WO1999029114B1 - Electronic watermarking in the compressed domain utilizing perceptual coding - Google Patents

Electronic watermarking in the compressed domain utilizing perceptual coding

Info

Publication number
WO1999029114B1
WO1999029114B1 PCT/US1998/025532 US9825532W WO9929114B1 WO 1999029114 B1 WO1999029114 B1 WO 1999029114B1 US 9825532 W US9825532 W US 9825532W WO 9929114 B1 WO9929114 B1 WO 9929114B1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
multipliers
compressed signal
hidden data
coder
scale factor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1998/025532
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO1999029114A1 (en
Inventor
Schuyler Reynier Quackenbush
Amy Ruth Reibman
David Hilton Shur
James H Snyder
Original Assignee
At & T Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by At & T Corp filed Critical At & T Corp
Publication of WO1999029114A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999029114A1/en
Publication of WO1999029114B1 publication Critical patent/WO1999029114B1/en

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Abstract

A method and apparatus are described for inserting a watermark in the compressed domain. The watermark inserted does not require a reference. An overall watermarking system incorporating the invention combines cleartext, bitstream, and integrated watermarking. In a perceptual coder, the data enters a filterbank, where it is processed into multiple separate coefficients. A rate/distortion control module uses noise threshold information from a perceptual coder, together with bit-count information from a noiseless coder, to compute scale factors. The coefficients are multiplied by the scale factors and quantized, then noiseless coded and then output for further processing/transmission. The invention supports three embodiments for inserting a mark into the bitstream imperceptibly. It is assumed that some set of scale factor bands have been selected, into which mark data will be inserted. In one embodiment, a set of multipliers {xi=2Ni: i ⊂M} is chosen. Each triple is modified by dividing the scale factor by x¿i?, multiplying the quantized coefficients by {xi}, and adding mark data to the non-zero modified quantized coefficients. In an alternate embodiment, watermark data is represented via two characteristics of the bitstream data. A Huffman table is selected for encoding the Scale Factor Band receiving watermark data which is not the table that would normally be used. The watermark data bit is set according to any desired scheme, and the quantized coefficients are derived using the alternate Huffman table. In another embodiment, watermarking is integrated with quantization. The watermark is therefore difficult to remove without perceptible effects. The fact that marking data is present is again indicated by characteristics of the bitstream data. The modification factors {xi} are now all close to unity.

