face plate 100 comprises a proximal surface 276 and a substantially distal planar surface 278. Disposed in surface 278 is an annular groove 280. Groove 280 completely encircles the area where cover 120 integrally connects to plate 100 and a ring hub 282 which is integral with the proximal end of cover 120. Hub 282 also integrally connects ring 1 10 to section 130. Groove 280 is of sufficient depth in plate 100 to permit facile frangible separation by a positive tug, twist or pull on ring 110 while retaining sufficient material to provide a sealed container and a sturdy and safe transport container. Products having such seals are available in commerce. Frangibly separating ring 1 10 and cover 120 from section 30, as seen in Figure

2. causes tube 180 to be stretched between separating hubs 214 and 262 as is best seen in Figure 15. Note that needle hub part 160 and. in particular, locking slot 270 are pulled away from key 260 by the same action. For this reason, it is advisable to make groove 280 and cover 120 somewhat asymmetric to minimize rotation during tube extension. One of the material attributes which permits tube 180 to be used to store energy to retract needle 140 and to act as a pathway for fluid communication between needle 140 and needle 266 is that the internal lumen of a tube remains patent when stretched. The diameter ofthe lumen is reduced but not closed as the tube elongates.

When ring 1 10 and cover 120 are separated from section 30 by franging plate 100 at groove 280. an annular hole 284 is created in plate 100. As seen in Figure 14, when needle/hub part 160 is pulled proximally, cover 120 and then yoke 130 are pulled through hole 284. The slanting annular surface 218 of yoke 130 as best seen in Figures 7-9. comprises a proximal diameter which is smaller than the diameter of hole 284 and a distal diameter which is larger than hole 284. However, the distal diameter is such that yoke 130 passes through hole 284 due to the "give" of material from which section 30 is made. Groove 200 has a width which permits plate 100 to be engaged therein after yoke 130 is pulled through hole 284. The proximal face of stop 202 has a diameter which is greater than hole 284 causing part 160 to be firmly affixed to plate 100 when yoke 130 passes through hole 284. as seen in Figure 14. Once the procedure involving needle 140 is completed, and preferably while needle 140 is yet disposed in a patient's blood vessel, needle 140 is automatically retracted. The retraction process involves (1) hingeably relocating protective flap 90 (as seen in Figure 4) and (2) applying pressure upon part 206 through area 148 of tube 80 to frangibly separate fore part 190 from aft part 192 by breaking bridge 208 of needle/hub part 160. Flap 90 is commonly released from attachment to tube 80 at groove 146 by inserting a thumb or finger under a portion of flap 90 and lifting. Bridge 208 is broken by applying pressure, preferably between a thumb and forefinger, in the direction of arrows 284 and 286. Franging forces (i.e. shear forces) are thus applied through area 148 to part 206 and an interior portion of tube 80 to support 210. Note that substantially all other forces applied to bridge 208 are those of tension caused by longitudinal stretching of tube 180. For this reason, bridge 208 comprises a geometric shape which is conducive to breaking when imposed upon by shear forces, but capable of withstanding large amounts of tension.

One ofthe major reasons that substantially all ofthe forces placed upon bridge 208 during extension of a retractive mechanism is a close tolerance held between needle 140 and fore part 190. As mentioned previously, part 190 is made to be free of needle 140 such that it can slide thereon. To maintain the tight tolerance and to provide an inexpensive method for manufacture of part 160, needle/hub part 160 is preferably molded as a unit about needle 140. Part 160 is preferably injection molded. To permit fore part 190 to be molded about needle 140, yet remain slidably free, a thin coat of mold release is applied about needle 140 prior to molding. By applying a coat of mold release 288 in an area wherefore part 190 is molded, fore part 190 remains only slidably attached to needle 140. Of course, at the distal end 290 of needle, aft part 194 is firmly and securely affixed by the molding process causing needle 140 to be retracted when tube 140, attached to aft part 194. is permitted to contract. Note that when needle 140 is retracted through yoke 130 and hub 132, the only access into tube 80 is through hole 150 which has substantially the same diameter as needle 140. Of course. once needle 140 is retracted, it is irretrievably held inside tube 80 by a relaxed tube 180.

Except for needle 140. which is made of medical grade steel, needle/hub part 160 is made from a moldable material having sufficient tensile strength to withstand pull pressures of device 10. yet be facilely separated at bridge 208. As such, part 160 is preferably made of a synthetic resinous material, such as polyurethane, polypropylene or polyethylene. For an experimental device, the synthetic resinous material used was polyurethane sold as Quik Cast distributed by TAP Plastics, Dublin, California 94568. However, many commercially available materials may be used within the scope of the invention.

Barrel section 20 is likewise preferably made from synthetic resinous material. Barrel section 20 is also preferably molded about rear delivery needle 266. The same material which is used in commercially available barrels used with vacuum based blood drawing tubes (e.g. VACUTAINERS®) may be used. Needle cover 268 may be one of the same as VACUTAINER® barrel needle covers now commonly used.

Needle containment section 30 is preferably made by a single molded process. Mold material should be selected such that it provides sufficient material strength to engage and hold the hub 132 connection through the pull process, sufficiently flexible when made as a thin membrane to permit distortion sufficient to break bridge 208, and frangibility for facile opening as at groove 280. The material is preferably a synthetic resinous material and may be polyethylene, although other materials meeting flexibility, medical compatibility and strength requirements may be used.

Reference is now made to Figures 16-20 which relate to another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment seen in Figures 6-14 in general form and function, but does not depend upon a frangible part to release and retract the needle. As seen in Figure 16, a needle/hub assembly 300 comprises two parts, designated fore-part 302 and aft-part 304, which are formed about a needle 140. Parts 302 and 304 may be molded about needle 140 simultaneously. Part 302 is preferably molded about a segment of needle 140 to which a mold release has been applied, as earlier described. (See Figure 5.)

Fore-part 302 comprises a central body 306 and a pair of outwardly extending wings or arms, individually designated 308 and 310. Each arm 308.310 is connected to central body 306 by a biased hinge 312 and 314. respectively. The biasing of hinges 312 and 314 is preferably formed as a part of the molding process. Such hinges are well known in the art (as an example, note the hinges on telephone connectors). Each arm 308.310 is biased to extend outwardly from central body 306 a predetermined distance. Disposed at the outer end 318,320 of each arm 308,310, respectively, is an inwardly projecting latching extremity 322,324.

Central body 306 comprises a cover connecting hub 132', which is similar in form and function to hub 132. A portion 316 is disposed distal to hub 132', where hinges 312 and 314 are attached.

Aft-part 304 comprises a central boclv part 326, a pair of outwardly extending and biased wings or arms 328 and 330 and a tube hub 332. Wing 330 comprises an inwardly projecting strut 334, which ends at a clamping face 336. In opposing fashion, wing 328 comprises an inwardly projecting jaw 338. Function and use ofthe various parts of fore- part 302 and aft-part 304 are disclosed in detail hereafter.

As mentioned earlier, fore-part 302 is preferably molded about needle 140, but not attached thereto, except by the natural engagement provided by materially surrounding the circumference of a portion ofthe needle. This permits fore-part 302 to be rotated 90° and moved into linkable proximity with aft-part 304 as seen in Figure 17. The parts content in this second embodiment of blood draw device 10 is best seen in Figure 21. This second embodiment comprises a barrel section 20', tube 180, needle hub assembly 300 and needle containment section 30.

Barrel section 20' is substantially the same as barrel section 20 except for the substitution of a guide-catch cylinder 340 integrally and medially disposed on a fore portion of barrel section 20' rather than a stabilizing key similarly disposed upon barrel section 20.

Guide-catch cylinder 340 is best seen in Figure 20. As seen therein, barrel 20' comprises barrel 70. a substantially closed fore face 342 of barrel 70, distal needle hub 262 providing access to needle 266. and guide-catch cylinder 340. Guide-catch cylinder 340 is medially disposed upon face 342 and extends in elongated fashion in line with needle 140 (not seen in Figure 20). Hub 262 is medially disposed inside cylinder 340 along the same line.

Cylinder 340 comprises a plurality of slots which provide relief for outwardh biased members of parts 302 and 304. travel guide for assembly 300 and catch stops which selectively maintain parts of assembly 300 in a proximal position while the needle is in use. A first slot 346, disposed to act as a guide, extends the length of cylinder 340. In this embodiment, device 10 is assembled to dispose a portion of wing 330 in slot 346. Disposed at its distal end, cylinder 340 comprises a second slot 348 offset at 90° from slot 346 and having a length which is adequate for relief from compression of wing 308. when assembly 300 is distally disposed before use. Likewise, cylinder 340 comprises a third slot 350 similar to slot 348 and juxtaposed 180°, therefrom, to provide relief from compression of wing 310. A fourth slot 352 of cylinder 340 is distally disposed 180° from slot 346 and provides before-use relief from compression for wing 328. If an outwardly biasing material is used in the manufacture of assembly 300 which does not take a set after time between assembly and use, it is not necessary to provide slots 348, 350 and 352.

Cylinder 340 provides openings for four slots at its proximal end 353. i.e., slots 346, 354, 356 and 358. As mentioned earlier, slot 346 provides a guide for assembly 300 by containment of wing 300. Longitudinally slots 354 and 356 are respectively aligned with slots 348 and 350. Slot 354 comprises a catching edge 360 for end 318 of wing 308, while slot 356 comprises a catching edge 362 for end 320 of wing 310. Slot 358 is aligned with slot 352 and provides a catching edge 364 for wing 328, as is described in detail hereafter. Each slot has a depth such that in combination latch portions of wings 308. 310 and 328 occur substantially simultaneously. The latching operation ofthe elements of assembly 300 is best seen in Figures 18 and 19. Each of Figures 18 and 19 are divided by dashed lines into three sections (A. B and C) to demonstrate operation of fore-part 302 and aft-part 304 of assembly 300 at different positions along the length of cylinder 340. Note that wings 328 and 330 are vertically disposed in Figure 18. Wings 308 and 310 are vertically oriented in Figure 19. as parts of assembly 300 in Figure 19 are rotated by 90° relative to parts in Figure 18.

It is particularly important to note that wing 328. as seen in Figure 18A and 18C. extends superiorly from central body part 326 along a line 366 to pivot arcuately upward at arc 368 to join a superior line 370. Further, line 370 ends at a latch point 372. From latch point 372. the shape of wing 328 is further defined by an inwardly progressing line 374 and an acutely connected line 376 which, in combination, demarcate jaw 338. As seen in Figure 18A. wherein assembly 300 is residing distally within cylinder 340 and tube 80. wing 330 is free to move in the longitudinal direction of needle 140 guided by slot 346. In the same assembly 300 position, wing 328 is disposed in an uncompressed or relaxed state within slot 352. When assembly 300 is pulled proximally to a cocked and useful state as seen in Figure 18C, assembly 300 passes through an intermediate state seen in Figure 18B. As assembly 300 is moved proximally from the state seen in Figure 18A, the form of wing 328 formed along arcuate line 368 permits wing 328 to be collapsed, such that line 370 of wing 328 coincides with the cylindrical inner surface of cylinder 340. In this manner, the aft-part 304 of assembly 300 is facilely allowed to move through cylinder 340.

