WO1998055091A1 - Pyrrolidine derivative hair growth compositions and uses - Google Patents

Pyrrolidine derivative hair growth compositions and uses Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998055091A1
WO1998055091A1 PCT/US1998/011246 US9811246W WO9855091A1 WO 1998055091 A1 WO1998055091 A1 WO 1998055091A1 US 9811246 W US9811246 W US 9811246W WO 9855091 A1 WO9855091 A1 WO 9855091A1
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Prior art keywords
straight
branched chain
pyrrolidinecarboxylate
propyl
phenyl
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PCT/US1998/011246
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French (fr)
Inventor
Gregory S. Hamilton
Joseph P. Steiner
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Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc.
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Priority to MXPA99010886A priority Critical patent/MXPA99010886A/en
Priority to CA002292965A priority patent/CA2292965C/en
Priority to AU77169/98A priority patent/AU7716998A/en
Priority to EP98925154A priority patent/EP0998263A1/en
Priority to JP50273499A priority patent/JP2002510302A/en
Publication of WO1998055091A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998055091A1/en

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    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
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    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
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    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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    • A61K8/4906—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds with one nitrogen as the only hetero atom
    • A61K8/4913—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds with one nitrogen as the only hetero atom having five membered rings, e.g. pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q7/00—Preparations for affecting hair growth
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Abstract

This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating alopecia and promoting hair growth using pyrrolidine derivatives.

Description

PYRROLIDINE DERIVATIVE HAIR GROWTH COMPOSITIONS AND USES
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 08/869,426, filed on June 4, 1997, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference .
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating alopecia and promoting hair growth using low molecular weight, small molecule pyrrolidine derivatives.
2. Description of Related Art
Hair loss occurs in a variety of situations. These situations include male pattern alopecia, alopecia senilis, alopecia areata, diseases accompanied by basic skin lesions or tumors, and systematic disorders such as nutritional disorders and internal secretion disorders. The mechanisms causing hair loss are very complicated, but in some instances can be attributed to aging, genetic disposition, the activation of male hormones, the loss of blood supply to hair follicles, and scalp abnormalities.
The immunosuppressant drugs FK506, rapamycin and cyclosporin are well known as potent T-cell specific immunosuppressants, and are effective against graft rejection after organ transplantation. It has been reported that topical, but not oral, application of FK506 (Yamamoto et al . , J. Invest. Dermatol., 1994, 102, 160-164; Jiang et al . , J. Invest. Dermatol. 1995, 104, 523-525) and cyclosporin (Iwabuchi et al . , J. Dermatol. Sci. 1995, 9, 64-69) stimulates hair growth in a dose-dependent manner. One form of hair loss, alopecia areata, is known to be associated with autoimmune activities; hence, topically administered immunomodulatory compounds are expected to demonstrate efficacy for treating that type of hair loss. The hair growth stimulating effects of FK506 have been the subject of an international patent filing covering FK506 and structures related thereto for hair growth stimulation (Honbo et al . , EP 0 423 714 A2) . Honbo et al . discloses the use of relatively large tricyclic compounds, known for their immunosuppressive effects, as hair revitalizing agents. The hair growth and revitalization effects of
FK506 and related agents are disclosed in many U.S. patents (Goulet et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,258,389; Luly et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,457,111; Goulet et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,532,248; Goulet et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,189,042; and Ok et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,208,241; Rupprecht et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,284,840; Organ et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,284,877). These patents claim FK506 related compounds. Although they do not claim methods of hair revitalization, they disclose the known use of FK506 for effecting hair growth. Similar to FK506 (and the claimed variations in the Honbo et al . patent), the compounds claimed in these patents are relatively large. Further, the cited patents relate to immunomodulatory compounds for use in autoimmune related diseases, for which FK506's efficacy is well known.
Other U.S. patents disclose the use of cyclosporin and related compounds for hair revitalization (Hauer et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,342,625; Eberle, U.S. Patent No. 5,284,826; Hewitt et al . , U.S. Patent No. 4,996,193). These patents also relate to compounds useful for treating autoimmune diseases and cite the known use of cyclosporin and related immunosuppressive compounds for hair growth.
However, immunosuppressive compounds by definition suppress the immune system and also exhibit other toxic side effects. Accordingly, there is a need for non-immunosuppressant , small molecule compounds which are useful as hair revitalizing compounds .
Hamilton and Steiner disclose in U.S. Patent No. 5,614,547 novel pyrrolidine carboxylate compounds which bind to the immunophilin FKBP12 and stimulate nerve growth, but which lack immunosuppressive effects. Unexpectedly, it has been discovered that these non-immunosuppressant compounds promote hair growth with an efficacy similar to FK506. Yet their novel small molecule structure and non- immunosuppressive properties differentiate them from FK506 and related immunosuppressive compounds found in the prior art .
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for treating alopecia or promoting hair growth in an animal, which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a pyrrolidine derivative.
The present invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises: (i) an effective amount of a pyrrolidine derivative for treating alopecia or promoting hair growth in an animal ; and
(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pyrrolidine derivatives used in the inventive methods and pharmaceutical compositions have an affinity for FKBP-type immunophilins and do not exert any significant immunosuppressive activity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a photograph of C57 Black 6 mice before being shaved for the hair regeneration experiment .
FIG. 2 is a photograph of mice treated with a vehicle after six weeks. FIG. 2 shows that less than 3% of the shaved area is covered with new hair growth when the vehicle (control) is administered.
FIG. 3 is a photograph of mice treated with 10 μM of GPI 1046, one of the non-immunosuppressive pyrrolidine derivative neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands of this application, after six weeks. FIG. 3 shows the remarkable effects of non-immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands, wherein 90% of the shaved area is covered with new hair growth. FIG. 4 is a photograph of mice treated with 30 μM of GPI 1046 after six weeks. FIG. 4 shows the remarkable ability of non- immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands to achieve, essentially, complete hair regrowth in the shaved area.
FIG. 5 is a bar graph depicting the relative hair growth indices for C57 Black 6 mice treated with a vehicle, FK506, and various non-immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands, including GPI 1046, 14 days after treatment with each identified compound. Figure 5 demonstrates the remarkable early hair growth promoted by a wide variety of non-immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
"Alopecia" refers to deficient hair growth and partial or complete loss of hair, including without limitation androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness) , toxic alopecia, alopecia senilis, alopecia areata, alopecia pelada and trichotillomania . Alopecia results when the pilar cycle is disturbed. The most frequent phenomenon is a shortening of the hair growth or anagen phase due to cessation of cell proliferation. This results in an early onset of the catagen phase, and consequently a large number of hairs in the telogen phase during which the follicles are detached from the dermal papillae, and the hairs fall out. Alopecia has a number of etiologies, including genetic factors, aging, local and systemic diseases, febrile conditions, mental stresses, hormonal problems, and secondary effects of drugs. "GPI 1605" refers to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0001
"GPI 1046" refers to 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2s) 1 - ( 3 , 3 - dimethyl - l , 2 - di oxopentyl ) - 2 pyrrol idinecarboxylate, a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0002
"GPI 1312" refers to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000009_0001
"GPI 1572" refers to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000009_0002
"GPI 1389" refers to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000009_0003
"GPI 1511" refers to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000009_0004
"GPI 1234 " refers to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000009_0005
"Isomers" refer to different compounds that have the same molecular formula. "Stereoisomers" are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space. "Enantiomers" are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. "Diastereoisomers" are stereoisomers which are not mirror images of each other. "Racemic mixture" means a mixture containing equal parts of individual enantiomers. "Non-racemic mixture" is a mixture containing unequal parts of individual enantiomers or stereoisomers.
"Pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate" refers to a salt, ester, or solvate of a subject compound which possesses the desired pharmacological activity and which is neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable. A salt, ester, or solvate can be formed with inorganic acids such as acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, c ampho r sul f ona t e , cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, gluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide , hydroiodide, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonate , lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, naphthylate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, sulfate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Examples of base salts, esters, or solvates include ammonium salts; alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts; salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and salts with amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quarternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl , and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl , and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides, such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides; and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
"Pilar cycle" refers to the life cycle of hair follicles, and includes three phases:
(1) the anagen phase, the period of active hair growth which, insofar as scalp hair is concerned, lasts about three to five years;
(2) the catagen phase, the period when growth stops and the follicle atrophies which, insofar as scalp hair is concerned, lasts about one to two weeks; and
(3) the telogen phase, the rest period when hair progressively separates and finally falls out which, insofar as scalp hair is concerned, lasts about three to four months. Normally 80 to 90 percent of the follicles are in the anagen phase, less than 1 percent being in the catagen phase, and the rest being in the telogen phase. In the telogen phase, hair is uniform in diameter with a slightly bulbous, non-pigmented root. By contrast, in the anagen phase, hair has a large colored bulb at its root .
"Promoting hair growth" refers to maintaining, inducing, stimulating, accelerating, or revitalizing the germination of hair.
"Treating alopecia" refers to:
(i) preventing alopecia in an animal which may be predisposed to alopecia; and/or (ii) inhibiting, retarding or reducing alopecia; and/or
(iii) promoting hair growth; and/or (iv) prolonging the anagen phase of the hair cycle; and/or (v) converting vellus hair to growth as terminal hair. Terminal hair is coarse, pigmented, long hair in which the bulb of the hair follicle is seated deep in the dermis. Vellus hair, on the other hand, is fine, thin, non-pigmented short hair in which the hair bulb is located superficially in the dermis. As alopecia progresses, the hairs change from the terminal to the vellus type. Methods of the Present Invention
The present invention relates to a method for treating alopecia or promoting hair growth in an animal, which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a pyrrolidine derivative.
The inventive method is particularly useful for treating male pattern alopecia, alopecia senilis, alopecia areata, alopecia resulting from skin lesions or tumors, alopecia resulting from cancer therapy such as chemotherapy and radiation, and alopecia resulting from systematic disorders such as nutritional disorders and internal secretion disorders.
Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Present Invention The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) an effective amount of a pyrrolidine derivative for treating alopecia or promoting hair growth in an animal; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
PYRROLIDINE DERIVATIVES
The pyrrolidine derivatives used in the methods and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are low molecular weight, small molecule compounds having an affinity for an FKBP-type immunophilins, such as FKBP12. When a pyrrolidine derivative binds to an FKBP-type immunophilin, it has been found to inhibit the prolyl-peptidyl cis- trans isomerase, or rotamase, activity of the binding protein. Unexpectedly, these compounds have also been found to stimulate hair growth. The compounds are devoid of any significant immunosuppressive activity.
FORMULA I
The pyrrolidine derivative may be a compound of formula I
Figure imgf000014_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein:
Rx is Cj^-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arx, wherein said Rx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of Ci-Cg alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2; Arx and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2 -thienyl, 3 -thienyl, 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl , wherein said Arx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl,
Figure imgf000015_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino ;
X is O, S, CH2 or H2;
Y is 0 or NR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or Ci-C8 alkyl; and
Z is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Arx, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and
Figure imgf000015_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000016_0001
wherein :
R3 is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Arx; X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, Cj-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C^Cs straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl . In a preferred embodiment of formula I, Z and Rx are lipophilic.
In a more preferred embodiment of formula I, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
3 -phenyl -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3, 3 -dimethyl -1 , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (2S) - 1 - (3, 3-dimethyl- 1, 2 -dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (2S) - 1 - (3, 3- dimethyl -1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1 -prop- 2 - (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3-dimethyl-l,2-dioxopentyl) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate ,- 3- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (2S) -1-
( 3 , 3 - dimethyl - l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3- (4 , 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -1-propyl (25) -1-
( 3 , 3 -dimethyl - 1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (4 , 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3-dimethyl-l,2-dioxopentyl) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3 -cyclohexyl-1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3 -dimethyl -1 , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,•
3-cyclohexyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (2S) -1- (3,3- dimethyl- 1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; (IJ?) -1,3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl -
1, 2 -dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,•
UR) -l,3-diphenyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
(li?) -1 -cyclohexyl -3 -phenyl -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3,3- dimethyl -1, 2 -dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
(li?) -l-cyclohexyl-3-phenyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (2S) -1- (3, 3 -dimethyl-1, 2 -dioxopentyl) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate; (li?) -1- (4 , 5-dichlorophenyl) -3 -phenyl - 1 -propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxopentyl) - 2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate , •
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (l,2-dioxo-2- cyclohexyl) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l -propyl (2S) -1- (1, 2-dioxo -4- cyclohexyl) butyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1 , 2-dioxo- 2- [2- furanyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3-phenyl-l-propyl ( 2S) - 1 - ( 1 , 2 -dioxo-2 - [2 - thienyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1, 2 -dioxo-2- [2- thiazolyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l -propyl (2S) -1- (1, 2-dioxo -2- phenyl) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
1, 7 -diphenyl -4 -heptyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, •
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxo- 4 -hydroxybutyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3 - dimethyl -1 , 2 - dioxopentyl) - 2 -pyrrol idinecarboxamide ;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- leucine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylglycine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine phenyl ester;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine benzyl ester;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- isoleucine ethyl ester; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof.
FORMULA II The pyrrolidine derivative may also be a compound of formula II
Figure imgf000019_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein: R is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Ar1( wherein said Rx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of Cx-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2;
Art and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2 -thienyl, 3 -thienyl, 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl, wherein said Arx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino ; Z is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or
C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Ar-L, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and C^Cg straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000020_0001
wherein:
R3 is C-L-CC, straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar-L,-
X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
Figure imgf000020_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl,
Figure imgf000021_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000021_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl .
In a preferred embodiment of formula II, Rx is selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000021_0003
straight or branched chain alkyl, 2 -cyclohexyl , 4 -cyclohexyl , 2- furanyl, 2-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, and 4-hydroxybutyl .
In another preferred embodiment of formula II, Z and R-L are lipophilic.
FORMULA III
The pyrrolidine derivative may also be a compound of formula III
Figure imgf000021_0004
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein: Z' is fragment
Figure imgf000022_0001
wherein:
R3 is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl or unsubstituted Arx, wherein said alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar1#- X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, Cx-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000022_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl; and Ar-L is as defined in formula II.
In a preferred embodiment of formula III, Z' is lipophilic .
FORMULA IV Additionally, the pyrrolidine derivative may be a compound of formula IV
Figure imgf000023_0001
wherein:
R1 is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or Ar1# wherein said alkyl or alkenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl or Ar2;
Arx and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 2 -thienyl, and phenyl;
X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur;
Y is oxygen;
Z is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of 2- furyl, 2 -thienyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridyl , and phenyl, each having one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Cx-C4 alkoxy. In a preferred embodiment of formula IV, Z and R1 are lipophilic.
In another preferred embodiment of formula IV, the compound is selected from the group consisting of : 3- (2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (25)-l-(3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- ( 3 , 3 - d i me t hy l - l , 2 - d i oxope nt yl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
2- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1 -ethyl (2S)-l-(3,3- dimethyl-1 , 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3 -dimethyl-1 , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3- (2 -py idyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (4-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (2 - ert-butyl -1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,■
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (2-cyclohexylethyl-l , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2-cyclohexylethyl- 1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2- ert-butyl-1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3, 3 -diphenyl-1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2-cyclohexyl -1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -N- ( [2-thienyl] glyoxyl) pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3, 3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxobutyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3, 3 -diphenyl-1-propyl (2S) -1-cyclohexylglyoxyl- 2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3 , 3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (25) -1- (2 -thienyl) glyoxyl- 2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof.
In a more preferred embodiment of formula IV, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (2-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 - dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl -1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof .
In the most preferred embodiment of formula IV, the compound is 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1 , 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof .
FORMULA V Additionally, the pyrrolidine derivative may be a compound of formula V
Figure imgf000026_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein: V is C, N, or S;
A and B, taken together with V and the carbon atom to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing, in addition to V, one or more heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, S02, N, NH, and NR;
R is either
Figure imgf000026_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C9 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, or Ar1# wherein R is either unsubstituted of substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of halo, haloalkyl, carbonyl , carboxy, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl,
Figure imgf000026_0003
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, thioalkyl , alkylthio, sulfhydryl, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, aminocarboxyl , and Ar2;
R1 is C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arx, wherein said Rτ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2; r-L and Ar2 are independently an alicyclic or aromatic, mono-, bi- or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) ; wherein the individual ring size is 5- 8 members; wherein said heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) independently selected from the group consisting of 0, N, and S; X is 0, S, CH2 or H2;
Y is 0 or NR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or C-^Cg alkyl ; and
Z is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Ar-L, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000027_0001
wherein :
R3 is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar-L,- X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C-^Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, Cx-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000028_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl . All the compounds of Formulas I-V possess asymmetric centers and thus can be produced as mixtures of stereoisomers or as individual R- and S- stereoisomers . The individual stereoisomers may be obtained by using an optically active starting material, by resolving a racemic or non-racemic mixture of an intermediate at some appropriate stage of the synthesis, or by resolving the compounds of Formulas I-V. It is understood that the compounds of Formulas I-V encompass individual stereoisomers as well as mixtures (racemic and non-racemic) of stereoisomers. Preferably, S-stereoisomers are used in the pharmeceutical compositions and methods of the present invention. Synthesis of Pyrrolidine Derivatives
The compounds of formulas I to V may be prepared by a variety of synthetic sequences that utilize established chemical transformations. The general pathway to the present compounds is described in Scheme I. N-glyoxylproline derivatives may be prepared by reacting L-proline methyl ester with methyl oxalyl chloride as shown in Scheme I . The resulting oxamates may be reacted with a variety of carbon nucleophiles to obtain intermediate compounds. These intermediates are then reacted with a variety of alcohols, amides, or protected amino acid residues to obtain the propyl esters and amides of the invention.
SCHEME I
Figure imgf000029_0001
The substituted alcohols may be prepared by a number of methods known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. As described in Scheme II, alkyl or aryl aldehydes may be homologated to phenyl p r o p a n o l s b y r e a c t i o n w i t h methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene) acetate to provide a variety of trans-cinnamates; these latter may be reduced to the saturated alcohols by reaction with excess lithium aluminum hydride, or sequentially by reduction of the double bond by catalytic hydrogenation and reduction of the saturated ester by appropriate reducing agents. Alternatively, the trans-cinnamates may be reduced to (E) -allylic alcohols by the use of diisobutylaluminum hydride.
SCHEME II
Lithium aluminum
Ph3P=CHCOOCH 3
.COOCH, hydride - CHO *- R'
THF
Diisobutylaluminum H2, Lithium aluminum hydride Pd/C hydride or
Diisobutylaluminι--π- hydride
^ .COOCH,
Longer chain alcohols may be prepared by homologation of benzylic and higher aldehydes. Alternatively, these aldehydes may be prepared by conversion of the corresponding phenylacetic and higher acids, and phenethyl and higher alcohols. Affinity for FKBP12
The compounds used in the inventive methods and pharmaceutical compositions have an affinity for the FK506 binding protein, particularly FKBP12. The inhibition of the prolyl peptidyl cis- trans isomerase activity of FKBP may be measured as an indicator of this affinity.
Kj Test Procedure Inhibition of the peptidyl -prolyl isomerase
(rotamase) activity of the compounds used in the inventive methods and pharmaceutical compositions can be evaluated by known methods described in the literature (Harding et al . , Nature, 1989, 341:758-760; Holt et al. J". Am. Chem . Soc. , 115:9923-9938). These values are obtained as apparent j s and are presented for representative compounds in TABLE I.
The cis- trans isomerization of an alanine-proline bond in a model substrate, Ν-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe- p-nitroanilide, is monitored spectrophotometrically in a chymotrypsin-coupled assay, which releases para- nitroanilide from the trans form of the substrate. The inhibition of this reaction caused by the addition of different concentrations of inhibitor is determined, and the data is analyzed as a change in first -order rate constant as a function of inhibitor concentration to yield the apparent K± values. In a plastic cuvette are added 950 mL of ice cold assay buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 100 mM NaCl) , 10 mL of FKBP (2.5 mM in 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol) , 25 mL of chymotrypsin (50 mg/ml in 1 mM HC1) and 10 mL of test compound at various concentrations in dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction is initiated by the addition of 5 mL of substrate (succinyl-Ala-Phe-Pro-Phe-para-nitroanilide, 5 mg/mL in 2.35 mM LiCl in trifluoroethanol) .
The absorbance at 390 nm versus time is monitored for 90 seconds using a spectrophotometer and the rate constants are determined from the absorbance versus time data files.
TABLE 1
In Vitro Test Results - Formulas I to V
Figure imgf000032_0001
TABLE I
In Vitro Test Results - Formulas I to V R, Kj
1,1-dimethylpropyl 3-phenylpropyl 42
3-phenyl-prop-2-(E)-enyl 125
3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)propyl 200
3-(3 , 4 , 5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-prop-2-(E)-enyl 65
3-(4,5-methylenedioxy)- phenylpropyl 170
3 -(4 , 5 -methylenedioxy) phenylprop-2-(E)-enyl 160
3 -cy clohexy lpropy 1 200
3 -cy clohexy lprop-2-(E) -enyl 600
(lR)-l,3-diphenyl-l- propyl 52
2-furanyl 3-phenylpropyl 4000
2-thienyl 92
2-thiazolyl 100 phenyl 1970
1,1-dimethylpropyl 3-(2,5-dimethoxy)phenylpropyl 250
3 -(2 , 5 -dimethoxy )pheny lprop- 2-(E)-enyl 450
2-(3 ,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethyl 120
3 -(3 -py r idy l)propy 1 5
3-(2-pyridyl)propyl 195 TABLE I (continued)
In Vitro Test Results - Formulas I to V
Figure imgf000034_0001
9 3-(4-pyridyl)propyl 23 0 cyclohexyl 3-phenylpropyl 82 1 tert-butyl 95 2 cyclohexylethyl 1025 3 cyclohexylethyl 3 -(3 -py r idy l)propy 1 1400 4 tert-butyl 3-(3-pyridyl)propyl 3
5 1, 1-dimethylpropyl 3 , 3 -dipheny lpropy 1 5 6 cyclohexyl 3-(3-pyridyl)propyl 9 7 2-thienyl 3-(3-pyridyl)propyl 1000
8 tert-butyl 3 , 3 -dipheny lpropy 1 5
9 cyclohexyl 20
30 2-thienyl 150
Route of Administration To effectively treat alopecia or promote hair growth, the compounds used in the inventive methods and pharmaceutical compositions must readily affect the targeted areas. For these purposes, the compounds are preferably administered topically to the skin. For topical application to the skin, the compounds can be formulated into suitable ointments containing the compounds suspended or dissolved in, for example, mixtures with one or more of the following: mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the compounds can be formulated into suitable lotions or creams containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in, for example, a mixture of one or more of the following: mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl ester wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol , benzyl alcohol and water.
Other routes of administration known in the pharmaceutical art are also contemplated by this invention.
Dosage
Dosage levels on the order of about 0.1 mg to about 10,000 mg of the active ingredient compound are useful in the treatment of the above conditions, with preferred levels of about 0.1 mg to about 1,000 mg . The specific dose level for any particular patient will vary depending upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; drug combination; the severity of the particular disease being treated; and the form of administration. Typically, in vi tro dosage-effect results provide useful guidance on the proper doses for patient administration. Studies in animal models are also helpful. The considerations for determining the proper dose levels are well known in the art.
The compounds can be administered with other hair revitalizing agents. Specific dose levels for the other hair revitalizing agents will depend upon the factors previously stated and the effectiveness of the drug combination. EXAMPLES
The following examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to be limitations thereon. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are based upon 100% by weight of the final composition.
EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of 3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl- 1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate (1)
Methyl (25) -1- (1 , 2 -dioxo-2 -methoxyethyl ) -2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate
A solution of L-proline methyl ester hydrochloride (3.08 g; 18.60 mmol) in dry methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C and treated with triethylamine (3.92 g; 38.74 mmol; 2.1 eq) . After stirring the formed slurry under a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 min, a solution of methyl oxalyl chloride (3.20 g; 26.12 mmol) in methylene chloride (45 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1.5 hour. After filtering to remove solids, the organic phase was washed with water, dried over MgS04 and concentrated. The crude residue was purified on a silica gel column, eluting with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane, to obtain 3.52 g (88%) of the product as a reddish oil. Mixture of cis-trans amide rotamers; data for trans rotamer given. XH NMR (CDC13) : d 1.93
(dm, 2H) ; 2.17 (m, 2H) ; 3.62 (m, 2H) ; 3.71 (s, 3H) ; 3.79, 3.84 (s, 3H total) ; 4.86 (dd, IH, J = 8.4, 3.3) . Methyl (25) -1- (1 , 2-dioxo-3 , 3 -dimethylpentyl ) -2- pyrrolidinecarboxylate
A solution of methyl (2S) -1- (1 , 2-dioxo-2- methoxyethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate (2.35 g; 10.90 mmol) in 30 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was cooled to -78°C and treated with 14.2 mL of a 1.0 M solution of 1, 1-dimethylpropylmagnesium chloride in THF. After stirring the resulting homogeneous mixture at -78°C for three hours, the mixture was poured into saturated ammonium chloride (100 mL) and extracted into ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water, dried, and concentrated, and the crude material obtained upon removal of the solvent was purified on a silica gel column, eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexane, to obtain 2.10 g (75%) of the oxamate as a colorless oil. H NMR (CDC13) : d 0.88 (t, 3H) ; 1.22, 1.26 (s, 3H each); 1.75 (dm, 2H) ; 1.87-2.10 (m, 3H) ; 2.23 (m, IH) ; 3.54 (m, 2H) ; 3.76 (s, 3H) ; 4.52 (dm, IH, J = 8.4, 3.4) .
Synthesis of (25) -1- (1 , 2-dioxo-3 , 3-dimethylpentyl) -2- pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
A mixture of methyl (2S) -1- (1, 2-dioxo-3 , 3- dimethylpentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate (2.10 g; 8.23 mmol) , 1 N LiOH (15 mL) , and methanol (50 mL) was stirred at 0°C for 30 minutes and at room temperature overnight. The mixture was acidified to pH 1 with 1 N HC1 , diluted with water, and extracted into 100 mL of methylene chloride. The organic extract was washed with brine and concentrated to deliver 1.73 g (87%) of snow-white solid which did not require further purification. XH NMR (CDC13) : d 0.87 (t, 3H) ; 1.22, 1.25 (s, 3H each); 1.77 (dm, 2H) ; 2.02 (m, 2H) ; 2.17 (m, IH) ; 2.25 (m, IH) ; 3.53 (dd, 2H, J = 10.4, 7.3); 4.55 (dd, IH, J = 8.6, 4.1) .
3 -Phenyl- 1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate (1) A mixture of ( 2 S) - 1 - ( 1 , 2 -dioxo- 3 , 3 - dimethylpentyl) -2 -pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid (600 mg; 2.49 mmol), 3 -phenyl-1-propanol (508 mg; 3.73 mmol), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (822 mg; 3.98 mmol), camphorsulfonic acid (190 mg; 0.8 mmol) and 4- dimethylaminopyridine (100 mg; 0.8 mmol) in methylene chloride (20 mL) was stirred overnight under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite to remove solids and concentrated in vacuo, and the crude material was purified on a flash column (25% ethyl acetate in hexane) to obtain 720 mg (80%) of Example 1 as a colorless oil. XH NMR (CDC13) : d 0.84 (t, 3H) ; 1.19
(s, 3H) ; 1.23 (s, 3H) ; 1.70 (dm, 2H) ; 1.98 (m, 5H) ;
2.22 (m, IH) ; 2.64 (m, 2H) ; 3.47 (m, 2H) ; 4.14 (m, 2H) ; 4.51 (d, IH) ; 7.16 (m, 3H) ; 7.26 (m, 2H) . Example 2
The method of Example 1 was utilized to prepare the following illustrative compounds.
Compound 2: 3 -phenyl- 1-prop-2 - (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl -1,2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate , 80%. XH NMR (360 Mhz, CDCl3) : d 0.86 (t, 3H) ; 1.21 (s, 3H) ; 1.25 (s, 3H) ; 1.54-2.10 (m, 5H) ; 2.10-2.37 (m, IH) ; 3.52-3.55 (m, 2H) ; 4.56 (dd, IH, J = 3.8, 8.9); 4.78-4.83 (m, 2H) ; 6.27 (m, IH) ; 6.67 (dd, IH, J = 15.9); 7.13-7.50 (m, 5H) .
Compound 3 : 3- (3 , 4 , 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (2S) - 1- (3,3 -dimethyl -1,2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrol idine - carboxylate, 61%. H NMR (CDCl3) : d 0.84 (t, 3H) ; 1.15 (s, 3H) ; 1.24 (s, 3H) ; 1.71 (dm, 2H) ; 1.98 (m, 5H) ; 2.24 (m, IH) ; 2.63 (m, 2H) ; 3.51 (t, 2H) ; 3.79 (s, 3H) ; 3.83 (s, 3H) ; 4.14 (m, 2H) ; 4.52 (m, IH) ; 6.36 (s, 2H) .
Compound 4: 3- (3 , 4 , 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) - enyl (25) -1- (3,3 -dimethyl- 1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 - pyrrolidine carboxylate, 66%. XH NMR (CDC13) : d 0.85
(t, 3H) ; 1.22 (s, 3H) ; 1.25 (s, 3H) ; 1.50-2.11 (m, 5H) ; 2.11-2.40 (m, IH) ; 3.55 (m, 2H) ; 3.85 (s, 3H) ;
3.88 (s, 6H) ; 4.56 (dd, IH) ; 4.81 (m, 2H) ; 6.22 (m, IH) ; 6.58 (d, IH, J = 16) ; 6.63 (s, 2H) . Compound 5 : 3 - (4 , 5 -methylenedioxyphenyl ) - 1 -propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 82%. Η NMR (360 MHz, CDC13) : d 0.86 (t, 3H) ; 1.22 (s, 3H) ; 1.25 (s, 3H) ; 1.60-2.10 (m, 5H) ; 3.36-3.79 (m, 2H) ; 4.53 (dd, IH, J = 3.8, 8.6); 4.61- 4.89 (m, 2H) ; 5.96 (s, 2H) ; 6.10 (m, IH) ; 6.57 (dd, IH, J = 6.2, 15.8); 6.75 (d, IH, J = 8.0); 6.83 (dd, IH, J = 1.3, 8.0) ; 6.93 (s, IH) .
Compound 6: 3- (4 , 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -l-prop-2 -
(E) -enyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2-dioxopentyl) -2- pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 82%. XE NMR (360 MHz, CDC13) : d 0.86 (t, 3H) ; 1.22 (s, 3H) ; 1.25 (s, 3H) ; 1.60-2.10
(m, 5H) ; 2.10-2.39 (m, IH) ; 3.36-3.79 (m, 2H) ; 4.53 (dd, IH, J = 3.8, 8.6); 4.61-4.89 (m, 2H) ; 5.96 (s,
2H) ; 6.10 (m, IH) ; 6.57 (dd, IH, J = 6.2, 15.8); 6.75
(d, IH, J = 8.0); 6.83 (dd, IH, J = 1.3, 8.0); 6.93
(s, IH) .
