WO1996038618A1 - Method for finishing a dry-laid web and web finished thereby - Google Patents

Method for finishing a dry-laid web and web finished thereby Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996038618A1
WO1996038618A1 PCT/FR1996/000825 FR9600825W WO9638618A1 WO 1996038618 A1 WO1996038618 A1 WO 1996038618A1 FR 9600825 W FR9600825 W FR 9600825W WO 9638618 A1 WO9638618 A1 WO 9638618A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sheet
cylinder
tablecloth
percent
marked
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR1996/000825
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Louis Neveu
Bernard Louis Dit Picard
Henri Lesage
Original Assignee
Kaysersberg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kaysersberg filed Critical Kaysersberg
Priority to DE69603342T priority Critical patent/DE69603342T2/en
Priority to DK96920882T priority patent/DK0774019T3/en
Priority to EP96920882A priority patent/EP0774019B1/en
Priority to US08/756,527 priority patent/US5858512A/en
Priority claimed from US08/756,527 external-priority patent/US5858512A/en
Publication of WO1996038618A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996038618A1/en
Priority to NO970401A priority patent/NO308012B1/en
Priority to GR990402582T priority patent/GR3031489T3/en

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/006—Making patterned paper
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • D04H1/60—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in dry state, e.g. thermo-activatable agents in solid or molten state, and heat being applied subsequently
    • D04H1/62—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in dry state, e.g. thermo-activatable agents in solid or molten state, and heat being applied subsequently at spaced points or locations
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
    • D04H1/66—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions at spaced points or locations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, on the one hand, to a method of finishing a sheet formed by the dry process, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic binder such as a latex or hot-melt fibers, and the distribution of the fibers n is not homogeneous. And, on the other hand, the invention relates to tablecloths thus ennobled.
  • the product according to the invention comprising a pattern, is used, after transformation, as a tablecloth, a napkin or other disposable decorative item.
  • This type of tablecloth is obtained by a well-known process which consists of treating paper pulp in order to defibrate it dry, forming a veil on a forming fabric where the individualized fibers are distributed randomly by air, providing a binder thermoplastic which will penetrate into the veil thus formed allowing the fibers to bond together, then to dry and crosslink.
  • Tablets of dry-laid cellulosic fibers consisting of a mattress of paper fibers distributed at random and of a thermoplastic binder, comprising a pattern on at least one face of the sheet. These plies have compressed and other uncompressed areas on their surface. The pattern can be obtained by embossing or marking the sheet.
  • embossed is understood here to mean creating on a part of a surface of the sheet, reliefs with corresponding depressions on the remaining surface of the sheet. In other words, the sheet which has been embossed has increased in thickness.
  • marking consists in compressing certain parts on one face of the sheet by forming compacted zones and by reducing the thickness of the sheet in these zones without forming relief on the opposite side.
  • the compressed or marked parts have a higher density than the parts which have not been compressed. Unmarked areas may or may not be calendared.
  • the marking of the tablecloth deposited in the dry state was used to improve the application of the binder on the sheet.
  • part of the sheet surface is compressed by cylindrical rollers before the bonding step, the pattern then being stabilized with the binder.
  • a surface of the sheet is marked by simultaneously applying a binder to the other surface of the sheet, thereby improving the penetration of the binder into the sheet.
  • the marking of the sheet is a step inside the process of manufacturing the sheet.
  • the dry-laid fibrous web is marked to increase its bulk and improve its absorption properties. At least 40 percent and preferably between 50 and 80 percent of the total area of one side of the sheet is marked. Both sides can be marked.
  • the method consists in marking the dry-laid sheet with a hollow pattern by means of cylindrical rollers which, preferably, are not resilient, these rollers being heated between 140 and 180 ° C and exerting sufficient pressure to densify the parts of the sheet located under the compressed areas and reach a density between about 0.2 g / c ⁇ r and about 0.5 g / cnr.
  • the marking step is carried out here at any time after the deposition of the dry fibers on a mobile support and the consolidation of the sheet.
  • this type of product has strength properties, in particular breaking strength, which tend to decrease due to the shearing of the fibers.
  • Surface properties such as touch, softness are impaired.
  • the marking process used for this type of product and the size of the marked surface, that is to say, compacted areas, are probably at the origin of the decrease in these properties.
  • the product is less soft and less comfortable to use, which is detrimental in certain applications such as napkins.
  • the sheets have an uneven distribution of their fibers. Some parts of the web have clumps of fibers while other parts have clear areas with much less fiber.
  • a marking by means of a cylinder engraved in steel and a receiving cylinder also in steel, it can be seen that the areas of high grammage, "over-thickened", are well marked while the areas of low grammage do not are not or only slightly marked.
  • the areas of high grammage form "shims" between which the marking is weak. You cannot distribute the pressure evenly across the generator. The marking is therefore not regular.
  • the tablecloth thus marked does not have a uniform pattern and is of lower quality from an aesthetic point of view. This defect appears for the sheets of fibers deposited dry, which in particular have a grammage dispersion of plus or minus 20 percent.
  • the invention aims to overcome all the drawbacks mentioned above by providing a method of finishing the web which is a simple process of transforming the web, economical and flexible since the engraved cylinder can be easily changed. thus making it possible to modify the pattern marked on the tablecloth.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a marked ply whose pattern is regular whatever the distribution of the fibers in the ply, while maintaining the mechanical properties of the ply and its surface properties.
  • the resistance properties of the ply are little modified.
  • the deformation imparted by the etching is permanent, which constitutes an undeniable advantage.
  • matt and shiny effects are given so that the sheet can present plays of light coming from the opposition of the hollows and the reliefs.
  • the hollow part corresponding to the compressed part, gives shine.
  • the thickness of the sheet decreases or not, compared to its initial thickness.
  • the invention relates to a particular method of marking a sheet formed by the dry process, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic binder such as a latex or thermoplastic fibers, and the distribution of fibers n is not perfectly homogeneous, using a marking technique known in the textile field to ennoble fabrics; it is the embossing of fabrics.
  • the method consists in deforming under heat stress the web between a hard, non-deformable engraved cylinder and a receiving cylinder with a hardness of between approximately 60 and approximately 90 degrees Shore D, resilient and deformable under the pressure exerted by said engraved cylinder.
  • the resilience of the receiving cylinder is defined here by the ratio between the energy returned by the cylinder after deformation and the energy which had been supplied to it to deform it. This ratio can be determined from the hysteresis cycles obtained by successive traction and relaxation using a dynamometer or by subjecting a test piece to an impact using a pendulum.
  • the receiving cylinder is made of a material which can undergo deformations, such as a paper, rubber, polyamide, polyurethane or even textile material.
  • the engraved cylinder is made of steel and is heated to a temperature ranging from approximately 80 to approximately 180 ° C and preferably from approximately 130 to approximately 150 ° C.
  • the subject of the invention is also a sheet formed by the dry route, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic material, the distribution of the fibers of which is not perfectly homogeneous, having a formation index less than about 75 measured on a KAJAANI device. in the rough, and comprising on at least one of its faces a marked pattern.
  • the rate of marking of the surface of the tablecloth comprising the marked pattern is greater than about 80 percent.
  • the marked area of the sheet is less than 40 percent of the total area.
  • the subject of the invention is also a sheet obtained according to the method according to the invention, characterized by its marked surface, which is greater than 40 percent of the total surface.
  • the single figure shows a partial view of a tablecloth compressed between an engraved steel cylinder and a resilient and deformable receiving cylinder, the tablecloth corresponding to the first type of tablecloth described below.
  • the problem posed in the present invention comes from the fact that the sheet intended to be ennobled consists of bonded paper fibers which are not distributed in a uniform or homogeneous manner in the sheet. In fact, the density varies within the same tablecloth more or less significantly.
  • the distribution of the fibers in the sheet, before marking and before coloring, will be described below by the air or formation index which is an index measuring the regularity of the arrangement of the fibers in the thickness of the sheet.
  • the visual aspect of the product seen by transparency gives a qualitative measure of the look.
  • the training index can be quantitatively measured by optical means.
  • the formation index is measured in the following way: light is passed through the sheet and the intensity of the light transmitted through this sheet is measured. This measurement is carried out on an appropriate device, here a training analyzer marketed under the name KAJAANI, a fully automated optical device.
  • the uniformity or regularity of the distribution of the fibers is determined by measuring the variation in the intensity of the light transmitted through a sample. The area of the measured sample is 63.5 millimeters by 63.5 millimeters.
  • the analyzer captures the image of the sample, divides it into pixels and stores it in memory. Each pixel is then resolved into 256 discrete levels of gray.
