WO1999001615A1

WO1999001615A1 - Process for manufacturing wet laid fibrous structures comprising substantially non swellable particles added to the slurry

Info

Publication number: WO1999001615A1
Application number: PCT/IB1998/001003
Authority: WO
Inventors: John Michael Blevins
Original assignee: The Procter & Gamble Company
Priority date: 1997-07-01
Filing date: 1998-06-29
Publication date: 1999-01-14
Also published as: BR9810659A; AU7784798A; KR20010014433A; EP0993523A1; EP0889152A1; CA2295731A1; JP2002508039A; CN1267346A

Abstract

A process for manufacturing fibrous structures comprising a wet laid fibre web comprising substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particles that are added directly to the slurry. A fibrous structure according to this method is also described.

Description

PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING WET LAID FIBROUS STRUCTURES COMPRISING SUBSTANTIALLY NON SWELLABLE PARTICLES ADDED TO

THE SLURRY

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing fibrous structures comprising a wet laid fibre web comprising substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material, and to fibrous structures manufactured according to this process. The structures are preferably intended for acquisition/distribution and/or absorption of aqueous fluids and the particulate material comprised therein also provides the structure with added benefits, e.g. odour control; the structures are particularly suitable for use in disposable absorbent articles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fibrous structures, particularly fibrous structures for absorbing liquids are manufactured for many uses, for example they are incorporated into absorbent articles such as disposable diapers, incontinent pads and catamenial napkins as fluid absorption or fluid transmission and/or diffusion elements, for example as absorbent cores that are intended to absorb and retain body fluids. Fibrous structures, and more specifically fibrous structures used in absorbent articles as fluid absorption or fluid transmission and/or diffusion elements, can comprise one or more further components so as to improve their specific performances; for example, absorbent structures that comprise fibres and a particulate material, such as an odour control material in particle form, are known in the art. Further components can be also included to provide the structure with added benefits.

Wet laying processes are widely used to produce fibrous webs using papermaking techniques. In the wet laying process, natural or manufactured fibres are suspended in water to obtain a uniform distribution. As the fibre and water suspension, or "slurry", flows onto a moving wire screen, the water passes through, leaving the fibres randomly laid in a uniform web. Additional water is then squeezed out of the web and the remaining water is removed by drying. Bonding may be completed during drying or a bonding agent, e.g. an adhesive, may be subsequently added to the dried web and the web cured.

The fibrous webs produced by wet laying process are particularly suitable for use as fluid absorption or fluid transmission and/or diffusion elements in absorbent articles, such as disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, incontinent pads, and wipes. Wet laid structures have a number of advantages as compared to similar types of structures which are prepared, e.g., by air laying. Wet-laid structures wick body fluids much better than similar air-laid structures. This is because wet-laid structures suffer less wet collapse than do air-laid structures. This, in turn, enables the wet-laid structures to maintain their capillary channels and void spaces better. Wet-laid structures are also significantly stronger than are air-laid structures from the standpoint of tensile strength. Such comparatively high tensile strength manifests itself when the wet-laid structures are either wet or dry. They show usually a higher density and a lower thickness as compared to air laid structures having the same basis weight.

The inclusion of particulate material into wet laid fibre webs is known, but it suffers some drawbacks. According to a known method particles are added to wet laid structures after the drying stage; usually a dried sheet made by wet laying process is sprayed with water or other liquid such as an adhesive, before the particulate material is applied onto the sheet, and optionally a further layer, e.g. a fibrous layer, is superimposed to the sheet, in order to form a composite laminate structure. The added liquid helps the particles become affixed to the sheets, preventing their migration during manufacture or transportation, and also aids in lamination. This type of manufacture is expensive since rewetting of the dried base sheet to promote adhesion of the particles and optionally lamination involves a further drying stage to remove the added water. The alternative use of an adhesive, though capable of providing a stronger binding between fibres and particles, requires a further curing stage, possibly a drying stage in case of water based or solvent based adhesives, and moreover is unsuitable in case of rather high amounts of particles added to the sheet. The particles would in fact form a sort of continuous layer, and adhesion of these particles to the sheet, and to the optional further layer, requires a proportionally high amount of adhesive, that impairs the characteristics of the active particles, and of the whole composite structure as well.

A method of this latter type for manufacturing a wet laid structure comprising a particulate material added after the drying stage of the wet laying process is described e.g. in US 5,300,192 of Weyerhaeuser Company, according to which particles are bound to the fibres by means of a binder provided during the production of the web. The binder can be reactivated at a later stage, so that particles can be added during the web formation process or, preferably, when the web is subsequently used in a production line, for example by defiberization of the web and then air laying. Nevertheless the wet laid structure itself still has the same drawbacks mentioned above.