Compound 8: 3-cyclohexyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1-
( 3 , 3 - d i me t hy l - l , 2 - d i oxop e nt y l ) - 2 - pyrrol idinecarboxylate, 92%. XH NMR (360 MHz, CDC13) : d 0.86 (t, 3H) ; 1.13-1.40 (m + 2 singlets, 9H total) ;
1.50-1.87 (m, 8H) ; 1.87-2.44 (m, 6H) ; 3.34-3.82 (m, 2H) ; 4.40-4.76 (m, 3H) ; 5.35-5.60 (m, IH) ; 5.60-5.82
(dd, IH, J = 6.5, 16) . Compound 9: (IJ?) -1, 3 -Diphenyl-1-propyl (25)-l-(3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,
90%. XH NMR (360 MHz, CDC13) : d 0.85 (t, 3H) ; 1.20
(s, 3H) ; 1.23 (s, 3H) ; 1.49-2.39 (m, 7H) ; 2.46-2.86 (m, 2H) ; 3.25-3.80 (m, 2H) ; 4.42-4.82 (m, IH) ; 5.82
(td, IH, J = 1.8, 6.7); 7.05-7.21 (m, 3H) ; 7.21-7.46
(m, 7H) .
Compound 10: 3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (1 , 2 -dioxo-2 - [2 - furanyl]) ethyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 99%. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) : d 1.66-2.41 (m, 6H) ; 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 7.5); 3.75 (m, 2H) ; 4.21 (m, 2H) ; 4.61 (m, IH) ; 6.58 (m, IH) ; 7.16-7.29 (m, 5H) ; 7.73 (m, 2H) .
Compound 11: 3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1 , 2-dioxo-2-
[2 -thienyl]) ethyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 81%. 1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) : d 1.88-2.41 (m, 6H) ; 2.72 (dm,
2H) ; 3.72 (m, 2H) ; 4.05 (m, IH) ; 4.22 (m, IH) ; 4.64
(m, IH) ; 7.13-7.29 (m, 6H) ; 7.75 (dm, IH) ; 8.05 (m, IH) .
Compound 13: 3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (1 , 2-dioxo-2- phenyl) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 99%. H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) : d 1.97-2.32 (m, 6H) ; 2.74 (t, 2H, J = 7.5); 3.57 (m, 2H) ; 4.24 (m, 2H) ; 4.67 (m, IH) ; 6.95-7.28 (m, 5H) ; 7.51-7.64 (m, 3H) ; 8.03-8.09 (m, 2H) . Compound 14 : 3- (2 , 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3, 3 -dimethyl -1,2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 99%. 'H MR (300 MHz, CDC13) : d 0.87 (t, 3H) ; 1.22 (s, 3H) ; 1.26 (s, 3H) ; 1.69 (m, 2H) ; 1.96 (m, 5H) ; 2.24 (m, IH) ; 2.68 (m, 2H) ; 3.55 (m, 2H) ;
3.75 (s, 3H) ; 3.77 (s, 3H) ; 4.17 (m, 2H) ; 4.53 (d, IH) ; 6.72 (m, 3H) .
Compound 15: 3- (2 , 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) - enyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -2- pyrrolidine- carboxylate, 99%. λR NMR (300 MHz,
CDC13) : d 0.87 (t, 3H) ; 1.22 (s, 3H) ; 1.26 (s, 3H) ;
1.67 (m, 2H) ; 1.78 (m, IH) ; 2.07 (m, 2H) ; 2.26 (m,
IH) ; 3.52 (m, 2H) ; 3.78 (s, 3H) ; 3.80 (s, 3H) ; 4.54 (m, IH) ; 4.81 (m, 2H) ; 6.29 (dt, IH, J = 15.9) ; 6.98
(s, IH) .
Compound 16: 2- (3 , 4 , 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1-ethyl (2S) - 1- (3,3 -dimethyl-1 , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrol i dine - carboxylate, 97%. XH NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) : d 0.84 (t,
3H) ; 1.15 (S, 3H) ; 1.24 (s, 3H) ; 1.71 (dm, 2H) ; 1.98 (m, 5H) ; 2.24 (m, IH) ; 2.63 (m, 2H) ; 3.51 (t, 2H) ; 3.79 (s, 3H) ; 3.83 (s, 3H) ; 4.14 (m, 2H) ; 4.52 (m, IH) ; 6.36 (s, 2H) .
Compound 17: 3- (3 -Pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate , 80%. XH NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 0.85 (t, 3H) ; 1.23, 1.26 (s, 3H each) ; 1.63-1.89 (m, 2H) ; 1.90-2.30 (m,
4H) ; 2.30-2.50 (m, IH) ; 2.72 (t, 2H) ; 3.53 (m, 2H) ; 4.19 (m, 2H) ; 4.53 (m, IH) ; 7.22 (m, IH) ; 7.53 (dd, IH) ; 8.45.
Compound 18: 3- (2 -Pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S)-l-(3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate , 88%. XH NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 0.84 (t, 3H) ; 1.22,
1.27 (s, 3H each) ; 1.68-2.32 (m, 8H) ; 2.88 (t, 2H, J = 7.5); 3.52 (m, 2H) ; 4.20 (m, 2H) ; 4.51 (m, IH) ; 7.09- 7.19 (m, 2H) ; 7.59 (m, IH) ; 8.53 (d, IH, J = 4.9).
Compound 19: 3- (4-Pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 91%. *H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): d 6.92-6.80 (m, 4H) ;
6.28 (m, IH) ; 5.25 (d, IH, J = 5.7); 4.12 (m, IH) ; 4.08 (s, 3H) ; 3.79 (s, 3H) ; 3.30 (m, 2H) ; 2.33 (m, IH) ; 1.85-1.22 (m, 7H) ; 1.25 (s, 3H) ; 1.23 (s, 3H) ; 0.89 (t, 3H, J = 7.5) . Compound 20: 3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl - 1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 91%. XH NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 1.09-1.33 (m, 5H) ; 1.62-2.33 (m, 12H) ; 2.69 (t, 2H, J = 7.5); 3.15 (dm, IH) ; 3.68 (m, 2H) ; 4.16 (m, 2H) ; 4.53, 4.84 (d, IH total); 7.19 (m, 3H) ; 7.29 (m, 2H) .
Compound 21: 3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (2- tert-butyl - 1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 92%. ^ NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz) : d 1.29 (s, 9H) ; 1.94-2.03 (m, 5H) ; 2.21 (m, IH) ; 2.69 (m, 2H) ; 3.50-3.52 (m, 2H) ; 4.16 (m, 2H) ; 4.53 (m, IH) ; 7.19 (m, 3H) ; 7.30 (m, 2H) .
Compound 22: 3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl - ethyl-1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 97%. *H NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 0.88 (m, 2H) ; 1.16 (m, 4H) 1.43-1.51 (m, 2H) ; 1.67 (m, 5H) ; 1.94-2.01 (m, 6H) 2.66-2.87 (m, 4H) ; 3.62-3.77 (m, 2H) ; 4.15 (m, 2H) 4.86 (m, IH) ; 7.17-7.32 (m, 5H) .
Compound 23 : 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2-cyclo- hexylethyl-1 , 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 70%. *H NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 0.87 (m, 2H) ; 1.16 (m, 4H) ; 1.49 (m, 2H) ; 1.68 (m, 4H) ; 1.95-2.32 (m, 7H) ; 2.71 (m, 2H) ; 2.85 (m, 2H) ; 3.63-3.78 (m, 2H) ; 4.19 (m, 2H) ; 5.30 (m, IH) ; 7.23 (m, IH) ; 7.53 (m, IH) ; 8.46 (m, 2H) .
Compound 24: 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2- ert- butyl-1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 83%. H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): d 1.29 (s, 9H) ; 1.95-2.04 (m, 5H) ; 2.31 (m, IH) ; 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 7.5); 3.52 (m, 2H) ; 4.18 (m, 2H) ; 4.52 (m, IH) ; 7.19-7.25 (m, IH) ; 7.53 (m, IH) ; 8.46 (m, 2H) .
Compound 25: 3 , 3-diphenyl-1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate , 99%. XH NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz) : d 0.85 (t, 3H) ; 1.21, 1.26 (s, 3H each) ; 1.68-2.04 (m, 5H) ; 2.31 (m, IH) ; 2.40 (m, 2H) ; 3.51 ( , 2H) ; 4.08 (m, 3H) ; 4.52 (m, IH) ; 7.18-7.31 (m, 10H) .
