WO1999054802A2 - Method and apparatus for providing error correction - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for providing error correction Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999054802A2 WO1999054802A2 PCT/US1999/008646 US9908646W WO9954802A2 WO 1999054802 A2 WO1999054802 A2 WO 1999054802A2 US 9908646 W US9908646 W US 9908646W WO 9954802 A2 WO9954802 A2 WO 9954802A2
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- command
- sequence
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/14—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
- G06F3/1454—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units involving copying of the display data of a local workstation or window to a remote workstation or window so that an actual copy of the data is displayed simultaneously on two or more displays, e.g. teledisplay
- G06F3/1462—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units involving copying of the display data of a local workstation or window to a remote workstation or window so that an actual copy of the data is displayed simultaneously on two or more displays, e.g. teledisplay with means for detecting differences between the image stored in the host and the images displayed on the remote displays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/28—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring by checking the correct order of processing
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of error correction in computer systems.
- data is typically generated by a data source and provided to a data consumer, or terminal.
- the data consumer is only interested in a final or current state of some data rather than the intermediate steps traversed to reach the final, or current state.
- One such consumer of data is a display means for display of information to a user. Sometimes portions of data can be lost or dropped when moving from the source to the display, resulting in an error condition. It is necessary to correct the error condition so that correct data can be displayed.
- Existing schemes for error correction interrupt and delay the display of data, inhibiting performance of the computer system.
- a data source causes the display of data to be effected by sending a series of commands to a display generator (in the present application, the display generator is referred to as the terminal).
- a display generator in the present application, the display generator is referred to as the terminal.
- Each command in the series has an associated sequence number and the sequence numbers are in numerical sequence with no gaps in the numbering.
- the terminal receives the commands, one of the things the terminal does is to examine the sequence numbers of each command to see if it is the expected next sequence number. If the terminal receives a command that has an out of order sequence number, there is an assumption that the commands whose sequence numbers are between the sequence number of the last received command and the sequence number of the out of order command are missing. In a typical prior art scheme, the terminal stops generating display data until the missing commands are provided.
- Figure 2 consists of a 4 x 4 grid of pixels. This is a subset of the entire display area used for purposes of example.
- the grid consists of columns A, B, C, and D, and rows 1, 2, 3, and 4. Pixel locations are thus identified by their column and row number, e.g. pixel B-2 is the second pixel in the second row, pixel C-4 is the third pixel in the fourth row, and so on.
- the commands of the correctly received commands C-l through C-5 are executed so the display appears as is shown at time Tl.
- the prior art system stops to request that the missing command be re-sent by the source.
- the subsequent commands C-7 through C-16 are available, the prior art system does not execute the commands, so that the display remains only partially updated.
- the display thus remains at time T2 the same as at time Tl.
- the terminal has received the missing block C-6 and executes the commands for C-6 and previously received commands C-7 through C-16 so that the display new displays all blue pixels as at time T3 of Figure 2.
- the error correction scheme of the example of Figure 2 causes noticeable delays and hesitation in the display of data. To a user, it appears as if the computer is slow or temporarily inoperative. Such an experience is undesirable.
- FIG. 3 Another example of how the prior art error correction scheme causes unnecessary delay is illustrated in Figure 3.
- the pixels are being changed from red to blue to green.
- the terminal receives commands to change the pixels to blue, followed by commands to change the pixels to green.
- command sequence number C-6 is missing, so that at time Tl, the display has only changed the first row of pixels from red to blue, and the first pixel on the second row. The remaining pixels remain red. Again the terminal requests the missing data sequence block.
- commands C-l 7 through C-32 have been received with commands to turn the pixels from blue to green.
- the display remains at time T2 as it did at time Tl.
- the terminal When the missing block is received, the terminal continues to execute the commands in order, so that at time T3, all pixels are changed to blue pixels. Finally, at time T4, the terminal has executed commands C-l 7 through C-32 and has changed the pixels from blue to green.
- a disadvantage of the "stop and wait" system of the prior art is that updating the display comes to a halt while the terminal requests data from the source. To a user, it can appear that the display has "frozen” or that there is a buffering of response to user commands. This limits the user experience and prevents it from being a substantially instantaneous interaction.