European patent applications EP-A-359 615 and EP-A-719 531 of James River Corporation of Virginia and Kao Corporation, respectively, describe alternative processes of forming absorbent sheets comprising wet laid fibrous layers and absorbent gelling material particles, also known in the art as "superabsorbent" particles. Typically the absorbent gelling material particles are distributed onto a wet laid fibrous web when it is still wet, i.e., before the drying stage, and then the web is covered with another layer, possibly a fibrous layer, so that the particles are not present on the surface of the absorbent sheet. The incorporation of absorbent gelling material particles into the wet laid web prior to the drying stage is considered advantageous since the fibres constituting the web have a high degree of freedom when they are still wet, and therefore the absorbent gelling material particles spread over the fibrous web can penetrate, at least to a certain extent, from the surface to the inside of the fibrous web. The incorporation of particles of absorbent gelling material into the wet web takes also advantage of the swelling of the particles themselves upon absorption of the water still present in the web: the particles become tacky and adhere to the fibres of the web, so acting as a binder for the web, that therefore does not necessarily require other specific binder means.

The incorporation of absorbent gelling material particles in a wet laid structure prior to the drying stage still shows some drawbacks due to the behaviour of the absorbent gelling materials themselves. The swelling of this type of materials upon water absorption can in fact impair the capacity of the swollen absorbent gelling material particles to easily penetrate trough the thickness of the web, owing to the increase in volume and to the tackiness of the -particles. Therefore such particles can become unable to achieve a more uniform distribution, starting from the surface onto which they are spread. This is particularly true when relatively high amounts of particles are spread onto the wet laid web: in this case the swollen particles, rather than penetrate within the fibrous layer, may tend to form an almost continuous layer superimposed to the wet fibrous web, with a result similar to that already described with reference to the incorporation of particles in previously dried wet laid webs, further implying the necessity of a rather expensive drying step to eliminate water from both the fibres and the swollen particles.

A further disadvantage of this type of structures is that swelling particulate material incorporated into the fibrous web perform a binding action on the fibrous web upon drying which changes according to the percentage and to the distribution of the particles themselves into the fibrous web. The extent to which a wet laid fibre web is bound, or binding level, is generally correlated to the stiffness of the resulting structure, therefore, in order to have structures with different amounts of superabsorbent particles featuring a rather uniform binding level involving the stiffness values that are commonly preferred, e.g. in the field of disposable absorbent articles, it can be necessary to adjust in some way this binding level. For example, it can be necessary to add a further binding means to the structure if the binding level provided by the superabsorbent particles alone is insufficient, and therefore the combined effect of two different binding means must be taken into consideration. Alternatively, a reduction with known means, e.g., mechanically, of a too high binding level can be necessary, since a rather rigid structure generally results in case of higher amounts of superabsorbent particles being incorporated in wet laid webs.

The incorporation of absorbent gelling material, preferably in form of particles, in wet laid fibrous structures by addition of the material directly into the slurry has been also proposed in EP-A-528248. The absorbent material preferably swells in the dispersion medium, usually water, of the slurry, but it is said that by reducing the length of exposure of such absorbent material to the dispersion medium and/or by selecting an absorbent material having a high gel strength it is possible to keep the swelling to a relatively low degree, therefore avoiding bonding between the absorbent particles and the fibres. However, this requires a manufacturing process that is difficult to optimize, since this length of -exposure actually depends on the type of absorbent material incorporated into the slurry. Moreover, a length of exposure that is sufficient to avoid or at least reduce bonding between fibres and particles may still lead to bonding between the particles themselves owing to their tacky surface, with possible formation of lumps or agglomerates, especially when high amounts of particles are to be incorporated in the wet laid fibrous structure. This could also lead to entrapment of particles or particle agglomerates into the forming wire used in the wet laying process: the particles or the agglomerates of particles entrapped in the forming wire would remain in contact with water for a longer time and therefore would swell to a much higher level as compared to the swelling level accepted in the process. Partial obstruction of the forming wire could eventually result.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process for manufacturing fibrous structures for acquisition/distribution and/or absorption of aqueous fluids comprising a wet laid fibre web obtainable from a slurry comprising a binding means and a particulate material.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a process in which the binding of the wet laid fibre web is performed exclusively by the binding means, and can be controlled independently of the amount of the particulate material incorporated in the wet laid fibre web itself. The process is therefore simpler since no adjustment is needed depending on the type of particulate material being incorporated.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a fibrous structure manufactured according to this method comprising a wet laid fibre web incorporating a particulate material and having the above mentioned advantages.

