WO1999005358A1 - Industrial fabrics and method of treatment - Google Patents

Industrial fabrics and method of treatment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999005358A1
WO1999005358A1 PCT/GB1998/002168 GB9802168W WO9905358A1 WO 1999005358 A1 WO1999005358 A1 WO 1999005358A1 GB 9802168 W GB9802168 W GB 9802168W WO 9905358 A1 WO9905358 A1 WO 9905358A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
plasma
fabric
fibres
treatment
yarns
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1998/002168
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ian Christison Sayers
Original Assignee
Scapa Group Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Scapa Group Plc filed Critical Scapa Group Plc
Priority to EP98935174A priority Critical patent/EP0998606A1/en
Priority to AU84526/98A priority patent/AU8452698A/en
Priority to JP2000504322A priority patent/JP2001511489A/en
Priority to CA002298000A priority patent/CA2298000A1/en
Publication of WO1999005358A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999005358A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/04—Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/06—Inorganic compounds or elements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/02—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements ultrasonic or sonic; Corona discharge
    • D06M10/025—Corona discharge or low temperature plasma
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/30—Protecting wire-cloths from mechanical damage

Definitions

  • This invention relates to industrial fabrics and to a method of treating
  • the invention relates for example to all forms of papermaking
  • press belts shoe press sleeves, corrugator machine press belts, and also to
  • a papermaking felt which includes a flow control layer
  • the technology of plasma treatment is in the process
  • a 'plasma' is a fluid state of matter wherein due to
  • Polar molecules may be dissociated into anionic and cationic radicals, whilst
  • Plasmas may be stripped from atomic shells. Plasmas can exist over an extremely thin film of gases.
  • an industrial fabric comprises or includes
  • the invention provides a method of making or
  • the invention also includes apparatus for use in making or preparing
  • an industrial fabric including a plasma chamber to which material containing
  • the purpose of the plasma treatment may be to modify the wetting
  • the yarn or fibre surface is provided with activated sites
  • This treatment may utilise glow
  • the treated surface are permanent and far more durable.
  • composition of the plasma e.g. improved softness in drying felts especially
  • hydrophilic properties are
  • a plasma comprising or containing oxygen, air or ammonia for example.
  • a plasma comprising or
  • a silane e.g. Si(CH 3 ) 4
  • a siloxane e.g. (Si(OCH 3 ) 4 ) or a
  • perfluorocarbon e.g. 1 -6C perfluoroalkane or tetrafluoroethylene or a
  • Hard coatings of e.g. carbon may be formed by subjecting the surface
  • resistant coatings can be applied by using a plasma comprising or containing
  • halogenated hydrocarbons or unsaturated amines e.g. tetrachloroethylene
  • the plasma may be
  • a diluent gas such as helium
  • the synthetic yarn or fibre containing material may be treated in the
  • the apparatus may be arranged so that only one surface of a fabric
  • the apparatus of the invention may comprise means for continuously
  • the material may be introduced to the plasma chamber in batches, which are subjected to treatment and then removed.
  • the operating pressure of the plasma chamber may be from in the
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a plasma treatment machine according to the
  • a fabric 10 e.g. a woven or nonwoven
  • a dispensing station 1 1 is fed from a dispensing station 1 1. This is shown simply as a feed roll, but
  • the fabric 10 is introduced through a self-sealing
  • the fabric 10 enters and leaves the chamber 13 through self-sealing
  • slots 1 2 and 14 as the plasma usually operates at a considerable under- pressure, often extremely rarified, e.g. 0.1 -3.0 mbar; and sometimes
  • the chamber 13 is evacuated to the
  • the plasma is created by ionising the molecules or atoms
  • Treatment is achieved by exposing one or both surfaces of the fabric
  • composition of the plasma will be selected in accordance with
  • the plasma may be created from ordinary
  • the plasma may be
  • treatment are softness (oxygen plasma), crease resistance (dipped in DMSO,
  • dimethylsilane plasma oil repellant finishes, improvement of capillarity, dye reception, dyeing depth, bleaching, UV-protection and flame retardancy may
  • the fabric may instead of being fed continuously as illustrated, be
  • the material to be treated may be in the form of synthetic fibres or
  • a hydrophobic (water repellant) fabric may be used as a flow control
  • a hydrophilic (with enhanced wettability) fabric may be used as a dryer
  • a hydrophilic surface for a dryer fabric as in EP-A-0761872 obtains
  • hydrophobic surface may be desirable for certain dryer fabrics for
  • Batt staple fibres in press felts can be rendered
  • a further possible use of the invention is by plasma treatment of
  • belts such as extended nip press belts, shoe press sleeves, press belts for corrugator machines, conveyor belts, printing blankets, silicon wafer
  • the reinforcing substrate surfaces improve bonding with the matrix polymer.
  • polyester structural members such as yarns, fibres or fabrics (woven,
  • nonwoven spiral link or membrane having excellent dimensionality
  • Adhesion may be improved by
  • ammonia or nitrogen plasmas are used.
  • Yarns, fibres, films, membranes or finished fabrics may be any suitable.
  • Yarns, fibres, films, membranes or finished fabrics may be any suitable.
  • This may be used e.g. for a forming fabric which may be
  • the raw materials are required (e.g. 30-100 mg per m 2 fabric); energy consumption is low, as no water is used which absorbs heat; labour costs
  • unit area of fabric can be very low.
  • the invention is applicable to all industrial fabrics, including conveyor

