WO1996030739A1 - Colloids analysis method and device - Google Patents

Colloids analysis method and device Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996030739A1
WO1996030739A1 PCT/US1996/004388 US9604388W WO9630739A1 WO 1996030739 A1 WO1996030739 A1 WO 1996030739A1 US 9604388 W US9604388 W US 9604388W WO 9630739 A1 WO9630739 A1 WO 9630739A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid
cell
colloids
medium
water
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/004388
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Daniel Ronen
Original Assignee
Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd.
Rycus, Avigail
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd., Rycus, Avigail filed Critical Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd.
Priority to AU54375/96A priority Critical patent/AU5437596A/en
Publication of WO1996030739A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996030739A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/24—Dialysis ; Membrane extraction
    • B01D61/243—Dialysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/24—Dialysis ; Membrane extraction
    • B01D61/28—Apparatus therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/10—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/34—Purifying; Cleaning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
    • G01N1/4005—Concentrating samples by transferring a selected component through a membrane
    • G01N2001/4016—Concentrating samples by transferring a selected component through a membrane being a selective membrane, e.g. dialysis or osmosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for analyzing the content of colloids in a liquid medium.
  • aqueous media particularly water resources, such as underground water layers, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.
  • a sampler which entraps materials present in the aqueous medium, which sampler can be withdrawn, emptied and analyzed.
  • a dialysis cell which is a closed vessel provided with a membrane.
  • the vessel is filled with a fluid, typically distilled or otherwise purified water, and the membrane is of such pore size that permits the passage of contaminants of interest, while keeping the purified water from escaping the vessel.
  • a fluid typically distilled or otherwise purified water
  • the membrane is of such pore size that permits the passage of contaminants of interest, while keeping the purified water from escaping the vessel.
  • MLS - Multi Layer Sampler which consists of a plurality of dialysis cells. mounted on a central support, which can be lowered into a reservoir, or into the ground, to virtually any depth, and when left, e.g., in the ground, provides a profile of contaminants at different locations.
  • the MLS and its use are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,857,473, of the same applicants herein, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Tho method for measuring the concentration of colloids in a liquid medium comprises collecting the colloids by immersing into said liquid medium a dialysis cell provided with a membrane having a mean pore size of up to about 15 ⁇ (micrometers), said cell being filled with a second liquid which may be the same or different from the liquid being tested, and allowing said cell to stand in said liquid medium for a period of time sufficient to reach partial or complete equilibrium with the surrounding medium, and thereafter withdrawing said cell from the sampled liquid, removing the liquid contained in the cell, and testing it for colloid concentration.
  • the liquid is an aqueous medium and the membrane has a mean pore size of about 10 ⁇ . It has been found that this is a convenient pore size for naturally occurring colloids in subterranean water sources.
  • the immersion time of the dialysis cell may vary substantially, depending on the type of cell, size of membrane pores, surrounding conditions, etc., and is normally above one week, being typically (but non-limitatively) comprised between 2 and 4 weeks.
  • the test is accelerated, whereby the immersion time is only a fraction of the time required to reach equilibrium in a given medium, and the concentration obtained is a known percentage of the equilibrium concentration.
  • the aqueous medium tested is water, such as ground water, river water and lake water.
  • other liquids such as oil, organic medium, etc., can of course also be sampled.
  • the invention also encompasses a sampling device for collecting the contents of colloids in a tested aqueous medium, comprising a dialysis cell provided with a membrane having a mean pore size of up to about 15 ⁇ .
  • pore sizes can be used, which will be recognized by the skilled person.
  • the pore size is conveniently about 10 ⁇ .
  • the device may comprise a plurality of dialysis cells, and may be, e.g., an MLS, . the cells of which may have all the same, or different pore sizes.
  • the MLS and the dialysis cells provide a novel passive sampling means, whereby the particles are collected by the cells due to the natural gradient flow field and Brownian movement of the particles. No external forces are applied, such as pumping and surging, and therefore the sample obtained reflects those particles which indeed move in the sampled system by the natural energy of the system.