  • the computer statistically calculates a histogram and the formation index of the measured sample.
  • the training index varies in a scale from 20 to 122.4; a higher value corresponds to better, more uniform training. The most uniform formation (measured without sample) is 122.4.
  • the measurement of the formation index is carried out on sheets in the raw state, that is to say white sheets corresponding to the sheets before coloring and before marking.
  • the plies used in the process according to the invention have a formation index of less than around 75.
  • a well-formed web can have a grammage variation of ⁇ 4 grams.
  • the binder is essentially latex and, in general, an emulsion of the ethylene-vinyl acetate type, or else powders or hot-melt fibers.
  • these plies are already bonded, that is to say consolidated by the thermoplastic binder, dried and crosslinked.
  • the process according to the invention takes place outside the process for manufacturing the web itself or at the end of the latter, unlike most of the processes of the prior art where the marking step takes place after the deposition of dry fibers and before the binding operation has been completed.
  • the method according to the invention consists in deforming under heat stress the sheet to permanently mark a decorative pattern on at least one of its faces.
  • the stress deformation step and the heating step can be simultaneous or dissociated depending on the nature of the engraved cylinder.
  • the latter is made of a hard, non-deformable material. In general, this cylinder is made of engraved steel. In this case, the steel cylinder is directly heated.
  • the pattern is engraved on the hard, non-deformable cylinder.
  • the surface of the cylinder is more or less engraved depending on the type of ply desired.
  • the pattern engraved on the surface of the cylinder has parts in relief which correspond to the parts marked in hollow on the surface of the sheet.
  • a maximum of 40 percent of the surface of the cylinder is etched and preferably between approximately 10 and approximately 40 percent and even more preferably between approximately 15 and approximately 30 percent.
  • the engraving pattern in this case, is quite decorative.
  • the drawing can be, for example, made up of several unitary patterns such as a flower or the like, or of thickened lines or lines giving a marbled effect etc.
  • the height d of the part 1 in relief on the engraved cylinder 2 or even the depth of the engraving must be strictly greater than the thickness e of the sheet or of the sheet 3 which is intended to be marked so that the surface 4 of the sheet which is not marked, that is to say which is not deformed by the part 1 in relief of the engraved cylinder 2, is not in contact with the part 5 without relief of the engraved cylinder 2 which, moreover, is heated in the general case. Therefore, the thickness of the initial ply is not changed significantly.
  • a second type of ply For a second type of ply, more than 40 percent and preferably between 60 and 90 percent of the surface of the cylinder is engraved. The pattern is then much smaller and can be in the form of multiple dots. In the latter case, the marking gives an overall appearance of the textile weft to the web. Indeed, for this type of tablecloth, we are looking for a textile look and feel of the finished textile type such as starch cotton, that is to say a hand print of fabrics. We also aim to obtain a sheet of constant thickness and less than the initial thickness, always in the spirit of having a product of textile appearance or imitation.
  • the depth of the etching is, for the second type of sheet, less than the thickness of the sheet. Consequently, with in addition a large marked surface, the sheet decreases substantially in thickness.
  • the receiving cylinder also known as a counter-cylinder is made of a resilient or "elastic" material, as defined above, and can undergo deformations when the engraved cylinder exerts stresses.
  • the material used for this receiving cylinder should have a hardness in the range of about 60 to about 90 degrees Shore D.
  • the hardness of this material will be in the range from about 65 to about 85 degrees Shore D.
  • the material used are rubber, for example having a hardness of about 88 degrees Shore D for the rubber marketed. under the trademark Polylay, paper having for example a hardness of about 78 to about 82 degrees Shore D, polyamide having a hardness of about 80 degrees Shore D or else a textile material having a hardness of about 78 to about 85 Shore D degrees.
  • the textile cylinder gives good results. It is possible to envisage a cylinder made of "composite" material where the core of the cylinder is made of paper and the coating of the cylinder is made of textile material, for example of woolly type. The hardness of such a cylinder is approximately 82 degrees Shore D. Polyamide is also very suitable allowing good distribution of the force over the entire surface of the cylinder and matching the surface of the patterns. Any equivalent elastic plastic material can be considered.
  • the receiving cylinder or counter-cylinder is flexible and accepts irregularities in the thickness of the ply. It advantageously deforms along the contour of the protruding parts of the engraved cylinder when the latter is applied under pressure and hot to the ply intended to be marked.
  • the ply is hot stamped between the engraved steel cylinder which is heated, and the receiving cylinder or counter-cylinder.
  • the engraved cylinder is heated to a temperature equivalent to the softening or creep temperature of the material constituting the sheet in the compressed zone, that is to say to a temperature between approximately 80 and 180 ° C. and preferably between approximately 130 and 150 ° C.
  • the engraved cylinder exerts a linear pressure on the web, which can vary in a range ranging from approximately 40 to approximately 150 kg / cm and preferably from approximately 60 to approximately 100 kg / cm.
  • the machine can have a speed of about 10 to about 300 m / min. and preferably about 80 to 200 m / min.
  • the temperature increases with the speed of the machine.
  • the pressure and the temperature of the engraved cylinder must be correlated.
  • the tablecloth resulting from this process is marked.
  • the marked areas are compacted and their density has increased.
  • the grammage of the marked ply varies little compared to that of the initial ply.
  • the marked pattern is very regular and permanent.
  • the marked surface of the tablecloth is less than 40 percent of the total surface of the tablecloth, in contrast to the tablecloth marked using the method described in European Patent No. 0 077 055 of the art prior.
  • this marked area varies in the range from about 15 to about 30 percent of the total area of the web. This limitation of the marked area is essential for this type of sheet.
  • the average thickness of the sheet thus marked has decreased very little in the range of 0.02 to 0.2 mm and preferably less than 0.1 mm compared to the initial thickness.
  • the web advantageously retains the surface properties before marking, such as its soft feel and its softness.
  • the tablecloth thus marked has greater softness than tablecloths marked in a conventional manner.
  • One of the essential characteristics of the marked ply according to the invention resides in the fact that it has a permanent pattern despite the heterogeneity in the distribution of the fibers of the ply, illustrated by the air.
  • This characteristic can be quantified by measuring the rate of marking of the web.
  • the marking rate corresponds to the transfer efficiency of the engraving image of the cylinder engraved on the web. This marking rate was measured by image analysis on a device sold under the name Quantimet 600 by the company LEICA.
  • the method of analysis consists in subjecting samples of the tablecloth to grazing lighting at a certain angle, thus highlighting the relief of the pattern by creating areas of shadow.
  • the area of the shaded areas is measured from a gray threshold determined from a control.
  • the marking rate is the following ratio: marked surface of the sheet (relative to the total surface of the sheet) on theoretical marked surface (corresponding to the engraved surface of the cylinder) relative to the total surface of the sheet.
  • a marking rate of 0 percent corresponds to an area that has not been marked and a marking rate of 100 percent corresponds to an ideal or perfect marking.
  • the 100 percent marking rate is in fact the perfect imprint of the relief of the engraved cylinder.
  • the tablecloth marked according to the invention corresponding to the first type of tablecloth, that is to say the tablecloth whose marked surface is less than 40 percent, has a labeling rate greater than about 80 percent and preferably more than 90 percent.
  • Another advantageous characteristic of the first type of ply is that it has shiny surface parts alternating with dull surface parts, clearly visible to the naked eye, the shiny parts corresponding to the marked surface of the ply. This matt and shiny effect brings out the motif clearly and contributes to the refinement of the tablecloth. It gives a satin appearance to the marked surface part and recalls, in terms of touch and appearance, damask cotton.
  • the marked surface is greater than 40 percent of the total surface of the tablecloth.
  • the sheet has a lower apparent thickness compared to its initial thickness. The reduction in thickness is around 25 percent of the initial thickness. This ply also has the advantage of having a constant thickness which is not always the case with the initial ply at the end of its manufacture.
  • the rigidity can be advantageously increased so that, for example, the napkins can have a touch of finished textile and, once folded for presentation, keep this shape folded. To do this, the grammage of the sheet is increased and an appropriate binder is chosen.
  • the marked ply according to the invention whatever its marked surface, has mechanical properties, in particular resistance properties, substantially identical to those of the ply before treatment.

Abstract

A method for finishing a dry-laid web made from paper fibres bonded by a thermoplastic binder and with a non-uniform fibre distribution is described, which includes the step of applying heat distortion under load to the web between a hard, non-deformable engraved cylinder and a receiving cylinder with a Shore D hardness in the range of about 60° and 90°, and which is resilient and deformable under pressure by said engraved cylinder. The invention is particularly useful for making disposable, decorative napkins and table cloths.

