WO1998056014A1 - Circuit protection devices - Google Patents
Circuit protection devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998056014A1 WO1998056014A1 PCT/US1998/011124 US9811124W WO9856014A1 WO 1998056014 A1 WO1998056014 A1 WO 1998056014A1 US 9811124 W US9811124 W US 9811124W WO 9856014 A1 WO9856014 A1 WO 9856014A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- resistor
- electrode
- planar
- electrodes
- sheet
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
- H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
- H01C1/1406—Terminals or electrodes formed on resistive elements having positive temperature coefficient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C13/00—Resistors not provided for elsewhere
- H01C13/02—Structural combinations of resistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
- H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
- H02H3/085—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current making use of a thermal sensor, e.g. thermistor, heated by the excess current
Definitions
- This invention relates to electrical circuit overcurrent protection.
- PTC circuit protection devices are well known.
- Particularly useful PTC devices contain a PTC element which is composed of a PTC conductive polymer, i.e. a composition which comprises (1) an organic polymer, and (2) dispersed, or otherwise distributed, in the polymer, a particulate conductive filler, preferably carbon black and/or a conductive inorganic filler, e.g. a ceramic oxide or a metal carbide, nitride, or boride such as titanium carbide.
- PTC conductive polymers and devices containing them are described, for example in U.S. Patent Nos.
- Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) circuit protection devices containing ceramic NTC materials are also well known.
- the sensor element comprises a resistive device connected in series with the load
- the control element comprises a PTC device which is thermally linked to the resistive device and is electrically connected to the circuit interruption element.
- the resistive device increases in temperature causing the PTC device to heat up and trip to its high resistance state.
- the PTC device is linked to the circuit interruption element so that the increased resistance of the PTC device causes the circuit interruption element to switch into its fault state.
- the PTC device is not placed in series with the load and therefore may operate at current levels much less than the normal circuit current which passes through the load.
- This invention relates to devices which combine a resistive heating element and an element which is thermally linked to the heating element, and exhibits anomalous resistance/temperature behavior.
- the devices are particularly, but not exclusively, useful in the protection systems described in International Patent Publication Nos. 98/02946 and 98/02947.
- this invention provides an electrical device which comprises:
- a first resistor which (i) is composed of a first material, and (ii) is connected in series between the first and second electrodes;
- a second resistor which (i) is thermally coupled to the first resistor, (ii) is composed of a second material, (iii) exhibits anomalous resistance/temperature behavior, and (iv) is connected in series between the first and third electrodes.
- the first resistor may be, for example,
- the device has a generally planar configuration and comprises at least one electrical connector connected to one of the first, second, and third electrodes, whereby the first, second and third electrodes or connectors secured thereto can be secured directly to a circuit board with the device parallel to the circuit board;
- the second resistor is a planar sheet of a material which exhibits anomalous resistance/temperature behavior, the sheet having a first major surface to which the first and second electrodes are attached and a second major surface to which the third electrode is attached.
- the first resistor must be one whose temperature changes substantially (as a result of a change in the amount of heat generated within it by resistive heating, also known as Joule or I R heating) when the current passing through it changes from a first value (usually a normal operating value) to a second value (usually an abnormal, relatively high, fault value).
- a first value usually a normal operating value
- a second value usually an abnormal, relatively high, fault value
- the second resistor changes in temperature, and, therefore, in resistance. This in turn substantially changes the current which flows between the first and third electrodes.
- the devices of the invention are particularly useful when (a) the second current value is a fault current which is substantially higher than the first current value (which is the normal operating current), and thus causes the first resistor to increase in temperature; and (b) the second resistor is a PTC resistor which increases substantially in resistance as a result of the heat generated within the first resistor, and thus reduces the current which flows between the first and third electrodes.
- the second current value is a fault current which is substantially higher than the first current value (which is the normal operating current), and thus causes the first resistor to increase in temperature
- the second resistor is a PTC resistor which increases substantially in resistance as a result of the heat generated within the first resistor, and thus reduces the current which flows between the first and third electrodes.