Note that compression of wing 328 as seen in Figure 18B causes jaw 338 to compressively pinch tube 140 thereby stopping any flow of liquid therethrough while wing 328 is between slots 352 and 358. Moving assembly 300 proximally to the position seen in Figure 18C permits wing 328 to be once more relieved as it is biased to enter slot 358. Once there, a latch formed at latch point 372 and along line 374 is caught by edge 364, firmly retaining assembly 300 with tube 140 in a stretched condition.

Referring now to Figure 19, device 10 has been rotated 90° clockwise relative to a view of the needle 140 end of the device. In Figure 19, wings 308 and 310 are vertically oriented. Each arm 308. 310 resides in a non-compressed state in slots 348 and 350, respectively. Arm 308 comprises an arcuate surface 378, similar to the wing 328 arcuate surface along line 368, which provides a facile release from slot 348. Arm 310 comprises a similar surface 380 for facile release from slot 350.

As assembly 300 is pulled proximally from the state seen in Figure 19A to the state seen in Figure 19B, arms 308 and 310 are compressed inwardly. Each arm 308 and 310 comprises a latching foot, respectively designated 382 and 384, which engages and grips a distal annular surface 386 of central body 326. In this manner, fore-part 302 is releasibly adjoined to aft-part 304 while assembly 300 is pulled forward to a cocked position. In its most proximal position, arms 308 and 310 are outwardly biased into slots 354 and 356. respectively. In this position, feet 382 and 384 catch against edges 360 and 362 to form a permanent latch thereat. Note that outward biasing of arms 308 and 310 release the grasp of feet 382 and 384 against surface 386. thereby releasing the grip of aft-part 304 by fore-part 302.

When the grip of aft-part 304 is so released, needle 140 is relieved of proximal containment in tube 80 when aft-part 304 is triggered to a released state to be distally displaced by contraction of tube 180. Referring once more to Figure 18C, aft-part 304 is released from a cocked state by depressing area 148 in the direction of arrow 388. Such depression forces wing 328 inward until the part of wing 328 along line 374 and latch point 372 clears edge 364. Contraction of elastic tube 180 retracts aft-part 304 and needle 140. to which the aft-part is securely affixed, into the distal section of tube 80 seen in Figure 18A. Fore-part 302 remains proximal in tube 80 to effectively plug the hole formed by removal of hub 282 and collar 114. Note that fore-part 302 comprises a threaded hub 132', similar to hub 132.

Reference is now made to Figure 21 where an exploded view of parts which are comprised in the alternate embodiment seen in Figures 16-20. The alternate embodiment parts comprise barrel section 20', tube 180, needle hub assembly 300 and needle containment section 30.

Assembly ofthe parts seen in Figure 21 into a complete needle retracting device 10', which is functionally equivalent to device 10. involves the following steps: 1. Affixing tube 180 to hub 332; 2. Biasing wings 308, 310 and 328 inwardly and sliding assembly into cylinder 340 for engagement with slots 348, 350 and 352, respectively;

3. Affixing tube 180 to hub 262. Note that access to hub 262 is provided through slot 346;

4. Laterally displacing section 30 such that the threaded connecting segment 274 of needle cover 120 engages hub 132';

5. Rotating section 30 to affix hub 132' to needle cover 120 (assembly 300 is restrained from rotating because wing 330 is disposed in slot 346 both during assembly and cocking procedures;

6. Affixing section 30 to section 20', preferably by application of adhesives or by ultrasonic welding to form a hermetically sealed package about needle 140. Reference is now made to Figures 22 and 23 where a catheter insertion apparatus 400, another embodiment of the invention, is seen. A closed, transport compatible package of apparatus 400 is seen in Figure 22. Exteriorly, apparatus 400 is seen to comprise a pull ring 1 10' affixed to and integral with a front face plate 100', which is similar to face plate 100. Face plate 100' is integral with a tube 80' which is also similar in form and function to tube 80. Face plate 100' also comprises an annular frangible segment 1 12' which permits ring 110' and a collar portion 1 14' of plate 100' to be frangibly separated from plate 100' when pulling a needle assembly proximally from tube 80' for use. Tube 80' comprises a flap 90' similar in form and function to flap 90, which is releasibly affixed to a groove 146' and on an opposite end attached by a living hinge 142' to tube 80'. Tube 80' is elongated to fully contain a needle 140' used in catheter insertion and a needle draw mechanism 402. as seen in Figure 23.

At its distal end, tube 80' comprises an annular raised section 404, which acts as a handle during the needle pulling procedure. Further, apparatus 400 comprises a distal plate 406 which is securely affixed at the distal end 408 of tube 80' to enclose and hermetically seal needle 140' and withdrawal mechanism 402 inside tube 80'.

Withdrawal mechanism 402 comprises a needle/hub part 160', which is similar to part 160 in form and function. Basic ways in which part 160' departs from the form of part 160 is found at the proximal and distal segments of part 160'. Proximally, part 160' comprises a secondary connection 412 for a transcutaneous catheter 410.

Such catheters and catheter connections are well known in the transcutaneous catheter art. Also needles used with transcutaneous catheters are readily available. A common source is Becton Dickinson Coφoration of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey 07417- 1883. A current source for such catheters is Abbot Hospitals. Inc., North Chicago, 111. 60064. The material from which tube 80' and plate 406 is made is similar to materials prescribed for tube 80.

Distally part 160' comprises a connection 414 whereby a return energy storing component 416 is affixed to a hub 418 portion of part 160'. As seen in Figure 23. part 160' comprises catheter needle 140'. a fore part 190' proximal to the shaφ end of needle

140', a central part 192', and an aft part 194'. With the exceptions of proximal and distal connections of mechanism 402. parts 190', 192' and 194' are substantially the same in form and function to parts 190. 192 and 194. A bridge part 208' and upwardly extending part 206', each being respectively similar in form and function to bridge 208 and part 206, are similarly inwardly disposed for compressible access via a depressible area 148' of tube 80'.

Markedly different, although within the scope of the invention is return energy storing component 416. Component 416 comprises a plurality of piston head parts 420. 422 and 424, which communicate with an inner wall 426 of tube 80' to effectively pull and retain a vacuum as the mechanism is moved proximally. The vacuum contained in tube 80' provides the force which retracts needle 140' when bridge 208' is frangibly broken. To provide an adequate retraction force, parts 420. 422 and 424 must create a differential force of at least four pounds to overcome forces of stiction in both the needle and other retracting mechanisms. For apparatus 400 to have substantially universal use. a minimum atmospheric pressure of ten pounds per square inch is assumed. For a minimum pressure of four pounds realized from an atmospheric pressure of ten pounds per square inch, each part 420. 422 and 424 must have a minimum area of four tenths of a square inch. As parts 420. 422 and 424 are essentially circular planes, their diameter must be a minimum of .36 inches (.9 centimeters).

Parts 420, 422 and 424 are securely affixed to a medially disposed piston hub 428. which is in tum likewise affixed to mechanism 416 via aft part 194'. As indicated by dashed lines 430, needle 140' communicates with hub 428 via part 194. Hub 428 is a hollow vessel which is completely sealed, except for a gas communicating plug 432 disposed proximal from part 424.

Plug 432 is made from a hydrophobic material which is permissive to passage of gas (air), but retards flow of water based liquids (such as blood). The preferred material is Goretex. a material available from W. L. Gore Company, Arizona. USA. Plug 432 is securely affixed to hub 428 to provide a pathway for gas to relieve pressure as blood is communicated into hub 428 through needle 140'.

Hub 428 is made from either translucent or transparent materials through which blood may be seen. Thus, by providing the pathway from needle 140' into hub 428 and permitting air to escape from hub 428 as influent blood arrives, hub 428 provides a visually determinable blood "flash", which is commonly used to ascertain entry of needle 140' into a blood vessel.

To use apparatus 400. ring 1 10' and collar 1 14' are frangibly separated from plate 100'. Needle cover 120', needle 140', and catheter 410 are pulled from tube 80', until mechanism 402 is firmly attached to plate 100'. By this action a vacuum is created in the portion of tube 80' which is distal to part 420. Cover 120' is removed and needle 140' and catheter 410 are transcutaneously inseπed into a patient following good medical practices. When needle 140' enters a blood vessel, blood is communicated to hub 428 through which a blood "flash" communicates to the attending technician that the vessel has been entered. At this point, flap 90' is lifted to provide access to area 148'. A portion of area 148' is depressed to frangibly break bridge 208', which releases the aft portion 194' of mechanism 402 to be retracted by force stored via parts 420. 422 and 424 in cooperation with tube 80'. Needle 140' is thereby withdrawn. Note that the only pathway through blood may be communicated upon withdrawal of needle 140' is into tube 80'. This limitation upon needle withdrawal is a definite advantage over non-self-retracting needle systems currently in use. Under appropriately controlled conditions, catheter 410 is removed for attachment of other medical devices.

Reference is now made to Figures 24 and 25 wherein a standard commercially available 3 cc syringe 500 is seen in Figure 24 and a self-retracting medical needle assembly 510 is seen in Figure 25. Syringe 500 composes a male luer fitting 512 and a female luer lock connector 514 disposed at an end of an elongated syringe barrel 516. Male fitting 512 comprises a fluid flow lumen 518. through which fluid is communicated between barrel 516 and a medical needle.

Assembly 510 comprises a housing 520. a female luer lock connector 522 and a needle cover 524 extending outward from housing 520 at an end of housing 520. which is distal from luer lock connector 522. Cover 524 comprises a thinned section 526 and an enlarged end 528 which, in combination, provide a section which may be easily grasped between a thumb and forefinger to pull cover 524 from housing 520.

Steps involved in using assembly 510 are best seen in Figures 26A-D. An "off- the-shelf embodiment of assembly 510, with an aft portion covered by a cap 530 is seen in Figure 26A. Cap 530 preferably comprises a male luer lock thread similar to female luer lock connector 514 for secure attachment to luer lock connector 522 of housing 520.

In place for transport, cap 530 also is frangibly connected to housing 510, preferably by a connection process known in the plastics molding art as heat staking. Similarly, cover

524 is preferably frangibly connected to housing 520 by heat staking. After assembly 510 is connected to a syringe, seen in part by a section of female luer lock connector 514 in Figure 26B, cover 524 and a medical needle 540 (seen in

Figure 26C) are pulled from housing 510. Cover 524 is preferably frangibly separated from housing 510 to permit cover 524 and needle 540 to be so extended.

As seen in Figure 26C, cover 524 is removed (preferably by a quarter-turn twist) to expose medical needle 540. Also exposed is a first hub 550 which rides upon needle

540, but which is slidably free from needle 540 when needle 540 is retracted.

After a medical procedure, medical needle 540 is retracted, by releasing a latch from a catch (disclosed in detail hereafter), back into housing 510. Note that lumen 552. through which needle 540 retractively travels, is the only opening which remains at the fore-end of housing 510 upon needle retraction. Following retraction, medical needle

540 is completely and safely contained inside housing 510, thereby permitting simple procedures for safe disposal.