It has been discovered that incorporation of substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable particulate material in a wet laid fibrous web by adding it to the slurry prior to deposition onto the wire screen results in a better distribution of the particles within the fibrous web even in case of high amounts of particles being incorporated into the structure, with no risk of particle agglomeration. Easier and more precise control of the process is also achieved, with particular reference to the binding of the structure by means of binding means provided in the slurry or in the wet laid fibrous web.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a fibrous structure comprising fibres, a binding means, and a particulate material being substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable. The process comprises the steps of:

a) providing a wet laid fibre web that is prepared by a wet process from an aqueous slurry comprising fibres and the particulate material,

b) providing the wet laid fibre web with the binding means,

c) drying the fibre web, and

d) binding the fibre web by activating the binding means.

The invention further relates to a fibrous structure comprising a wet laid fibre web obtainable from a slurry comprising fibres, a binding means and a substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable particulate material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed that the present invention will be better understood from the following description in conjunction with the following drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic, fragmentary side elevational view of an apparatus for making a fibrous structure according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of a fibrous structure according to the present invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a fibrous structure preferably intended for acquisition/distribution and/or absorption of aqueous fluids, and to fibrous structures manufactured according to the process. The structure comprises a wet laid fibre web comprising substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material. In a preferred embodiment, the structures of the present invention are incorporated into absorbent articles, preferably as fluid acquisition/distribution structures, that are intended to receive and distribute the various aqueous body fluids. The structures can be also incorporated as absorbent structures that are intended to absorb and retain body fluids. The substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material comprised in the wet laid fibre web provides the structure with added benefits, e.g. odour control. Absorbent articles, and more specifically disposable absorbent articles, refer to articles such as sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, incontinent pads, that are worn by a user adjacent to the body and are intended to absorb and contain the various body fluids that are discharged from the body (e.g., vaginal discharges, menses, sweat, and/or urine) and which are intended to be discarded after a single use.

By "particulate material" is meant a substance in form of discrete particles. The particles can be variously shaped such as spherical, rounded, angular, acicular, or irregular.

As used herein, "substantially water insoluble" refers to substances that substantially do not dissolve in water, and that therefore retain their solid particulate form following contact with water.

By "substantially non water swellable" are meant materials that, although capable of absorbing water, usually in relatively low amounts, for example by surface adsorption and/or pore filling via capillary flow, do not swell, i.e. these materials do not substantially increase their volume upon absorption. The swelling mechanism is well known from the field of the so called superabsorbent materials; such materials are typically constituted by a tridimensional polymeric network that, upon contact with a solvent, usually water, uncoils the polymer -chains to more open conformations so that each chain maximizes its contact with the solvent molecules, and thus swelling of the network with formation of a gel structure takes place. The absorption therefore involves a partial solubilization of the absorbing material. Suitable materials according to the present invention are those that preferably do not form gels with water and absorb less than 5 times their own weight of water, more preferably less than 1.5 times. In any case materials that are substantially non water swellable according to the present invention do not form a tacky surface upon contact with water, even when they are capable of absorbing a limited amount of it. Such materials can comprise pure substances or agglomerates thereof, provided that as a whole they satisfy the preferred requirement of substantial non swellability.

In a preferred embodiment the fibrous structures according to the present invention can constitute integrally an element of a disposable absorbent article, e.g. the absorbent core or a fluid acquisition/distribution element, or they can be comprised therein as part of such an element. The particulate material comprised therein is capable of providing the fibrous structure with an added benefit, e.g. control of the odours typically associated with the body fluids that contact the fibrous structure.

Disposable absorbent articles, such as for example sanitary napkins, pantiliners, incontinent pads, or diapers, typically comprise a fluid pervious topsheet, a fluid impervious backsheet, that can optionally be water vapour and/or gas pervious, an absorbent core comprised therebetween, and, preferably, a fluid acquisition/distribution layer, usually positioned between the topsheet and the absorbent core.

The fibrous structures of the present invention can be made using conventional equipment designed for wet laying processes.

The invention will be hereinafter described as a process for manufacturing a fibrous structure constituted by a wet laid fibre web comprising the particulate material, which is capable of providing acquisition/distribution of aqueous fluids, particularly body fluids, and furthermore control of the odours associated with the absorbed fluids, and as a fibrous structure manufactured according to this process, said structure being intended to be incorporated as acquisition/distribution layer in a disposable absorbent article, e.g. a sanitary napkin.

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment for the manufacture of a fibrous structure 8 of the present invention.