- the invention also includes devices as defined above which achieve useful results in a different way, for example devices in which (a) the change in the current reduces the amount of heat generated by the first resistor and thus reduces the temperature of the second resistor; and/or (b) the change in the current through the first resistor is a reduction in size of the current; and/or (c) the change in the current through the resistor is a change in frequency which changes the amount of the heat generated within the first resistor; and or (d) the first resistor is a voltage-dependent resistor; and or (e) the second resistor is an NTC resistor.
- the devices of the invention are particularly useful in circuits in which (a) the first and second electrodes and the first resistor are in series with the load, and (b) the first and third electrodes and the second resistor are in series with a control element which is coupled to a circuit interruption element so that, when there is an overcurrent through the load, the reduction of current through the control element activates the circuit-interruption element to interrupt, or to reduce substantially, the current through the load.
- the control element can be a relay coil and the circuit- interruption element a set of relay contacts controlled by the relay coil.
- the control and circuit-interruption elements can be combined in a single three terminal solid state device.
- the invention also includes electrical assemblies which can be divided into a plurality of devices of the invention and which preferably comprise
- a planar sheet of a composition which exhibits PTC behavior the sheet having a first major surface and an opposite second major surface
- the assembly comprises a plurality of identical assembly sub-portions, each of the assembly sub-portions
- (ii) comprising (a) a metal foil member which is secured to a major surface of the PTC sheet and comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and a resistor connected in series between the first and second electrodes, (b) a sub-portion of the PTC sheet, and (c), secured to the opposite face of the sub-portion of the PTC sheet, a third electrode.
- Figures 1 and 2 are top and bottom plan views, respectively, of a device of the mvention, and Figures 3 and 4 are cross-sectional views along lines 3-3 and 4-4, respectively, of Figure 2;
- Figures 5 and 6 are top and bottom plan views, respectively, of another device of the invention, and
- Figures 7 and 8 are cross-sectional views along lines 7-7 and 8-8, respectively, of Figure 6;
- Figures 9 and 10 are top and bottom plan views, respectively, of another device of the invention.
- Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view along line 11-11 of Figure 9;
- Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view along line 12-12 of Figure 10;
- Figures 13 and 14 are cross-sectional views of devices of the invention installed on a circuit board
- Figure 15 is a plan view of another device of the invention installed on a circuit board
- Figure 16 is a plan view of another device of the invention.
- Figure 17 is a cross-sectional view along line 17-17 of Figure 16;
- Figure 18 is a plan view of an electrical assembly of the invention.
- Figure 19 is a circuit according to the invention.
- the first resistor is preferably integral with at least one, particularly both, of the first and second electrodes.
- the first and second electrodes and the first resistor are preferably formed by removing part of the metal from the central portion of a single piece of metal, e.g. (a) by etching a layer of metal (for example a metal foil) already secured to a layer of PTC material (which is not changed by the etching process), or (b) by stamping a piece of metal before it is connected to the remainder of the device, or (c) by stamping a laminate of a metal layer and a PTC layer (in which case the PTC layer and any other layer of the laminate, e.g. the third electrode on the opposite surface of the laminate, assumes the same shape).
- the cross-sectional area of the first resistor (at right angles to the direction of current flow) is preferably 0.1 to 0.8, particularly 0.15 to 0.5 times the cross-sectional area of each of the electrodes.
- the first resistor can be a single bar, or two or more bars, extending between the first and second electrodes.
- the first resistor is a carbon resistor, a wire-wound resistor, or a PTC resistor.
- any resistor which will, in response to an overcurrent, heat the second PTC resistor so that the resistivity of at least part of the PTC material in the second resistor increases sharply.
- the first resistor is a PTC resistor, it should have a switching temperature higher than the second resistor.