  • FIG. 1 to 3 show the MLS device described in U.S. Patent No. 4,857,473, which can be taken as an illustrative MLS device for the purposes of the present invention:
  • Fig. 1 is a side view of a sampler, in partial section;
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view through a part of the length of the sampler;
  • Fig. 3 is a plan view of a rubber seal of the sampler
  • Fig. 4 shows the experimental system used to establish equilibration time under flow conditions
  • - Fig. 5 shows the time behavior of different cells imbedded each in a different container for a different period of time
  • - Fig. 6 is the calibration curve, giving the concentration of real aquifer colloids in terms of turbidity:
  • Fig. 7 shows a vertical profile of colloids obtained with an MLS in a well (sampling date: October 1994);
  • - Fig. 8 shows the mean colloidal particle sizes for each cell analyzed in Fig. 7
  • - Fig. 9 shows a vertical profile of colloids obtained with an MLS in the same well as in Fig. 7, but at a different time (sampling date: January 1995);
  • Fig. 10 shows the mean colloidal particle sizes for each cell analyzed in Fig. 9.
  • Figs. 1 - 3 show the MLS known in the art, and described in U.S. Patent No. 4,857,473 which, with the modifications herein described, can be conveniently used in the method of the invention.
  • the sampler comprises a rod, made of a suitable plastics material 11, of about 5 cm diameter, which has a length of about 135 cm, with 38 perpendicular criss-crossed holes 12, each of which accommodates a dialysis cell 13. These are spaced at 3 cm intervals and separated by flexible rubber seals 14.
  • PVC rings 15 At the ends of the sampler there are provided two PVC rings 15, which serve to guide the sampler through the well. Such rings 15 can also be provided at predetermined intervals.
  • the dialysis cells are secured in place by nylon screws 16.
  • a coated weight 17 is connected to the lower end of the sampler.
  • a nylon rope is attached to the upper holding segment 18.
  • the sampler comprises advantageously a number of modular rod-segments 19, which can be connected by the double screw 20.
  • the individual dialysis cells 13 are built of modified polyethylene vials 21, open at both ends, which are provided with closure rings 22 and 23 respectively, and with dialysis membranes 24 and 25, which can thus be easily replaced, and which are thus securely held in place.
  • the cells are filled with distilled water, or any other solutions, closed by the membranes at both ends, and the sampler is introduced into the water (well, lake or the like) which is to be sampled and left to equilibrate with the surroundings.
  • the sampler is filled with water or alternative liquid, no water leaks since the membrane is chosen so that the surface tension created when the cell is removed from the sampled liquid and brought into contact with air does not permit any substantial passage of water therethrough.
  • a sampler as that depicted in Figs. 1-3, can be lowered into a body of water, e.g., a lake, or into a hole drilled in the ground, or into any reservoir or other liquid, and left there for a period of time sufficient to reach an equilibrium with its surrounding.
  • the sampler can be left in contact with the water for a period of time sufficient to attain a given percentage of equilibrium, and the actual concentration of the colloid in the body of water can then be calculated from said known percentage.
  • the skilled person will be able, in any given case, by simple and straightforward experimentation, to determine the percentages of equilibrium attained after a given period of time.
  • the cells described above were used in a number of experiments, using the experimental apparatus described in Fig. 4, which consists of a 4-liters flask 26, filled with a water solution containing colloids. The flask was kept well mixed by means of a magnetic stirrer 27.
  • the flask is provided with an outlet 28, which communicates with a 30 ml dialysis cell, 29, of the type described in Figs. 1 - 3.
  • the membrane used in the dialysis cell was a hydrophilic Versapor V-10000 membrane (ex Gelman Sciences, U.S.A.), having a pore size of 10 ⁇ .
  • other membranes of various types are known in the art and will be recognized by the skilled person, it being understood that the invention is by no means limited to any specific membrane.
  • Fig. 5 The time behavior of the dialysis cell under no-flow conditions is shown in Fig. 5, when the initial kaolinite concentration in the flask was 20 mg/lit, and the solution was stirred at 60 rpm.
  • the calibration curve for natural colloids obtained from ground water is seen in Fig. 6, which compares the turbidity (NTU), as measured by a turbidimeter (HACH, 2100N Turbidimeter, U.S.A.) as a function of predetermined natural colloids concentration (mg/lit).
  • the mean diameter of the colloidal particles varied along the MLS, and the measured diameter is shown in Fig. 8, for the sampled cells of Fig. 7. It can be seen that the size of the colloids tends to increase with increasing depth.
  • Example 1 was repeated at the same site, two months later, and the results are shown in Fig. 9. Also, the mean diameters for each tested cell are shown in Fig. 10. The variability between this profile and that of Example 1 reflects the microscale variability of colloids in ground water under natural gradient flow conditions.