Description

PROCEDE D'ENNOBLISSEMENT D'UNE NAPPE FORMEE PAR VOIE SECHE ET NAPPE AINSI ENNOBLIE PROCESS FOR ENCLOSING A DRY-FORMED TABLECLOTH AND THUS ENNOBLIZED TABLECLOTH
La présente invention concerne, d'une part, un procédé d'ennoblissement d'une nappe formée par voie sèche, constituée de fibres papetières liées par un liant thermoplastique tel qu'un latex ou des fibres thermofusibles, et dont la répartition des fibres n'est pas homogène. Et, d'autre part, l'invention a pour objet des nappes ainsi ennoblies.The present invention relates, on the one hand, to a method of finishing a sheet formed by the dry process, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic binder such as a latex or hot-melt fibers, and the distribution of the fibers n is not homogeneous. And, on the other hand, the invention relates to tablecloths thus ennobled.
Le produit selon l'invention comportant un motif, est utilisé, après transformation, comme nappe, serviette de table ou autre article décoratif jetable.The product according to the invention comprising a pattern, is used, after transformation, as a tablecloth, a napkin or other disposable decorative item.
Ce type de nappe est obtenu par un procédé bien connu qui consiste à traiter des pâtes papetières afin de les défibrer à sec, à former un voile sur une toile de formation où les fibres individualisées sont réparties au hasard par voie aéraulique, à apporter un liant thermoplastique qui va pénétrer dans le voile ainsi formé permettant aux fibres de se lier entre elles, puis à sécher et réticuler.This type of tablecloth is obtained by a well-known process which consists of treating paper pulp in order to defibrate it dry, forming a veil on a forming fabric where the individualized fibers are distributed randomly by air, providing a binder thermoplastic which will penetrate into the veil thus formed allowing the fibers to bond together, then to dry and crosslink.
On peut, le cas échéant, empreindre un motif par calandrage et/ou gaufrage, sur le voile avant l'étape de liage permettant une répartition différente du liant qui va diffuser préférentiellement dans les zones compactées.It is possible, if necessary, to imprint a pattern by calendering and / or embossing, on the web before the binding step allowing a different distribution of the binder which will preferentially diffuse in the compacted areas.
On connaît des nappes de fibres cellulosiques déposées à sec, constituées d'un matelas de fibres papetières réparties au hasard et d'un liant thermoplastique, comportant un motif sur au moins une face de la feuille. Ces nappes présentent sur leur surface des zones comprimées et d'autres non comprimées. Le motif peut être obtenu en gaufrant ou en marquant la feuille.Tablets of dry-laid cellulosic fibers are known, consisting of a mattress of paper fibers distributed at random and of a thermoplastic binder, comprising a pattern on at least one face of the sheet. These plies have compressed and other uncompressed areas on their surface. The pattern can be obtained by embossing or marking the sheet.
On entend ici par "gaufrage", le fait de créer sur une partie d'une surface de la feuille, des reliefs avec des dépressions correspondantes sur la surface restante de la feuille. En d'autres termes, la feuille qui a été gaufrée, a augmenté en épaisseur.The term “embossing” is understood here to mean creating on a part of a surface of the sheet, reliefs with corresponding depressions on the remaining surface of the sheet. In other words, the sheet which has been embossed has increased in thickness.
Le terme de "marquage" tel qu'il est utilisé dans la description qui suit, consiste à comprimer certaines parties sur une face de la feuille en formant des zones compactées et en réduisant l'épaisseur de la feuille dans ces zones sans former de relief sur la face opposée. Les parties comprimées ou marquées ont une densité plus importante que les parties qui n'ont pas été comprimées. Les zones non marquées peuvent ou non être calandrées.The term "marking" as used in the description which follows, consists in compressing certain parts on one face of the sheet by forming compacted zones and by reducing the thickness of the sheet in these zones without forming relief on the opposite side. The compressed or marked parts have a higher density than the parts which have not been compressed. Unmarked areas may or may not be calendared.
Le marquage de la nappe déposée à l'état sec, a été utilisé pour améliorer l'application du liant sur la feuille. Par exemple, dans le brevet américain n° 4 127 637, une partie de la surface de la feuille est comprimée par des rouleaux cylindriques avant l'étape de liage, le motif étant ensuite stabilisé avec le liant. Dans le brevet américain n° 4 135 024, on marque une surface de la feuille en appliquant simultanément un liant sur l'autre surface de la feuille, on améliore ainsi la pénétration du liant dans la feuille. Pour ce type de procédé, le marquage de la nappe est une étape à l'intérieur même du procédé de fabrication de la nappe.The marking of the tablecloth deposited in the dry state was used to improve the application of the binder on the sheet. For example, in US Patent No. 4,127,637, part of the sheet surface is compressed by cylindrical rollers before the bonding step, the pattern then being stabilized with the binder. In US Patent No. 4,135,024, a surface of the sheet is marked by simultaneously applying a binder to the other surface of the sheet, thereby improving the penetration of the binder into the sheet. For this type of process, the marking of the sheet is a step inside the process of manufacturing the sheet.
Dans le brevet européen n° 0 077 005, la nappe fibreuse déposée à sec est marquée pour augmenter son bouffant et améliorer ses propriétés d'absorption. Au moins 40 pour cent et de préférence entre 50 et 80 pour cent de la surface totale d'une face de la feuille est marquée. Les deux faces peuvent être marquées. Le procédé consiste à marquer la feuille déposée à sec avec un motif en creux au moyen de rouleaux cylindriques qui, de préférence, ne sont pas résilients, ces rouleaux étant chauffés entre 140 et 180° C et exerçant une pression suffisante pour densifier les parties de la nappe situées sous les zones comprimées et atteindre une masse volumique comprise entre environ 0,2 g/cιτr et environ 0,5 g/cnr. L'étape de marquage est réalisée ici à n'importe quel moment après le dépôt des fibres sèches sur un support mobile et la consolidation de la nappe.In European Patent No. 0 077 005, the dry-laid fibrous web is marked to increase its bulk and improve its absorption properties. At least 40 percent and preferably between 50 and 80 percent of the total area of one side of the sheet is marked. Both sides can be marked. The method consists in marking the dry-laid sheet with a hollow pattern by means of cylindrical rollers which, preferably, are not resilient, these rollers being heated between 140 and 180 ° C and exerting sufficient pressure to densify the parts of the sheet located under the compressed areas and reach a density between about 0.2 g / cιτr and about 0.5 g / cnr. The marking step is carried out here at any time after the deposition of the dry fibers on a mobile support and the consolidation of the sheet.
Cependant, ce type de produit dont les propriétés d'absorption ont été améliorées, a des propriétés de résistance en particulier de résistance à la rupture, qui ont tendance à diminuer du fait du cisaillement des fibres. Les propriétés de surface telles que le toucher, le moelleux sont altérées. En effet, le procédé de marquage utilisé pour ce type de produit et l'importance de la surface marquée, c'est à dire, des zones compactées, sont probablement à l'origine de la diminution de ces propriétés. Le produit est moins doux et moins confortable à l'usage, ce qui est préjudiciable dans certaines applications telles que les serviettes de table.However, this type of product, the absorption properties of which have been improved, has strength properties, in particular breaking strength, which tend to decrease due to the shearing of the fibers. Surface properties such as touch, softness are impaired. Indeed, the marking process used for this type of product and the size of the marked surface, that is to say, compacted areas, are probably at the origin of the decrease in these properties. The product is less soft and less comfortable to use, which is detrimental in certain applications such as napkins.
Par ailleurs, en raison de leur formation par voie sèche, les nappes présentent une répartition peu uniforme de leurs fibres. Certaines parties de la nappe présentent des amas de fibres tandis que d'autres parties présentent des zones claires avec beaucoup moins de fibres. Dans le cas d'un marquage au moyen d'un cylindre gravé en acier et d'un cylindre récepteur également en acier, on constate que les zones de grammage élevé, "surépaissies", sont bien marquées alors que les zones de faible grammage ne sont pas ou que faiblement marquées. Sur la nappe marquée, les zones de grammage élevé forment des "cales" entre lesquels le marquage est faible. On ne peut pas répartir la pression de manière uniforme sur toute la génératrice. Le marquage n'est donc pas régulier. La nappe ainsi marquée ne présente pas un motif uniforme et est de moindre qualité d'un point de vue esthétique. Ce défaut apparaît pour les nappes de fibres déposées à sec, qui présentent notamment une dispersion de grammage de plus ou moins 20 pour cent.Furthermore, due to their dry formation, the sheets have an uneven distribution of their fibers. Some parts of the web have clumps of fibers while other parts have clear areas with much less fiber. In the case of a marking by means of a cylinder engraved in steel and a receiving cylinder also in steel, it can be seen that the areas of high grammage, "over-thickened", are well marked while the areas of low grammage do not are not or only slightly marked. On the marked tablecloth, the areas of high grammage form "shims" between which the marking is weak. You cannot distribute the pressure evenly across the generator. The marking is therefore not regular. The tablecloth thus marked does not have a uniform pattern and is of lower quality from an aesthetic point of view. This defect appears for the sheets of fibers deposited dry, which in particular have a grammage dispersion of plus or minus 20 percent.