Reference is now made to Figure 27 in which one embodiment of syringe needle assembly 510 is seen in cross section, greatly magnified. A syringe 500 is affixed to assembly 510 by a female luer lock connector 514. As described earlier, female connector 522 is threaded into luer lock connector 514 to firmly, but releasibly, affix assembly 510 to syringe 500.

In addition to cover 524 and housing 520, assembly 510 comprises a medical needle hub assembly 560, an elastic tube member 570 and an inner housing member 580. As disclosed heretofore, cover 524 comprises a thinned section 526 which provides for facilely gripping cover 524 to pull it and needle 540 from housing 520. Cover 524 also comprises an elongated hollow barrel section 582 in which needle 540 is protectively enclosed prior to use. At an end 584 which is distally disposed from thinned section 526. cover 524 comprises a coupler 584 which releasibly attaches to hub 550. Such attachment is preferably threaded. Housing 520 comprises an elongated cylindrically shaped barrel 586 and orifice 588 disposed at a needle exit and reentry end 590 of barrel 586. At an end 592, which is distal from end 590, barrel 586 comprises a blunt transverse termination. Disposed near the exit and reentry end 590 is a deformable area 148' (similar in form and function to area 148. described heretofore). To accomplish the function of area 148', housing 520. cover 524 and inner housing member 580 are made from a pliable synthetic material, an example of which is polypropylene. Though not seen in Figures 25-28, one should understand that a flap similar to flap 90 may be added to housing 520 to protect area 148' from being inadvertently prematurely depressed. Medical needle hub assembly 560 comprises medical needle 540, a fore hub part

302' and an aft hub part 304^*. Hub parts 302' and 304' are similar in form and function to parts 302 and 304, respectively, and are therefore denoted by primes of the earlier named hub parts. Parts 302' and 304' comprise essentially all ofthe features of parts 302 and 304. The major difference between each part 302 and 304 and 302' and 04' respectively, is size. Parts 302' and 304' are much smaller than respective parts 302 and 304 to permit the size of assembly 510 to be compacted to a diameter which is consistent with the radial diameter of connector 514. Assembly 560 also comprises an elastic tube hub 594 disposed at an end of needle 540 distal from its shaφened end. Similar to parts 302 and 304, parts 302' and 304' are preferably made from resilient, synthetic resinous material.

Rather than using separate parts, such as parts 302' and 304', medical needle hub assembly 560 may comprise a single hub similar to needle/hub part 160 or 160'. In such a case, the hub similar to needle/hub part 160 or 160' is frangibly separated to retract needle 540 into housing 520. Inner housing member 580 is similar in form and function to cylinder 340 relative to providing forward catches for parts 302' and 304'. Inner housing member 580 comprises catches for wings of parts 302' and 304' and a back plate 596. As may be seen in Figure 29, back plate 596 comprises an annular groove or recess 598 which forms a catch for a circular lip 604 of elastic tube 570. A catch edge 360', similar to edge 360 which forms a catch of cylinder 340, forms a catch for a wing of part 302'. A similar catch is on the other side of inner housing 580, but is not seen in Figure 29. Reference is now made to Figures 27-30A-C, wherein elastic tube member 570 is seen. Elastic tube member 570 may be made from medical grade latex, silicone rubber or any other elastic tubular material which is reasonably inert and non-injurious to blood.

In such materials, elastic tube member 570 may be fabricated by molding, extruding or dipping methods which are well known in the art of elastic part manufacturing.

As seen in Figure 27, tube member 570 comprises an internal surface 600 which conformably but relatively loosely fits over male luer fitting 512. It is preferable for fitting 512 to somewhat loosely fit surface 600 to permit space for fluid to be withdrawn inward through needle 540 when needle retraction takes place. However, it should be specially noted that surface 600 should be constricted to tightly seal about fitting 512 when needle 540 is extended outwardly from housing 520, as seen in Figure 28. This constriction assures a tight seal between tube 570 and fitting 512 when assembly 510 is in use. Pulling of medical needle hub assembly 560 outward from housing 520, which results in the stretching of tube 570 about fitting 512 to form the seal, is best seen in Figure 28.

On an end proximal to needle 540, tube 570 comprises an inner surface 602 which is sized to snugly fit over tube hub 594. From a simplicity of manufacturing point of view, it is preferred to provide a fit which causes tube 570 to adhere to hub 594 without adhesive. However, it is within the scope ofthe invention to adhesively secure tube 570 to hub 594 to assure total connection reliability. On the end of tube 570 proximal to surface 600. tube 570 comprises annular lip 604, best seen in Figures 30A-C.

As seen in Figures 30A-C, tube 570 comprises a generally frustoconical shape which is somewhat elongated into the region of inner surface 602. While a frustoconical shape is preferred, a long tubular shape of substantially constant radius may be used. However, if tube 570 is made by dipping or molding, added features which may be incorporated thereby include an O-ring shape 606. seen in Figure 30A. disposed as an internally directed raised feature which acts to closely engage a fitting 512 and thereby to wipe fitting 512 clean when it is disengaged from tube 570. Also, a series of ribs 608, seen in Figure 30C disposed along inner surface 600 causes a space to be eliminated when tube 570 is stretched and to be recreated when tube 570 is allowed to compress to a resting state while retracting needle 540. The added space creates a negative pressure which draws fluid inward from needle 540 as it is retracted to minimize fluid regurgitation upon needle retraction.

Lip 604 comprises an annular hook which holds tube 570 in place in groove 598 when fitting 512 is inserted into assembly 510. Preferably, lip 604 is adhesively secured to backplate 596 to permit fitting 512 to be disconnected and withdrawn without disassembling tube 570 from backplate 596.

As seen in Figure 29, assembly 510 is directly adaptable to automatic construction. Housing 520, cover 524, parts 302' and 304', inner housing 580 and cap 530 are all preferably injection molded parts. Tube 570 is preferably mass produced by extrusion, dipping or molding. Needle 540 is preferably made from medical needle grade steel and shaφened to a needle point by methods currently well known in the medical needle art.

Assembly 510 is designed to be automatically assembled. First parts 302' and 304' are slidably affixed to needle 540 by inserting needle 540 through axial holes in each of parts 302' and 304'. Part 304' is best securely affixed to needle 540 by an adhesive (preferably epoxy). Cover 534 is releasibly affixed to hub 550. Tube 570 is disposed through backplate 596 and lip 604 is preferably adhesively affixed to groove 598. Inner surface 602 is disposed about hub 594 and, if necessary to assure secure affixation, bonded thereto. Housing 520 is disposed about inner housing 580 and cover 524, such that thinned section 526 is disposed outside exit and reentry end 590. One wing of part 304' is aligned with distortable area 148'. Housing 520 and blunt end 592 is juxtaposed against backplate 596 and securely affixed thereat, preferably by ultrasonic bonding. Cap 530 is releasibly affixed to backplate 596 by a threaded connection. To provide proof of tampering, cap 530 is preferably heat staked to housing 520 and housing 520 is heat staked to cover 524.

Another embodiment ofthe invention is seen in Figure 31. The embodiment of Figure 31 comprises a device 610 which is similar in form and function to device 10 seen in Figures 1-4. As seen in Figure 31, device 610 comprises a barrel section 620 and a needle containment section 630. In a completely assembled device, section 620 is securely affixed to section 630 along circular line 632 to provide protection for contents ofthe device from environmental damage and contamination. As seen in Figures 32 and 33. barrel section 620 and needle containment section 630 may be preferably molded as a single part to reduce the number of molded parts.

Barrel section 620 comprises a planar seal 40 and a pair of left and right ear or handle parts, designated 50 and 60, respectively, and a hollow barrel 70. Planar seal 40 is preferably adhesively attached to barrel section 620 within a plane area defined by continuous line 72 such that the hollow of barrel 70 is maintained in a sterile condition prior to use. To use device 610, seal 40 is manually removed. Of course, a different kind of seal may be used, such as a snap-on part which may be molded as a tether-attached part of section 620. The snap-on part is not shown in Figure 31 , but production of such parts is well known in the art. A more detailed description ofthe internal parts of barrel 70 is provided hereafter.

Needle containment section 630 comprises an elongated tube 680, a flap 690. a proximally facing front face plate 700 and a needle cover 720 partly externally disposed prior to use. Importantly, it should be noted that needle cover 720 is separable from front face plate 700 by means of a frangibly detachable cylindrical segment 712 of needle containment section 630, which is described in more detail hereafter.

Steps related to the use of device 610 are similar to those disclosed for device 10 in Figures 2-4. However, needle cover 720 is preferably attached to cylindrical segment 712 by heat staking. Therefore, needle cover 720 is detached by breaking the heat stake and pulling needle cover 720 and its associated medical needle, generally numbered 140. outward from needle containment section 630. Once needle cover 720 and medical needle 140 are fully extended, a latch is caught upon a latch retaining needle cover 720 and medical needle 140 in position just prior to use. Structure of the catch, latch and workings of other parts disposed within needle containment section 630 are disclosed in more detail later.

As in device 10, seal 40 is removed from barrel section 620. In a next step, needle cover 720 is removed from device 610. Needle cover 720 is preferably attached to a hub 732 by a rotatably detachable coupler, such as by a threaded or bayonet type connector. In any event, the coupling attachment between hub 732 and cover 720 must be able to support a pull force at least as great as a retarding force imposed in the opposite direction by a retracting mechanism which is energized by the pull extending cover 720 until engagement ofthe aforementioned catch and latch. As seen in Figure 33. hollow medical needle 140 is bared upon removal of cover 720.

Similar to flap 90, flap 690 comprises a living hinge attachment 742 to needle containment section 630. Different from flap 90, flap 690 does not comprise a hook latch normally engaged in a groove, but is preferably molded to lie in a biased position upon tube 80. However, flap 690, like flap 90, is facilely lifted from its biased position to permit access to a distortable section disposed under and protected by flap 690. Thus, during a medical blood draw procedure, flap 690 is protectively disposed. Once blood acquisition has been completed, flap 690 is lifted by action of a single digit after which needle 140 may be retracted by depressing an area 748 which is made and positioned to act in the same fashion as area 148. Retraction places needle 140 safely inside tube 80. The only access inside tube 80 and needle 140 is a hole 750 through which needle cover 720 was drawn to expose needle 140. Retraction mechanisms for device 610 are generally the same as those disclosed for device 10. However, there are differences in internal mechanisms ofthe two devices which are described in detail hereafter.

Attention is now drawn to Figure 32 wherein device 610 is seen to comprise a reduced number of parts compared to the number of parts shown for the device seen in Figures 16-21. Device 610 comprises a cylindrical part 752 which is molded as a single part and comprises the cylindrical portions of needle containment section 630 and barrel section 620. Further, device 610 comprises a rear assembly plate 754. which is similar in form and function to assembly plate 264, except that there is no part which is equivalent to key 260 on plate 754. Device 610 also comprises a single hub 756, elastic tube 180 and a front plate 758.

Similar to assembly plate 264. assembly plate 754 comprises a snubber 268 and rear needle 266 for piercing a vacuum blood collection tube. Proximal to elastic tube 180. assembly plate 754 comprises a hub connection 760 for connecting plate 754 to tube 180. Circumferentially, plate 754 comprises an outside edge 762. which is sized to compressibly fit inside the inner wall 764 of barrel part 620. Preferably, inner wall 764 also comprises a plurality of raised beads or a raised inner ring 766 into which outside edge 762 is "snapped" for firm retention. However, outside edge 762 may be held in place by adhesive bonding or ultrasonic welding, all of which are well known in the art of joining one plastic part to another.