Claims

AMENDED CLAIMS[received by the International Bureau on 8 June 1999 (08.06.99); original claims 1-42 replaced by amended claims 1-40 (9 pages)]
1. A perceptual coder for encoding at least one compressed audio or video signal to include hidden data, comprising, in combination: means for setting quantization step sizes to obtain a set of integer values after quantization of said at least one compressed signal, said means for setting step sizes employing at least one perceptual technique. means for selecting a specific Huffman Table for encoding said at least one compressed signal. means for adding hidden data to said at least one compressed signal; and means for quantizing said at least one compressed signal.
2. The coder of claim 1, wherein said selected Huffman Table is not the Huf&nan Table that would normally be selected for encoding said at least one compressed signal.
3. The coder of claim 1, wherein said hidden data has a watermarking function.
4. The coder of claim 3, wherein said hidden data has the form of at least one watermark data bit.
29
5. The coder of claim 1, further including, in combination: means for selecting a set of multipliers; and means for modifying said encoded compressed signal by utilizing said set of multipliers.
6. The coder of claim 5, wherein each member of said set of multipliers is close to unity.
7. The coder of claim 6, wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said means for modifying comprises, in combination: means for dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and means for multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
8. The coder of claim 5, wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said means for modifying comprises, in combination: means for dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and means for multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
30
9. The coder of claim 1 wherein said means for adding hidden data is responsive to said means for quantizing said at least one compressed signal.
10. A perceptual coder for encoding at least one of compressed audio or video signal to include hidden data, comprising, in combination: means for setting quantization step sizes to obtain a set of integer values after quantization of said at least one compressed signal, said means for setting step sizes employing at least one perceptual technique; means for quantizing said at least one compressed signal containing said hidden data; and noiseless coding means for adding hidden data to said quantized compressed signal.
11. The coder of claim 10, wherein said hidden data has a watermarking function.
12. The coder of claim 11 , wherein said hidden data is added to at least one non-zero one of said integer values.
13. The coder of claim 11 , further including, in combination: means for selecting a set of multipliers; and means for modifying said encoded compressed signal by utilizing said set of multipliers .
31
14. The coder of claim 13, wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said means for modifying comprises, in combination: means for dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and means for multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
15. The coder of claim 14, wherein each member, X; , of said set of multipliers is equal to 2Ni.
16. The coder of claim 15, wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said means for modifying comprises, in combination: means for dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and means for multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
17. A method of perceptually encoding at least one compressed audio or video signals to include hidden data comprising, in combination, the steps of: setting quantization step sizes to obtain a set of integer values after quantization of said at least one compressed signal, said setting of step sizes employing at least one perceptual technique;
32 selecting a specific Huffman Table for encoding said at least one compressed signal. adding hidden data to said at least one compressed signal; and quantizing said at least one compressed signal.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein said selected Huf&nan Table is not the Huffman Table that would normally be selected for encoding said at least one compressed signal,
19. The method of claim 17, wherein said hidden data has a watermarking function.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said hidden data has the form of at least one watermark data bit.
21. The method of claim 17, further including the steps, in combination, of: selecting a set of multipliers; and modifying said encoded compressed signal by utilizing said set of multipliers.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein each member of said set of multipliers is close to unity.
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23. The method of claim 2 , wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and step of modifying comprises the steps, in combination, of: dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said step of modifying comprises the steps, in combination, of: dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
25. The method of claim 17, further including the step of marking said at least one audio or video signal with hidden data before compression.
26. The method of claim 17, further including the step of bitstream marking said quantized compressed signal with hidden data.
27. The method of claim 26, further including the step of marking said at least one audio or video signal with hidden data before compression.
34
28. The method of claim 17 wherein said step of adding hidden data occurs simultaneously with said step of quantizing said at least one compressed signal.
29. The method of claim 17 wherein said step of adding hidden data occurs after said step of quantizing said at least one compressed signal.
30. A method of perceptually encoding at least one compressed audio or video signal to include hidden data comprising, in combination, the steps of: setting quantization step sizes to obtain a set of integer values after quantization of said at least one compressed signal, said setting of step sizes employing at least one perceptual technique; quantizing said at least one compressed signal containing said hidden data; and adding hidden data to said quantized compressed signal.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein said hidden data has a watermarkiαg function.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein said hidden data is added to at least one non-zero one of said integer values.
33. The method of claim 30, further including, in combination: selecting a set of multipliers; and
35 modifying said encoded compressed signal by utilizing said set of
multipliers.
34. The coder of claim 33, wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said step of modifying comprises, in combination: dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
35. The method of claim 33, wherein each member, j , of said set of multipliers is equal to 2Ni.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein said compressed signal has at least one associated scale factor and said step of modifying comprises, in combination: dividing said at least one scale factor by a respective one of said multipliers; and multiplying said integer values by respective ones of said multipliers.
37. The method of claim 30, further including the step of marking said at least one audio or video signal with hidden data before compression.
38. The method of claim 30, further including the step of bitstream marking said quantized compressed signal with hidden data.
36
39. The method of claim 38, further including the step of marking said at least one audio or video signal with hidden data before compression.
40. A method of perceptually coding a signal characterized by the steps of: establishing scale factors from perceptual thresholds; establishing scale factor bands to watermark; choosing a set of multipliers approximately equal to one; and dividing the scale factors by respective multipliers of said set of multipliers.
37
PCT/US1998/025532 1997-12-03 1998-12-03 Electronic watermarking in the compressed domain utilizing perceptual coding WO1999029114A1 (en)

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