Abstract

An industrial fabric comprises synthetic yarns or fibres which have been subjected to plasma treatment. If fibres are used, they may be treated as fibres, when made up into yarns or when formed into a woven or nonwoven layer. One or both sides of the layer may be treated. The treatment may enhance hydrophilic properties by using a plasma containing oxygen, air or ammonia. Hydrophilic properties may be enhanced by using a plasma containing a silane, a siloxane or a perfluorocarbon.

Description

INDUSTRIAL FABRICS AND METHOD OF TREATMENT
This invention relates to industrial fabrics and to a method of treating
such fabrics during the manufacture thereof to impart desired characteristics
to the fabric.
The invention relates for example to all forms of papermaking
machine fabrics including dryer fabrics, press felts, including extended nip
press belts, shoe press sleeves, corrugator machine press belts, and also to
conveyor belts, printing blankets, silicon wafer grinding belts and filter
cloths.
These fabrics may be treated for example to influence the wetting
characteristics of the fabric, or in a composite fabric of two or more layers,
of at least one layer of the fabric. Thus it is known e.g from US 5372876,
to provide e.g. a papermaking felt which includes a flow control layer
formed of a porous hydrophobic material. Conversely, EP-A-0761872
discloses a dryer fabric having a paper side contact surface which is
hydrophilic, to improve adhesion between the paper web and the dryer
fabric.
In both cases, the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the layer
or surface are achieved by coating or chemical treatment by application of
the relevant compositions in a liquid medium.
As a method and means for treating substrates to influence their surface characteristics, the technology of plasma treatment is in the process
of being developed. A 'plasma' is a fluid state of matter wherein due to
excitation, the matter is present in the form of positive and negative ions.
Polar molecules may be dissociated into anionic and cationic radicals, whilst
free atoms lose electrons to form free electrons and positively charged
atoms - depending upon the degree of excitation, more than one electron
may be stripped from atomic shells. Plasmas can exist over an extremely
wide range of temperature and pressure; from over atmospheric to near
vacuum. Because matter in the plasma exists in the form of charged ions,
the plasma environment is extremely chemically energetic, and it has been
proposed to treat the surfaces of materials by exposure to plasmas of
selected composition.
It is an object of the present invention to provide fabrics for use in
industrial processes, such as in papermaking machines, conveyor belts,
printing blankets and filtration fabrics by way of non-limiting example, which
have had surface properties modified by plasma treatment, as an
economical and environmentally improved alternative to treatment or coating
with a liquid medium.
According to the invention an industrial fabric comprises or includes
a layer or component of synthetic yarns or fibres which have been subjected
to plasma treatment. From another aspect the invention provides a method of making or
preparing an industrial fabric including the step of subjecting at least one
surface of a layer or component of the fabric comprised of synthetic yarns
or fibres to plasma treatment.
The invention also includes apparatus for use in making or preparing
an industrial fabric, including a plasma chamber to which material containing
synthetic yarns or fibres comprising or for use in making said fabric may be
introduced, and removed after treatment.
The purpose of the plasma treatment may be to modify the wetting
characteristics of the yarn or fibre surface being treated, i.e. to render the
surface hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
Alternatively the yarn or fibre surface is provided with activated sites
to improve subsequent coating or dyeing. This treatment may utilise glow
discharge dielectric barrier discharge or spray discharge plasma. Compared
with corona discharge treatment techniques the modified characteristics of
the treated surface are permanent and far more durable.
Other characteristics can be enhanced by appropriate choice of
composition of the plasma, e.g. improved softness in drying felts especially
for tissue making machines, crease resistance and antistatic properties.