Hub 756 is used to interconnect a medical needle 140 to tube 180 and to provide a tube distorting part 768 and a wing latch 770, which is disposed to attach to a catch 772 when needle 140 is extended for use. Further, hub 756 comprises a threaded portion 773 which is proximal to the shaφ end ofthe needle and used to firmly but releasibly connect to needle cover 720. Disposed distal from hub 732 is a cylindrical shoulder 774, which fills a cylindrical orifice 776 in front plate 758 through which needle cap 720 and needle 140 are pulled for use of needle 140. Shoulder 774 should be sized to fit snugly into orifice 776 to provide axial support for needle 140.

In this manner, the orifice through which needle 140 is retracted to safe containment within tube 80 is orifice 776. For this reason, orifice 776 should be made sufficiently small so that no access is provided to human limbs or other parts. Note that device 610 contains only five parts which are preferably made by injection molding. They are needle cap 720, cylindrical part 752, plate 754, hub 756 and front plate 758. The single hub 756 provides the opportunity for this limited number of parts. It may at first appear that fewer parts may be used in construction of device 610 by combining one or more of the five parts. However, based upon current molding and assembly considerations related to cost ofthe device, this parts breakdown is currently considered best for this embodiment.

Attention is now turned to hub 756. Similar to parts 302 and 302'. hub 756 comprises wing latch 770, which is designed to catch at catch 772. As previously described for earlier embodiments, cylindrical part 752 comprises a distortable section

778. distortion of which releases latch 770 from catch 772 to permit elastic contraction of tube 180 to retract needle 140 into needle containment section 630.

Hub 756 also comprises tube distorting part 768 which is key to providing control of regurgitant fluid without requiring a check valve. Note that when hub 756 is pulled forward in needle containment section 630, a sloped ramp part 780, preferably molded as part of front plate 758, causes a raised segment 782 of tube distorting part 768 to engage and distort a section of tube 180. Reference is made to Figure 33B wherein a non-distorted tube is seen to have a substantially circular cross-section. However, in a region or section of tube 180 which is so distorted by part 768 (segment 782). as seen in Figure 33C, the circular cross section is flattened on one side to reduce the internal cross- sectional area of tube 180. This flattening produces a reduced volume of tube 180 in the section so affected. To understand the need for such a reduction when needle 140 is extended and device 610 is cocked for needle retraction, one must understand the general dynamics of changes in internal tube volume as a tube is stretched between two hubs to which the tube is attached. Generally, if fluid is captured as a contiguous fluid bolus between, but not in contact with, connecting hubs, and a mark is placed at each end of the bolus, as the tube is stretched, the ends ofthe fluid bolus remain substantially at the marks. However, if fluid inside the tube is increased to reside within connecting hubs as well, the volume for containment of fluid inside the tube between the hubs increases primarily due to connecting end effects at the hubs.

Such an increase in volume inside tube 180 in a stretched condition relative to the volume inside tube 180 in a relaxed condition causes an excess of contained fluid which is regurgitated or pumped from tube 180. usually through needle 140, when needle 140 is retracted as tube 180 is permitted to contract. It has been found through experimental study that the hub size is an important factor in controlling the amount of volume increase. However, complete control cannot be achieved by the hub design alone. Therefore, a distortion of tube 180, when in a stretched condition, provides a significant method for reducing the internal volume of stretched tube 180 to be less than the relaxed volume of tube 180.

Fluid dynamics associated with braking a rapidly retracting needle (and tube) also may contribute to fluid regurgitation. For this reason, it is recommended that final retracting velocity be maintained within as low a velocity as possible. It is for this puφose that a posteriorly disposed ramp 784 provides a frictional contact between tube 180 and part 768 at the end of needle retraction travel. In this embodiment, it is preferred that ramp 784 be molded as a part of plate 754. While this method of fluid control is seen to be applied to the embodiment seen in Figures 31-33C, one who is skilled in the art of retracting systems and fluid control would understand that this method or other methods disclosed hereafter may be applied to other needle retracting embodiments disclosed herein.

Use of device 610 is similar in functional steps to devices heretofore described. Needle 140 and needle cap 720 are extended from the rest of device 610 as seen in Figure 33, with needle cap removed as portrayed in Figure 33A. The needle is used in a medical procedure after which protecting flap (shroud) 690 is raised, preferably by a finger or thumb, to provide access to distortable section 778. Section 778 is distorted to cause latch 770 to become disengaged from catch 772. The freed hub 756, needle 140, and contracting tube 180 are then fully retracted into needle containment section 630 for safe retraction and storage of needle 140.

Of course, for device 610 to compete with current needle devices, assembly should be simple to automate. The simple, linear assembly procedure for device 610 is shown schematically in Figure 34. Needle 140 is securely affixed to hub 756 (preferably by epoxy), and cover 720 is securely, but releasibly affixed to hub 756 to protect needle 140. Tube 180 is affixed to tube attachment connecting hubs 760 and 786. Methods for securely attaching tube 180 are well known in the current state-of-the-art of connecting elastic tubes to plastic hubs and range from use of connection by physical hub design alone to the use of adhesives and solvents. Once a tube 180 material and a hub 756 and back plate has been selected, the type of appropriate connecting method can be determined by current standard materials and procedures.

So attached, needle 140 and other joined parts are introduced into barrel part 620 until the needle cover 720 is exposed at proximal end 788. To complete assembly of device 610, orifice 776 of front plate 758 is fitted over needle cover 720 and firmly affixed to part 620, preferably by heat staking, although other connecting techniques such as mechanical interconnects and adhesive bonding may be used. Also, it is preferred to either mechanically affix back plate 754 in place (such as by an internally disposed containment ring 790 as seen in barrel part 620) or by heat staking or ultrasonic welding.

Another embodiment of the invention which employs a permanent catch and a separate latch release mechanism is seen in Figures 35-37. This construction is best applied to needle retraction devices more closely related to catheter and syringe embodiments due to assembly constraints of embodiments having large posterior parts. such as the barrel part of a blood draw device.

The embodiment of Figures 35-37 is a device 800 which comprises a rearwardly extendable cover section 802 and a forwardly extendable needle cover 804. As seen in Figure 36. cover section 802 is extended rearwardly relative to needle 140' (as an example, a catheter needle and catheter configuration) to permit needle 140' to be exposed for use.

As seen in Figure 36, in addition to cover section 802 and needle cover 804, device 800 comprises a preformed insertion handle section 806 and a catheter 410. Section 806 comprises a thinned section 808, which provides facile gripping for catheter insertion, and a distortable section 810 by which a latch and catch release is made to retract needle 140'.

In the cross section shown in Figure 37, section 806 is seen to comprise an annular catch 812 to permanently anchor a corresponding annular latch 814 of cover section 802. In this embodiment, a hub latch 816 is secured against catch 818 when manufactured. Tube 180 is stretched to provide retractive force by rearward extension of section 802. To retract needle 140' to safe containment inside the combined internal volumes of sections 802 and 806, distortable section 810 is compressed to release latch

816 from catch 818. Reference is now made to Figures 38-42, wherein another apparatus and method for constraining internal volume of a stretched tube 180 relative to a relaxed tube 180 is seen. In this embodiment a device 820 is seen in cross section. In most ways device 820 is similar in form and function to device 610. Major differences comprise elimination of ramps 780 and 784 in device 820. In the place of ramp 780, a tapered cylindrical section 822 is used in place of section 630 to perform the ramping function of ramp 780.

The other major difference is the form and function of a forward hub 824. Note that hub

824 is the only hub surrounding needle 140.

Hub 824 comprises a segment 826 to which a needle cover 720', like needle cover

720. is attached for the puφose of protecting needle 140 and pulling needle 140 and hub 824 to extend needle 140 for use in a medical procedure. Similar to section 630, device

820 comprises a catch 828 and an associated latch 830 which engage to retain hub 824 and needle 140 in an extended state. Release of latch 830 from catch 828 is preferably caused by distortion of a distortable portion 832 of tapered cylindrical section 822.

Distal to segment 826, hub 824 comprises a pair of wing parts 834 and 836 which form a clamp about tube 180 when hub 824 is moved forward to extend needle 140 for use. As seen in Figures 41 and 42, each wing part 834 and 836 comprise a U-shaped clamping surface 838 and 840, respectively. When tube 140 is in a relaxed position, the clamping surfaces 838 and 840 do not distort the otherwise circular cross-section of inteφosed tube 180. However, when tube 180 is stretched by extension of needle 140. the taper of cylindrical section 822 causes wing parts 834 and 836 to clamp about tube 180. The distortion reduces the cross-section and therefore the internal volume of stretched tube 180, thereby causing tube 180 to have a smaller internal volume when stretched than when relaxed. Such a condition substantially eliminates any opportunity for fluid regurgitation when needle 140 is retracted. Other apparatus and methods may be used within the scope ofthe invention to reduce the volume of a stretched tube 180 to be less than a relaxed tube 180. An example of another method is disclosed hereafter.

The opening between clamping surfaces 838 and 840, when needle 140 is extended, determines the amount of flattening of tube 180 and. thus, the amount of volumetric reduction therefrom. An exemplary calculation showing amount of volumetric reduction which may be achieved is provided as follows: If D is the internal diameter of an unstretched tube, and d is the internal diameter of a tube stretched to three times its normal length, then it is well known in the art that D² is approximately equal to three times d . If. in a stretched and flattened tube, the internal height ofthe tube may be represented by h. as seen in Figure 42. Note that the circumference (C) ofthe stretched tube is π times d. The area of the stretched tube is π times d /4. However, the cross sectional area (A) of a flattened portion ofthe stretched tube is given by:

A = πh²/4 + (C - πh)h/2 Eq. 1

For a case where h = .46 mm and d is .92 mm, A equals .50 mm². The cross sectional area of a stretched, but unflattened tube is .66 mm², providing a reduction in area of .16 mm² or a volume reduction of about .16 mm³ for each mm the tube is clamped. If the tube is clamped 3/4 inch or 19 mm, the exemplary reduction is about 3.0 m³. As it is important that latch 830 aligns with catch 828 when needle 140 is extended, tapered cylindrical section 822 preferably comprises guides to assure correct travel of hub 824. Distally, device 820 is seen in Figures 38 and 40 to comprise a barrel section 842. At its back end, section 842 is seen to comprise an opening 844 and a tethered cover 846, which is used to provide protection for a rear needle 266, earlier described. Cover 846 is similar in form and function to cover 151, earlier described. As best seen in Figure 39, segment 822 comprises a pair of guide rails 848 and 850. An inferior segment 852 of wing 836 is disposed to ride between rails 848 and 850 to maintain latch 830 in a desired position relative to catch 828 and distortable portion 832. Another embodiment which constricts the volume of a constricted tube 180 to be less than the volume tube 180 in a relaxed state is seen in Figures 43-46. Figures 43 and 44 show tube 180 in a relaxed state. Figures 45 and 46 show the tube 180 in a stretched state. In simplest terms, tube 180 is seen to be disposed within a helical wrap 854 to form a combination 856. As is well known in the art, if wrap 854 is relatively inelastic, extending wrap 854 to nearly its resting length will cause wrap 854 to approximate a nearly straight line. As the cross sectional area of an elastic tube decreases by approximately the power ofthe number of rest lengths the tube is stretched, one who is skilled in the art of helix formation and elastic tube dynamics understands that there exists a critical pitch ofthe helix beyond which the internal volume ofthe helix decreases more rapidly upon extension than the internal volume of an inteφosed tube, such as tube 180.