Abstract

A method for measuring the concentration of colloids in a liquid medium comprises collecting the colloids by immersing into the liquid medium a dialysis cell (13) provided with membranes (24, 25) having a mean pore size of up to 15ν. A second liquid which may be the same or different from the liquid being tested is used to fill the cell (13). The cell (13) is allowed to stand in the liquid medium for a period of time sufficient to reach partial or complete equilibrium with the surrounding medium. Withdrawing the cell (13) from the sampled liquid, the liquid contained within the cell (13) is removed and tested for colloid concentration.

Description

COLLOIDS ANALYSIS METHOD AND DEVICE
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for analyzing the content of colloids in a liquid medium.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is known in the art to analyze aqueous media, particularly water resources, such as underground water layers, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc., by introducing into the aqueous medium a sampler which entraps materials present in the aqueous medium, which sampler can be withdrawn, emptied and analyzed.
One convenient sampling method utilizes a dialysis cell, which is a closed vessel provided with a membrane. The vessel is filled with a fluid, typically distilled or otherwise purified water, and the membrane is of such pore size that permits the passage of contaminants of interest, while keeping the purified water from escaping the vessel. Thus, when equilibrium is attained between the water in the sampler and that outside it, the concentration of the sampled contaminants will be the same as in the sampled area. The sampler can then be withdrawn, opened and analyzed to determine the contaminants content at a location of interest.
One particularly interesting application of this method is the so-called MLS - Multi Layer Sampler, which consists of a plurality of dialysis cells. mounted on a central support, which can be lowered into a reservoir, or into the ground, to virtually any depth, and when left, e.g., in the ground, provides a profile of contaminants at different locations. The MLS and its use are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,857,473, of the same applicants herein, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference.
However, the use of dialysis cells has so far been limited to the collection of water samples and the analyses of soluble species. Colloidal solid particles (such as organic matter, clay particles and other mineral and non-mineral particles) which can be important contaminant carriers, have been ignored. It is therefore clear that it would be highly desirable to be able to monitor the content of such particles and associated contaminants.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for collecting colloids found in a liquid medium, typically an aqueous medium, under natural gradient flow conditions and without pumping, and thereby to make it possible to analyze the contents of such colloids in the system.
It is another object of the invention to obtain a profile of the content of colloids in a liquid environment.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a sampler which can be used for the aforesaid purposes. Other objects of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Tho method for measuring the concentration of colloids in a liquid medium, according to the invention, comprises collecting the colloids by immersing into said liquid medium a dialysis cell provided with a membrane having a mean pore size of up to about 15 μ (micrometers), said cell being filled with a second liquid which may be the same or different from the liquid being tested, and allowing said cell to stand in said liquid medium for a period of time sufficient to reach partial or complete equilibrium with the surrounding medium, and thereafter withdrawing said cell from the sampled liquid, removing the liquid contained in the cell, and testing it for colloid concentration. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the liquid is an aqueous medium and the membrane has a mean pore size of about 10 μ. It has been found that this is a convenient pore size for naturally occurring colloids in subterranean water sources.
The immersion time of the dialysis cell may vary substantially, depending on the type of cell, size of membrane pores, surrounding conditions, etc., and is normally above one week, being typically (but non-limitatively) comprised between 2 and 4 weeks.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the test is accelerated, whereby the immersion time is only a fraction of the time required to reach equilibrium in a given medium, and the concentration obtained is a known percentage of the equilibrium concentration.
While there is no limitation to the type of liquid tested, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention the aqueous medium tested is water, such as ground water, river water and lake water. However, other liquids, such as oil, organic medium, etc., can of course also be sampled.
The invention also encompasses a sampling device for collecting the contents of colloids in a tested aqueous medium, comprising a dialysis cell provided with a membrane having a mean pore size of up to about 15 μ.
Of course, when different liquids are employed, or when differential screening is performed, varying pore sizes can be used, which will be recognized by the skilled person. As stated, when an aqueous medium is sampled, the pore size is conveniently about 10 μ.
Of course, the device may comprise a plurality of dialysis cells, and may be, e.g., an MLS, . the cells of which may have all the same, or different pore sizes. The MLS and the dialysis cells provide a novel passive sampling means, whereby the particles are collected by the cells due to the natural gradient flow field and Brownian movement of the particles. No external forces are applied, such as pumping and surging, and therefore the sample obtained reflects those particles which indeed move in the sampled system by the natural energy of the system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
- Figs. 1 to 3 show the MLS device described in U.S. Patent No. 4,857,473, which can be taken as an illustrative MLS device for the purposes of the present invention:
= Fig. 1 is a side view of a sampler, in partial section; = Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view through a part of the length of the sampler;
= Fig. 3 is a plan view of a rubber seal of the sampler;
- Fig. 4 shows the experimental system used to establish equilibration time under flow conditions;
- Fig. 5 shows the time behavior of different cells imbedded each in a different container for a different period of time;
- Fig. 6 is the calibration curve, giving the concentration of real aquifer colloids in terms of turbidity:
- Fig. 7 shows a vertical profile of colloids obtained with an MLS in a well (sampling date: October 1994);
- Fig. 8 shows the mean colloidal particle sizes for each cell analyzed in Fig. 7; - Fig. 9 shows a vertical profile of colloids obtained with an MLS in the same well as in Fig. 7, but at a different time (sampling date: January 1995); and