Le brevet américain n° 4 476 078 évoque ce problème dans le cas où l'étape de marquage intervient après le séchage et la réticulation de la nappe. En effet, il fait remarquer qu'avec ce procédé, on ne peut avoir ni une bonne définition du marquage, ni une qualité élevée au niveau de l'empreinte du motif. Il propose pour solution un procédé consistant à partiellement réticuler le liant après son application sur le voile, pour obtenir une feuille partiellement réticulée et déformable qui puisse garder une tenue physique au cours du transport vers le poste de marquage et pendant le marquage proprement dit, à marquer la feuille partiellement réticulée et enfin à réticuler complètement la feuille marquée. Un tel procédé présente des inconvénients : le marquage doit se faire sur le lieu de la réticulation, donc vraisemblablement sur le lieu de la fabrication de la nappe en elle-même et le procédé en soi est plus long et plus complexe.US Patent No. 4,476,078 discusses this problem in the case where the marking step occurs after the drying and crosslinking of the web. Indeed, he points out that with this process, we can have neither a good definition of the marking, nor a high quality at the level of the imprint of the pattern. It offers as a solution a process consisting in partially crosslinking the binder after its application on the web, to obtain a partially crosslinked and deformable sheet which can retain physical strength during transport to the marking station and during marking proper, marking the partially crosslinked sheet and finally completely crosslinking the marked sheet. Such a method has drawbacks: the marking must be done at the place of crosslinking, therefore probably at the place of manufacture of the web itself and the process itself is longer and more complex.
La plupart des brevets de l'art antérieur mentionnés précédemment, proposent une étape de marquage au cours du procédé même de fabrication de la nappe. Il est donc très difficile de changer rapidement et au moindre coût le cylindre gravé pour un motif différent. Ces procédés ne sont pas souples et flexibles pour répondre aux exigences des marchés.Most of the patents of the prior art mentioned above, propose a marking step during the very process of manufacturing the web. It is therefore very difficult to quickly and cheaply change the engraved cylinder for a different pattern. These processes are not flexible and flexible to meet market requirements.
L'invention a pour but de pallier l'ensemble des inconvénients mentionnés précédemment en fournissant un procédé d'ennoblissement de la nappe qui est un procédé simple de transformation de la nappe, économique et flexible dans la mesure où le cylindre gravé peut être facilement changé permettant ainsi de modifier le motif marqué sur la nappe.The invention aims to overcome all the drawbacks mentioned above by providing a method of finishing the web which is a simple process of transforming the web, economical and flexible since the engraved cylinder can be easily changed. thus making it possible to modify the pattern marked on the tablecloth.
Un autre but de l'invention est de fournir une nappe marquée dont le motif est régulier quelle que soit la répartition des fibres dans la nappe, tout en maintenant les propriétés mécaniques de la nappe et ses propriétés de surface. En particulier, pour la nappe marquée selon l'invention comparée à la nappe avant marquage, les propriétés de résistance de la nappe sont peu modifiées. En outre, la déformation impartie par la gravure est permanente ce qui constitue un avantage incontestable. De plus, des effets mats et brillants sont donnés si bien que la nappe peut présenter des jeux de lumière provenant de l'opposition des creux et des reliefs. La partie en creux, correspondant à la partie comprimée, donne de la brillance. Selon que l'on associe ou pas le marquage à une opération de calandrage, l'épaisseur de la nappe diminue ou non, par rapport à son épaisseur initiale.Another object of the invention is to provide a marked ply whose pattern is regular whatever the distribution of the fibers in the ply, while maintaining the mechanical properties of the ply and its surface properties. In particular, for the ply marked according to the invention compared to the ply before marking, the resistance properties of the ply are little modified. In addition, the deformation imparted by the etching is permanent, which constitutes an undeniable advantage. In addition, matt and shiny effects are given so that the sheet can present plays of light coming from the opposition of the hollows and the reliefs. The hollow part, corresponding to the compressed part, gives shine. Depending on whether or not the marking is associated with a calendering operation, the thickness of the sheet decreases or not, compared to its initial thickness.
Pour ce faire, l'invention a pour objet un procédé particulier de marquage d'une nappe formée par voie sèche, constituée de fibres papetières liées par un liant thermoplastique tel qu'un latex ou des fibres thermoplastiques, et dont la répartition des fibres n'est pas parfaitement homogène, utilisant une technique de marquage connue dans le domaine du textile pour ennoblir les tissus ; il s'agit du gaufrage des tissus.To do this, the invention relates to a particular method of marking a sheet formed by the dry process, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic binder such as a latex or thermoplastic fibers, and the distribution of fibers n is not perfectly homogeneous, using a marking technique known in the textile field to ennoble fabrics; it is the embossing of fabrics.
Selon une caractéristique essentielle de l'invention, le procédé consiste à déformer sous contrainte à chaud la nappe entre un cylindre gravé dur et non déformable et un cylindre récepteur d'une dureté comprise entre environ 60 et environ 90 degrés Shore D, résilient et déformable sous la pression exercée par ledit cylindre gravé. La résilience du cylindre récepteur est définie ici par le rapport entre l'énergie restituée par le cylindre après déformation et l'énergie qui lui avait été fournie pour le déformer. Ce rapport peut se déterminer à partir des cycles d'hystérésis obtenus par traction et relâchement successifs à l'aide d'un dynamomètre ou en soumettant une éprouvette à un choc grâce à un balancier.According to an essential characteristic of the invention, the method consists in deforming under heat stress the web between a hard, non-deformable engraved cylinder and a receiving cylinder with a hardness of between approximately 60 and approximately 90 degrees Shore D, resilient and deformable under the pressure exerted by said engraved cylinder. The resilience of the receiving cylinder is defined here by the ratio between the energy returned by the cylinder after deformation and the energy which had been supplied to it to deform it. This ratio can be determined from the hysteresis cycles obtained by successive traction and relaxation using a dynamometer or by subjecting a test piece to an impact using a pendulum.
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le cylindre récepteur est réalisé dans un matériau qui peut subir des déformations, tel qu'un matériau papier, caoutchouc, polyamide, polyuréthane ou encore textile.According to another characteristic of the invention, the receiving cylinder is made of a material which can undergo deformations, such as a paper, rubber, polyamide, polyurethane or even textile material.
Selon une caractéristique avantageuse de l'invention, le cylindre gravé est en acier et est chauffé à une température allant d'environ 80 à environ 180° C et de préférence d'environ 130 à environ 150° C.According to an advantageous characteristic of the invention, the engraved cylinder is made of steel and is heated to a temperature ranging from approximately 80 to approximately 180 ° C and preferably from approximately 130 to approximately 150 ° C.
Selon encore une caractéristique de l'invention, environ 10 à environ 40 pour cent de la surface de ce cylindre est gravée.According to yet another characteristic of the invention, approximately 10 to approximately 40 percent of the surface of this cylinder is engraved.
L'invention a également pour objet une nappe formée par voie sèche, constituée de fibres papetières liées par une matière thermoplastique, dont la répartition des fibres n'est pas parfaitement homogène, présentant un indice de formation inférieur à environ 75 mesuré sur un appareil KAJAANI à l'état brut, et comportant sur au moins une de ses faces un motif marqué.The subject of the invention is also a sheet formed by the dry route, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic material, the distribution of the fibers of which is not perfectly homogeneous, having a formation index less than about 75 measured on a KAJAANI device. in the rough, and comprising on at least one of its faces a marked pattern.
Selon une caractéristique essentielle de cette nappe, le taux de marquage de la surface de la nappe comportant le motif marqué est supérieur à environ 80 pour cent.According to an essential characteristic of this tablecloth, the rate of marking of the surface of the tablecloth comprising the marked pattern is greater than about 80 percent.
Selon une caractéristique essentielle de la nappe selon l'invention, la surface marquée de la nappe est inférieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale.According to an essential characteristic of the sheet according to the invention, the marked area of the sheet is less than 40 percent of the total area.