Techniques for wetlaying fibrous material to form sheets such as dry lap and paper are well known in the art. These techniques are generally applicable to the wet-laying of fibres to form wetlaid fibre webs according to the process of the present invention. Suitable wetlaying techniques include handsheeting, and wetlaying with the utilization of papermaking machines as disclosed, for instance, by L.H. Sanford et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,301 ,746. In general, as illustrated in FIG. 1 , wetlaid fibre webs can be made by depositing an aqueous slurry 10 of fibres form an apparatus 14 known in the art as a headbox onto a foraminous forming wire 12, dewatering the wetlaid slurry 10 to form a wet web 11, and drying the wet web. Preferably, the aqueous slurries of fibres for wetlaying will have a fibre consistency of between about 0.05% and about 2.0%, preferably between about 0.05% and about 0.2% of total slurry weight basis. The substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material 18 is added directly to the slurry in the headbox 14, being fed e.g. from a reservoir 20. A homogeneous mixture of fibres and particulate material 18 is therefore achieved in the slurry 10. The headbox 14 has an opening, known as a slice, for delivering the aqueous slurry 10 of fibres and particulate material 18 onto the foraminous forming wire 12. The foraminous forming wire 12 is often referred to in the art as a Fourdrinier wire. The Fourdrinier wire can be of construction and mesh size used for dry lap or other papermaking processing. Preferably, mesh sizes of about 70 to about 100 (Tyler standard screen scale) are used (all mesh sizes referred to herein shall be based upon the Tyler standard screen scale, unless otherwise specifically indicated.). Conventional designs of headboxes known in the art for drylap and tissue sheet formation may be used. Suitable commercially available headboxes include, for example, fixed roof, twin wire, and drum former headboxes. Once formed, the wet laid web 11 is dewatered and dried. Dewatering can be performed with suction boxes 16 or other vacuum devices. Typically, dewatering increases the fibre consistency to between about 8% and about 45%, total wet web weight basis and not considering the weight of the particulate material 18, preferably between - about 8% and about 22%. Dewatering to consistencies above about 22% may require wet-pressing and is less preferred.

Since a fraction of the particulate material 18 can be possibly drained with water out of the fibre web 11 deposited onto the forming wire 12, such fraction can be preferably recovered from the water and fed again to the slurry, by means of a suitable recovery apparatus, not illustrated in FIG. 1.

Any risk of entrapment in the forming wire 12 of the drained fraction of the particulate material 18 could be avoided e.g. by simply selecting a particulate material 18 of such an average dimensions with respect to the mesh size of the forming wire, that the particulate material 18 drained with water out of the wet laid fibre web 11 can substantially pass through the openings of the wire 12. Any preferred size of the particulate material 18 can be actually used anyway, since the substantial non swellability of the particulate material 18 not only prevents a substantial volume increase in the particulate material, but also any possible particle agglomeration due to surface tackiness, and eventually prevents the particles from sticking to the forming wire 12 itself. Minor amounts of particulate material 18 drained out of the fibre web 11 that should nevertheless remain onto the forming wire 12 owing to the intrinsic, non swollen size of the particles could therefore be easily washed out, e.g. with water, after separation of the fibre web 11 from the forming wire 12, and then preferably recovered.

Any natural or synthetic fibre can be used in the fibrous structures manufactured according to the process of the present invention, such as cellulose, rayon, nylon, polyester, polyolefin, or bicomponent fibres; crimped fibres or synthetic wood pulp fibres can also be used. Chemically stiffened cellulosic fibres such as those described in US Patents 4,889,597 and 5,217,445 can also be used. Particularly preferred are wood pulp fibres.

Any type of particulate material that is substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable, and that can provide the fibrous structure with a benefit, can be used in the process and in the product of the present invention. Particularly suitable is particulate material capable of providing the fibrous structure with odour control, but other activities are also possible, for example particulate material for providing ion exchange capacity, be it in connection with - odour control or not.

In their preferred use for fluid acquisition/distribution and/or fluid absorption in disposable absorbent articles the fibrous structures according to the present invention are intended to come into contact with body fluids. Preferred particulate materials are therefore those capable of controlling unpleasant odours associated with body fluids. Any suitable odour control agent known in the art can be preferably incorporated in form of particulate material in fibrous structures according to the present invention, provided that it is substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable. For example, substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material for odour control can comprise chlorophyll particles, activated carbon granules, charcoal, ion exchange resin, activated alumina, and zeolite materials, including the well known "molecular sieve" zeolites of the type A and X and the zeolite materials marketed under the trade name ABSCENTS by the Union Carbide Corporation and UOP.