Calculation of the critical pitch is relatively straight forward, as the following example shows. The general cartesian coordinate equations for a helix are: x = a cos θ = a cos ns Eq. 2 y = a sin θ = a sin ns Eq. 3 z = 1 Eq. 4 where:

• a is the radius ofthe helix.

• θ is the angle of rotation of the helix about its long axis. • s is the distance along the helix.

• 1 is the distance along the long (z) axis of the helix. • n is the angular rate of change of θ as a function of 1. An equation for the length of a segment along the helix is given by: ds = sqrt(dx² + dy² + dz²) Eq. 5

Differentiating Eq.'s 2, 3 and 4, with respect to s and 1. and substituting into Eq. 5: ds = sqrt(a²n² sin²ns ds² + a²n² cos²ns ds² + dl²) Eq. 6 Which reduces to: ds = sqrt(a²n²ds² + dl²) Eq. 7 or: ds² (l - a²n²) = dl²

Integrating over the length (S) ofthe helix and of a distance (L) to which the helix is spread, the relationship between a and n is given by:

S = L / sqrt(l - a²n²) Eq. 8

The value of n may be given as: n = 2π N/S Eq. 9

Where N is the total number of turns in helix length S. Substituting for n and squaring both sides ofthe equation and solving for radius a:

S = L / sqrtO - a² [2πN/S]²) Eq. 10 or:

S² = S²L (S² - a² [2πN]²) Eq. 1 1 which yields:

L² = (S² - a² [2πN]²) Eq. 12

Solving for a: a = Sqrt(S² - L²)/2πN Eq. 13

Solving for N:

N = Sqrt(S² - L²)/2πa Eq. 14

Through experimentation, it has been found that change in internal volume of a stretched tube between two known points along a length of the tube (not comprising endpoints where the tube is connected to a hub or the like) is not changed substantially by stretching. Therefore, the following relationships apply:

V = 2πa² l' Eq. 15 where:

1' is also the length ofthe section between the two known points. Note that, since V is a constant: a is substantially equivalent to sqrt(K/ ) where K is an easily derived constant. It has also been determined experimentally that the total internal volume (V) of an elastic tube does vary due at least to volumetric variations at tube ends where unions are made with connecting hubs. This variation generally causes the volume of a stretched tube to be greater than the volume ofthe same unstretched tube. This change in volume results in fluid regurgitation when the tube is used as a retracting mechanism and concurrently as a container and transport path for fluid received from a medical needle. It is for this reason that use of a helix wrap (such as wrap 854) is preferably used to reduce or restrict an increase in volume ofthe stretched tube.

An example of a method of design and employment of a volume restricting helix is given below:

Using a plastic tube in place of the medical needle to permit visual observation ofthe increase in volume due to stretching an elastic tube to a length three times its rest state length, the increase (δV) in volume was observed to be: δV = 6.5 microliters (μl) in an elastic tube having the following rest state dimensions: O.D. -,-„, = 3.18 mm I.D._{at resI} = 1.59 mm Length_{al res}, = 19.1 mm

Internal Volume_{at rcM} = 38 μl and having the following stretched dimensions: Nominal O.D._SIre,_cned = 1.83 mm Calculated I.D._strelcned = .92 mm Length_strelched = 57.2 mm

Internal Volume_slrelched - 45 μl Nominal tube O.D. volume-_tretched = 150 μl

Assuming that a compressive reduction in total tube volume (including the tube itself) would result in a reduction in internal volume of substantially the same amount, a reduction ofthe O.D. volume to approximately 143 μl when the tube is stretched requires compressing the exterior of the tube to an equivalent average diameter of about 1.78 mm.

Because the number of turns of the helix is not peπriitted to change when the helix is lengthened from a rest state to a stretched state of tube 180 in this application, Eq. 14 (reproduced below) can be used to evaluate the length S and number of turns N ofthe helix.

N = Sqrt(S² - L²)/2πa Eq. 14

By entering values for the rest or unstretched state (r), Eq. 14 becomes:

N = Sqrt(S² - L_r ²)/2πa. Eq. 14r

Likewise, entering values for stretched state (s), Eq. 14 becomes: N = Sqrt(S² - L_s ²)/2πa_s Eq. 14s and:

Sqrt(S² - L_r ²)^a- = Sqrt(S² - L_s ²)/2πa_s squaring and cross multiplying:

(S² - L_r ²)(2πa_s)² = (S² - L_s ²)(2_πar)² solving for S:

S² = (L_r ²a_s ² - L_s ²a-²)/(a_s ² - a.²) For the example given above:

S = 68 mm Evaluating N (number of turns) from equation 14s: N = 6.6 turns

However, as seen in Figures 45 and 46. wrap 854 does not fully enclose tube 180 and. therefore, tube 180 is periodically free to expand outward from constraint of wrap 854 in the gaps between constraint of the helix. For this reason, the number of actual turns (N_a) should be fewer than the predicted value of N. above. Even so. a more desirable value of N_a can be arrived at without undue experimentation by one skilled in the art of fluid dynamics. It is well known in elastic tube extrusion art to enclose one or more helically wound coils of support material in the wall of extruded tubes. Such enclosed coils are most often used to add strength to the tube to support the tube against inadvertent collapse or to be able to withstand high pressure. A process similar to such an extrusion process can be used to make combination 856 by properly controlling pitch and using the coil not to support the tube against collapse, but to constrict the tube when it is stretched with a predetermined pitch ofthe helix.

Reference is now made to Figures 47 and 48 wherein another hub part 900 is seen. Except for apparatus and method related to latching part 900 and releasing a portion of part 900 to retract a needle 140, part 900 is similar in form and function to needle/hub part 160.

Part 900 comprises two separable components, a forward component 902 and a rear component 904. Forward component 902 comprises a section 906 which comprises a threaded segment 908 and a cylindrical segment 910 which are similar in form and function to threaded portion 776 and cylindrical shoulder 774. respectively. Joined to segment 910 is an elongated cylindrical body 912 which comprises a pair of wing latches 914 and 914'. In Figure 47, only a portion of one wing latch, latch 914', is seen mostly removed for a better presentation of the rest of forward component 902. A portion of cylindrical segment 910 is removed to provide an "L" shaped surface 916. the puφose of which is described in detail hereafter. Further, component 902 comprises an elongated strut 918 securely affixed on one end 920 to surface 916. as best seen in Figure 47.

Strut 918 comprises a latching member 922 disposed at the other end 924. Latching member 922 comprises a latch 926, which firmly, but releasibly, affixes forward component 902 to rear component 904 along a surface 928 of component 904. Surface 928 is preferably orthogonal to the axis of needle 140. Component 904 comprises a main body section 930 which comprises a flattened portion 932, which is juxtaposed to an overlaying part of strut 918. as seen in Figure 47. Note that portion 932 is raised above a portion 934 of "L" shaped surface 916 which is parallel to portion 932. In combination, strut 918, portion 934 and flattened portion 932 define a substantially rectangular opening 936 into which strut 918 may bend to release latching member 922 from surface 928. Though not shown, it should be understood that part 900 is used within an elongated cylinder in a manner similar to that of needle/hub part 160. In that manner, forward component 902 comprises a raised button 938 which is raised from strut 918 to communicate with an internal surface of a distortable membrane, such as membrane 778 seen in Figure 32. Note that distortion of the membrane and compressibly communicating with button 938 and, therefore, strut 918 above opening 936 can cause strut 918 to bend toward the surface of portion 934 such that latching member 922 is released from surface 928.

Forward component 902 further comprises a stabilizing leg 940. which is designed to communicate with an inner surface ofthe aforementioned elongated cylinder which is juxtaposed the distortable membrane to provide stability for needle 140. Also, component 902 comprises an arc shaped piece 942, which provides axially disposed support for rear component 904 while such is joined with forward component 902. As is the case of fore part 190 seen in Figure 7, forward component 902 is slidably affixed to needle 140.

Rear component 904 further comprises a secure attachment to needle 140, a hub 944 to which an elastic tube 180 is attached. Proximal to the shaφ end of needle 140 is a convex conical surface 946. which is shaped to mate with a concave conical surface 948 disposed inward from line 948' on cylindrical body 912 to provide a sterility barrier for needle 140 while component 902 is joined to component 904.

Needle 140 is extended for use by pulling a needle cover attached to threaded segment 908 as previously described. In a prior to use rest state, component 904 is affixed to component 902 by latching member 922 during manufacture of part 900. When part 900 is brought forward to extend needle 140 for use. wing latches 914 and 914' are caught upon catches (not shown) to securely and permanently affix component 902 in a forward position. At the end of a medical procedure when it is desired to retract needle 140 for safe containment, button 938 is depressed through the distortable membrane to bend strut 918 into opening 936. cant latch member 922 away from surface 928. and thereby release component 904 and associated needle 140 for retraction by the force of energy contained in elastic tube 180. Similar to other hubs and needle related parts, both components 902 and 904 are preferably injection molded from synthetic resinous materials. Materials which are compatible with requirements for components 902 and 904 are well known in the needle hub manufacturing art. The inventions disclosed herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

What is claimed is:

Claims

CLAIMS 47

1. Apparatus for transporting and using and then safely retracting a medical needle directly from a patient into a container after use. said apparatus comprising: the container comprising: one end through which the medical needle passes when retracted; another end which is moved apart from the medical needle to permit extension of said apparatus whereby the apparatus and the medical needle are configured for use in a medical procedure; at least one container based catch for an associated latch whereby said apparatus is securely affixed in the extended configuration; a portion ofthe container which is depressible such that a predetermined depression ofthe container portion, in combination with a needle support catch, a releasible latch and trigger means, causes the needle to be released for safe retraction into the container; a needle cover releasibly coupled to the container at the one end, the needle cover in combination with the container providing a protective barrier for contents ofthe cover and container prior to extending the apparatus; a medical needle assembly disposed for transport and storage within said cover and container, said assembly comprising: the medical needle comprising a shaφened point and a pathway for flow of medical and physiological fluids; connector hub means comprising: a secure attachment to the medical needle; the releasible latch which is integrally joined to the attachment and which is affixed to the needle support catch when the apparatus is extended to secure the medical needle for use in the medical procedure: the trigger means for releasing the medical needle from being affixed by the needle support catch and releasible latch when acted upon via depression of the container portion; and a connecting hub which is integral with said attachment and which affixes said assembly to a linear motion energy storage member: the needle support catch which is disposed in a predetermined position to thereat be engaged with the releasible latch when the apparatus is extended; the linear motion energy storage member comprising a first end which is proximal to the connecting hub and a second end which is distal from the connecting hub, said member being attached to the connecting hub at the first end for storing medical needle retraction energy as the other end of the container and needle are moved apart as the apparatus is extended.