- Fig. 10 shows the mean colloidal particle sizes for each cell analyzed in Fig. 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As stated, Figs. 1 - 3 show the MLS known in the art, and described in U.S. Patent No. 4,857,473 which, with the modifications herein described, can be conveniently used in the method of the invention. As illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the sampler comprises a rod, made of a suitable plastics material 11, of about 5 cm diameter, which has a length of about 135 cm, with 38 perpendicular criss-crossed holes 12, each of which accommodates a dialysis cell 13. These are spaced at 3 cm intervals and separated by flexible rubber seals 14. At the ends of the sampler there are provided two PVC rings 15, which serve to guide the sampler through the well. Such rings 15 can also be provided at predetermined intervals. The dialysis cells are secured in place by nylon screws 16. A coated weight 17 is connected to the lower end of the sampler. A nylon rope is attached to the upper holding segment 18. The sampler comprises advantageously a number of modular rod-segments 19, which can be connected by the double screw 20. The individual dialysis cells 13 are built of modified polyethylene vials 21, open at both ends, which are provided with closure rings 22 and 23 respectively, and with dialysis membranes 24 and 25, which can thus be easily replaced, and which are thus securely held in place.
The cells are filled with distilled water, or any other solutions, closed by the membranes at both ends, and the sampler is introduced into the water (well, lake or the like) which is to be sampled and left to equilibrate with the surroundings. When the sampler is filled with water or alternative liquid, no water leaks since the membrane is chosen so that the surface tension created when the cell is removed from the sampled liquid and brought into contact with air does not permit any substantial passage of water therethrough.
A sampler, as that depicted in Figs. 1-3, can be lowered into a body of water, e.g., a lake, or into a hole drilled in the ground, or into any reservoir or other liquid, and left there for a period of time sufficient to reach an equilibrium with its surrounding.
If, on the other hand, it is desired to obtain quicker results, the sampler can be left in contact with the water for a period of time sufficient to attain a given percentage of equilibrium, and the actual concentration of the colloid in the body of water can then be calculated from said known percentage. The skilled person will be able, in any given case, by simple and straightforward experimentation, to determine the percentages of equilibrium attained after a given period of time. The cells described above were used in a number of experiments, using the experimental apparatus described in Fig. 4, which consists of a 4-liters flask 26, filled with a water solution containing colloids. The flask was kept well mixed by means of a magnetic stirrer 27. The flask is provided with an outlet 28, which communicates with a 30 ml dialysis cell, 29, of the type described in Figs. 1 - 3. The membrane used in the dialysis cell was a hydrophilic Versapor V-10000 membrane (ex Gelman Sciences, U.S.A.), having a pore size of 10 μ. However, other membranes of various types are known in the art and will be recognized by the skilled person, it being understood that the invention is by no means limited to any specific membrane.
The time behavior of the dialysis cell under no-flow conditions is shown in Fig. 5, when the initial kaolinite concentration in the flask was 20 mg/lit, and the solution was stirred at 60 rpm. The calibration curve for natural colloids obtained from ground water is seen in Fig. 6, which compares the turbidity (NTU), as measured by a turbidimeter (HACH, 2100N Turbidimeter, U.S.A.) as a function of predetermined natural colloids concentration (mg/lit).
The above will be better understood through the following illustrative and non-limitative examples. Example 1
An MLS of the type shown in Figs. 1-3, was inserted in a well drilled in the ground, the dialysis cells sampling at different depths, down to about 41 m. Turbidity was measured in each of the sampling cells, at the depths shown in Fig. 7, which shows the turbidity at different depths.
The mean diameter of the colloidal particles varied along the MLS, and the measured diameter is shown in Fig. 8, for the sampled cells of Fig. 7. It can be seen that the size of the colloids tends to increase with increasing depth.
Example 2
Example 1 was repeated at the same site, two months later, and the results are shown in Fig. 9. Also, the mean diameters for each tested cell are shown in Fig. 10. The variability between this profile and that of Example 1 reflects the microscale variability of colloids in ground water under natural gradient flow conditions.
All the above description and examples have been provided for the purpose of illustration, and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. Many modifications can be effected in the method and sampling devices of the invention, without departing from its spirit.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A method for measuring the concentration of colloids in a liquid medium, comprising collecting the colloids by immersing into said liquid medium a dialysis cell provided with a membrane having a mean pore size of up to 15 μ, said cell being filled with a second liquid which may be the same or different from the liquid being tested, and allowing said cell to stand in said liquid medium for a period of time sufficient to reach partial or complete equilibrium with, the surrounding medium, and thereafter withdrawing said cell from the sampled liquid, removing the liquid contained in the cell, and testing it for colloid concentration.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid medium sampled is an aqueous medium.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the liquid contained in the dialysis cell is substantially purified water.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the membrane has a mean pore size of about 10 μ.
5. A method according to claims 1 to 4, wherein the immersion time of the dialysis cell is above one week.
6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the immersion time is only a fraction of the time required to reach equilibrium in a given
medium, and the concentration obtained is a known percentage of the equilibrium concentration.
7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the liquid being tested is water selected from ground water, river water and lake water.
8. A sampling device for analyzing the contents of colloids in a tested liquid, comprising a dialysis cell provided with a membrane having a mean pore size of up to about 15μ.
9. A sampling device according to claim 8, wherein the liquid is an aqueous medium, and the pore size is about 10 μ.
10. A device according to claim 8 or 9, comprising a plurality of dialysis cells.
11. The device of claim 10, which is an MLS.
12. A method for analyzing the contents of colloidal particles in an aqueous medium, substantially as described and illustrated, and with particular reference to the examples.
13. A sampling device, substantially as described and illustrated.
PCT/US1996/004388 1995-03-31 1996-03-29 Colloids analysis method and device WO1996030739A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU54375/96A AU5437596A (en) 1995-03-31 1996-03-29 Colloids analysis method and device

