WO1997011446A1 - Device and method for simulating hazardous material detection - Google Patents
Device and method for simulating hazardous material detection Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997011446A1 WO1997011446A1 PCT/GB1996/002316 GB9602316W WO9711446A1 WO 1997011446 A1 WO1997011446 A1 WO 1997011446A1 GB 9602316 W GB9602316 W GB 9602316W WO 9711446 A1 WO9711446 A1 WO 9711446A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- simulated
- detector
- prid
- simulated detector
- hazardous material
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/36—Detecting the response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device and method for training individuals in the proper use of a detector for sensing specific materials, in particular hazardous materials including radioactive, biological or chemical weapon agents, or hazardous environments, for example in areas where oxygen levels are depleted.
- the device simulates these hazardous materials and the detector to provide this training without exposure to actual hazardous materials .
- U.S. Patent No. 4,630,044, discloses an information exchange system that uses RF identification devices that include inductively coupled transponders that derive power for transmitting by rectifying a received RF signal.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,457,447, discloses an RF identificationior. device that is powered by various forms of incident energy.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,497,140, (Tuttle) discloses an RF identification device in the form of a postage stamp or shipping label.
- the devices used in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,630,044, 5,457,447 and 5,497,140 use similar technology as the passive radio identification devices used in the present invention, and these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
- the present invention is system that includes a device that simulates a specific material or materials, specifically radioactive, bacteriological, and/or hazardous chemical source and a device for detecting these materials, to train individuals in the correct use of an actual device for detecting these materials, specifically radioactive, bacteriological and/or hazardous chemical detectors, without the need to expose these individuals to hazardous materials.
- hazardous materials also includes hazardous environments, for example environments where oxygen levels are depleted.
- the present invention reduces the impact on the environment as no chemical, bacteriological, or radioactive substances are used.
- the system includes a device to simulate the hazardous material source, a receiver and microcomputer which simulates the hazardous material detector, and an optional remote control device for active instructor input .
- the device that simulates the hazardous material source is either: a passive radio identification device, (PRID) , (with or without a magnet) ; a magnet alone,* or an ultrasound emitter.
- the receiver within the simulated hazardous material detector is configured to receive the signal frci ⁇ whatever type of device is used to simulate the hazardous material source, and further the simulated hazardous material detector may contain all three types of receivers,
- the PRID includes a tuned circuit, an energy storage capacitor, a transmitter unit, a microcomputer and optionally, a permanent magnet.
- the simulated detector includes a hall effect device to detect the magnet .
- the simulated detector outputs a 50ms RF burst. While 50ms is the preferred length of the RF pulse, the length of the pulse can be adjusted depending on the required energy for the PRID, size of the following energy storage capacitor, etc.
- the RF pulse resonates tne tuned circuit contained within the PRID, and a voltage is developed across the tuned circuit This voltage charges the energy storage capacitor through a diode .
- the microcomputer When the capacitor is charged, the microcomputer is activated by the power supplied by the storage capacitor. Once activated, the microcomputer waits for completion of the 50ms pulse, and then activates the transmitter. The transmitter then transmits a signal that identifies the type and level of contamination, as well as an indication of the PRID's transmitted RF level as a reference to the simulated detector.
- the PRID uses a permanent magnet to simulate the contamination
- the signal contains an indication of magnetic field strength as a reference
- the transmitter uses the tuned circuit as an antenna, and the information is coded in the signal using known frequency shift keying techniques.
- the simulated detector includes an RF transmitter and receiver, a microcomputer and a display device.
- the simulated detector is additionally equipped with a hall effect device, an amplifier and an analog to digital (A/D) converter, to provide the microcomputer with an indication of detected magnetic field strength
- the system includes the instructor's remote, (for active instructor intervention)
- the simulated detector also includes a suitable receiver, (RF or infrared) , to receive and decode the instructor's commands.
- the simulated detector periodically transmits a 50ms RF pulse, and then switches to receive mode, to detect any responding PRIDs that may be within range.
- a PRID within range will respond to the RF pulse by transmitting a frequency shift keyed identification signal that provides the simulated detector with information about the type and level of contamination, as well as an RF reference concerning the PRID's transmitted RF level.