In a preferred method of the invention, hydrophilic properties are
enhanced by subjecting the surface to a plasma comprising or containing oxygen, air or ammonia for example.
In another preferred method of the invention, hydrophobic properties
are enhanced by subjecting the surface to a plasma comprising or
containing a silane, e.g. Si(CH3)4, a siloxane, e.g. (Si(OCH3)4) or a
perfluorocarbon , e.g. 1 -6C perfluoroalkane or tetrafluoroethylene or a
combination thereof.
Hard coatings of e.g. carbon may be formed by subjecting the surface
to a plasma comprising or containing hydrocarbon e.g methane. Heat
resistant coatings can be applied by using a plasma comprising or containing
halogenated hydrocarbons or unsaturated amines (e.g. tetrachloroethylene;
1 ,1 ,2-trichloroethane; allylamine or trichloroethylene). The plasma may be
diluted with a diluent gas such as helium.
The synthetic yarn or fibre containing material may be treated in the
form of a ready made up layer or web or as fibres or yarns prior to weaving
or making up the layer.
The apparatus may be arranged so that only one surface of a fabric
is exposed to plasma treatment.
The apparatus of the invention may comprise means for continuously
introducing the material into the plasma chamber, moving the material
through the chamber during treatment, and causing it to leave the chamber
after treatment. Alternatively the material may be introduced to the plasma chamber in batches, which are subjected to treatment and then removed.
The operating pressure of the plasma chamber may be from in the
order of 0.1 -3.0 mbar, up to and above 1 atmosphere.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described by
way of example, and with reference to the accompanying drawing, which
is a diagrammatic view of a plasma treatment machine according to the
invention.
In the preferred embodiment, a fabric 10 e.g. a woven or nonwoven
web of synthetic yarns or fibres destined to form all or part of an industrial
fabric such as a paper machine press felt, dewatering drying or forming belt,
is fed from a dispensing station 1 1. This is shown simply as a feed roll, but
would in practice include guide and compensating devices in addition, as is
well known in the art. The fabric 10 is introduced through a self-sealing
entry slot 1 2 into a plasma chamber 13, and exits through, a similar self-
sealing exit slot 14 after passing through the plasma chamber and being
subjected to plasma treatment within the chamber. The treated fabric 10
is then taken up on a winding station 15 which is shown as a simple take
up roll, but in practice would include such guide and compensating
apparatus as is required, as is well known in the art.
The fabric 10 enters and leaves the chamber 13 through self-sealing
slots 1 2 and 14 as the plasma usually operates at a considerable under- pressure, often extremely rarified, e.g. 0.1 -3.0 mbar; and sometimes
contains components which must not be allowed into the ambient.
To achieve plasma conditions, the chamber 13 is evacuated to the
required pressure by pump means acting under pressure control 16. The
material to form the plasma is introduced at 17, and excitation proceeds by
the creation of an intense electrical field between electrodes 18, 1 9 subject
to a controller 20. The plasma is created by ionising the molecules or atoms
of the plasma forming material to form ionised radicals, or to provide free
electrons and positively charged atoms.
Treatment is achieved by exposing one or both surfaces of the fabric
to the plasma within chamber 13.
The composition of the plasma will be selected in accordance with
the objective of the treatment. For example, to improve wettability
(hydrophilic) properties of a fabric, the plasma may be created from ordinary
air, oxygen, ammonia or a mixture of these.
To provide a water-repellant finish (hydrophobic) the plasma may be
created from a siloxane or perfluorocarbon compound.
Examples of other properties which may be enhanced by such plasma
treatment are softness (oxygen plasma), crease resistance (dipped in DMSO,
then exposed to nitrogen plasma); anti-static finish - chloro (chloromethyl)
dimethylsilane plasma; oil repellant finishes, improvement of capillarity, dye reception, dyeing depth, bleaching, UV-protection and flame retardancy may
also be provided for.
The fabric may instead of being fed continuously as illustrated, be