- the PTC second resistor is preferably in the form of a planar sheet having first and second major surfaces, at least one of the first and second electrodes being secured to the first major surface and the third electrode being secured to the opposite second major surface.
- the PTC material preferably comprises an organic polymer and, dispersed therein, a particulate conductive filler. However, it is also possible to use the well-known PTC ceramics.
- the resistivity of the PTC material, the dimensions of the second resistor, and the thermal coupling between the first and second resistors, should be selected so as to achieve (a) the desired current between the first and third electrodes (i.e. through the second resistor) during normal operation and (b) the desired reduction in that current when there is a fault.
- a body of thermally and electrically insulating material can be placed over at least part of, and often all of, the first resistor and/or a layer of a thermally (and optionally electrically) conductive material can be placed between the first and second resistors to modify (usually to increase) the amount of the heat transferred to the second, PTC, resistor. It is usually desirable that a fault condition should reduce the current between the first and third electrodes (or between (i) the first and second electrodes and (ii) the third electrode when, as is often the case, there is also current flow between the second and third electrodes) to less than 0.6 times, particularly less than 0.4 times, the normal operating current.
- the second resistor is a planar sheet of a PTC material, the sheet having a first major surface and an opposite second major surface;
- the first, second and third electrodes are first, second and third planar metal members, the first and second electrodes being secured to the first major surface of the planar PTC sheet and the third electrode being secured to the second major surface of the planar PTC sheet; and the device further comprises an electrical connector which extends from the third electrode to the plane of the first and second electrodes.
- the device further comprises a fourth planar metal member which is secured to the first major surface of the planar PTC sheet and is separate from the first and second electrodes; and the electrical connector contacts the planar PTC sheet and is connected to the third electrode and to the fourth metal member.
- the device contains two fourth metal members to provide physical, electrical, and thermal symmetry, allowing the device to be installed without the need to ensure a particular orientation.
- the electrical connector can be separate from the second resistor, but preferably contacts it. Particularly preferred connectors pass through an aperture in the second resistor, the term aperture being used to denote an opening which
- (a) has a closed cross section, e.g. a circle, an oval, or a generally rectangular shape, or
- (b) has an open reentrant cross section which (i) has a depth at least 0.15 times, preferably at least 0.5 times, particularly at least 1.2 times, the maximum width of the cross section, e.g. a quarter circle or a half circle or an open-ended slot, and/or (ii) has at least one part where the opposite edges of the cross section are parallel to each other.
- Such a connector is often known as a via.
- the device comprises a first electrical lead which is connected to the first electrode, a second electrical lead which is connected to the second electrode, and a third electrical lead which is connected to the third electrode, the leads having distal ends.
- the distal ends preferably terminate in the same plane, allowing ready connection of the device to a circuit board.
- the ends of the leads can be shaped to allow easy through hole insertion into a circuit board.
- the leads can be shaped so as to ensure that they do not physically contain the PTC element, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,685,025 (Carlomagno).
- the size of devices of the invention is a function of the desired operational current that is required to operate the circuit component connected in series with the
- the resistance of the device measured either from the first to the second electrode or from the first to the third electrode is generally less than 100 ohms, preferably less than 50 ohms, particularly less than 20 ohms, especially less than 10 ohms, more especially less than 5 ohms. For some applications, the resistance is much lower, e.g. 0.010 to 0.500 ohms. In general, the resistance measured from the first to the second electrode is much lower than that measured from the first to the third electrode.
- the device resistance can be controlled by the resistivity of the PTC composition of the second resistor, as well as by the thickness of the second resistor and the device area.
- Devices of the invention are suitable for use in applications in which the normal operating current, i.e. the current from the first to the second electrode through the first resistor, is 15 to 60 amperes, although different devices may be suitable for use in applications with either higher or lower operating currents.
- the fault current is generally at least 1.35 times, preferably at least 1.4 times, particularly at least 1.5 times the operating current.
- the devices of the invention are preferably made from an electrical assembly.