- the microcomputer then decodes the PRID's signal, and compares the received RF signal strength to the RF reference to determine the distance the detector is from the PRID. Based on the distance, the level and type of contamination, and the position of simulated controls on the detector, the microcomputer determines an appropriate response . The response is then displayed as an analog meter readout, or digitally using a liquid crystal display, or no response may be indicated if appropriate, (detector set for wrong material detection, detector not close enough, etc.) .
- the instructor's remote control device contains a keypad and a transmitter, and has a similar con iguration to remote controls used for televisions, stereo equipment, etc.
- the transmitter is infrared or RF depending on the remote control receiver used in the detector simulator.
- the remote control allows active instructor input. This feature is useful in training exercises, in that it allows the instructor to change certain parameters of the training program. In the course of a training exercise wherein simulated chemical or radioactive contamination is found, the students are often trained in proper decontamination procedures. The students perform these procedures within view of the instructor. If the proper technique is used, the instructor can use the remote to program the simulated detector' ⁇ microcomputer, to ignore the particular PRID placed on the person or object that has been properly decontaminated.
- the instructor can program the microcomputer to give a partial reading, or simply allow the microcomputer to continue to give a full reading.
- the instructor's remote may include a hand held personal computer (PC) with preprogrammed exercise routines stored therein.
- a further embodiment uses ultrasound emitters to simulate the specific material .
- the ultrasound emitters transmit an ultrasound signal at a specified frequency
- the simulated detector uses an ultrasound receiver to detect this signal.
- this signal is a simple non-modulated frequency, that is used to simulate a specific material .
- the ultrasound emitters use more than one frequency. For example, a 25kHz ultrasound signal may be used to simulate the presence of mustard agent, while a 33kHz signal is used to simulate the presence of nerve agent.
- An advantage over the use of PRIDs is that the ultrasound emitters can be placed as close to each other as desired without any mutual interference. This allows any size area to be simulated as being contaminated, simply by placing a number cf the emitters in a desired pattern.
- the different frequencies can also be overlapped to simulate two different contaminates occupying the same space. This is possible because the simulated detector has separate receivers for the two frequencies, thus allowing simultaneous processing.
- the ultrasound emitters can be used in place of the PRIDs. This is done by modulating the ultrasound signal, to thereby include the identification signal information encoded therein.
- the ultrasound receiver in the simulated detector includes a demodulator and an A/D converter to supply the information to the microcomputer inside the simulated detector.
- the ultrasound emitters When the ultrasound emitters are used to transmit the identification signal, as with the RF PRIDs care must be taken to space the emitters far enough apart to avoid mutual interference.
- Some actual hazardous material detectors respond to interfering substances which can lead to confusion on the part of the user of these detectors. This is particularly true with respect to chemical agent detectors used in the presence of fuel vapor.
- the above described modulated ultrasound emitters are very useful for training individuals in the differentiation between real hazardous materials and interfering substances.
- the simulated detector in this scenario would respond to simulated interfering signals, (assuming the detector is correctly configured) , but not to simulated chemical agent, until the instructor sent an appropriate command using the remote.
- ultrasound is particularly well suited to the simulation of vapors and gases, as the ultrasound signal can be contained in the same manner as these substances .
- the use of identified ultrasound signals permits the simulation of explosive and toxic gas for an indication of depletion of oxygen, for example.
- the instructor's remote (when deemed appropriate) , the instructor can arrange for detection of the signal to simulate either a gradual or rapid leak, or can reduce the simulated detector's sensitivity to reduce the reading to simulate venting of the hazardous gas.
- the simulated detector can also be programmed to give readings indicative of a failure of the simulated detector or the simulated detector's sensor, (probe) . This allows training of individuals in the proper procedure to fellow in the event of an actual hazardous material detector failure.
- Fig. 1 is an environmental view showing a training situation using the PRID, hazardous material detector simulator, and instructor remote control of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the PRID of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 is a block diagram of the hazardous material detector simulator.
- Fig. 4 is a flow chart showing operation of the PRID.
- Fig. 5 is a flow chart showing operation of the hazardous material detector simulator.
- the present invention is primarily for use in a hazardous material training environment as shown in figure 1.
- a training exercise 100 a number of PRIDs are placed in random hidden locations, shown here as 101 under the clothes of person A.
- a student B uses the simulated detector 102 to scan the object or person in question.