Other suitable odour control particulate material used in the present invention can also comprise other compounds such as chitin, silica gel, diatomaceous earth, polystyrene derivatives, starches, and the like, or agglomerates thereof, e.g. agglomerated particles of zeolite and silica with a binder.

A preferred substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material for providing odour control is a mixture of particles of zeolite and silica, preferably in form of silica gel.

The average dimensions of the substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material used according to the present invention, given as a weighted average of the smallest dimensions of the individual particles, can be between 50 microns and 1500 microns, preferably between 100 microns and 800 microns. The substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material 18 can only become wetted, and possibly even absorb a -certain amount of water when it comes into contact with water in the slurry 10, but do not substantially swell and do not become tacky, differently from the swelling materials, e.g. the absorbent gelling material particles of the prior art, and irrespectively of the time of contact with water. In the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 1 the particulate material 18 is uniformly mixed with the fibres in the slurry 10 and therefore a uniform distribution of the particulate material 18 is achieved among the fibres 24 through the whole thickness of the fibre web 11 , as illustrated in FIG. 2 that shows an already completed fibrous structure 8 according to the present invention.

Owing to the absence of swelling the particulate material 18 is not hindered from distributing among the fibres 24 by the increased volume and by the tackiness of the surface of the particles, as prior art swelling particles are; moreover, the particles 18 do not even tend to stick to one another, with possible formation of lumps or agglomerates, which is likely to occur with the prior art processes, also in case of very short time of contact with water. This means that higher amounts of particulate material 18 can be added to the wet laid fibre web 11 , without the risk of formation of agglomerates of particles 18 unevenly distributed into the wet laid fibre web 11 , as can be the case when swelling, e.g. superabsorbent, particulate material is used; the time of contact of the particulate material 18 with water is therefore no more a concern in the process of the present invention.

The process of the present invention also allows other preferred distributions of the particulate material 18 within the thickness of the fibre web 11 , starting from the same uniform mixture of fibres and particles in the slurry. It is in fact possible to take advantage of the draining effect of the water during the dewatering stage in order to achieve a non uniform distribution of the particulate material 18 within the thickness of the web 11 , with the highest concentration nearer to the surface of the web 11 that is adjacent to the forming wire 12, and possibly showing a more or less pronounced concentration gradient. The substantial non swellability of the particulate material 18 avoids the formation of agglomerates, and prevents the particles from sticking to the forming wire 12, owing to their non tacky surface. These alternate distributions can be beneficial for certain uses of the resulting fibrous structure.

After dewatering, the fibre web 11 comprising the substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material 18 can be, but this is not necessary, transferred from the forming wire 12 to a drying fabric 26 which transports the fibre web 11 to drying apparatuses 28.

The drying fabric 26 is preferably coarser than the forming wire 12, for increased drying efficiency. The drying fabric 26 preferably has about 30% to about 50% open area and about 15% to about 25% knuckle area, such as a 31x25 3S (satin weave) fabric that has been sanded to increase the knuckle area to within the preferred range. Wet microcontraction is preferably implemented during transfer from the forming wire to the fabric. Wet microcontraction can be accomplished by running the forming wire 12 at a speed which is from about 5% to about 20% faster than the speed at which the fabric 26 is being run. Drying can be accomplished with a thermal blow-through dryer 28 or vacuum device such as a suction box, although thermal blow-through drying is preferred. The wetlaid webs are preferably dried to completion (generally to fibre consistency between about 90% and about 95% based on the web weight without the particles) by the thermal blow-through dryers 28. Steam drum drying apparatus known in the art, such as Yankee drum dryers, can be also used. The dried webs are preferably not creped. As an alternative to drying as described above, the dewatered web can be removed from the forming wire placed on a drying screen and dried (unrestrained) in a batch drying process by, for example, a thermal blow through dryer or a forced convection steam heated oven.

As it is known in the art, fibres in wet laying processes can have a tendency to flocculate, or form clumps, in aqueous solution. In order to inhibit fiocculation, the aqueous slurry should be pumped to the headbox 14 at a linear velocity of at least about 0.25 m/sec. Also, it is preferred that the linear velocity of the slurry 10 upon exit from the headbox slice be from about 2.0 to about 4.0 times the velocity of the forming wire 12. Another method for reducing fiocculation of fibres in a wetlaying process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,597, issued Dec. 26, 1989, wherein jets of water are directed at the wetlaid fibres just after deposition on the forming wire. The presence of the substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate ^"material 18 dispersed with the fibres into the slurry does not promote fiocculation, owing to the non tacky surface of the particles upon contact with water, which cannot stick to the fibres and cause the formation of clumps.