- the invention is directed to an error correction scheme used in a computer system where data is provided from a central source to a terminal.
- the data is dynamically changing, and the user is interested more in a final or current state of the data than in intermediate states.
- Data is provided in a stream of blocks with sequential "sequence" numbers associated with each block.
- the invention assumes that the data provider transmits data blocks in order of sequence.
- the terminal tracks the sequence numbers of incoming blocks. When the terminal finds that one or more blocks have been skipped or are missing, the terminal sends a request to the central source for update data.
- the present invention requests that the information contained in the missing command be provided, for example the current data at the display area associated with the missing block.
- the central source maintains the current data state of all display areas, and so sends a data block containing the requested data.
- the terminal continues to receive and display all received data blocks without waiting for the update request to be filled. This differs from many prior art schemes where display is halted until replacement data is received.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of an example computer system that can be used with the present invention.
- Figure 2 illustrates one example of prior art correction and display of data.
- Figure 3 illustrates another example of prior art correction and display of data.
- Figure 4 illustrates an example of the correction and display of data using the present invention.
- Figure 5 illustrates another example of the correction and display of data using the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a block diagram of a computer system that can be used with the present invention.
- Figure 7 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of a terminal of the present invention.
- Figure 8 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of a service of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an HID device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
- the invention is a method and apparatus for providing error correction.
- numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough description of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.
- the invention is applied to a computer system consisting of one or more data sources, referred to herein as data services, communicating data to one or more terminals.
- data services communicating data to one or more terminals.
- the interaction between a single service and a single terminal will be used as an example.
- the present invention is described in terms of a display terminal, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention may be applied in other situations where only the final or current state is desired at the data consumer.
- the service in the invention sends commands to the terminal to cause display data to be produced on the terminal display. These commands may consist of display data and display address locations, or any other suitable data to cause a terminal to draw display data. In the invention, these commands are sent to the terminal as a series of data blocks. Using well known techniques, each data block that a service sends has an associated sequence number. The system constrains the service to send the blocks in correct order, that is, so that the numbers of the transmitted blocks are in sequential order. The terminal receives data blocks and follows the commands contained therein to generate a display. Each data block contains one or more commands that instruct the terminal to draw at an associated location on the terminal display. At the same time, the service maintains a "true" copy of the display in memory.
- the true copy is a current display image and is updated at the service end so that it corresponds to any instructions being transmitted to the terminal. That is, the true copy should be identical to the image displayed at the terminal, assuming all of the commands from the service to the terminal have been correctly received and executed at the terminal.
- the terminal tracks the sequence numbers of incoming data. When a gap appears in the sequence, the terminal sends a request for the current data associated with the display location of that sequence block to the service. The terminal also keeps a "checklist" of the sequence block that was unavailable. When the service sends a new block of data that represents the current state of the display area whose sequence block had been missing, the service informs the terminal that the terminal is now up to date at that location. In some cases, the service may already have provided the current data for the display location in a subsequent block but prior to receiving the notice of the missing sequence block. In that case, the service informs the terminal that the terminal has already received the current display data.
- the terminal When the terminal has received the current display data associated with a display area of a missing sequence block, or when the terminal has been informed that it has already received the current data, it can update its checklist and remove the reference to that display area.
- the terminal periodically checks its checklist and sends repeat requests for entries for which the terminal has not received current display data.
- the request for error correction is not a request to re-send the sequence block of data that was not received. Rather, the request for error correction is to send the data that should be currently displayed at the display location associated with the missing sequence block.
- the present invention operates on an assumption that it is preferable to continue to update a display quickly, even though some data may be temporarily incorrect, than to intermittently update a display with completely correct data.
- the invention has particular application in situations where display data is dynamic, but a current state or final state is considered of greater interest than any intermediate states.
- the invention assumes that small errors are likely to be undetected or undetectable by a human user of a terminal. An error in one or a few pixels is not likely to be noticed by a human user, as long as the majority of the display is performing as expected.
- the invention also works in any system where a user is interested in the most recent snapshot of state and which the recipient user will not return, that is, a system that is read only. For example, stock quote services are read only services where the current state information is of most interest. The system provides a scheme where the most recent information is sent when there is an error.