- An instructor C observes the training exercise, and interjects any appropriate commands via remote control 103. It should be noted that the student B is unaware as to the location of PRID 101, and further, even in situations where the PRID is visible, the student B is unaware as to the programming of the PRID's or the detector's microcomputers.
- meter deflection refers to an analog meter, however, digital displays can also be used, (such as LCDs or LEDs) .
- a block diagram of the passive radio identification device, PRID 101 of the present invention can be seen in figure 2.
- the operation of the PRID 101 is illustrated in the flow chart shown in figure 4.
- Inductor 201 and capacitor 202 make up a tuned circuit and their values are chosen so that the tuned circuit resonates at the radio frequency transmitted by the simulated detector 102.
- an AC voltage is developed across the tuned circuit.
- the AC voltage is rectified by diode 203, and the rectified voltage is used to charge capacitor 204. Once capacitor 204 is charged to a sufficient level, microcomputer 205 starts to operate.
- the PRID While in the preferred embodiment of the PRID the power is supplied by rectifying the RF energy pulse, the PRID can alternately be powered by an internal battery, and the RF pulse is used as a signal to the microcomputer 205 to power-up and initiate the following subroutine, thereby extending the usable life of the internal battery.
- microcomputer 205 delays any action for a time period sufficient for the 50ms pulse to decay.
- microcomputer 205 provides transmitter 206 with the PRID's identification code and a command to transmit. The transmitter 206 then uses frequency shift keying technology to modulate the RF signal, and transmits the RF identification signal onto line 207 and uses the tuned circuit as an antenna.
- Permanent magnet 200 is used to initiate the query pulse, or as the sole component to simulate the hazardous material source in further embodiments of the invention that are discussed in detail below.
- FIG 3. A block diagram of the detector simulator 102 of the present invention can be seen in figure 3.
- the operation of the detector simulator 102 is illustrated in the flow chart shown in figure 5. It should be noted that figures 3 and 5 show all necessary elements for operation of the system using the permanent magnet, and that embodiment will be discussed first.
- the simulated detector 102 When a student, (or other operator) , places the simulated detector 102 in close proximity, (the magnet is preferably sized to make this distance 7-8") , to a PRID, hall effect device 300 produces an output voltage proportional to the sensed magnetic field generated by permanent magnet 200. This output voltage is then amplified by amplifier 301 to a level usable by analog to digital, (A/D) , converter 302. The A/D converter 302 then provides a digital signal to microcomputer 303 indicative of the presence and strength of the detected magnetic field. When the microcomputer first receives the signal indicative of a sensed magnetic field, the microcomputer 303 prompts transmitter 309 to transmit a 50ms pulse of RF energy at the frequency that will cause the tuned circuit in the PRID to resonate.
- A/D analog to digital
- the transmitter is a carrier only system as only a burst of RF energy is needed to cause the tuned circuit in the PRID to resonate.
- the microcomputer 303 energizes transmit/receive relay 307 to connect the transmitter to the simulated detector's tuned circuit, (comprised of inductor 305, and capacitor
- the transmit/receive relay 307 is given as one method of allowing a transmitter and receiver to share a single antenna, and several other known techniques can be employed to this end. In addition, the transmitter and receiver may be provided with separate antennas.
- the microcomputer 303 deenergizes relay 307 to reconnect the antenna, (tuned circuit) , to receiver 308. If no identification signal, or if an invalid identification signal is received, the microcomputer 303 restarts the process and again looks for a magnetic field detection signal. If, however, a valid identification signal is received, the microcomputer 303, determines if the simulated detector's mode, (selected by the student using selector switches on the simulated detector) , is correct for the type of contamination the
- PRID is programmed to simulate, (via the identification signal) . If an incorrect mode for the type of contamination the PRID is programmed to simulate, is selected, the output indication, (meter deflection or digital display) , is modified, to simulate the output indication an actual hazardous material detector would provide in the same circumstances, and the microcomputer 303 logs the error into internal memory.
- the microcomputer 303 determines the appropriate level of response, (meter deflection or numerical indication) . It should be noted that the PRID can be queried on a regular basis, typically every 250ms. Several factors are taken into consideration to determine the appropriate response.
- the identification signal contains information concerning the strength of the permanent magnet 200. The microcomputer 303 compares this information to the detected magnetic field strength information provided by the A/D converter 302, to determine the distance between the simulated detector 102 and the PRID 101. The identification signal also contains information concerning the level and type of the contamination. The microcomputer 303, compares the level and distance to determine the appropriate display.