2. Apparatus according to Claim 1. wherein said linear motion energy storage member comprises elastic tube means which comprise an elongated elastic tube which is stretched as the apparatus is extended to provide both energy for retracting said needle and a fluid pathway from said needle.

3. Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein said elastic tube is made from silicone rubber.

4. Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein said elastic tube is made from medical grade latex.

5. Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein said connecting hub comprises a barbed fitting for the elastic tube.

6. Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein said connecting hub comprises a fitting for said elastic tube which is substantially the same outside diameter as the inside diameter of the elastic tube to limit increase in internal volume of the elastic tube as the tube is stretched.

7. Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein, in combination, said container and connector hub means comprise means for causing the internal volume of the stretched elastic tube to be smaller than the internal volume ofthe elastic tube during and after retraction ofthe needle to eliminate regurgitant flow from the needle as a result of retraction.

8. Apparatus according to Claim 2. wherein the elastic tube means further comprises volume restricting means in restrictive communication with the elastic tube which, as the tube is stretched, compressibly reduces the internal volume of the elastic tube to a volume which is less than the elastic tube when unstretched to eliminate liquid regurgitation when the needle is retracted.

9. Apparatus according to Claim 8, wherein the volume restricting means is made from the same material as the elastic tube.

10. Apparatus according to Claim 2, further comprising a barrel part integrally affixed at the other end of the container and an elastic tube connection, said barrel part receiving biological fluid through the connection to the elastic tube and being instrumental in delivering biological fluid from a patient to an evacuated blood collection tube.

1 1. Apparatus according to Claim 2, further comprising a luer fitting integrally affixed at the other end of the container and a connection between the fitting and the elastic tube, said fitting receiving fluid through the connection to the elastic tube.

12. Apparatus according to Claim 1. wherein said needle is a catheter insertion needle.

13. Apparatus according to Claim 12. further comprising a catheter initially disposed about said catheter insertion needle and slidably removable therefrom as the catheter insertion needle is retracted.

14. Apparatus according to Claim 1 , wherein said apparatus comprises needle access restricting means which are physically changed upon retraction of said needle that said apparatus cannot be reused after needle retraction.

15. Apparatus according to Claim 1. wherein said apparatus comprises an integrally attached syringe.

16. Apparatus according to Claim 1 , wherein said apparatus comprises means for substantially enclosing a needle upon retraction such that only access to said needle after retraction is through an orifice approximately the diameter of said needle.

17. Apparatus according to Claim 12. further comprising a filter which discriminately passes gasses but is impervious to liquids and a user viewable blood flash part which provides a visual indication of blood received through the needle.

18. Apparatus according to Claim 1 , wherein the container-based catch and needle support catch are the same part and the associated latch and releasible latch are the same part.

19. Apparatus according to Claim 1. wherein said needle support catch comprises a slidable connection to said needle wherethrough the needle passes during retraction.

20. Apparatus according to Claim 19, wherein said connection comprises a plug which substantially voids access to the container following retraction of the needle.

21. Apparatus according to Claim 19, wherein said needle support catch and releasible latch are a single part joined by a frangible bridge which is broken through action of the trigger means.

22. Apparatus according to Claim 1. wherein said catch comprises a slidable connection to said needle and a plug which closes all of the one end except for the slidable connection which comprises a small longitudinal hole substantially the diameter ofthe needle.

23. Apparatus according to Claim 22. wherein said catch is made from hydrophobic material to substantially eliminate blood flow through the slidable connection hole.

24. Apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein said needle support catch comprises a needle cover connector and said needle cover comprises a complementary catch connector whereby the needle cover is releasibly connected to cover and protect the needle assembly.

25. Apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein said needle cover and said container, in combination, comprise a frangible part which connects the needle cover to the container for transport and storage prior to use and which is frangibly broken to permit apparatus extension, said needle cover and said container providing a sterile protective barrier for the medical needle assembly while joined and said frangible part providing an indicator for detection of tampering.

26. Apparatus according to Claim 1. wherein said container comprises an exterior shield which, until removed, protects the depressible portion from inadvertent triggering during the medical procedure and which is facilely removed for access to the depressible portion and therethrough to the trigger means.

27. Apparatus for transporting and using and then safely retracting a medical needle directly from a patient into a container after use, said apparatus comprising: the container into which the needle is retracted; the medical needle through which medical and physiological fluids flow; an elastic tube which is directly joined to said medical needle, stretched to store energy required for retraction ofthe medical needle and which comprises a lumen which serves as a pathway for the medical and physiological fluids; at least one member which compresses the elastic tube when stretched to assure a smaller internal volume ofthe elastic tube lumen when the elastic tube is stretched and a larger internal volume ofthe elastic tube lumen when the elastic tube is unstretched.

28. Apparatus as in Claim 27. wherein said at least one member is made from the same material as the elastic tube.

29. Apparatus as in Claim 27. wherein said at least one member is integrally joined to said elastic tube.

30. Apparatus for transporting and using and then withdrawing a medical needle to a safe container after use, said apparatus comprising: a container comprising: a needle exit and reentry end disposed proximal to a site of needle entry into a patient, said end comprising means for providing a sterile barrier prior to extending the needle through the exit and reentry end: a portion proximal to the exit and reentry end being physically depressible; an opposite end associated with blood delivery to a storage vessel for later use; an integrally attached needle cover, initially disposed within said container but having a closed, but separable attachment at said needle exit and reentry end such that the cover is physically detachable from the rest ofthe housing at the needle exit and reentry end and is thereby provided with an exit path through the exit and reentry end; at least one surface segment comprising a catch for a latch; a medical needle assembly comprising: a medical needle initially disposed within the needle cover and having a shaφened end disposed toward the needle exit and reentry end; cover attachment hub means disposed about said medical needle and separably attachable to and detachable from the needle cover, said cover attachment hub being slidably affixed to said needle during transport and before and during blood withdrawal; said cover attachment hub means further comprising a latch which, prior to blood withdrawal, is positioned to lock, by interaction with said at least one surface segment, said needle assembly at a predetermined position relative to said exit and reentry end whereat the needle extends outward from said housing and is thereby positioned for use; a needle release assembly firmly affixed to said medical needle at least an end of the assembly distal from the opposite end, said release assembly comprising: a releasable attachment to said cover attachment hub; an attachment release apparatus disposed in close communication with an internal surface of said container such that the release apparatus is actuated after the needle is extended by manual depression of the physically depressible portion of said container; means for affixing said needle assembly to a linear motion force storage apparatus which derives return energy for needle retraction from needle extension through the needle exit and reentry end; a blood containment and delivery pathway from the needle to the opposite end; and means for delivering blood from the containment pathway to the storage vessel.

31. A disposable, single-use, self-retracting catheter insertion needle assembly and housing in which the needle assembly is stored and transported, said needle assembh' comprising: the housing having a manually depressible section, providing a medically safe transport package for the needle assembly, and having an exit and reentry end for a portion of the needle assembly; a needle cover at least partially disposed for transport within the housing and being a part of the portion; an elongated medical needle disposed within the housing and further within the needle cover and having a shaφened end disposed toward the exit and reentry end of the housing; a transdermal catheter disposed about the elongated needle; a needle cover attachment hub disposed about said medical needle and separably attachable to and detachable from the needle cover; said cover attachment hub further comprising a latch which, for needle insertion, is positioned to lock said needle assembly at a predetermined position relative to said exit and reentry end whereat the needle extends outward from said housing and is thereby positioned for use; a distal part ofthe assembly firmly affixed to said medical needle at least an end ofthe assembly distal from the shaφened end, said distal part comprising: a separable attachment between the distal part and said cover attachment hub; an attachment release apparatus integrally associated with said separable attachment and disposed in close communication with an internal surface in close communication with the depressible section of said housing such that the release apparatus is actuated by manual depression of that section of said housing; and means for affixing said needle assembly to a linear motion force storage apparatus which derives return energy for needle retraction from needle extension through the needle exit and reentry end.

32. A disposable, single-use, self-retracting catheter insertion needle assembly according to Claim 31 , wherein the separable attachment includes a frangible part.

33. A disposable, single-use, self-retracting catheter insertion needle assembly according to Claim 31. wherein the linear motion force storage apparatus comprises an elastic tube.

34. A disposable, single-use, self-retracting catheter insertion needle assembly according to Claim 31 , wherein the linear motion force storage apparatus comprises a means for storing energy by drawing a vacuum.

35. A single-use, self-retracting needle assembly for use with a needle housing in which the needle assembly is stored and moved during use. said needle assembly comprising: a medical needle initially disposed within a needle cover and having a shaφened end disposed toward an exit and reentry end ofthe housing; a needle cover attachment hub disposed about said medical needle, but separably attachable to and detachable from the needle cover, said cover attachment hub being separably attached to said needle during transport and before and during medical procedure; said cover attachment hub further comprising a latch which, prior to the medical procedure, is positioned to lock said needle assembly at a predetermined position relative to said exit and reentry end whereat the needle extends outward from said housing and is thereby positioned for use: a needle retraction release assembly firmly affixed to said medical needle at least an end of the assembly distal from the shaφened end. said release assembly comprising: a releasable attachment joining said needle retraction release assembly to said cover attachment hub; an attachment release apparatus disposed to be in close communication with an internal surface of said housing such that the release apparatus is actuated by manual depression of a predetermined portion of said housing; and means for affixing said needle assembly to a linear motion force storage apparatus which derives return energy for needle retraction from needle extension through the needle exit and reentry end.

36. A single-use, self-retracting needle assembly according to Claim 35. wherein said affixing means comprise a one-way valve.

37. A latch and latch release apparatus for a self-retracting needle withdrawal system comprising: a housing for said apparatus comprising a medical needle exit and reentry end and a flexibly depressible section and a selectively displaceable exteriorly disposed flap which in one orientation protects the depressible section from inadvertent depression, said housing being hermetically sealed prior to access of the needle; a needle cover initially disposed within said housing prior to access ofthe needle, said cover comprising a means for extending the cover and parts attached thereto from said housing; a first hub slidably affixed to said needle and releasibly connected to the cover; a second hub releasibly affixed to the first hub prior to access of the needle; the first hub comprising an unreleasible latch which is caught when the cover is pulled from the housing; and a second hub firmly affixed to said needle, said second hub comprising a releasible latch which is also caught when the cover is pulled from the housing and means for communicating with the flexibly depressible section to release the latch when the needle is to be retracted.

38. A transcutaneous, self-retracting needle, catheter insertion apparatus comprising: an elongated housing comprising a flexible compressible section; a transcutaneous catheter disposed within said housing; an insertion needle sheathed by said catheter; an energy storing memory element which stores energy as the needle is pulled outwardly from said housing at a needles exit and reentry end ofthe housing; an intermediate latch and release mechanism integrally disposed between said memory element and insertion needle, said mechanism comprising: a latch portion, disposed proximal to the exit and reentry and. for latching the needle and catheter in a proximal position for insertion of said needle and catheter into a blood vessel, the proximally disposed latch portion being free to slide upon said needle; a portion, disposed distal to the exit and reentry end relative to the proximately disposed latch portion, securely attached to said needle; and a medial portion disposed between the proximal portion and distal portion, the medial portion comprising a means for separating the distal portion from the proximal portion by depressing the housing segment.