Known processes for producing the wet laid fibre webs 11 of the present invention, comprising the substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material 18, usually form lower tensile strength sheets, particular in the undried condition. Moreover, almost no binding action can be performed by the particulate material 18 comprised therein, owing to the fact that it is substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable, and therefore not capable of sticking to the fibres, as it is the case, for example, of the swellable particulate material, e.g. absorbent gelling material in particle form, of the prior art.

Therefore, in order to facilitate processing and to increase the integrity of the wet laid web subsequent to drying, a binding means can be integrally incorporated into or onto the web. This can be done by adding the binding means to the fibres prior to web formation, by applying the binding means (chemical additive binders) to the wetlaid fibre web after deposition on the forming wire and before drying, after drying, or a combination thereof.

For example, suitable binding means for increasing physical integrity of the fibrous structures 8 of the present invention constituted by a wet laid fibre web comprising substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material include chemical additives, such as resinous binders, latex, and starch known in the art for providing increased integrity to fibrous webs. Suitable resinous binders include those which are known for their ability to provide wet strength in paper structures, such as can be found in TAPPI monograph series No. 29, Wet Strength in Paper and Paperboard, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (New York, 1954). Suitable resins include polyamide-epichlorohydrin and polyacrylamide resins. Other resins finding utility in this invention are urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resins. The more common functional groups of these polyfunctional resins are nitrogen containing groups such as amino groups and methylol groups attached to nitrogen. Polyethylenimine type resins may also find utility in the present invention.

Starch, particularly cationic, modified starches may also find utility as chemical additives in the present invention. Such cationic starch materials, generally modified with nitrogen containing groups such as amino groups and methylol groups attached to nitrogen, may be obtained from Natural Starch and Chemical Corporation, located in Bridgewater, N.J. Other suitable binders include, but are not limited to, polyacrylic acid polyvinyl acetate.

The level of chemical additive binders which are added will typically be from about 0.25% to about 2% based on the web weight without the particles. Chemical additive binders which are hydrophilic, however, can be utilized in larger quantities. Chemical additive binders can be applied to dried or undried webs by printing, spraying, or other methods known in the art.

Preferred chemical binders are heat curing liquid compositions activatable by heat treatment, such as water based emulsions or dispersions of heat coagulatable synthetic polymers or copolymers (latexes).

In another embodiment, the binding means of the wet laid fibre web comprises from about 10% to about 50%, preferably from about 25% to about 45%, more preferably from about 30% to about 45%, based on the web weight without the particles, of a thermoplastic binding material, wherein the thermoplastic binding material provides bond sites at intersections of the fibres, and possibly involves the particulate material distributed therein. Such thermally bonded webs can, in general, be made by wet laying a fibre web comprising e.g. hydrophilic fibres and thermally fusible bonding fibres, which are preferably evenly distributed throughout. The thermoplastic fibrous material can be intermixed with the hydrophilic fibres, e.g. cellulosic fibres, in one preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the aqueous slurry prior to web formation. Once formed, the wet laid fibre web is thermally bonded by heating the web until the thermoplastic fibres melt. Upon melting, at least a portion of the thermally fusible bonding fibres will migrate to intersections of the cellulosic fibres and, to a lesser extent, of the fibres with the particulate material. These intersections become bond sites for the thermoplastic material. The web is then cooled, and migrated thermoplastic material bonds the cellulosic fibres together at the bond sites, at the same time stabilizing the particulate material comprised in the structure.

The thermoplastic binding materials useful for the wet laid fibre web of the present invention herein include any thermoplastic polymer which can be melted at temperatures which will not damage the fibres and the particulate material. Preferably, the melting point of the thermoplastic binding material will be less than about 175 C°, preferably between about 75 C° and about 175 C° In any case, the melting point should be no lower than temperatures at which the articles of this invention are likely to be stored, whereby melting point will be typically no lower than about 50 C°.

The thermoplastic binding material may, for example, be polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride. Preferably, the thermoplastic material will preferably not significantly imbibe or absorb aqueous fluid. However, the surface of the thermoplastic material can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic (As used herein, the terms "hydrophilic" and "hydrophobic" shall refer to the extent to which the surfaces are wetted by water). Hydrophobic material becomes more preferred at higher percentage of thermoplastic binder material, particularly at percentages above about 40%.