L'invention a encore pour objet une nappe obtenue suivant le procédé selon l'invention, caractérisée par sa surface marquée, qui est supérieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale.The subject of the invention is also a sheet obtained according to the method according to the invention, characterized by its marked surface, which is greater than 40 percent of the total surface.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront plus clairement à la lecture détaillée de la description qui suit en référence au dessin annexé dans lequel :Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear more clearly on reading the following description with reference to the appended drawing in which:
- la figure unique représente une vue partielle d'une nappe comprimée entre un cylindre gravé en acier et un cylindre récepteur résilient et déformable, la nappe correspondant au premier type de nappe décrit ci-après.- The single figure shows a partial view of a tablecloth compressed between an engraved steel cylinder and a resilient and deformable receiving cylinder, the tablecloth corresponding to the first type of tablecloth described below.
Le problème posé dans la présente invention vient du fait que la nappe destinée à être ennoblie est constituée de fibres papetières liées qui ne sont pas réparties de manière uniforme ou homogène dans la nappe. En effet, la densité varie à l'intérieur d'une même nappe de manière plus ou moins importante.The problem posed in the present invention comes from the fact that the sheet intended to be ennobled consists of bonded paper fibers which are not distributed in a uniform or homogeneous manner in the sheet. In fact, the density varies within the same tablecloth more or less significantly.
On qualifiera ci-après la répartition des fibres dans la nappe, avant marquage et avant coloration, par l'épair ou indice de formation qui est un indice mesurant la régularité de la disposition des fibres dans l'épaisseur de la feuille. L'aspect visuel du produit vu par transparence donne une mesure qualitative de l'épair. Lorsque la répartition des fibres n'est pas homogène, l'aspect visuel de la feuille présente des zones claires et des zones plus foncées, on parle de formation "nuageuse". L'indice de formation peut être mesuré quantitativement par des moyens optiques.The distribution of the fibers in the sheet, before marking and before coloring, will be described below by the air or formation index which is an index measuring the regularity of the arrangement of the fibers in the thickness of the sheet. The visual aspect of the product seen by transparency gives a qualitative measure of the look. When the distribution of fibers is not homogeneous, the visual appearance of the sheet has light areas and darker areas, we speak of "cloudy" formation. The training index can be quantitatively measured by optical means.
Pour illustrer la spécificité de la nappe utilisée dans l'invention, on mesure l'indice de formation de la façon suivante : on fait passer de la lumière à travers la feuille et on mesure l'intensité de la lumière transmise à travers cette feuille. Cette mesure est réalisée sur un appareil approprié, ici un analyseur de formation commercialisé sous le nom KAJAANI, appareil optique complètement automatisé. L'uniformité ou la régularité de la répartition des fibres est déterminée en mesurant la variation de l'intensité de la lumière transmise à travers un échantillon. La surface de l'échantillon mesuré est de 63,5 millimètres sur 63,5 millimètres. L'analyseur capte l'image de l'échantillon, la divise en pixels et la conserve en mémoire. Chaque pixel est ensuite résolu en 256 niveaux discrets de gris. L'ordinateur calcule de manière statistique un histogramme et l'indice de formation de l'échantillon mesuré. L'indice de formation varie dans une échelle de 20 à 122, 4 ; une valeur élevée correspond à une meilleure formation, plus uniforme. La formation la plus uniforme (mesurée sans échantillon) est de 122,4.To illustrate the specificity of the sheet used in the invention, the formation index is measured in the following way: light is passed through the sheet and the intensity of the light transmitted through this sheet is measured. This measurement is carried out on an appropriate device, here a training analyzer marketed under the name KAJAANI, a fully automated optical device. The uniformity or regularity of the distribution of the fibers is determined by measuring the variation in the intensity of the light transmitted through a sample. The area of the measured sample is 63.5 millimeters by 63.5 millimeters. The analyzer captures the image of the sample, divides it into pixels and stores it in memory. Each pixel is then resolved into 256 discrete levels of gray. The computer statistically calculates a histogram and the formation index of the measured sample. The training index varies in a scale from 20 to 122.4; a higher value corresponds to better, more uniform training. The most uniform formation (measured without sample) is 122.4.
La mesure de l'indice de formation est effectuée sur des nappes à l'état brut, c'est à dire des nappes blanches correspondant aux nappes avant coloration et avant marquage.The measurement of the formation index is carried out on sheets in the raw state, that is to say white sheets corresponding to the sheets before coloring and before marking.
Les nappes utilisées dans le procédé suivant l'invention ont un indice de formation inférieur à environ 75.The plies used in the process according to the invention have a formation index of less than around 75.
Elles ont une épaisseur initiale d'environ 0,7 à environ 1,2 mm et un grammage initial compris entre environ 50 et environ 120 g/m2. Pour un grammage par exemple de 60 g/m2, une nappe bien formée, peut présenter une variation de grammage de ± 4 grammes.They have an initial thickness of approximately 0.7 to approximately 1.2 mm and an initial grammage of between approximately 50 and approximately 120 g / m 2 . For a grammage of, for example, 60 g / m 2 , a well-formed web can have a grammage variation of ± 4 grams.
Elles contiennent entre environ 10 et environ 50 pour cent en poids de matière thermoplastique permettant de lier les fibres papetières entre elles. Le liant est essentiellement du latex et de manière générale, une émulsion de type éthylène-vinyl- acétate, ou encore des poudres ou des fibres thermofusibles.They contain between about 10 and about 50 percent by weight of thermoplastic material making it possible to bind the paper fibers together. The binder is essentially latex and, in general, an emulsion of the ethylene-vinyl acetate type, or else powders or hot-melt fibers.
Par ailleurs, ces nappes sont déjà liées c'est à dire consolidées par le liant thermoplastique, séchées et réticulées. Le procédé selon l'invention prend place en dehors du procédé de fabrication de la nappe en elle-même ou à l'issue de ce dernier, contrairement à la plupart des procédés de l'art antérieur où l'étape de marquage a lieu après le dépôt des fibres sèches et avant que l'opération de liage ait été achevée.Furthermore, these plies are already bonded, that is to say consolidated by the thermoplastic binder, dried and crosslinked. The process according to the invention takes place outside the process for manufacturing the web itself or at the end of the latter, unlike most of the processes of the prior art where the marking step takes place after the deposition of dry fibers and before the binding operation has been completed.
Le procédé selon l'invention consiste à déformer sous contrainte à chaud la nappe pour marquer de manière permanente un motif décoratif sur au moins une de ses faces. L'étape de déformation sous contrainte et l'étape de chauffage peuvent être simultanées ou dissociées selon la nature du cylindre gravé. Ce dernier est réalisé dans un matériau dur et non déformable. En général, ce cylindre est en acier gravé. Dans ce cas, le cylindre en acier est directement chauffé. On pourrait également envisager de réaliser un cylindre gravé dans un autre matériau dur tel qu'un matériau plastique qui ne se déformerait pas sous les contraintes exercées et qui pourrait être gravé. Cependant, dans ce dernier cas, l'étape de chauffage serait dissociée de celle de compression comme cela a déjà été proposé pour le gaufrage des textiles.The method according to the invention consists in deforming under heat stress the sheet to permanently mark a decorative pattern on at least one of its faces. The stress deformation step and the heating step can be simultaneous or dissociated depending on the nature of the engraved cylinder. The latter is made of a hard, non-deformable material. In general, this cylinder is made of engraved steel. In this case, the steel cylinder is directly heated. One could also consider making a cylinder engraved in another hard material such as a plastic material which would not deform under the stresses exerted and which could be engraved. However, in the latter case, the heating step would be dissociated from that of compression as has already been proposed for the embossing of textiles.
Le motif est gravé sur le cylindre dur et non déformable. La surface du cylindre est plus ou moins gravée selon le type de nappe souhaité.The pattern is engraved on the hard, non-deformable cylinder. The surface of the cylinder is more or less engraved depending on the type of ply desired.
Le motif gravé en surface du cylindre comporte des parties en relief qui correspondent aux parties marquées en creux sur la surface de la nappe.The pattern engraved on the surface of the cylinder has parts in relief which correspond to the parts marked in hollow on the surface of the sheet.
Pour un premier type de nappe, au maximum 40 pour cent de la surface du cylindre est gravée et de préférence entre environ 10 et environ 40 pour cent et encore plus préférentiellement entre environ 15 et environ 30 pour cent. Le motif de gravure, dans ce cas, est tout à fait décoratif. Le dessin peut être, par exemple, constitué de plusieurs motifs unitaires tels qu'une fleur ou autre, ou de lignes ou traits épaissis donnant un effet marbré etc.For a first type of web, a maximum of 40 percent of the surface of the cylinder is etched and preferably between approximately 10 and approximately 40 percent and even more preferably between approximately 15 and approximately 30 percent. The engraving pattern, in this case, is quite decorative. The drawing can be, for example, made up of several unitary patterns such as a flower or the like, or of thickened lines or lines giving a marbled effect etc.