- ⁇ * particle radiation requires that the detector be somewhat close, (approximately 1") , for an initial reading, while ⁇ particle radiation requires a distance of approximately 4- 5" for an initial reading.
- the change in the distance between the detector and the contamination influences meter readings differently for various substances. For example, when simulating a particle radiation the detector would need to be very close to the magnet to get any reading, but the reading would increase rapidly as the detector is moved closer. Another substance, however, may not need to be as close to get an initial reading, and would increase in a more linear fashion as the detector is moved closer. It should be noted that these are only given as examples, and the versatility of the present invention allows an unlimited range of types and levels of contamination to be simulated.
- the simulated detector does not contain hall effect device 300, amplifier 301 and A/D converter 302.
- Receiver 309 additionally contains an A/D converter to provide microcomputer 303 with digital information proportional to received RF energy. The detection of a magnetic field is not used to prompt transmission of the RF pulse.
- the microcomputer 303 periodically instructs the transmitter
- the microcomputer 303 continues to periodically transmit the 50ms pulse. In the event a valid identification signal is received, the process continues as discussed above.
- the major advantage in using magnet 200 is reduced consumption of power by the detector simulator. This i ⁇ important as the detector simulator is a hand-held battery- powered unit, and by periodically transmitting the RF pulse, (which requires approximately 1/2 ampere batter * current) , the batteries are drained rather quickly.
- the detector simulator is a hand-held battery- powered unit, and by periodically transmitting the RF pulse, (which requires approximately 1/2 ampere batter * current) , the batteries are drained rather quickly.
- both the magnetic fielc strength as well as the received RF strength can be used :r. the same unit, (by simply providing an identificatic:. signal with information containing both magnetic field strength as well as transmitted RF energy, and providing the receiver with the A/D converter discussed above) , tc provide a more accurate and dependable method cf calibrating the distance between the detector simulator and the PRID.
- the instructor's remote control device 103 is the use of the instructor's remote control device 103.
- the device itself (which may be infrared or RF) , is well known, (used by television sets, stereos, car alarms, etc.), and no further explanation of the physical device is deemed necessary.
- the signal transmitted by the device includes commands to alter the detector simulator's responses to a specific PRID, a group of PRIDs, or all PRIDs.
- a student or group of students may be required to search and identify various sources of hazardous material contamination. After having located one or more of these sources, the students are then required to follow decontamination procedures appropriate for the type of contamination.
- the instructor's remote can be used to simulate these changes.
- a particular area may contain no contamination, but may become contaminated during the course of the exercise.
- This scenario is easily simulated using the instructor's remote 103.
- the simulated detector (s) (more than one may be in use) , can be programmed to provide no response to a group of PRIDs, (those in the area in question) . This can be done by additionally providing each PRID's identification code with a group identity.
- the instructor transmits a command to the simulated detector (s) , to respond to the PRID(s) , as if they were the type of contamination desired to simulate.
- the instructor can transmit a command to a single PRID or a group of PRIDs, to decrease the level of simulated contamination the simulated detector(s) display from one PRID or group of PRIDs, (due to dissipation or an upwind location relative to the simulated contamination) , while increasing the level of simulated contamination the simulated detector( ⁇ ) display from another PRID or group of PRIDs, (due to a downwind location relative to the simulated contamination) .
- a number of PRIDs is used, consideration must be given to the RF power transmitted by the PRIDs to avoid two or more PRIDs in close proximity causing mutual interference.
- the above comments apply equally to a system in which the simulated hazard is represented by radio and/or ultrasound.
- the microcomputer 303 within each detector simulator is capable of storing information as to the procedures used by the student operating that particular simulator. For example, many actual hazardous material detector ⁇ are used in conjunction with a confidence checker.
- a confidence checker contains a small amount of hazardous material, (or another material that affects the detector in the same way as the actual hazardou ⁇ material) , that i ⁇ used to determine whether the detector i ⁇ operating properly.
- a PRID can be used to simulate the confidence checker, and the microcomputer 303 can log, (into its internal memory) , whether the PRID that is being used to simulate the confidence checker was first detected prior to the student using the detector to identify other simulated hazardous materials, (PRIDs, magnets, ultrasound) , as well as ensuring that the confidence checker was used periodically, (perhaps every 30 minutes) , to check proper functioning of the detector.