Thermoplastic fibres for use herein can be on the order of about 0.1 cm to about 6 cm long, preferably from about 0.3 cm to about 3.0 cm. A preferred type of thermoplastic fibrous material is commercially known and available as PULPEX™ (Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del., USA). PULPEX is a polyolefin material having a very high surface area to mass ratio, which, in general, is made by spraying molten polymer and gas through a nozzle into a vacuum. PULPEX is available in both polyethylene and polypropylene forms.

Thermally fusible bonding fibres can be substituted by a thermoplastic polymeric material in finely divided form, e.g. in form of powder.

It is preferred that the thermoplastic polymeric material in finely divided form has fluidity characteristics such as to enable the necessary bonds among the fibres, and, to a lesser extent, between fibres and the particulate material, to be formed rapidly.

These preferred characteristics can be achieved by a thermoplastic polymeric material in finely divided form having a melt flow index (M.F.I.), evaluated by the ASTM method D 1238-85 under conditions 190/2.16, of at least 25 g/10 min, preferably at least 40 g/10 min, and even more preferably at least 60 g/10 min.

If the fibres of the wet laid fibre web are short cellulose fibres, it is preferable to use a thermoplastic polymeric material composed of powder of high-density polyethylene with maximum dimensions of the particles of about 400 microns, characterized by a melt flow index of about 50 g/10 min.

The thermoplastic bonding material is preferably melted by through-air bonding, however other methods such as infra red light, etc. are not meant to be excluded. In another variation, the web can be subjected to by heat embossing on one or both faces of the web. This technique is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,114.

In a preferred embodiment, the activation of the binding means is performed by a heating step intended for curing a heat curing liquid binder, or alternatively for melting a thermoplastic bonding material, either in fibrous or powder form. More preferably, as shown in the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 1 , the heating step is performed during drying of the wet laid fibre web 11 in the thermal blow-through drier 28, where thermally fusible bonding fibres comprised in the wet laid fibre web are caused to melt in order to bind the dried web of wood pulp fibres comprising the particulate material 18, therefore avoiding the risk of loss of particles from the fibre web 11 during the drying stage.

In an alternative less preferred embodiment of the present invention the binding means can only refer to a hydrogen bonding capability of the fibres comprised in the wet laid fibre web. Fibres capable of hydrogen bonding, e.g. the preferred wood pulp fibres, can in fact form a wet laid fibre web in which bonding occurs between the fibres owing to hydrogen bonds. In this case the activation of the binding means corresponds to the formation of the hydrogen bonds between the fibres during the drying step, and addition of no further specific binding means is then required.

Scrims such as tissue sheets and other water pervious nonwoven sheets can be used as external support in addition to or in place of the binding means described above.

In the process of the present invention for manufacturing fibrous structures the binding level of the wet laid fibre web comprising the particulate material is performed exclusively by the binding means and is not influenced by the particulate material itself, even when present in relatively high amount and with not totally uniform distribution, owing to its characteristics of substantial water insolubility and non water swellability that make the particulate material almost inert towards the fibres. Therefore the desired degree of binding level can be easily provided and controlled by incorporation of suitable binding means, substantially independently of the amount of particulate material comprised in the wet laid fibre web, as can be readily determined by the man skilled in the art.

The wet laid fibre webs that in a preferred embodiment constitute integrally the fibrous structures of the present invention will preferably have dry basis weights of less than about 1000 g/m2 and dry densities of less than about 0.60 g/cm3. Although it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, fibrous structures having dry basis weights ranging from about 10 g/m2 to about 1000 g/m2, preferably from about 100 g/m2 to about 800 g/m2, more preferably from about 150 g/m2 to about 400 g/m2, and dry densities between about 0.02 g/cm3 and 0.20 g/cm3, more preferably between about 0.02 g/cm3 and about 0.15 g/cm3 are particularly suitable as fluid acquisition/distribution layers in disposable absorbent articles. All values are based on the dried web without the particles. Density and basis weight can be substantially uniform although nonuniform density and/or basis weight, and density and/or basis weight gradients, are meant to be encompassed herein. Thus, the fibrous structure can contain regions of relatively higher or relatively lower density and basis weight, preferably not exceeding the foregoing ranges. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the wet laid fibre web that constitutes the fibrous structure comprises from about 50% to 100% of -hydrophilic cellulosic fibres, typically wood pulp fibres, and from 0% to about 50% of a binding means, based on the dry web weight without the particles, for increasing physical integrity of the web, to facilitate processing in the wet and/or dry state, and to provide increased integrity upon wetting of the web during use. Preferably, the wetlaid fibre web will comprise at least about 2% of a fibrous binding means. Chemical additives can also be used as binding means, and are incorporated into the acquisition/distribution layer at levels typically of about 0.2% to about 2.0%, dry web weight basis without the particles.

The substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material, e.g. for providing odour control, can be incorporated into the fibrous structures according to the present invention in an amount that ranges from 20 g/m² to 400 g/m², preferably from 100 g/m² to 300 g/m², more preferably from 150 g/m² to 250 g/m², with reference to the total surface area of the fibrous structure. Preferably the fibrous structures of the present invention can comprise from 2% to 80% by weight of the particulate material, based on the total dry weight of the structure. The weight of the particulate material that can be actually used in various fibrous structures intended for different uses can be readily determined by the skilled person bearing in mind the size and the type of the fibrous structure, and its intended use.

The fibrous structures of the present invention can be constituted integrally by a wet laid fibre web comprising substantially water insoluble, substantially non water swellable particulate material, or can comprise at least a further fibre web, e.g. another wet laid fibre web.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, not illustrated, the particulate material can be distributed not uniformly into the fibrous structure, e.g. with different concentrations throughout the thickness of the structure. For example the particulate material can be more concentrated in the centre of the fibrous structure, in a portion intermediate of the outer surfaces of the fibrous structure itself, or near one of the outer surfaces. This can be achieved with means known in the art, for example by adding the particulate material to the slurry at a position nearer to the opening through which the slurry is deposited from the headbox to the forming wire, so that the particles can be suitably directed to a desired position into the slurry exiting the opening (slice), rather -than randomly distributed in the slurry itself.

In a further alternative embodiment of the present invention, not illustrated, a further fibre web can be provided over the surface of the wet laid fibre web where the particulate material has been distributed, comprising further binding means that, upon activation and in combination with the binding means comprised in the wet laid fibre web, perform the binding of the further fibre web and to the wet laid fibre web, that together constitute the fibrous structure.

Preferably, the further fibre web is a further wet laid fibre web formed directly over the wet laid fibre web after distribution of the particulate material.

The further fibre web can also be constituted by a previously formed nonwoven layer, or a polymeric film could also be bonded to the wet laid fibre web in order to form a composite structure comprising the fibrous structure of the present invention.

Of course, substantially water insoluble but water swellable particulate material, such as for example absorbent gelling material particles, can also be added to the fibrous structures of the present invention after the drying stage of the wet laid fibre web, being included into the fibrous structure and bound with one of the methods known in the art.

As an alternative, liquids other than water can also be used in the wet laying process of the present invention in order to provide the slurry. The characteristics and the type of the particles to be distributed on the wet laid fibre web can therefore be different, as compared to those described hereinbefore, while keeping the substantial non solubility and substantial non swellability with respect to the liquid used as a dispersion medium to provide the fibre suspension.

Claims

Claims:

^"1. A process for manufacturing a fibrous structure comprising fibres, a binding means, and a particulate material, said particulate material being substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable, said process comprising the steps of:

a) providing a wet laid fibre web that is prepared by a wet process from an aqueous slurry comprising fibres and said particulate material,

b) providing said wet laid fibre web with said binding means,

c) drying said fibre web, and

d) binding said fibre web by activating said binding means.

2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein said particulate material comprises odour control compounds, preferably zeolites and silica.

3. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein said binding of said fibre web is performed exclusively by said binding means.

4. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein said binding means is provided either in said slurry or, alternatively, after the wet laying of said fibre web.

5. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein said binding means comprise thermally fusible bonding fibres and are activatable by heat treatment.

6. A process according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein said binding means comprise a curable liquid composition, preferably a heat curing liquid composition activatable by heat treatment.

7. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein said wet laid fibre web comprises hydrophilic cellulose fibres.

8. A fibrous structure obtainable by the process of claim 1 , comprising a wet laid fibre web obtainable form a slurry comprising fibres, a binding means, and a

-particulate material, said fibrous structure being characterized in that said particulate material is substantially water insoluble and substantially non water swellable.

9. A fibrous structure according to claim 8, characterized in that said particulate material comprises odour control compounds, preferably zeolites and silica.

10. A fibrous structure according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that binding of said fibres is performed exclusively by said binding means.

11. A fibrous structure according to any of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that said binding means comprise thermally fusible bonding fibres.

12. A fibrous structure according to any of claim 8 to 10, characterized in that said binding means comprise a curable liquid composition, preferably a heat curing liquid composition.

13. A fibrous structure according to any of claims 8 to 12, characterized in that said wet laid fibre web comprises hydrophilic cellulose fibres.

14. An absorbent article for absorbing body fluids comprising a liquid permeable topsheet, an absorbent element, and a backsheet, characterized in that said absorbent article comprises the fibrous structure according to any of claims 8 to 13.