- the terminal notes in a status area that command C-6 is missing and sends a request for the current data corresponding to the display area associated with command C-6. However, the terminal continues executing subsequently received commands C-7 through C-16. As a result the display appears as at time Tl, with all of the pixels changed to blue except at location B2.
- a single pixel is a relatively small area for the human eye to detect, so that the user may not even notice that a part of the display has not been updated.
- the missing data may be in an area that is not uniform, making it even more difficult to notice that a small region has not been updated. Because of this, the user is provided with continuous updates (although not necessarily complete) sufficient to provide a satisfactory experience.
- the service When the service receives the request from the terminal, the service checks its true copy of the display area associated with the missing sequence block. In this case the service determines that the pixel has been changed from red to blue so the service sends a command to the terminal to change that pixel to blue. The terminal executes the command so that the display appears as at time T2, with all pixels now blue.
- FIG. 5 Another illustrative example is that of Figure 5. This example perhaps more closely approximates typical display update problems when the display is more dynamic. At time TO all pixels are red. The terminal then receives commands C-l through C-5 and changes the appropriate pixels to blue. Again the terminal detects an out of sequence command when it receives command C-7, so the terminal sends a request for correction for command C-6. However, the terminal continues executing commands C-7 through C-16, changing the remainder of the second row of pixels, and all of the third and fourth rows of pixels from red to blue so that the display appears as at time Tl. Meanwhile, before the service has responded to the request for correction, commands C-l 7 through C-32 have been forwarded to the terminal, with commands to change the pixels to green.
- the terminal Even while waiting for the response to the request for correction, the terminal continues to execute all "in sequence" commands and changes all pixels to green. After execution of those commands, the display appears as at time T2 of Figure 5. Thus, using the present scheme, the display is accurate even though there has as yet been no response to the request for correction.
- the service receives the request for correction, the service informs the terminal that the terminal has already received the current data for that location. (Alternatively, the service can re-send the current data for that display location). The terminal then removes the request from its checklist.
- FIG. 7 A flow diagram of the operation of the error correction scheme of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 7.
- the terminal receives a command.
- the argument "Correct sequence?" is made. If the argument is false, meaning the sequence number of the received command was not the next expected sequence number, the terminal proceeds to step 703.
- the terminal sends a request for correction to the service.
- the terminal adds an entry to a checklist for the missing command. The terminal then returns to step 701 to await the next command, incrementing a count of the sequence number so it can compare the next received command to its expected sequence number.
- the terminal proceeds to step 705 and executes the command. After execution of the command, the terminal proceeds to decision block 706.
- decision block 706 the argument "Does command clear checklist entry?" is made. This is to determine if the command was in response to an earlier request for correction. If the argument is false, the terminal proceeds to decision block 708. If the argument is true, the terminal clears the appropriate entry from the checklist at step 707. In one embodiment, the invention clears all checklist entries up to a particular sequence number. The service informs the terminal that all errors up to that sequence number have been, or will be, repaired.
- step 708 the argument "Time to status checklist entry?” is made. This test is to determine if any of the entries in the checklist are old enough that a status check should be made. If the argument at decision block 708 is false, the terminal returns to step 701. If the argument is true, the terminal sends a status request for the appropriate checklist entry or entries to the service at step 709 and returns to step 701. It should be noted that the activity of steps 708 and 709 can be a separate interrupt driven or periodic process.
- FIG. 8 A flow diagram of the operation of a service in the present invention is illustrated in Figure 8. Two processes are described in Figure 8, a command assembly process, and an error correction process.
- the service assembles a command to be transmitted to a terminal.
- the sequence number is incremented and associated with the command.
- the command and sequence number are transmitted to the terminal.
- the local true copy of the display that is maintained by the service is updated. This true copy may be maintained in a physical buffer, a virtual buffer, or in mass storage.
- Steps 805 through 808 describe the process for dealing with error correction requests from a terminal.
- the service receives a correction request from a terminal. The correction request identifies a missing sequence number or numbers.
- the service determines the display region or regions that would have been affected by the missing command or commands.
- the service retrieves the current data at those display regions from the true copy of the display.