39. An apparatus according to Claim 38, wherein the housing comprises a protective sterile barrier for protecting the needle and catheter prior to extension from the housing.

40. An apparatus according to Claim 38. wherein the energy storing element comprises an elastic tube.

41. An apparatus according to Claim 38. wherein the latch and release mechanism comprises a frangible part.

42. An apparatus according to Claim 38. wherein the housing comprises a safe and medically efficient catheter and needle transport container prior to pulling the needle proximally.

43. Apparatus for transporting a shaφ pointed medical needle before use at least partially enclosed within a container and having the needle and its point protected by a cover, for baring the needle to perform a medical procedure and for safely retracting the needle into the container for safe disposal after use, said apparatus comprising: the container; the cover which in cooperation with the container protects the needle and its point prior to use and which is removable from covering the needle to permit use ofthe needle: the medical needle through which medical fluids flow during a medical procedure, the medical needle being first transported in the container and cover, extended from the container for use and later retracted back into the container where the shaφ point is protectively enclosed; and an elastic tube which is used to provide passage for medical fluids which flow through the needle and which is used to provide a force from energy stored when the needle is extended to retract the needle into the container.

44. A medical syringe system comprising: a medical syringe comprising a male luer fitting and an associated luer lock fitting used for fluid connections: a retractable needle assembly comprising a luer lock fitting which releasibly connects to the associated luer lock fitting, said retractable needle assembly further comprising: a housing comprising an elongated cylindrical body of sufficient length to contain a medical needle retracted therein, said housing comprising an exit and reentry end. wherethrough the medical needle with an associated cover travels for use outwardly therefrom and retracts inwardly for automatic, safe enclosure of the needle after use. and a connector end whereat connection is made to the male luer fitting; the needle cover at least partially disposed in the housing during transport and before the medical needle is used in a medical procedure, the needle cover and the housing cooperatively comprising a separable protective barrier at the exit and reentry end. said cover comprising a releasible connection to a medical needle subassembly whereby the needle subassembly is extended outwardly from the housing when the needle cover is pulled therefrom; the medical needle subassembly comprising the medical needle and at least one latching hub; a force storing unit which selectively stores retractive force to retract the medical needle into the housing when the cover and needle are extended outwardly from the housing and which reactively contracts to provide needle retractive force, said force storing unit comprising: a connection to said at least one hub; a hollow elastic tube comprising a mating section of a female luer fitting which receives the male luer fitting and contracts to form a seal between the male and female luer parts, when the elastic tube is stretched, by outward extension of the needle and cover, a pathway through the hollow elastic tube for fluid flow while the needle is extended and a rest state to which the tube returns after the medical procedure has been completed: said housing further comprising a catch and a release for said at least one latching hub.

45. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44. wherein the medical syringe comprises a selected barrel which varies in size dependent upon the medical procedure.

46. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44, wherein said housing comprises a depressible section exposed on a portion of the outside of the housing, depression of which releases the latch from the catch.

47. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44, wherein the cover comprises a thinned section exposed outside the housing prior to use, the thinned section comprising a region for digitarily grasping the cover to pull the cover and needle outwardly from the housing for user access to the needle.

48. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44, wherein the at least one hub comprises two hubs, a first of which comprises slidable attachment to said needle, the second of which comprises a secure attachment to said needle.

49. A medical syringe system according to Claim 48. wherein the first hub comprises the releasible connection to the cover and means for pulling the second hub and attached needle when the cover is pulled from the housing.

50. A medical syringe system according to Claim 48, wherein each hub comprises at least one latch and the housing comprises a catch corresponding to each latch.

51. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44, wherein the at least one hub comprises a single part which is frangibly separated into two parts to retract the needle.

52. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44, wherein the housing comprises a depressible section, juxtaposed the catch associated with the second hub latch, which when depressed releases the second hub from the catch causing self- retraction of the needle into the housing.

53. A medical syringe system according to Claim 52, wherein said housing further comprises a removable flap which is generally used to prevent inadvertent depression ofthe depressible section and removed to permit depression ofthe depressible section.

54. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44, wherein said elastic tube is made from silicone rubber.

55. A medical syringe system according to Claim 44. wherein said elastic tube is made from medical grade latex.

56. A self-retracting medical needle device comprising a luer lock fitting which releasibly connects to a syringe male luer and luer lock fitting, said self-retracting needle device further comprising: a housing comprising an elongated cylindrical body of sufficient length to contain a medical needle retracted therein, said housing comprising an exit and reentry end, wherethrough the medical needle with an associated cover travels outwardly therefrom for use and retracts inwardly for automatic, safe enclosure of the needle after use. and a connector end whereat connection is made to the male luer fitting; the needle cover at least partially disposed in the housing during transport and before the medical needle is used in a medical procedure. the needle cover and the housing cooperatively comprising a frangibly separable protective barrier at the exit and reentry end. said cover comprising a releasible connection to a medical needle assembly whereby the needle is extended outwardly from the housing as the needle cover is pulled therefrom; the medical needle assembly comprising the medical needle and at least one latching hub; a force storing unit which selectively stores retractive force to retract the medical needle into the housing when the cover and needle are extended outwardly from the housing and which reactively contracts to provide needle retracting force, said force storing unit comprising: a connection to said at least one hub; a hollow elastic tube comprising a mating section of a female luer fitting which receives the male luer fitting and contracts to form a seal between the male and female luer parts when the elastic tube is stretched by outward extension of the needle and cover, a pathway through the hollow elastic tube for fluid flow while the needle is extended and a rest state to which the tube returns after the medical procedure has been completed.

57. A medical syringe system according to Claim 56. wherein said housing comprises a depressible section exposed on a portion of the outside of the housing, depression of which releases the latch from the catch.

58. A medical syringe system according to Claim 56, wherein the cover comprises a thinned section exposed outside the housing prior to use, the thinned section comprising a region for digitarily grasping the cover to pull the cover and needle outwardly from the housing for user access to the needle.

59. A medical syringe system according to Claim 56. wherein the at least one hub comprises two hubs, a first of which comprises slidable attachment to said needle. the second of which comprises a secure attachment to said needle.

60. A medical syringe system according to Claim 59, wherein the first hub comprises the releasible connection to the cover and means for pulling the second hub and attached needle when the cover is pulled from the housing.

61. A medical syringe system according to Claim 59. wherein each hub comprises at least one latch and the housing comprises a catch corresponding to each latch.

62. A medical syringe system according to Claim 59, wherein the at least one hub comprises a single part which is frangibly separated into two parts to retract the needle.

63. A medical syringe system according to Claim 56, wherein the housing comprises a depressible section, juxtaposed the catch associated with the second hub latch, which when depressed releases the second hub from the catch causing self- retraction ofthe needle into the housing.

64. A medical syringe system according to Claim 63. wherein said housing further comprises a removable flap which is generally used to prevent inadvertent depression ofthe depressible section and removed to permit depression ofthe depressible section.

65. A medical syringe system according to Claim 56, wherein said elastic tube is made from silicone rubber.

66. A medical syringe system according to Claim 56. wherein said elastic tube is made from medical grade latex.

67. A luer connection combination comprising: a male luer fitting and an associated male part luer lock connector provided by a connecting part of a medical instrument selected from a group of medical instruments comprising medical syringes, catheter fittings. IV set fittings and medical tubing fittings; a female luer fitting and an associated female part luer lock connector comprising: a housing; an elastic tube which comprises an elongated cylindrical pathway therethrough and which is supported within said housing to provide facile receipt of introduction of said male luer fitting into said hollow tube; a mechanism by which the elastic tube is extended beyond a rest state whereby the tube decreases in transverse diameter about the male luer fitting to provide a seal between the male luer fitting and cylindrical pathway of the tube.

68. A method for using a self-retracting needle apparatus comprising the steps of: providing the self-retracting needle apparatus comprising a housing for the apparatus, a medical needle which is generally stored in the housing; extended from the housing for use in a medical procedure and retracted into the housing for safe containment after use; means for storing energy by which the needle is retracted; means for latching the needle while extended for use and means for releasing the latching means to cause the needle to be retracted back into the housing; storing the energy storing means and latching means in a non-stressed state during a period prior to using the needle; extending the needle from the housing; while extending the needle, stressing the energy storing means to store energy therein and also stressing the latching means as the latching means are moved to a latching position; using the medical needle in a medical procedure; releasing the latch and retracting the needle by force of energy stored in the energy storing means.

69. A method according to Claim 68, wherein the extending step comprises stretching an elastic tube.

70. A method according to Claim 69, wherein the using step comprises causing a medical fluid to flow through the elastic tube.

71. A method according to Claim 68. wherein the releasing step comprises depressing a predetermined depressible area ofthe housing.

72. A method according to Claim 68, wherein the releasing step comprises leaving a portion ofthe latching means in a position consistent with state of he apparatus when the needle is extended to provide an impediment to access of the retracted and enclosed needle.

73. A method according to Claim 68, wherein the extending step comprises constricting the tube to form a seal about a part attached to the apparatus for fluid flow communication.

74. A method for using an apparatus which safely retracts a medical needle directly from a patient into a container after completing a medical procedure comprising the steps of: providing an extendable apparatus comprising a container into which the medical needle is retracted, the medical needle initially disposed for protection within the apparatus and attached to a linear motion energy storage member which receives needle retraction energy when the apparatus is extended and a removable needle cover and which is activated by a trigger, the container comprising a depressible portion which communicates with a trigger which is accessible through the depressible portion; extending the apparatus, thereby positioning the needle for use in the medical procedure, cocking the trigger and storing energy in the linear energy storage member; exposing the needle by removing the needle cover; introducing the medical needle into the patient; performing the medical procedure; accessing the depressible portion by placing a portion of a users hand thereover; and depressing the depressible portion thereby triggering release of the linear energy storage member and thereby safely retracting the medical needle into the container.

75. A method according to Claim 74. wherein the accessing step comprises removing a shield which covers and protects the depressible portion from inadvertent triggering.

76. A method according to Claim 74, wherein the retracting step comprises retracting the needle through a hole in the container approximately the same size as the outside diameter of the needle, thereby substantially retracting the needle into a closed container relative to opportunity for the needle or liquid to escape the container after retraction.

77. A method according to Claim 74. wherein the safely retracting step comprises elastically compacting an elastic tube previously stretched in the extending step, the stretched tube providing both storage of retractive energy and a pathway for biological fluid flow.

78. A method according to Claim 77. wherein the extending and retracting steps, in combination, limit the internal volume of the elastic tube when stretched to be less than the elastic tube when compacted.

79. A method according to Claim 74, wherein the performing step comprises drawing blood using an evacuated blood collection tube.

80. A method according to Claim 74, wherein the performing step comprises introducing an IV (intravenous) catheter into the patient.

81. A method according to Claim 74. wherein the introducing and performing steps, in combination, comprise employing a luer fitting to attach the apparatus to a syringe.