Compound 26: 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2-cyclo- hexyl-1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 88%. XH NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz): d 1.24-1.28 (m, 5H) ; 1.88- 2.35 ( , 11H) ; 2.72 (t, 2H, J = 7.5); 3.00-3.33 (dm, IH) ; 3.69 (m, 2H) ; 4.19 (m, 2H) ; 4.55 (m, IH) ; 7.20- 7.24 (m, IH) ; 7.53 (m, IH) ; 8.47 (m, 2H) .
Compound 27: 3- (3 -Pyridyl) -1-propyl (25)-N-([2- thienyl] glyoxyl) pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 49%. XH NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) : d 1.81-2.39 ( , 6H) ; 2.72 (dm, 2H) ; 3.73 (m, 2H) ; 4.21 (m, 2H) ; 4.95 (m, IH) ; 7.19 (m, 2H) ; 7.61 (m, IH) ; 7.80 (d, IH) ; 8.04 (d, IH) ; 8.46 (m, 2H) .
Compound 28: 3 , 3 -Diphenyl -1-propyl (2S)-l-(3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxobutyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ,
99%. XH NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 1.27 (s, 9H) ; 1.96
(m, 2H) ; 2.44 (m, 4H) ; 3.49 (m, IH) ; 3.64 (m, IH) ;
4.08 (m, 4H) ; 4.53 (dd, IH) ; 7.24 (m, 10H) .
Compound 29: 3 , 3-Diphenyl -1-propyl (25) -1-cyclohexyl glyoxyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 91%. 1H NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 1.32 (m, 6H) ; 1.54-2.41 (m, 10H) ; 3.20 ( dm, IH) ; 3 . 69 (m, 2H) ; 4 . 12 (m, 4H) ; 4 . 52 ( d , IH) ; 7 . 28 (m, 10H) .
Compound 30: 3 , 3-Diphenyl-1-propyl (25) -1- (2-thienyl) glyoxyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, 75%. 1H NMR (CDC13, 300 MHz): d 2.04 (m, 3H) ; 2.26 (m, 2H) ; 2.48 (m, IH) ; 3.70 (m, 2H) ; 3.82-4.18 (m, 3H total); 4.64 (m, IH) ; 7.25 (m, 11H) ; 7.76 (dd, IH) ; 8.03 (m, IH) .
Example 3
General procedure for the synthesis of acrylic esters, exemplified for methyl (3 , 3 , 5-trimethoxy) - trans-cinnamate .
A solution of 3 , 4 , 5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (5.0 g; 25.48 mmol) and methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene) acetate (10.0 g; 29.91 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (250 mL) was refluxed overnight. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with 2 x 200 mL of water, dried, and concentrated in vacuo . The crude residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column, eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexane, to obtain 5.63 g (88%) of the cinnamate as a white crystalline solid. XH NMR (300 Mhz; CDC13) : d 3.78 (s, 3H) ; 3.85 (s, 6H) ; 6.32 (d, IH, J = 16); 6.72 (s, 2H) ; 7.59 (d, IH, J = 16) . Example 4
General procedure for the synthesis of saturated alcohols from acrylic esters, exemplified for (3,4,5- trimethoxy) phenylpropanol . A solution of methyl (3 , 3 , 5-trimethoxy) - trans- cinnamate (1.81 g; 7.17 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) was added in a dropwise manner to a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (14 mmol) in THF (35 mL) , with stirring and under an argon atmosphere. After the addition was complete, the mixture was heated to 75°C for 4 hours. After cooling, it was quenched by the careful addition of 15 mL of 2 N NaOH followed by 50 mL of water. The resulting mixture was filtered through Celite to remove solids, and the filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic fractions were washed with water, dried, concentrated in vacuo, and purified on a silica gel column, eluting with ethyl acetate to obtain 0.86 g (53%) of the alcohol as a clear oil. XH NMR (300 Mhz; CDC13) : d 1.23 (br, IH) ; 1.87 (m, 2H) ; 2.61 (t, 2H, J = 7.1); 3.66 (t, 2H) ; 3.80 (s, 3H) ; 3.83 (s, 6H) ; 6.40 (s, 2H) .
Example 5 General procedure for the synthesis of trans- allylic alcohols from acrylic esters, exemplified for (3,4, 5-trimethoxy) phenylprop-2- (E) -enol .
A solution of methyl (3 , 3 , 5-trimethoxy) - trans- cinnamate (1.35 g; 5.35 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was cooled to -10°C and treated with a solution of diisobutylaluminum hydride in toluene (11.25 mL of a 1.0 M solution; 11.25 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 0°C and then quenched with 3 mL of methanol followed by 1 N HC1 until the pH was 1. The reaction mixture was extracted into ethyl acetate and the organic phase was washed with water, dried and concentrated. Purification on a silica gel column eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexane furnished 0.96 g (80%) of a thick oil. XH NMR (360 Mhz; CDC13) d 3.85 (s, 3H) ; 3.87 (s, 6H) ; 4.32 (d, 2H, J = 5.6) 6.29 (dt, IH, J = 15.8, 5.7), 6.54 (d, IH, J = 15.8) 6.61 (s, 2H) .
Example 6 In Vivo Hair Generation Tests With C57 Black 6 Mice Experiment A: C57 black 6 mice were used to demonstrate the hair revitalizing properties of a low molecular weight , small molecule non-immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligand, GPI 1046, a pyrrolidine derivative. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, C57 black 6 mice, approximately 7 weeks old, had an area of about 2 inches by 2 inches on their hindquarters shaved to remove all existing hair. Care was taken not to nick or cause abrasion to the underlaying dermal layers. The animals were in anagen growth phase, as indicated by the pinkish color of the skin. Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, four animals per group were treated by topical administration with 20% propylene glycol vehicle (FIG. 2) , 10 μM GPI 1046 (FIG. 3) or 30 μM GPI 1046 (FIG. 4) dissolved in the vehicle. The animals were treated with vehicle or GPI 1046 every 48 hours (3 applications total over the course of 5 days) and the hair growth was allowed to proceed for 6 weeks. Hair growth was quantitated by the percent of shaved area covered by new hair growth during this time period.
FIG. 2 shows that animals treated with vehicle exhibited only a small amount of hair growth in patches or tufts, with less than 3% of the shaved area covered with new growth. In contrast, FIG. 3 shows that animals treated with 10 μM GPI 1046 exhibited dramatic hair growth, covering greater than 90% of the shaved area in all animals. Further, FIG. 4 shows that mice treated with 30 μM GPI 1046 exhibited essentially complete hair regrowth and their shaved areas were indistinguishable from unshaven C57 black 6 mice.
Experiment B: C57 Black 6 mice were used to demonstrate the hair revitalizing properties of various low molecular weight, small molecule, non-immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands, including GPI 1046. C57 Black 6 mice, 55 to 75 days old, had an area of about 2 inches by 2 inches on their hindquarters shaved to remove all existing hair. Care was taken not to nick or cause abrasion to the underlying dermal layers. The animals were in anagen growth phase when shaved. Five animals per group were treated by topical administration with a vehicle, FK506, or one of the low molecular weight, small molecule, non-immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands (GPI 1605, 1046, 1312, 1572, 1389, 1511, and 1234) at a concentration of one micromole per milliliter to the shaved area. The animals were treated three times per week, and hair growth was evaluated 14 days after initiation of treatment. Hair growth was quantitated by the percent of shaved area covered by new hair growth, as scored by a blinded observer, on a scale of 0 (no growth) to five (complete hair regrowth in shaved area) .
Figure 5 shows that after 14 days, the animals treated with vehicle exhibited the beginning of growth in small tufts. In contrast, animals treated with one of the low molecular weight, small molecule, non- immunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin FKBP ligands, including GPI 1046, exhibited dramatic hair growth.
Example 7
A lotion comprising the following composition may be prepared.
Figure imgf000052_0001
Into 95% ethanol are added a pyrrolidine derivative, α-tocopherol acetate, ethylene oxide (40 mole) adducts of hardened castor oil, perfume and a dye. The resulting mixture is stirred and dissolved, and purified water is added to the mixture to obtain a transparent liquid lotion.