En référence à la figure qui illustre le marquage selon l'invention dans le but d'obtenir le premier type de nappe, la hauteur d de la partie 1 en relief sur le cylindre gravé 2 ou encore la profondeur de la gravure, doit être strictement supérieure à l'épaisseur e de la feuille ou de la nappe 3 qui est destinée à être marquée afin que la surface 4 de la nappe qui n'est pas marquée, c'est à dire qui n'est pas déformée par la partie 1 en relief du cylindre gravé 2, ne soit pas en contact avec la partie 5 sans relief du cylindre gravé 2 qui, plus est, est chauffé dans le cas général. De ce fait, l'épaisseur de la nappe initiale n'est pas modifiée de manière significative.With reference to the figure which illustrates the marking according to the invention in order to obtain the first type of ply, the height d of the part 1 in relief on the engraved cylinder 2 or even the depth of the engraving, must be strictly greater than the thickness e of the sheet or of the sheet 3 which is intended to be marked so that the surface 4 of the sheet which is not marked, that is to say which is not deformed by the part 1 in relief of the engraved cylinder 2, is not in contact with the part 5 without relief of the engraved cylinder 2 which, moreover, is heated in the general case. Therefore, the thickness of the initial ply is not changed significantly.
Pour un second type de nappe, plus de 40 pour cent et de préférence entre 60 et 90 pour cent de la surface du cylindre est gravée. Le motif est alors beaucoup plus petit et peut se présenter sous la forme de points multiples. Dans ce dernier cas, le marquage donne un aspect global de trame textile à la nappe. En effet, pour ce type de nappe, on recherche un aspect et un toucher textile du type textile apprêté comme le coton amidonné, c'est à dire une impression en main de tissus. On vise également à obtenir une nappe d'épaisseur constante et inférieure à l'épaisseur initiale, toujours dans l'esprit d'avoir un produit d'apparence ou imitation textile.For a second type of ply, more than 40 percent and preferably between 60 and 90 percent of the surface of the cylinder is engraved. The pattern is then much smaller and can be in the form of multiple dots. In the latter case, the marking gives an overall appearance of the textile weft to the web. Indeed, for this type of tablecloth, we are looking for a textile look and feel of the finished textile type such as starch cotton, that is to say a hand print of fabrics. We also aim to obtain a sheet of constant thickness and less than the initial thickness, always in the spirit of having a product of textile appearance or imitation.
A la différence du premier type de nappe, la profondeur de la gravure est, pour le second type de nappe, inférieure à l'épaisseur de la nappe. Par conséquent, avec en plus une surface marquée importante, la nappe diminue substantiellement d'épaisseur.Unlike the first type of sheet, the depth of the etching is, for the second type of sheet, less than the thickness of the sheet. Consequently, with in addition a large marked surface, the sheet decreases substantially in thickness.
Le cylindre récepteur encore dénommé contre-cylindre est réalisé dans un matériau résilient ou "élastique", tel que défini précédemment, et peut subir des déformations lorsque le cylindre gravé exerce des contraintes. Le matériau utilisé pour ce cylindre récepteur doit présenter une dureté allant dans l'intervalle d'environ 60 à environ 90 degrés Shore D.The receiving cylinder also known as a counter-cylinder is made of a resilient or "elastic" material, as defined above, and can undergo deformations when the engraved cylinder exerts stresses. The material used for this receiving cylinder should have a hardness in the range of about 60 to about 90 degrees Shore D.
De préférence, la dureté de ce matériau se situera dans l'intervalle allant d'environ 65 à environ 85 degrés Shore D. Des exemples de matériau utilisé sont le caoutchouc ayant par exemple une dureté d'environ 88 degrés Shore D pour le caoutchouc commercialisé sous la marque Polylay, le papier ayant par exemple une dureté d'environ 78 à environ 82 degrés Shore D, le polyamide ayant une dureté d'environ 80 degrés Shore D ou encore un matériau textile ayant une dureté d'environ 78 à environ 85 degrés Shore D. Le cylindre en matériau textile donne de bons résultats. On peut envisager un cylindre en matériau "composite" où le coeur du cylindre est en papier et le revêtement du cylindre est en matériau textile par exemple de type laineux. La dureté d'un tel cylindre est d'environ 82 degrés Shore D. Le polyamide est également bien approprié permettant une bonne répartition de l'effort sur toute la surface du cylindre et épousant la surface des motifs. Tout matériau plastique élastique équivalent peut être envisagé.Preferably, the hardness of this material will be in the range from about 65 to about 85 degrees Shore D. Examples of the material used are rubber, for example having a hardness of about 88 degrees Shore D for the rubber marketed. under the trademark Polylay, paper having for example a hardness of about 78 to about 82 degrees Shore D, polyamide having a hardness of about 80 degrees Shore D or else a textile material having a hardness of about 78 to about 85 Shore D degrees. The textile cylinder gives good results. It is possible to envisage a cylinder made of "composite" material where the core of the cylinder is made of paper and the coating of the cylinder is made of textile material, for example of woolly type. The hardness of such a cylinder is approximately 82 degrees Shore D. Polyamide is also very suitable allowing good distribution of the force over the entire surface of the cylinder and matching the surface of the patterns. Any equivalent elastic plastic material can be considered.
Pour le second type de nappe, à imitation textile, on utilise par exemple, un contre-cylindre en polyuréthane de qualité spéciale d'une dureté d'environ 75 degrés Shore D.For the second type of tablecloth, with textile imitation, one uses for example, a counter-cylinder in polyurethane of special quality with a hardness of approximately 75 degrees Shore D.
Le cylindre récepteur ou contre-cylindre est souple et admet les irrégularités d'épaisseur de la nappe. Il se déforme avantageusement suivant le contour des parties formant saillie du cylindre gravé lorsque ce dernier est appliqué sous pression et à chaud sur la nappe destinée à être marquée.The receiving cylinder or counter-cylinder is flexible and accepts irregularities in the thickness of the ply. It advantageously deforms along the contour of the protruding parts of the engraved cylinder when the latter is applied under pressure and hot to the ply intended to be marked.
Suivant un mode de réalisation du procédé selon l'invention, la nappe est marquée à chaud entre le cylindre gravé en acier qui est chauffé, et le cylindre récepteur ou contre-cylindre. Le cylindre gravé est chauffé à une température équivalente à la température de ramollissement ou de fluage du matériau constituant la nappe dans la zone comprimée, c'est à dire à une température située entre environ 80 et 180° C et de préférence entre environ 130 et 150° C. Le cylindre gravé exerce une pression linéaire sur la nappe, pouvant varier dans un intervalle allant d'environ 40 à environ 150 kg/cm et de préférence d'environ 60 à environ 100 kg/cm. La machine peut présenter une vitesse d'environ 10 à environ 300 m/min. et de préférence d'environ 80 à 200 m/min. Il est à noter que la température augmente avec la vitesse de la machine. Comme on recherche une permanence de l'effort, pour une vitesse de défilement ou une vitesse de la machine donnée, la pression et la température du cylindre gravé doivent être corrélées. De préférence, une seule face de la nappe est marquée mais les deux faces peuvent être marquées.According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the ply is hot stamped between the engraved steel cylinder which is heated, and the receiving cylinder or counter-cylinder. The engraved cylinder is heated to a temperature equivalent to the softening or creep temperature of the material constituting the sheet in the compressed zone, that is to say to a temperature between approximately 80 and 180 ° C. and preferably between approximately 130 and 150 ° C. The engraved cylinder exerts a linear pressure on the web, which can vary in a range ranging from approximately 40 to approximately 150 kg / cm and preferably from approximately 60 to approximately 100 kg / cm. The machine can have a speed of about 10 to about 300 m / min. and preferably about 80 to 200 m / min. It should be noted that the temperature increases with the speed of the machine. As one seeks a permanence of the force, for a running speed or a given machine speed, the pressure and the temperature of the engraved cylinder must be correlated. Preferably, only one side of the web is marked, but both sides can be marked.
La nappe résultant de ce procédé est marquée. Les zones marquées sont compactées et leur densité a augmenté. De manière générale, le grammage de la nappe marquée varie peu par rapport à celui de la nappe initiale. Le motif marquée est très régulier et permanent.The tablecloth resulting from this process is marked. The marked areas are compacted and their density has increased. In general, the grammage of the marked ply varies little compared to that of the initial ply. The marked pattern is very regular and permanent.