82. A method according to Claim 74. wherein the accessing step comprises using pressure from a single finger to cause the needle to be retracted from the patient.

83. A method for using a needle retracting device comprising the following steps: providing a medical syringe comprising a male luer fitting and an associated luer lock, a needle retracting assembly comprising: a housing which is physically separate from said medical syringe; a cover and a retractable needle housed within the cover before use; releasibly affixing the syringe to the housing; pulling the cover from the housing to expose the needle for use in a medical procedure; performing the medical procedure; safely retracting the needle into the housing.

84. A method according to Claim 83. comprising the additional step of separating the housing from the syringe after the procedure.

85. A method according to Claim 83. comprising the additional step of properly disposing ofthe needle containing housing after use as it can only be used once.

86. A method according to Claim 83, wherein the releasibly affixing step comprises inserting the male luer fitting into a hollow elastic tube which is thereafter stretched and transversely contracted to form a sealed fluid pathway into the tube from the luer fitting.

87. A method for using and disposing of a medical needle comprising the following steps: providing a medical transport container having a medical needle cover and medical needle at least partially disposed within the container for antiseptic protection before use, the container comprising a communicating passage to a vessel for medical fluids which is disposed external to the container and an elastic tube securely inteφosed between the passage to the vessel and the medical needle to provide a fluid pathway therebetween; extending the medical cover and therefore the medical needle outwardly from the container to a position whereat the needle is securely, but releasibly latched and disposed ready for use; concurrently and as a result of extending the medical needle elastically elongating the elastic tube thereby storing in the stretched tube energy to return the needle to the container while preserving the pathway from the needle to the vessel communicating passage; following a medical procedure to use the medical needle; and retracting the needle into the container by releasing the latch.

88. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the retracting step comprises leaving an obstruction in the pathway of the retracting needle to assure the medical needle can be used but once.

89. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the following step comprises causing a medical fluid to usefully flow through the tube.

90. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the retracting step comprises obstructing flow through the needle.

91. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the following step comprises drawing fluid from a patient and restricting fluid flow through the needle to only fluid flow from the patient.

92. A method according to Claim 87, wherein the tube providing step comprises providing an elastic tube made from a group of materials comprising medical grade latex and silicone rubber.

93. A method according to Claim 87. wherein the releasing step comprises disengaging the latch while the needle resides within a patient.

94. A method for using a self-retracting blood withdrawal needle and associated apparatus comprising the steps of: providing the needle and associated apparatus comprising a housing which contains a medical needle, a cover for the medical needle and a cocking and releasing mechanism; separating the cover from the housing; pulling the cover outward from the housing thereby extending the needle outward from the housing and cocking the cocking and release mechanism; removing the cover to bare the needle preparatory to a transdermal needle insertion procedure; withdrawing a desired amount of blood; and depressing the housing to disengage a needle affixed portion of the cocking and release mechanism thereby returning the needle to the safe containment within the housing.

95. A method for retracting a medical needle into a container for safe containment without regurgitating fluid outwardly from said needle comprising the steps of: providing the container into which the needle is retracted; providing the medical needle which is disposed outside the container for use in a medical procedure and which is retracted into said container at the end ofthe procedure; providing an elastic tube which is securely affixed to the needle, stretched to provide retraction energy for the needle and which inherently comprises a lumen which provides a pathway for fluids passing through said needle, said lumen comprising a rest volume when the elastic tube is in an unstretched state; compressing the exterior ofthe elastic tube when stretched to reduce the volume ofthe lumen without closure ofthe lumen to a volume which is less than the rest volume; and retracting the needle as the elastic tube is elastically relaxed substantially to the unstretched state without compressing the exterior of the elastic tube thereby permitting the lumen ofthe elastic tube when relaxed to be greater than the lumen ofthe elastic tube when stretched, said larger volume ofthe relaxed tube being the result of forces inherent in the tube which assure retention of fluid within the lumen as the tube is shortened.

96. A method for safely withdrawing a medical needle into a container comprising the steps of: providing a medical needle container at least a portion of which comprises a manually depressible section; providing a blood accessing assembly comprising an extendable- retractable medical needle, the blood accessing assembly being previously extended from the container to thereby cock a return mechanism associated with returning the medical needle to the container and to latch the medical needle in the extended position; and depressing the container section to delatch the medical needle by triggering the return mechanism and thereby safely retracting the medical needle into the container.

97. A method for assembling a self-retracting needle apparatus which attaches to a syringe via a luer and luer lock fitting, said method comprising the steps of: providing an exterior housing comprising a needle exit and reentry end; providing a needle cover; providing a medical needle assembly comprising a medical needle and at least one hub for the needle; providing an interior housing comprising a back plate; providing an elastic tubular structure and a cap; attaching the at least one hub to the needle; disposing the cover about the needle and releasibly affixing the cover to the at least one needle hub; disposing the cover and attached needle assembly within confines defined by the interior housing; firmly affixing a first end ofthe elastic tubular structure to the backplate such that the other end is juxtaposed the at least one hub; disposing the other end ofthe elastic tubular structure over a portion ofthe at least one hub and affixing the structure to the hub to complete an internal combination structure: disposing the combination inside exterior housing such that a portion ofthe cover is exposed through the exit and reentry end outside the housing forming a protective barrier between the cover and housing; and placing the cap over the backplate to provide another protective barrier between the backplate and cap.

98. A method according to Claim 97, wherein the combination disposing step comprises heat staking the cover to the housing.

99. A method according to Claim 97, wherein the cap placing step comprises affixing the cover to the housing by heat staking.

100. A method according to Claim 97, wherein the cap placing step comprises affixing the cover to the backplate by heat staking.

101. A method according to Claim 97, wherein the other end disposing step comprises forming a female luer fitting with the elastic tubular structure.

102. A method for making a safe medical needle transport, medical needle use and shaφ needle trap apparatus comprising the following steps: providing an elongated tubular container comprising an internally disposed catch. an exit and entry end through which a medical needle can be extended for use and retracted after use, and means for communicating fluid to a vessel external to the container; providing a medical needle cover and a medical needle having a hub and a latch which selectively can be aligned to be securely but releasibly affixed to the catch when the needle is extended for use; providing an elastic tube which is compatible with medical fluids which flo therethrough; disposing the elastic tube inside the container with one end of the elastic tube affixed to the fluid communicating means; connecting the other end of the elastic tube to the hub. thereby constructing a continuous fluid pathway from the medical needle to the fluid communicating means and establishing a means for storing energy when the needle is extended through the exit and reentry end ofthe container, the stored energy to be used afterward to retract the medical needle after use; and shrouding the needle inside the needle cover disposing the needle cover at least partially within the container.

103. A method according to Claim 102, wherein the elastic tube providing step comprises providing tube made of material selected from a group of materials comprising medical grade latex and silicone rubber.

104. A method according to Claim 102, wherein the shrouding step comprises frangibly affixing the cover to the container at the exit and entry end to form a sterile barrier to protect the medical needle during transport and prior to use.

105. A method for making a disposable blood withdrawal apparatus with a retractable needle, comprising the following steps: molding a first part having a needle cover, a containment sheath and means for disconnecting the needle cover from the containment sheath during use; molding a second part about a medical needle having a shaφ pointed end, the second part comprising a first molded segment which is disposed about the needle, but not attached thereto and a second molded segment which also disposed about the needle and firmly affixed thereto, the two segments in combination comprising means for coupling segment one to segment two and means for selectively separating the two segments; molding a third part about a membrane-piercing needle of a reduced pressure fluid withdrawal device, a portion ofthe third part forming a connection to the reduced pressure fluid withdrawal device: providing a hollow elastic tube of predetermined length; connecting a first end of the tube to the second part to provide a fluid pathway which communicates between the medical needle and hollow of the tube; connecting a second end ofthe tube to the third part thereby providing a continuous fluid pathway from the medical needle through the tube and through the membrane-piercing needle; separably affixing the first part to the second part such that the needle cover encloses a portion ofthe medical needle comprising the shaφ pointed end and the first and second parts in combination form a cocking and releasing mechanism; and joining the first part to the third part to form a unitized structure.

106. A method according to Claim 105, wherein the joining step forms a heonetically sealed enclosure about the needle.

107. A method according to Claim 105. wherein the first part molding step comprises forming a frangible connection between the containment sheath and needle cover.

108. A method according to Claim 105. wherein the first part molding step comprises forming a means for communicating with the releasing mechanism by depressing the containment sheath.

109. A method according to Claim 105, wherein the third molding step comprises forming, as the interface, a barrel for a vacuum tube used for blood sampling.

1 10. A method for making a disposable blood withdrawal apparatus with a retractable needle, comprising the following steps: providing a first set of parts for the apparatus comprising a needle cover. a cover puller and a front plate part, said plate part being integral with, but manually separable from said cover part; providing a medical needle assembly comprising a medical needle having a shaφ pointed end opposite another end, said needle being firmly affixed to a first hub segment and slidably affixed to a second hub segment disposed proximal to the shaφ pointed end, the two segments being separably affixed one to the other; providing a housing part comprising a barrel part, associated with a reduced pressure fluid withdrawal device and having a fluid pathway defining tube connection, and a containment sheath, the front plate part and containment sheath cooperatively providing means for sealingly connecting said plate part to said sheath, said sheath further comprising a depressible portion, depression of which is instrumental in separating the two segments; providing a hollow elastic tube of predetermined length; connecting a first end ofthe hollow elastic tube to the first hub segment; connecting a second end ofthe hollow elastic tube to the tube connection whereby a fluid pathway is constructed from the shaφ pointed end ofthe medical needle to the barrel part; disposing the first and second hubs in cooperative arrangement and attaching the cover part to the second hub such that when the cover puller acted upon to separate the cover part from the plate part the needle is pulled by cooperative interaction among the cover, second hub and first hub; and joining the housing part to the front cover part to form a hermetically sealed chamber about the medical needle assembly.

1 1 1. A method according to Claim 110, wherein the medical needle assembly providing step comprises integrally molding the two hub segments interconnected by a frangible section.

112. A method according to Claim 111. wherein the first set providing step comprises forming a frangible connection between the front plate part and cover part.

1 13. A method according to Claim 1 10, wherein the first hub segment is disposed in a position to be in physical communication with the depressible membrane when the cover is pulled to fully extend the needle.

1 14. A method according to Claim 1 10. wherein the housing part providing step comprises providing a barrel which is consistent with barrel requirements for use with vacuum tube blood sampling.

115. A method for percutaneously inserting a catheter into a patient using a self- retracting medical needle and associated apparatus comprising the steps of: providing the needle, sheathed by the catheter, and associated apparatus comprising a housing which contains the sheathed medical needle, a cover for the sheathed medical needle and a cocking and releasing mechanism; frangibly separating the cover from the housing; pulling the cover outward from the housing to extend needle and catheter sheath from the housing and to cock the cocking and release mechanism: removing the cover to bare the needle preparatory to a transdermal needle and catheter insertion procedure; emplacing fore-portions of the needle and the catheter within a blood vessel; depressing the housing to disengage a needle affixed portion of the cocking and release mechanism thereby returning the needle to the safe containment within the housing while the catheter is retained within the blood vessel; and detaching the catheter from the apparatus.