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IL11321195A IL113211A0 (en) 1995-03-31 1995-03-31 Colloids analysis method and device
IL113211 1995-03-31

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19726813A1 (en) * 1997-06-25 1999-01-07 Bischoff Wolf Anno Determination of the rate at which substances e.g.pollutants migrate through e.g. soil
US6296760B1 (en) * 1999-03-03 2001-10-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Device for the removal and concentration of ionic metal species from water
EP1285257B1 (en) * 2000-05-25 2005-07-27 Gene Bio-Application Ltd. Processing chamber with apertures for pipette access
CN109701393A (en) * 2019-01-01 2019-05-03 中国人民解放军63653部队 Underground hydrocolloid original position tangential flow ultra-filtration unit

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4092117A (en) * 1975-08-13 1978-05-30 Inveresk Research International Device and method for monitoring the metal content of aqueous systems
GB2181544A (en) * 1985-09-02 1987-04-23 Israel State Water sampling system

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4092117A (en) * 1975-08-13 1978-05-30 Inveresk Research International Device and method for monitoring the metal content of aqueous systems
GB2181544A (en) * 1985-09-02 1987-04-23 Israel State Water sampling system
US4857473A (en) * 1985-09-02 1989-08-15 State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture, Water Commission Water sampling system

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19726813A1 (en) * 1997-06-25 1999-01-07 Bischoff Wolf Anno Determination of the rate at which substances e.g.pollutants migrate through e.g. soil
DE19726813C2 (en) * 1997-06-25 2003-03-27 Bischoff Wolf Anno Method for determining the displacement of substances dissolved in soil water and device for carrying out the method
US6296760B1 (en) * 1999-03-03 2001-10-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Device for the removal and concentration of ionic metal species from water
EP1285257B1 (en) * 2000-05-25 2005-07-27 Gene Bio-Application Ltd. Processing chamber with apertures for pipette access
CN109701393A (en) * 2019-01-01 2019-05-03 中国人民解放军63653部队 Underground hydrocolloid original position tangential flow ultra-filtration unit
CN109701393B (en) * 2019-01-01 2021-03-02 中国人民解放军63653部队 Underground water colloid in-situ tangential flow ultrafiltration device

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IL113211A0 (en) 1995-06-29
AU5437596A (en) 1996-10-16

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