- the assembly comprises a planar sheet of a composition exhibiting PTC behavior, and is preferably a sheet of a PTC conductive polymer composition.
- First and second planar metal foil members are secured to the first and second major surfaces of the sheet. At least one, and often both, of the first and second metal foil members have been etched, or otherwise shaped or had material removed, so that the assembly comprises a plurality of assembly sub-portions, preferably a plurality of identical assembly sub-portions. Each of the assembly sub-portions becomes a device when the assembly is divided into a plurality of devices.
- Each of the assembly sub-portions comprises (a) a metal foil member which is secured to a major surface of the PTC sheet and comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and a resistor connected in series between the first and second electrodes, (b) a sub-portion of the PTC sheet, and (c), secured to the opposite face of the sub-portion of the PTC sheet, a third electrode.
- the assembly can be divided into a plurality of devices by any suitable method, e.g. by shearing, dicing, or fracturing along a discontinuity such as those described in International Patent Publication No. WO 95/34084.. Often a solder mask, e.g. of the type described in International Patent Publication No.
- WO 95/31816 may be present, particularly if etching of one or both of the first and second metal foil members is conducted.
- the solder mask may serve as a layer of electrical and thermal insulation, and may cover at least part of the first resistor.
- the assembly is preferably prepared so that both of the first and second metal foil members have been etched. This allows the assembly to have balanced physical properties, e.g. it prevents the assembly from flexing non-uniformly during manufacture due to differential thermal expansion.
- Figures 1 to 4 show an electrical device 100 of the invention.
- Figures 1 and 2 are top and bottom plan views of device 100, and Figures 3 and 4 are cross-sectional views along lines 3-3 and 4-4, respectively, of Figure 2.
- First electrode 1 and second electrode 2 are connected by first resistor 4 and are positioned on first major surface 10 of second resistor 5, which is a PTC conductive polymer in the form of a sheet.
- Third electrode 3 is positioned on second major surface 11 of second resistor 5.
- Figures 5 to 8 show another electrical device 100 of the invention.
- Figures 5 and 6 are tope and bottom plan views of device 100
- Figures 7 and 8 are cross- sectional views along lines 7-7 and 8-8, respectively, of Figure 6.
- Electrical connector 6, shown here as a via coated with metal, passes through second resistor 5, connecting third electrode 3 to fourth metal member 7.
- device 100 is symmetrical, containing two connectors 6 and two fourth metal members 7. This is desirable for some applications, e.g. to avoid the need to carefully position the device in a particular orientation on a circuit board.
- Figures 9 to 12 show another electrical device 100 of the invention.
- Figures 9 and 10 are top and bottom plan views.
- First resistor 4 is present in the form of parallel bars on the top surface, and, as shown in Figure 11 , a cross-sectional view along line 11-11 of Figure 9, is covered at least in part by electrical and thermal insulation layer 8.
- Figure 12 a cross-sectional view along line 12-12 of Figure 10, shows electrical connector 6 which passes through second resistor 5 to connect first resistor 1 to third resistor 3 and second resistor 1 to third resistor 3.
- Figures 13 and 14 show the device of Figures 1 to 4 installed on circuit board 14 in a configuration parallel to the circuit board.
- First electrical lead 12 is connected to first electrode 1 and second electrical lead 13 is connected to second electrode 2.
- the shape of the first and second leads allows surface mounting directly onto circuit board 14: first lead 12 connects to first pad 15, second lead 13 connects to second pad 16, and third electrode 3 connects to third pad 17.
- the first, second, and third pads may be solder, a conductive adhesive, or any other suitable material.
- the first and second leads 12,13 of the device in Figure 14 allow through hole mounting of first lead 12 into first hole 18 and second lead 13 into second hole 19.
- Figure 15 shows the device of Figures 1 to 4 installed in a vertical manner onto circuit board 14.
- Third electrical lead 15 is attached to third electrode 3.