- service assembles a command for the requesting terminal with the current data and proceeds to step 802.
- the present invention also has application in situations other than when new data is being provided by the service. For example, the terminal may be asked to copy data from one display area and paste it to another display area. Should the data to be copied be dropped or unavailable, the terminal can request the data from the service. (Note that in this "stateless" copy situation, the terminal is not asking for the replacement of data associated with a missing sequence number command.)
- An embodiment of the invention can be implemented as computer software in the form of computer readable code executed on a general purpose computer such as computer 100 illustrated in Figure 1, or in the form of bytecode class files executable within a JavaTM runtime environment running on such a computer.
- a keyboard 110 and mouse 111 are coupled to a bi-directional system bus 118. The keyboard and mouse are for introducing user input to the computer system and communicating that user input to processor 113. Other suitable input devices may be used in addition to, or in place of, the mouse 111 and keyboard 110.
- I/O (input/ output) unit 119 coupled to bi-directional system bus 118 represents such I/O elements as a printer, A/V (audio/video) I/O, etc.
- Computer 100 includes a video memory 114, main memory 115 and optionally, mass storage 112, all coupled to bi-directional system bus 118 along with keyboard 110, mouse 111 and processor 113.
- the mass storage 112, if used, may include both fixed and removable media, such as magnetic, optical or magnetic optical storage systems or any other available mass storage technology.
- Bus 118 may contain, for example, thirty-two address lines for addressing video memory 114 or main memory 115.
- the system bus 118 also includes, for example, a 32-bit data bus for transferring data between and among the components, such as processor 113, main memory 115, video memory 114 and mass storage 112. Alternatively, multiplex data/address lines may be used instead of separate data and address lines.
- the processor 113 is a microprocessor manufactured by Motorola, such as the 680X0 processor or a microprocessor manufactured by Intel, such as the 80X86, or Pentium processor, or a SPARCTM microprocessor from Sun MicrosystemsTM, Inc.
- Main memory 115 is comprised of dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
- Video memory 114 is a dual-ported video random access memory. One port of the video memory 114 is coupled to video amplifier 116. The video amplifier 116 is used to drive the cathode ray tube (CRT) raster monitor 117. Alternatively, the video memory may be used to drive a flat panel or liquid crystal display (LCD) or any other suitable data presentation device.
- DRAM dynamic random access memory
- Video memory 114 is a dual-ported video random access memory. One port of the video memory 114 is coupled to video amplifier 116. The video amplifier 116 is used to drive the cathode ray tube (CRT) raster monitor 117. Alternatively, the video memory may be used to drive
- Video amplifier 116 is well known in the art and may be implemented by any suitable apparatus. This circuitry converts pixel data stored in video memory 114 to a raster signal suitable for use by monitor 117. Monitor 117 is a type of monitor suitable for displaying graphic images.
- Computer 100 may also include a communication interface 120 coupled to bus 118.
- Communication interface 120 provides a two-way data communication coupling via a network link 121 to a local network 122.
- ISDN integrated services digital network
- communication interface 120 provides a data communication connection to the corresponding type of telephone line, which comprises part of network link 121.
- LAN local area network
- communication interface 120 provides a data communication connection via network link 121 to a compatible LAN.
- Wireless links, modems or cable modems are also possible.
- communication interface 120 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals which carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
- Network link 121 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices.
- network link 121 may provide a connection through local network 122 to local server computer 123 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 124.
- ISP 124 in turn provides data communication services through the world wide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the "Internet" 125.
- Internet 125 uses electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals which carry digital data streams.
- the signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 121 and through communication interface 120, which carry the digital data to and from computer 100, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
- Computer 100 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 121, and communication interface 120.
- remote server computer 126 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 125, ISP 124, local network 122 and communication interface 120.
- one such downloaded application is the apparatus for error correction described herein.
- the received code may be executed by processor 113 as it is received, and/or stored in mass storage 112, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer 100 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.
- Application code may be embodied in any form of computer program product.
- a computer program product comprises a medium configured to store or transport computer readable code, or in which computer readable code may be embedded.
- Some examples of computer program products are CD-ROM disks, ROM cards, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, computer hard drives, servers on a network, and carrier waves.