Pour le premier type de nappe, la surface marquée de la nappe est inférieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale de la nappe, contrairement à la nappe marquée au moyen du procédé décrit dans le brevet européen n° 0 077 055 de l'art antérieur. De préférence, cette surface marquée varie dans l'intervalle allant d'environ 15 à environ 30 pour cent de la surface totale de la nappe. Cette limitation de la surface marquée est essentielle pour ce type de nappe. En outre, l'épaisseur moyenne de la nappe ainsi marquée a très peu diminué de l'ordre de 0,02 à 0,2 mm et de préférence de moins de 0,1 mm par rapport à l'épaisseur initiale.For the first type of tablecloth, the marked surface of the tablecloth is less than 40 percent of the total surface of the tablecloth, in contrast to the tablecloth marked using the method described in European Patent No. 0 077 055 of the art prior. Preferably, this marked area varies in the range from about 15 to about 30 percent of the total area of the web. This limitation of the marked area is essential for this type of sheet. In addition, the average thickness of the sheet thus marked has decreased very little in the range of 0.02 to 0.2 mm and preferably less than 0.1 mm compared to the initial thickness.
De par le procédé de marquage spécifique de l'invention, dans le cas particulier où la surface marquée est inférieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale et la profondeur de gravure est supérieure à l'épaisseur de la feuille, la nappe garde avantageusement les propriétés de surface avant marquage, telles que son toucher doux et son moelleux. La nappe ainsi marquée présente une plus grande douceur que des nappes marquées de manière classique.Due to the specific marking process of the invention, in the particular case where the marked area is less than 40 percent of the total area and the etching depth is greater than the thickness of the sheet, the web advantageously retains the surface properties before marking, such as its soft feel and its softness. The tablecloth thus marked has greater softness than tablecloths marked in a conventional manner.
Une des caractéristiques essentielles de la nappe marquée selon l'invention, notamment du premier type de nappe , réside dans le fait qu'elle présente un motif permanent malgré l'hétérogénéité dans la répartition des fibres de la nappe, illustrée par l'épair.One of the essential characteristics of the marked ply according to the invention, in particular of the first type of ply, resides in the fact that it has a permanent pattern despite the heterogeneity in the distribution of the fibers of the ply, illustrated by the air.
Cette caractéristique peut être quantifiée par la mesure du taux de marquage de la nappe. Le taux de marquage correspond au rendement du transfert de l'image de la gravure du cylindre gravé sur la nappe. Ce taux de marquage a été mesuré par analyse d'image sur un appareil commercialisé sous le nom Quantimet 600 par la société LEICA.This characteristic can be quantified by measuring the rate of marking of the web. The marking rate corresponds to the transfer efficiency of the engraving image of the cylinder engraved on the web. This marking rate was measured by image analysis on a device sold under the name Quantimet 600 by the company LEICA.
La méthode d'analyse consiste à soumettre des échantillons de la nappe à un éclairage rasant suivant un certain angle, à mettre ainsi en évidence le relief du motif en créant des zones d'ombre. La surface des zones d'ombre est mesurée à partir d'un seuil de gris déterminé à partir d'un témoin.The method of analysis consists in subjecting samples of the tablecloth to grazing lighting at a certain angle, thus highlighting the relief of the pattern by creating areas of shadow. The area of the shaded areas is measured from a gray threshold determined from a control.
Le taux de marquage est le rapport suivant : surface marquée de la nappe (par rapport à la surface totale de la nappe) sur surface marquée théorique (correspondant à la surface gravée du cylindre) par rapport à la surface totale de la nappe.The marking rate is the following ratio: marked surface of the sheet (relative to the total surface of the sheet) on theoretical marked surface (corresponding to the engraved surface of the cylinder) relative to the total surface of the sheet.
Un taux de marquage de 0 pour cent correspond à une surface qui n'a pas été marquée et un taux de marquage de 100 pour cent correspond à un marquage idéal ou parfait. Le taux de marquage de 100 pour cent est en fait l'empreinte parfaite du relief du cylindre gravé.A marking rate of 0 percent corresponds to an area that has not been marked and a marking rate of 100 percent corresponds to an ideal or perfect marking. The 100 percent marking rate is in fact the perfect imprint of the relief of the engraved cylinder.
La nappe marquée selon l'invention correspondant au premier type de nappe, c'est à dire à la nappe dont la surface marquée est inférieure à 40 pour cent, présente un taux de marquage supérieur à environ 80 pour cent et de préférence supérieur à 90 pour cent.The tablecloth marked according to the invention corresponding to the first type of tablecloth, that is to say the tablecloth whose marked surface is less than 40 percent, has a labeling rate greater than about 80 percent and preferably more than 90 percent.
L'aspect esthétique d'une telle nappe est nettement amélioré par rapport à une nappe marquée de manière classique entre deux cylindres en acier, qui présente un motif qui est marqué de manière irrégulière et n'est pas permanent.The aesthetic appearance of such a ply is significantly improved compared to a ply marked in the conventional manner between two steel cylinders, which has a pattern which is marked irregularly and is not permanent.
Une autre des caractéristiques avantageuses du premier type de nappe, est qu'elle présente des parties de surface brillantes alternant avec des parties de surface mates, bien visibles à l'oeil nu, les parties brillantes correspondant à la surface marquée de la nappe. Cet effet mat et brillant fait nettement ressortir le motif et participe à l'ennoblissement de la nappe. Il donne un aspect satiné à la partie de surface marquée et rappelle, au niveau du toucher et de l'apparence, le coton damassé.Another advantageous characteristic of the first type of ply is that it has shiny surface parts alternating with dull surface parts, clearly visible to the naked eye, the shiny parts corresponding to the marked surface of the ply. This matt and shiny effect brings out the motif clearly and contributes to the refinement of the tablecloth. It gives a satin appearance to the marked surface part and recalls, in terms of touch and appearance, damask cotton.
Pour le second type de nappe, la surface marquée est supérieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale de la nappe. La nappe présente une épaisseur apparente plus faible comparée à son épaisseur initiale. La diminution de l'épaisseur est de l'ordre de 25 pour cent de l'épaisseur initiale. Cette nappe présente par ailleurs pour avantage d'avoir une épaisseur constante ce qui n'est pas toujours le cas de la nappe initiale à l'issue de sa fabrication.For the second type of tablecloth, the marked surface is greater than 40 percent of the total surface of the tablecloth. The sheet has a lower apparent thickness compared to its initial thickness. The reduction in thickness is around 25 percent of the initial thickness. This ply also has the advantage of having a constant thickness which is not always the case with the initial ply at the end of its manufacture.
Pour ce type de nappe ayant un aspect textile, la rigidité peut être avantageusement augmentée de manière à ce que, par exemple, les serviettes de table puissent avoir un toucher de textile apprêté et, une fois pliée pour la présentation, garder cette forme pliée. Pour ce faire, on augmente le grammage de la nappe et on choisit un liant approprié.For this type of tablecloth having a textile appearance, the rigidity can be advantageously increased so that, for example, the napkins can have a touch of finished textile and, once folded for presentation, keep this shape folded. To do this, the grammage of the sheet is increased and an appropriate binder is chosen.
Enfin, la nappe marquée selon l'invention quelle que soit sa surface marquée, présente des propriétés mécaniques, en particulier des propriétés de résistance, sensiblement identiques à celles de la nappe avant traitement. Finally, the marked ply according to the invention, whatever its marked surface, has mechanical properties, in particular resistance properties, substantially identical to those of the ply before treatment.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1) Procédé d'ennoblissement d'une nappe formée par voie sèche, constituée de fibres papetières liées par un liant thermoplastique, et dont la répartition des fibres n'est pas parfaitement homogène, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à déformer sous contrainte à chaud ladite nappe entre un cylindre gravé dur et non déformable et un cylindre récepteur d'une dureté comprise entre environ 60 et environ 90 degrés Shore D, résilient et déformable sous la pression exercée par ledit cylindre gravé.1) Method for finishing a sheet formed by the dry process, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic binder, and the distribution of the fibers of which is not perfectly homogeneous, characterized in that it consists in deforming under stress at hot said ply between a hard, non-deformable engraved cylinder and a receiving cylinder with a hardness of between approximately 60 and approximately 90 degrees Shore D, resilient and deformable under the pressure exerted by said engraved cylinder.
2) Procédé selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que ledit cylindre récepteur a une dureté de préférence d'environ 65 à environ 85 degrés Shore D.2) Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that said receiving cylinder has a hardness preferably of about 65 to about 85 degrees Shore D.
3) Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le cylindre récepteur est réalisé dans un matériau qui peut subir des déformations, tel qu'un matériau papier, caoutchouc, polyamide, polyuréthane ou encore textile.3) Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the receiving cylinder is made of a material which can undergo deformations, such as a paper, rubber, polyamide, polyurethane or even textile material.
4) Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le cylindre gravé dur est réalisé en acier ou tout matériau qui ne se déforme pas sous la pression exercée, tel que par exemple un matériau plastique.4) Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hard engraved cylinder is made of steel or any material which does not deform under the pressure exerted, such as for example a plastic material.
5) Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le cylindre gravé est en acier et est chauffé à une température allant d'environ 80 à environ 180° C et de préférence d'environ 130 à environ 150° C.5) Method according to claim 4, characterized in that the engraved cylinder is made of steel and is heated to a temperature ranging from about 80 to about 180 ° C and preferably from about 130 to about 150 ° C.
6) Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la pression linéaire du cylindre gravé est d'environ 40 à environ 150 kg/cm et de préférence d'environ 60 à environ 100 kg/cm.6) Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the linear pressure of the engraved cylinder is from about 40 to about 150 kg / cm and preferably from about 60 to about 100 kg / cm.
7) Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'on effectue un calandrage simultanément au marquage.7) Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a calendering is carried out simultaneously with the marking.
8) Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'environ 10 à environ 40 pour cent de la surface du cylindre dur et non déformable est gravée.8) Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that about 10 to about 40 percent of the surface of the hard and non-deformable cylinder is etched.
9) Procédé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'environ 15 à environ 30 pour cent de la surface dudit cylindre est de préférence gravée.9) Method according to claim 8, characterized in that about 15 to about 30 percent of the surface of said cylinder is preferably engraved.
10) Procédé selon la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que la profondeur de la gravure est supérieure à l'épaisseur de la nappe.10) Method according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the depth of the etching is greater than the thickness of the web.
11) Nappe formée par voie sèche, constituée de fibres papetières liées par une matière thermoplastique, dont la répartition des fibres n'est pas parfaitement homogène, présentant un indice de formation inférieur à 75 mesuré sur un appareil KAAJANI à l'état brut et comportant sur au moins une de ses faces un motif, caractérisée en ce que sur la partie de la surface de la nappe comportant ledit motif, le taux de marquage est supérieur à environ 80 pour cent.11) Tablecloth formed by the dry route, consisting of paper fibers linked by a thermoplastic material, the distribution of the fibers of which is not perfectly homogeneous, having a formation index less than 75 measured on a KAAJANI apparatus in the raw state and comprising on at least one of its faces a pattern, characterized in that on the part of the surface of the web comprising said pattern, the marking rate is greater than about 80 percent.
12) Nappe selon la revendication 11, caractérisée en ce que ledit taux de marquage est de préférence supérieur à 90 pour cent. 13) Nappe selon la revendication 1 1 ou 12, caractérisée en ce que la surface marquée de ladite nappe est inférieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale.12) Tablecloth according to claim 11, characterized in that said marking rate is preferably greater than 90 percent. 13) Tablecloth according to claim 1 1 or 12, characterized in that the marked area of said sheet is less than 40 percent of the total area.
14) Nappe selon la revendication 13, caractérisée en ce que la surface marquée de la dite nappe est de préférence comprise entre environ 15 et environ 30 pour cent de la surface totale de ladite nappe.14) Tablecloth according to claim 13, characterized in that the marked area of said sheet is preferably between about 15 and about 30 percent of the total area of said sheet.
15) Nappe selon l'une des revendications 11 à 14, caractérisée en ce la surface de la nappe comportant ledit motif présente des parties de surface brillantes alternant avec des parties de surface mates, lesdites parties de surface brillantes correspondant à la surface marquée.15) Tablecloth according to one of claims 11 to 14, characterized in that the surface of the sheet comprising said pattern has shiny surface parts alternating with matt surface parts, said shiny surface parts corresponding to the marked surface.
16) Nappe selon l'une des revendications 1 1 à 15, caractérisée en ce qu'elle a une épaisseur d'environ 0,5 à environ 1 mm.16) Tablecloth according to one of claims 1 1 to 15, characterized in that it has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 1 mm.
17) Nappe obtenue par le procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que la surface marquée de ladite nappe est supérieure à 40 pour cent de la surface totale de la nappe.17) Tablecloth obtained by the method according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the marked area of said sheet is greater than 40 percent of the total area of the sheet.
18) Nappe selon l'une des revendications 1 1 à 17, caractérisée en ce qu'elle a un grammage compris entre environ 50 et environ 120 g/m2.18) Tablecloth according to one of claims 1 1 to 17, characterized in that it has a grammage between about 50 and about 120 g / m 2 .
19) Nappe selon l'une des revendications 11 à 18, caractérisée en ce que la nappe contient entre environ 10 et environ 50 pour cent en poids de matière thermoplastique. 19) Tablecloth according to one of claims 11 to 18, characterized in that the ply contains between about 10 and about 50 percent by weight of thermoplastic material.
PCT/FR1996/000825 1995-06-01 1996-05-31 Method for finishing a dry-laid web and web finished thereby WO1996038618A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69603342T DE69603342T2 (en) 1995-06-01 1996-05-31 METHOD FOR FINISHING A DRY-SHAPED FLEECE AND SO FINE-FINISHED FABRIC
DK96920882T DK0774019T3 (en) 1995-06-01 1996-05-31 Process for processing a dew formed by dry way and thus refined dew
EP96920882A EP0774019B1 (en) 1995-06-01 1996-05-31 Method for finishing a dry-laid web and web finished thereby
US08/756,527 US5858512A (en) 1995-06-01 1996-11-26 Air-laid web formed from a finishing process and web obtained thereby
NO970401A NO308012B1 (en) 1995-06-01 1997-01-30 Method of embossing an air-laid web
GR990402582T GR3031489T3 (en) 1995-06-01 1999-10-08 Method for finishing a dry-laid web and web finished thereby

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP95401288.6 1995-06-01
EP95401288A EP0745717A1 (en) 1995-06-01 1995-06-01 Method of finishing a dry-formed web and web thus finished
US08/756,527 US5858512A (en) 1995-06-01 1996-11-26 Air-laid web formed from a finishing process and web obtained thereby

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WO1996038618A1 true WO1996038618A1 (en) 1996-12-05

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DE (1) DE69603342T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0774019T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2136422T3 (en)
GR (1) GR3031489T3 (en)
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US6090241A (en) * 1997-06-06 2000-07-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Ultrasonically-assisted process for making differential density cellulosic structure containing fluid-latent indigenous polymers
US6139686A (en) * 1997-06-06 2000-10-31 The Procter & Gamble Company Process and apparatus for making foreshortened cellulsic structure
US5935381A (en) * 1997-06-06 1999-08-10 The Procter & Gamble Company Differential density cellulosic structure and process for making same
US5938893A (en) * 1997-08-15 1999-08-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Fibrous structure and process for making same

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US4135024A (en) * 1976-08-16 1979-01-16 Scott Paper Company Method of treating a low integrity dry-formed nonwoven web and product made therefrom
US4507173A (en) * 1980-08-29 1985-03-26 James River-Norwalk, Inc. Pattern bonding and creping of fibrous products

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4127637A (en) 1975-03-13 1978-11-28 Scott Paper Co. Method of manufacturing a dry-formed, embossed adhesively bonded, nonwoven fibrous sheet
DK439282A (en) 1981-10-05 1983-04-06 James River Dixie Northern Inc HIGH-ABSORBING STRIP FIBER PRODUCT AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURING
US4476078A (en) 1982-05-04 1984-10-09 James River-Dixie/Northern, Inc. Process for manufacturing embossed nonwoven fibrous products

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4135024A (en) * 1976-08-16 1979-01-16 Scott Paper Company Method of treating a low integrity dry-formed nonwoven web and product made therefrom
US4507173A (en) * 1980-08-29 1985-03-26 James River-Norwalk, Inc. Pattern bonding and creping of fibrous products

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EP0774019A1 (en) 1997-05-21
NO970401L (en) 1997-03-18
EP0774019B1 (en) 1999-07-21
NO308012B1 (en) 2000-07-03
GR3031489T3 (en) 2000-01-31
DE69603342D1 (en) 1999-08-26
EP0745717A1 (en) 1996-12-04
DE69603342T2 (en) 1999-11-11
DK0774019T3 (en) 1999-11-29
NO970401D0 (en) 1997-01-30
ES2136422T3 (en) 1999-11-16

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