5 ml of the lotion may be applied once or twice per day to a site having marked baldness or alopecia.
Example 8
A lotion comprising the following composition shown may be prepared.
Figure imgf000053_0001
Into 95% ethanol are added a pyrrolidine derivative, hinokitol, ethylene oxide (40 mole) adducts of hardened castor oil, perfume, and a dye.
The resulting mixture is stirred, and purified water is added to the mixture to obtain a transparent liquid lotion. The lotion may be applied by spraying once to 4 times per day to a site having marked baldness or alopecia .
Example 9
An emulsion may be prepared from A phase and B phase having the following compositions.
Figure imgf000054_0001
The A phase and the B phase are respectively heated and melted and maintained at 80°c. Both phases are then mixed and cooled under stirring to normal temperature to obtain an emulsion.
The emulsion may be applied by spraying once to four times per day to a site having marked baldness or alopecia. Example 10
A cream may be prepared from A phase and B phase having the following compositions.
Figure imgf000055_0001
The A phase is heated and melted, and maintained at 70°c. The B phase is added into the A phase and the mixture is stirred to obtain an emulsion. The emulsion is then cooled to obtain a cream.
The cream may be applied once to 4 times per day to a site having marked baldness or alopecia. Example 11
A liquid comprising the following composition may be prepared.
Figure imgf000056_0001
Into ethanol are added polyoxypropylene butyl ether, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, a pyrrolidine derivative, and perfume. The resulting mixture is stirred, and purified water is added to the mixture to obtain a liquid. The liquid may be applied once to 4 times per day to a site having marked baldness or alopecia.
Example 12
A shampoo comprising the following composition may be prepared.
Figure imgf000057_0001
Into 69.7 of purified water are added 5.0 g of sodium laurylsulfate, 5.0 g of triethanolamine laurylsulfate, 6.0 g of betaine lauryldimethylaminoacetate . Then a mixture obtained by adding 5.0 g of a pyrrolidine derivative, 5.0 g of polyethylene glycol, and 2.0 g of ethylene glycol distearate to 2.0 g of ethanol, followed by stirring, and 0.3 g of perfume are successively added. The resulting mixture is heated and subsequently cooled to obtain a shampoo.
The shampoo may be used on the scalp once or twice per day. Example 13
A patient is suffering from alopecia senilis. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
Example 14
A patient is suffering from male pattern alopecia. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
Example 15
A patient is suffering from alopecia areata. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
Example 16
A patient is suffering from hair loss caused by skin lesions. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment. Example 17
A patient is suffering from hair loss caused by tumors. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
Example 18
A patient is suffering from hair loss caused by a systematic disorder, such as a nutritional disorder or an internal secretion disorder. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
Example 19
A patient is suffering from hair loss caused by chemotherapy. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, may be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
Example 20 A patient is suffering from hair loss caused by radiation. A pyrrolidine derivative as identified above, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same may, be administered to the patient. Increased hair growth is expected to occur following treatment.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways . Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

WE CLAIM :
1. A method for treating alopecia or promoting hair growth in an animal, which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a pyrrolidine derivative.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is non- immunosuppressive .
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative has an affinity for an FKBP- type immunophilin.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the FKBP-type immunophilin is FKBP-12.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula I
Figure imgf000061_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein:
R-L is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arx, wherein said R1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000062_0001
alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2;
ATj and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3 -thienyl, 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl, wherein said Arx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C^Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino ;
X is O, S, CH2 or H2;
Y is 0 or NR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or
Figure imgf000062_0002
alkyl; and
Z is Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Arx, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment o
Figure imgf000063_0001
wherein:
R3 is C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Arlf- 0 X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
Figure imgf000063_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of 5 phenyl, benzyl, C^Cs straight or branched chain alkyl,
C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000063_0003
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and
C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl . 0
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein Z and R are lipophilic.
5 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3 -phenyl -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3 - ( 3 , 4 , 5 - 1 rimethoxyphenyl ) - 1 -propyl (25)-l-(3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3- (3 , 4 , 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl
(25) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl-l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1-
( 3 , 3 - d i me t hy l - l , 2 - d i oxop e n t y l ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (4, 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1-
( 3 , 3 - d i me t hy l - l , 2 - d i oxop e n t y l ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (4 , 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl-l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrol idinecarboxylate ;
3 -cyclohexyl -1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate, ΓÇó
3 -cyclohexyl -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1 , 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
(li?) -1,3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl - 1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; {1R) -1,3 -diphenyl -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
(1R) -1 -cyclohexyl -3 -phenyl -1-propyl (2S)-l-(3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) - 2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate ; (li?) -l-cyclohexyl-3 -phenyl-l-prop-2 - (E) -enyl ( 2 S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2-dioxopentyl) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
(li?) -1- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2-dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrol idinecarboxylate, ΓÇó
3-phenyl-l -propyl (2 S) - 1 - (1,2 -dioxo-2 - cyclohexyl) ethyl -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1, 2-dioxo -4- cyclohexyl) butyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1 , 2 -dioxo-2- [2- furanyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1 , 2 -dioxo-2- [2- thienyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) - 1 - ( 1 , 2 -dioxo-2 - [2 - thiazolyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1, 2-dioxo -2- phenyl) ethyl -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate;
1,7 -diphenyl- 4 -heptyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2 -dioxo- 4-hydroxybutyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3 -phenyl - 1-propyl (2S)-l-(3,3- dimethyl -1,2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxamide; 1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- leucine ethyl ester; 1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-1,2 -dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylglycine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine phenyl ester; 1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine benzyl ester;
1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- isoleucine ethyl ester; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula II
Figure imgf000066_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein:
R╬╗ is C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C8 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arx, wherein said R1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2;
Ar-L and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3 -thienyl, 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl, wherein said A^ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl,
Figure imgf000067_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino;
Z is Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C3 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Ar1# C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and
Figure imgf000067_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000067_0003
wherein:
R3 is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Arx; X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
Figure imgf000068_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C^Cs straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl .
9. The method of claim 8, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of Cx-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, 2 -cyclohexyl , 4 -cyclohexyl , 2- furanyl, 2-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, and 4-hydroxybutyl .
10. The method of claim 8, wherein Z and R are lipophilic .
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula III
Figure imgf000068_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein: Z' is fragment
Figure imgf000069_0001
wherein:
R3 is C╬╗-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl or unsubstituted Ar1# wherein said alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar1#-
X2 is O or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl;
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, C-^Cs straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl; and
Ar-L is as defined in claim 8.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein Z' is lipophilic.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula IV
Figure imgf000070_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein:
R-L is Cj-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or Ar1; wherein said alkyl or alkenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl or Ar2;
Arx and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, and phenyl; X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur;
Y is oxygen;
Z is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of 2- furyl, 2-thienyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridyl, and phenyl, each having one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C-L-C-j alkoxy.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein Z and Rx are lipophilic .
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
3- (2 , 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3- (2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1-
( 3 , 3 - dimethyl - l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
2- (3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1-ethyl (2S) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,ΓÇó 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (2-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl-1 , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (4-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (2 - ert-butyl- 1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (2-cyclohexylethyl-l , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2-cyclohexylethyl-
1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2- ert-butyl -1, 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3, 3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl -1, 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -N- ( [2-thienyl] glyoxyl) pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3, 3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxobutyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3, 3 -diphenyl-1-propyl (2S) -1-cyclohexylglyoxyl- 2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3 , 3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2-thienyl) glyoxyl - 2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof .
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3- (2 -pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl -1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the compound is 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate or hydrate thereof.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is an N-glyoxyl prolyl ester.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula V
Figure imgf000073_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein: V is C, N, or S;
A and B, taken together with V and the carbon atom to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing, in addition to V, one or more heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO, S02, N, NH, and NR;
R is either C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C9 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, or Ar1 wherein R is either unsubstituted of substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of halo, haloalkyl, carbonyl , carboxy, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl,
Figure imgf000073_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, thioalkyl, alkylthio, sulfhydryl, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, aminocarboxyl , and Ar2; Rx is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Ar1 wherein said Rx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000074_0001
alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2;
Arx and Ar2 are independently an alicyclic or aromatic, mono-, bi- or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) ; wherein the individual ring size is 5- 8 members; wherein said heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) independently selected from the group consisting of 0, N, and S; X is O, S, CH2 or H2;
Y is O or NR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or C^Cg alkyl ; and
Z is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Arx, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000075_0001
wherein:
R3 is C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar1;-
X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
Figure imgf000075_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl,
Figure imgf000075_0003
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000075_0004
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl .
20. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises :
(i) an effective amount of a pyrrolidine derivative for treating alopecia or promoting hair growth in an animal; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is non- immunosuppressive .
22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative has an affinity for an FKBP-type immunophilin.
23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the FKBP-type immunophilin is FKBP-12.
24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula I
Figure imgf000076_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein:
R┬▒ is C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl,
C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Ar1; wherein said Rx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of Cx-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2;
Ar: and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3 -thienyl, 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl , wherein said Ar-L is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino ;
X is 0, S, CH2 or H2; Y is 0 or NR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl ; and
Z is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Ar-L, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000077_0001
wherein :
R3 is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar1 ; X2 is O or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl,
Figure imgf000078_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000078_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl .
25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein Z and Rτ are lipophilic.
26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3 -phenyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl- 1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3- dimethyl- 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3 - (3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl ( 2 S) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl -l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3, 3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate ; 3- (4, 5-dichlorophenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1-
( 3 , 3 - d i me t hy l - l , 2 - d i oxop e n t y l ) - 2 - pyrrol idinecarboxylate;
3- (4, 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1-
( 3 , 3 - d i me t hy l - l , 2 - d i oxop e n t y l ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (4 , 5-methylenedioxyphenyl) -l-prop-2 - (E) -enyl ( 2 S) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl-l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3 -cyclohexyl -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-cyclohexyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (2S) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1 , 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate, ΓÇó
(li?) -1,3 -diphenyl -1-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3 -dimethyl - 1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; (li?) -l,3-diphenyl-l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl - 1 , 2-dioxopentyl ) - 2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate ;
(li?) - l-cyclohexyl-3 -phenyl -1-propyl (25)-l-(3,3- dime thyl -1,2- dioxopentyl ) - 2 -pyrrol idinecarboxylate ;
(li?) - l-cyclohexyl-3 -phenyl-l-prop-2 - (E) -enyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl-l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
(li?) -1- (4 , 5-dichlorophenyl) -3 -phenyl- 1 -propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3 -dimethyl-l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) -2 - pyrrol idinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl- 1-propyl (25) -1- (1, 2-dioxo -2- cyclohexyl ) ethyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l -propyl (2S) -1- (l,2-dioxo-4- cyclohexyl) butyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) - 1 - ( 1 , 2 -dioxo-2 - [2 - furanyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1, 2 -dioxo-2- [2- thienyl] ) ethyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (1 , 2 -dioxo-2- [2- thiazolyl] ) ethyl -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (l,2-dioxo-2- phenyl) ethyl-2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,ΓÇó
1, 7-diphenyl-4 -heptyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxo-
4 -hydroxybutyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxamide ;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- leucine ethyl ester;
1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylglycine ethyl ester; 1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine phenyl ester;
1- [1- (3, 3 -dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- phenylalanine benzyl ester; 1- [1- (3, 3-dimethyl-l, 2-dioxopentyl) -L-proline] -L- isoleucine ethyl ester; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof.
27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula II
Figure imgf000082_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
R1 is C-L-Cc, straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arlf wherein said Rx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000082_0002
alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2; Ar-L and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3 -thienyl, 2- pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl, wherein said Arx is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl,
Figure imgf000083_0001
straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, and amino ;
Z is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Ar1# C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
o
Figure imgf000083_0002
wherein:
R3 is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Arx;
X2 is O or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
Figure imgf000083_0003
straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl.
28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein Rx is selected from the group consisting of C1- C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, 2 -cyclohexyl , 4- cyclohexyl, 2-furanyl, 2-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, and 4- hydroxybutyl .
29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein Z and R╬╗ are lipophilic.
30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula III
Figure imgf000084_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate or hydrate thereof, wherein: Z is fragment
Figure imgf000085_0001
wherein:
R3 is C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl or unsubstituted Ar17 wherein said alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar1#*
X2 is O or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl,
Figure imgf000085_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl; and
Ar-! is as defined in claim 26.
31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, wherein Z' is lipophilic.
32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula IV
Figure imgf000086_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein:
R1 is C-L-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or Ar1# wherein said alkyl or alkenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl or Ar2;
Ar: and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, and phenyl; X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur;
Y is oxygen;
Z is Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of 2- furyl, 2-thienyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, pyridyl, and phenyl, each having one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C!-C4 alkoxy.
33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein Z and Rτ are lipophilic.
34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
3- (2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -l-prop-2- (E) -enyl (25) -1- ( 3 , 3 -dimethyl - l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate,ΓÇó
2- (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl) -1 -ethyl (25) -1- (3,3- dimethyl-1, 2-dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2 - dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (2-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3- (4-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (2- ert-butyl -1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3-phenyl-l-propyl (25) -1- (2 -cyclohexylethyl -1, 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2-cyclohexylethyl- 1, 2 -dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3 - (3 -pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2 - ert-butyl -1,2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3, 3 -diphenyl-1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,Γûá
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl-1, 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -N- ( [2-thienyl] glyoxyl) pyrrolidinecarboxylate;
3, 3 -diphenyl-1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxobutyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ; 3 , 3-diphenyl-1-propyl (2S) -1-cyclohexylglyoxyl-
2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3, 3 -diphenyl-1-propyl (2S) -1- (2-thienyl) glyoxyl - 2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof.
35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (2S) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l , 2- dioxopentyl ) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate ;
3- (2-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (3 , 3-dimethyl-l, 2- dioxopentyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate,Γûá
3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1- (2 -cyclohexyl -1 , 2- dioxoethyl) -2 -pyrrolidinecarboxylate; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and solvates thereof .
36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the compound is 3- (3-pyridyl) -1-propyl (25) -1-
( 3 , 3 - dimethyl - l , 2 -dioxopentyl ) - 2 - pyrrolidinecarboxylate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate or hydrate thereof.
37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is an N-glyoxyl prolyl ester.
38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the pyrrolidine derivative is a compound of formula V
Figure imgf000089_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or solvate thereof, wherein: V is C, N, or S;
A and B, taken together with V and the carbon atom to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing, in addition to V, one or more heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, S02, N, NH, and NR;
R is either Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C9 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, or Ar17 wherein R is either unsubstituted of substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of halo, haloalkyl, carbonyl , carboxy, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl, Cx-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, Cx-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, thioalkyl, alkylthio, sulfhydryl, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, aminocarboxyl , and Ar2;
Rx is C -C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Ar1# wherein said R1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently seleceted from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000090_0001
alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, hydroxy, and Ar2;
Arx and Ar2 are independently an alicyclic or aromatic, mono-, bi- or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituent (s) ; wherein the individual ring size is 5- 8 members; wherein said heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) independently selected from the group consisting of 0, N, and S; X is O, S, CH2 or H2;
Y is 0 or NR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or C^Cg alkyl ; and Z is Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl, or
C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, wherein said Z is substituted with one or more substituent (s) independently selected from the group consisting of Arl; C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and straight or branched chain alkyl or C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl; or Z is fragment
O
Figure imgf000091_0001
wherein: R3 is
Figure imgf000091_0002
straight or branched chain alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with C3-C8 cycloalkyl or Ar17-
X2 is 0 or NR5, wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
Figure imgf000091_0003
straight or branched chain alkyl, and C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl ; and
R4 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl,
C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, Ci-Cg straight or branched chain alkyl substituted with phenyl, and
C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted with phenyl .
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