placed in the machine in batches, treated and then removed. The fabric
may be placed on a conveyor to be fed through the chamber, or associated
with a backing layer when only one surface is to be treated.
The material to be treated may be in the form of synthetic fibres or
yarns prior to making up into a woven or nonwoven fabric and such are
particularly suited to a conveyor feed, or to batch treatment e.g in mesh
cages which can be introduced to and removed from the plasma chamber.
A hydrophobic (water repellant) fabric may be used as a flow control
layer in a papermaking felt of the kind described in US, 5,372,876, whilst
a hydrophilic (with enhanced wettability) fabric may be used as a dryer
fabric such as described in EP-A-0761872 mentioned above.
The term 'fabric' as used above should be interpreted to cover
sintered felts, coatings of coated papermaking fabrics, nonwovens and
films, spiral link structures, membranes or polymer matrix material and their
components prior to making up where appropriate e.g. sintered particles.
The speed of material being fed into the chamber in the illustrated
version may be 5-100 metres per minute. At present working widths are
limited to about 2.7 metres. The development of larger machines capable of treating greater web widths is hindered by the practical difficulties
associated in maintaining a sufficient vacuum in a larger chamber. It is thus
often more convenient to treat yarns and fibres or other fabric constituents
rather than finished fabrics.
A hydrophilic surface for a dryer fabric, as in EP-A-0761872 obtains
improved adhesion between the dryer fabric and the paper web. A
hydrophobic surface may be desirable for certain dryer fabrics for
contaminant release, whilst forming fabrics may be rendered hydrophobic
for the same reasons or may be hydrophilic to improve drainage. It is
believed that a very thin film of water is attracted to the surface of the
yarns in the fabric providing "lubrication" for water flowing through the
interstices of the fabric. Batt staple fibres in press felts can be rendered
hydrophilic to make the felts absorb water better initially, improving the
conditioning of the felt and thereby reducing start up times. However, a
layer of hydrophobic batt staple fibres (or base cloth yarns) within the felt
can form an anti-rewetting or flow control layer, which hinders the return
flow to the web of water which has initially been urged into the felt from
the paper (as in US 5372876).
A further possible use of the invention is by plasma treatment of
yarns, fibres, films or membranes used to reinforce polymer matrices to
form belts, such as extended nip press belts, shoe press sleeves, press belts for corrugator machines, conveyor belts, printing blankets, silicon wafer
grinding belts, or carcass stripping belts. The activated groups formed on
the reinforcing substrate surfaces improve bonding with the matrix polymer.
This is particularly useful for reinforcing a polyurethane matrix with
polyester structural members such as yarns, fibres or fabrics (woven,
nonwoven spiral link or membrane), the latter having excellent dimensional
stability but poor adhesion to polyurethane. Adhesion may be improved by
a factor of 2-3. For this purpose ammonia or nitrogen plasmas are
preferred. Yarns, fibres, films, membranes or finished fabrics may be
treated by plasma according to the invention to provide hydrophobic
coatings for filter cloths (especially those used in dust filtration) to improve
cake release.
In some cases, only one surface of the fabric is exposed to plasma
treatment. This may be used e.g. for a forming fabric which may be
rendered hydrophilic on the machine side. This will reduce rewetting of the
web between a couch roll and felt pick-up at the end of a forming section
by increasing solids content in the web by as much as 1 -3%. This can
entail a significant cost saving for the papermaker.
Plasma treatment as outlined above has the advantages that the
process is solvent free, (including no use of water), very small amounts of
the raw materials are required (e.g. 30-100 mg per m2 fabric); energy consumption is low, as no water is used which absorbs heat; labour costs
are negligible, as the process can be automated, and the overall cost per
unit area of fabric can be very low.
The invention is applicable to all industrial fabrics, including conveyor
belts and filter cloths, but is mainly directed to all forms of paper machine
clothing.