- the microcomputer 303 can record all of the detected signals regardless of whether these signals were displayed on the simulator. The recorded information can include the nature of the missed hazard, as well as the level and time duration of the missed hazard.
- this stored information can be displayed on the simulated detector or downloaded using any of the well known techniques for computer information exchange, and the information can be used for further instruction. If desired, the errors encountered during a training exercise can be displayed as they occur, to allow a student to use the system as a self-training tool.
- a further embodiment of the present invention uses ultrasound emitters to simulate the specific material .
- the ultrasound emitters transmit an ultrasound signal at a specified frequency, and the simulated detector uses an ultrasound receiver to detect this signal. In the first method, this signal i ⁇ a simple non-modulated frequency, that is used to simulate a specific material. When more than one material is to be simulated, the ultrasound emitters use more than one frequency.
- a 25kHz ultrasound signal may be used to simulate the presence of mustard agent, while a 33kHz signal i ⁇ u ⁇ ed to ⁇ imulate the presence of nerve agent.
- This embodiment has the advantage over the use of PRIDs, in that the ultrasound emitters can be placed as close to each other as desired without any mutual interference. This allows any size area to be simulated a ⁇ being contaminated, simply by placing a number of the emitters in a desired pattern.
- the different frequencies can also be overlapped to simulate two different contaminates occupying the same space. This i ⁇ po ⁇ sible because the simulated detector ha ⁇ separate receivers for the two frequencies, thus allowing simultaneous proces ⁇ ing.
- the ultrasound emitters can be used in place of the PRIDs to provide the aforementioned identification signal. This is done by modulating, (using amplitude modulation, or pulsing the ultrasound signal, to thereby include the identification signal information encoded therein.
- the ultrasound receiver in the simulated detector includes a demodulator and an A/D converter to supply the information to the microcomputer in ⁇ ide the ⁇ imulated detector.
- the ultrasound emitters are u ⁇ ed to transmit the identification signal, as with the RF PRIDs care must be taken to ⁇ pace the emitters far enough apart to avoid mutual interference.
- the use of the PRID can be eliminated, and the magnet alone can act as the simulated source. When this is done, the instructor's remote can be used to modify the sensitivity of the probe to the magnetic field to achieve the above described results.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69616080T DE69616080T2 (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1996-09-19 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SIMULATING THE DETECTION OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES |
EP96931153A EP0852046B1 (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1996-09-19 | Device and method for simulating hazardous material detection |
CA002232058A CA2232058C (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1996-09-19 | Device and method for simulating hazardous material detection |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9519098.9 | 1995-09-19 | ||
GBGB9519098.9A GB9519098D0 (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1995-09-19 | Contamination training simulator |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997011446A1 true WO1997011446A1 (en) | 1997-03-27 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/GB1996/002316 WO1997011446A1 (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1996-09-19 | Device and method for simulating hazardous material detection |
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US (2) | US5722835A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0852046B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2232058C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69616080T2 (en) |
GB (2) | GB9519098D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997011446A1 (en) |
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- 1996-09-19 WO PCT/GB1996/002316 patent/WO1997011446A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-09-19 DE DE69616080T patent/DE69616080T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-19 EP EP96931153A patent/EP0852046B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-19 CA CA002232058A patent/CA2232058C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-19 GB GB9619594A patent/GB2305534B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6876295B1 (en) | 1998-12-16 | 2005-04-05 | Symbol Technologies, Inc. | Wireless communication devices configurable via passive tags |
US7106175B2 (en) | 1998-12-16 | 2006-09-12 | Symbol Technologies, Inc. | Wireless communication devices configurable via passive tags |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0852046B1 (en) | 2001-10-17 |
GB9619594D0 (en) | 1996-10-30 |
DE69616080D1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
EP0852046A1 (en) | 1998-07-08 |
GB2305534B (en) | 1997-10-22 |
CA2232058C (en) | 2007-01-30 |
US6033225A (en) | 2000-03-07 |
CA2232058A1 (en) | 1997-03-27 |
DE69616080T2 (en) | 2002-07-04 |
GB2305534A (en) | 1997-04-09 |
US5722835A (en) | 1998-03-03 |
GB9519098D0 (en) | 1995-11-22 |
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