WO1999013681A3 - Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor - Google Patents
Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999013681A3 WO1999013681A3 PCT/GB1998/002675 GB9802675W WO9913681A3 WO 1999013681 A3 WO1999013681 A3 WO 1999013681A3 GB 9802675 W GB9802675 W GB 9802675W WO 9913681 A3 WO9913681 A3 WO 9913681A3
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- provides
- aerogel
- sound
- aerogels
- comprised
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2869—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself
- H04R1/2876—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding
- H04R1/288—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding for loudspeaker transducers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
- B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
- B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
- B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
- B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
- B06B1/0603—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a piezoelectric bender, e.g. bimorph
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1607—Production of print heads with piezoelectric elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1623—Manufacturing processes bonding and adhesion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1632—Manufacturing processes machining
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C29/00—Bearings for parts moving only linearly
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C29/00—Bearings for parts moving only linearly
- F16C29/02—Sliding-contact bearings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C29/00—Bearings for parts moving only linearly
- F16C29/02—Sliding-contact bearings
- F16C29/025—Hydrostatic or aerostatic
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
- F16C32/06—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/002—Devices for damping, suppressing, obstructing or conducting sound in acoustic devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/162—Selection of materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/44—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
- H02K1/02—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K33/00—Motors with reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating magnet, armature or coil system
- H02K33/16—Motors with reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating magnet, armature or coil system with polarised armatures moving in alternate directions by reversal or energisation of a single coil system
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K41/00—Propulsion systems in which a rigid body is moved along a path due to dynamo-electric interaction between the body and a magnetic field travelling along the path
- H02K41/02—Linear motors; Sectional motors
- H02K41/035—DC motors; Unipolar motors
- H02K41/0352—Unipolar motors
- H02K41/0354—Lorentz force motors, e.g. voice coil motors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
- H02K7/08—Structural association with bearings
- H02K7/086—Structural association with bearings radially supporting the rotor around a fixed spindle; radially supporting the rotor directly
- H02K7/088—Structural association with bearings radially supporting the rotor around a fixed spindle; radially supporting the rotor directly radially supporting the rotor directly
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/08—Shaping or machining of piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies
- H10N30/084—Shaping or machining of piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies by moulding or extrusion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/1071—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical and mechanical input and output, e.g. having combined actuator and sensor parts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
- H10N30/204—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators using bending displacement, e.g. unimorph, bimorph or multimorph cantilever or membrane benders
- H10N30/2041—Beam type
- H10N30/2042—Cantilevers, i.e. having one fixed end
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R2217/00—Details of magnetostrictive, piezoelectric, or electrostrictive transducers covered by H04R15/00 or H04R17/00 but not provided for in any of their subgroups
- H04R2217/01—Non-planar magnetostrictive, piezoelectric or electrostrictive benders
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
- Y10T428/2848—Three or more layers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Abstract
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98941601A EP1012891A2 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor |
US09/508,009 US6677034B1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor |
AU89918/98A AU8991898A (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor |
JP2000511333A JP2001517004A (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Multi-bubble aggregates, piezoelectric devices, and uses thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9718785.0 | 1997-09-05 | ||
GBGB9718785.0A GB9718785D0 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1997-09-05 | Electromechanical transducer |
GBGB9805053.7A GB9805053D0 (en) | 1998-03-11 | 1998-03-11 | Improvements in actuators |
GB9805053.7 | 1998-03-11 | ||
GBGB9805735.9A GB9805735D0 (en) | 1998-03-19 | 1998-03-19 | Improvements in linear actuators |
GB9805735.9 | 1998-03-19 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/508,009 A-371-Of-International US6677034B1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor |
US10/716,819 Division US20040101150A1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 2003-11-19 | Piezoelectric driver device with integral sensing layer |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999013681A2 WO1999013681A2 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