Claims

CLA1MS
1 . An industrial fabric comprising or including a layer of component of
synthetic yarns or fibres, which have been subjected to plasma treatment.
2. An industrial fabric according to claim 1 , wherein said fabric includes
a layer comprised of synthetic yarns or fibres, a surface of which layer has
been subjected to plasma treatment.
3. An industrial fabric according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yarns or
fibres subjected to plasma treatment are provided with activated sites to
improve subsequent coating or dyeing.
4. An industrial fabric according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yarns or
fibres have been subjected to a plasma comprising or containing oxygen, air
or ammonia.
5. An industrial fabric according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fibres have
been subjected to a plasma comprising or containing silane, siloxane, or a
perfluorocarbon.
6. A fabric according to claim 5, wherein said silane is Si(CH3)4.
7. A fabric according to claim 5, wherein said siloxane is Si(OCH3)4.
8. A fabric according to claim 5, wherein said perfluorocarbon is 1 -6C
perfluoroalkane, or tetrafluoroethylene or a combination thereof.
9. A fabric according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fibres have been
subjected to a plasma comprising or containing a hydrocarbon.
10. A fabric according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yarns or fibres have
been subjected to a plasma comprising or containing one or more
halogenated hydrocarbons or unsaturated amines.
1 1 . A fabric according to any preceding claim, wherein the plasma is
diluted by helium.
12. A method of making or preparing an industrial fabric including the
step of subjecting at least one surface of a layer or component of the fabric
which comprises or includes synthetic yarns or fibres to plasma treatment.
13. A method according to claim 1 2, wherein said plasma treatment
provides activated sites to improve subsequent coating or dyeing.
14. A method according to claim 1 2, wherein the plasma contains
oxygen, air or ammonia.
15. A method according to claim 12, wherein the plasma contains a
silane, a siloxane, or a perfluorocarbon.
16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the silane is Si(CH3)4.
17. A method according to claim 15, wherein siloxane is Si(OCH3)4.
18. A method according to claim 15, wherein the perfluorocarbon is 1 -6C
perfluoroalkane, tetrachloroethylene, or a combination thereof.
1 9. A method according to claim 1 2, wherein the plasma contains a
hydrocarbon.
20. A method according to claim 12, wherein the plasma contains one or more halogenated hydrocarbons or unsaturated amines.
21 . A method according to any one of claims 12 to 20, wherein the
plasma is diluted by helium.
22. Apparatus for use in the method of claim 12, including a plasma
chamber to which material comprising synthetic yarns or fibres forming part
of or for use in making a fabric can be introduced and removed after
treatment.
23. Apparatus according to claim 22, comprising means for continuously
introducing material into the plasma chamber, means for moving the
material through the chamber during treatment, and means for causing the
material to leave the chamber after treatment.
24. A fabric or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the
synthetic fibres are in the form of yarns to be made up into a woven or
nonwoven layer.
25. A fabric or method according to any preceding claim, wherein the
synthetic yarns or fibres are in the form of a woven textile layer, at least
one surface of which is exposed to plasma treatment.
26. A fabric according to any one of claims 1 to 1 1 , wherein said fabric
is, or forms part of, a papermaking machine fabric, an industrial belt or a
filter cloth.
PCT/GB1998/002168 1997-07-24 1998-07-20 Industrial fabrics and method of treatment WO1999005358A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98935174A EP0998606A1 (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-20 Industrial fabrics and method of treatment
AU84526/98A AU8452698A (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-20 Industrial fabrics and method of treatment
JP2000504322A JP2001511489A (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-20 Industrial fabric and treatment method thereof
CA002298000A CA2298000A1 (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-20 Industrial fabrics and method of treatment

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9715508.9 1997-07-24
GBGB9715508.9A GB9715508D0 (en) 1997-07-24 1997-07-24 Industrial fabrics and method of treatment

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999005358A1 true WO1999005358A1 (en) 1999-02-04

Family

ID=10816315

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1998/002168 WO1999005358A1 (en) 1997-07-24 1998-07-20 Industrial fabrics and method of treatment

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0998606A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2001511489A (en)
AU (1) AU8452698A (en)
CA (1) CA2298000A1 (en)
GB (1) GB9715508D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1999005358A1 (en)

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US7455892B2 (en) * 2000-10-04 2008-11-25 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Method and apparatus for forming a coating
US7678429B2 (en) 2002-04-10 2010-03-16 Dow Corning Corporation Protective coating composition
US7794565B2 (en) 2002-11-06 2010-09-14 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Method of making low slough tissue products
US8058188B2 (en) 2005-04-13 2011-11-15 Albany International Corp Thermally sprayed protective coating for industrial and engineered fabrics
US8859056B2 (en) 2005-05-12 2014-10-14 Dow Corning Ireland, Ltd. Bonding an adherent to a substrate via a primer
EP2966207A1 (en) * 2014-07-09 2016-01-13 La Navetta S.r.l. Multi-purpose apparatus for processing yarns or threads and the like
EP3101170A1 (en) * 2015-06-03 2016-12-07 Europlasma NV Surface coatings
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CA2298000A1 (en) 1999-02-04

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