- First, second, and third leads 12,13,15 are mounted into first, second, and third holes 18,19,20, respectively.
- Figure 16 shows a plan view of device 100 of the invention
- Figure 17 is a cross-sectional view along line 17-17 of Figure 16.
- electrical connector 6' extends from third electrode 3 to the plane of the first and second electrodes 1 ,2, but is in the form of a strap, rather than a via.
- First electrode 1 , second electrode 2, and electrical connector 6' can be attached to pads on a circuit board.
- Figure 18 shows assembly 21 of the invention in plan view. Sub-portions
- FIG 19 is a circuit diagram of a circuit of the invention and corresponds generally to Figure 3 of International Publication No. WO 98/02946.
- Overcurrent circuit 200 employs an arrangement of second resistor 5, first resistor 4, relay coil 25, a set of contacts 26,27,28,29 and an on/off switch 30.
- resistor 4 is placed in series with load 31 and second resistor 5 is placed in series with relay coil 25, with the latter series combination connected across power source 32.
- Ground is element 33.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19882444T DE19882444T1 (en) | 1997-06-04 | 1998-06-02 | Circuit protection devices |
AU77120/98A AU7712098A (en) | 1997-06-04 | 1998-06-02 | Circuit protection devices |
JP50266199A JP2002502554A (en) | 1997-06-04 | 1998-06-02 | Circuit protection device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US86890597A | 1997-06-04 | 1997-06-04 | |
US08/868,905 | 1997-06-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998056014A1 true WO1998056014A1 (en) | 1998-12-10 |
Family
ID=25352538
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1998/011124 WO1998056014A1 (en) | 1997-06-04 | 1998-06-02 | Circuit protection devices |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6392528B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002502554A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1135570C (en) |
AU (1) | AU7712098A (en) |
DE (1) | DE19882444T1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW445692B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998056014A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
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WO2001015180A2 (en) * | 1999-08-24 | 2001-03-01 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Improvements to circuit protection devices |
US7729260B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2010-06-01 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Cost determination in a multihop network |
US9413158B2 (en) | 2011-05-02 | 2016-08-09 | Littelfuse Japan G.K. | PTC device |
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US5818676A (en) * | 1997-05-16 | 1998-10-06 | Yazaki Corporation | Multiple element PTC overcurrent protection device |
-
1998
- 1998-06-02 WO PCT/US1998/011124 patent/WO1998056014A1/en active Application Filing
- 1998-06-02 JP JP50266199A patent/JP2002502554A/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-06-02 DE DE19882444T patent/DE19882444T1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-06-02 CN CNB988058472A patent/CN1135570C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-02 AU AU77120/98A patent/AU7712098A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-06-03 TW TW087108717A patent/TW445692B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-02-09 US US09/248,166 patent/US6392528B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-05-21 US US10/154,438 patent/US20030030536A1/en not_active Abandoned
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WO1995008176A1 (en) * | 1993-09-15 | 1995-03-23 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical assembly comprising a ptc resistive element |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 015, no. 200 (E - 1070) 22 May 1991 (1991-05-22) * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001015180A2 (en) * | 1999-08-24 | 2001-03-01 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Improvements to circuit protection devices |
WO2001015180A3 (en) * | 1999-08-24 | 2001-12-06 | Tyco Electronics Corp | Improvements to circuit protection devices |
US7729260B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2010-06-01 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Cost determination in a multihop network |
US9413158B2 (en) | 2011-05-02 | 2016-08-09 | Littelfuse Japan G.K. | PTC device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002502554A (en) | 2002-01-22 |
DE19882444T1 (en) | 2000-06-15 |
CN1260903A (en) | 2000-07-19 |
US20030030536A1 (en) | 2003-02-13 |
US6392528B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 |
CN1135570C (en) | 2004-01-21 |
TW445692B (en) | 2001-07-11 |
AU7712098A (en) | 1998-12-21 |
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