WO1999013681A3 true WO1999013681A3 (en) | 1999-08-05 |
WO1999013681B1 WO1999013681B1 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
Family
ID=27268999
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1998/002675 WO1999013681A2 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Aerogels, piezoelectric devices, and uses therefor |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6677034B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1012891A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001517004A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1182598C (en) |
AU (1) | AU8991898A (en) |
GB (1) | GB2329514B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999013681A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (56)
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GB2329514B (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 2002-02-13 | 1 Ipr Ltd | Aerogels, piezoelectric devices and uses therefor |
US6958567B2 (en) * | 1998-04-22 | 2005-10-25 | Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. | Active/passive distributed absorber for vibration and sound radiation control |
DE19938456C1 (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 2001-02-15 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Process for the production of piezo actuators with a multilayer structure of piezo elements |
GB2364169B (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2002-09-18 | 1 Ltd | Electro-active devices |
WO2001047041A2 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-06-28 | 1... Limited | Electro-active devices |
DE10023556A1 (en) * | 2000-05-15 | 2001-11-29 | Festo Ag & Co | Piezo bending transducer and use of the same |
GB2362976B (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2005-04-27 | Seiko Epson Corp | Memory device |
GB2362989B (en) * | 2000-05-31 | 2004-03-24 | Seiko Epson Corp | Piezoelectric devices |
GB0115074D0 (en) * | 2001-06-20 | 2001-08-15 | 1 Ltd | Sensors using an electro-active device |
GB0115073D0 (en) | 2001-06-20 | 2001-08-15 | 1 Ltd | Camera lens positioning using an electro-active device |
GB0115064D0 (en) * | 2001-06-20 | 2001-08-15 | 1 Ltd | Electro-active elements and devices |
DE10211107A1 (en) * | 2001-07-12 | 2003-02-13 | Ceramtec Ag | Monolithic multi-layer actuator in one housing |
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US6629750B2 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-10-07 | Hewlett Packard Development Company L.P. | Aerogel foam spittoon system for inkjet printing |
AU2002325468A1 (en) * | 2002-08-09 | 2004-02-25 | Zhaoying Wu | An orientation apparatus adjusting the loudspeaker's sound effect |
DE50301417D1 (en) | 2003-02-25 | 2006-03-02 | Festo Ag & Co | Actuator equipped with bending actuator |
JP2005064886A (en) * | 2003-08-13 | 2005-03-10 | Sekiguchi Kikai Hanbai Kk | Acoustic characteristic regulator, and speaker system |
US7621299B2 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2009-11-24 | Cabot Corporation | Method and apparatus for filling a vessel with particulate matter |
US7641954B2 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2010-01-05 | Cabot Corporation | Insulated panel and glazing system comprising the same |
US20060180953A1 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2006-08-17 | The Regents Of The University Of California | System and method for constructing and operating a high performance piezoelectric actuator |
US7690288B2 (en) * | 2005-06-09 | 2010-04-06 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Explosive-driven electric pulse generator and method of making same |
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US7801320B2 (en) | 2006-03-09 | 2010-09-21 | Nokia Corporation | Sound sponge for loudspeakers |
US7548013B2 (en) * | 2006-03-14 | 2009-06-16 | Piezotech, Llc | High temperature piezo buzzer |
US8505857B2 (en) | 2006-08-18 | 2013-08-13 | Kellogg Brown & Root Llc | Systems and methods for supporting a pipe |
US7997541B2 (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2011-08-16 | Kellogg Brown & Root Llc | Systems and methods for supporting a pipe |
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US7902722B2 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2011-03-08 | Dvx, Llc | Transducer apparatus for intravascular blood flow measurement |
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US8292023B2 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2012-10-23 | Nokia Corporation | Enclosing adsorbent material |
WO2011089803A1 (en) * | 2010-01-20 | 2011-07-28 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Piezoelectric electricity generating element, piezoelectric electricity generating device and production method for piezoelectric electricity generating element |
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CN115175056A (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2022-10-11 | 歌尔股份有限公司 | Shell of sound generating device, sound generating device with shell and electronic equipment |
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EP0111408A1 (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1984-06-20 | Celestion International Limited | Loudspeaker cabinets |
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US6677034B1 (en) | 2004-01-13 |
JP2001517004A (en) | 2001-10-02 |
EP1012891A2 (en) | 2000-06-28 |
CN1182598C (en) | 2004-12-29 |
GB2329514A (en) | 1999-03-24 |
AU8991898A (en) | 1999-03-29 |
US20040101150A1 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
GB9819304D0 (en) | 1998-10-28 |
WO1999013681A2 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
GB2329514B (en) | 2002-02-13 |
CN1269912A (en) | 2000-10-11 |
GB2329514A8 (en) | 2000-02-22 |
WO1999013681B1 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
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