- the invention also has application to a computer systems where the data to be displayed is provided through a network.
- the network can be a local area network, a wide area network, the internet, world wide web, or any other suitable network configuration.
- One embodiment of the invention is used in computer system configuration referred to herein as a human interface device computer system.
- the functionality of the system is partitioned between a display and input device, and data sources or services.
- the display and input device is a human interface device (HID).
- the partitioning of this system is such that state and computation functions have been removed from the HID and reside on data sources or services.
- one or more services communicate with one or more HIDs through some interconnect fabric, such as a network.
- FIG. 6 An example of such a system is illustrated in Figure 6. Referring to Figure 6, the system consists of computational service providers 600 communicating data through interconnect fabric 601 to HIDs 602.
- Computational Service Providers In the HID system, the computational power and state maintenance is found in the service providers, or services.
- the services are not tied to a specific computer, but may be distributed over one or more traditional desktop systems such as described in connection with Figure 1, or with traditional servers.
- One computer may have one or more services, or a service may be implemented by one or more computers.
- the service provides computation, state, and data to the HIDs and the service is under the control of a common authority or manager.
- the services are found on computers 610, 611, 612, 613, and 614.
- services examples include XI 1 /Unix services, archived or live audio and video services, Windows NT service, JavaTM program execution service, and others.
- a service herein is a process that provides output data and responds to user requests and input.
- the interconnection fabric is any of multiple suitable communication paths for carrying data between the services and the HIDs.
- the interconnect fabric is a local area network implemented as an Ethernet network. Any other local network may also be utilized.
- the invention also contemplates the use of wide area networks, the internet, the world wide web, and others.
- the interconnect fabric may be implemented with a physical medium such as a wire or fiber optic cable, or it may be implemented in a wireless environment.
- HIDs - The HID is the means by which users access the computational services provided by the services.
- Figure 6 illustrates HIDs 621, 622, and 623.
- a HID consists of a collection of one or more interface devices, including display 626, a keyboard 624, mouse 625, and audio speakers 627.
- the HID includes the electronics need to interface these devices to the interconnection fabric and to transmit to and receive data from the services.
- a block diagram of the HID is illustrated in Figure 9.
- the components of the HID are coupled internally to a PCI bus 912.
- a network control block 902 communicates to the interconnect fabric, such as an ethernet, through line 914.
- An audio codec 903 receives audio data on interface 916 and is coupled to block 902. USB data communication is provided on lines 913 to USB controller 901.
- An embedded processor 904 may be, for example, a Sparc2ep with coupled flash memory 905 and DRAM 906.
- the USB controller 901, network controller 902 and embedded processor 904 are all coupled to the PCI bus 912.
- the video controller 909 may be for example, and ATI RagePro+ frame buffer controller that provides SVGA output on line 915.
- NTSC data is provided in and out of the video controller through video decoder 910 and video encoder 911 respectively.
- a smartcard interface 908 may also be coupled to the video controller 909.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT99919917T ATE221678T1 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ERROR CORRECTION |
EP99919917A EP1073940B1 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | Method and apparatus for providing error correction |
JP2000545086A JP3777090B2 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | Method and mechanism for providing error correction |
CA002329419A CA2329419A1 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | Method and apparatus for providing error correction |
AU37528/99A AU751703B2 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | Method and apparatus for providing error correction |
DE69902373T DE69902373T2 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ERROR CORRECTION |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/063,342 | 1998-04-20 | ||
US09/063,342 US6230296B1 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1998-04-20 | Method and apparatus for providing error correction |
Publications (2)
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WO1999054802A2 true WO1999054802A2 (en) | 1999-10-28 |
WO1999054802A3 WO1999054802A3 (en) | 2000-05-11 |
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PCT/US1999/008646 WO1999054802A2 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 1999-04-20 | Method and apparatus for providing error correction |
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CA (1) | CA2329419A1 (en) |
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- 1999-04-20 JP JP2000545086A patent/JP3777090B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-04-20 EP EP99919917A patent/EP1073940B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-20 AU AU37528/99A patent/AU751703B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-04-20 AT AT99919917T patent/ATE221678T1/en active
- 1999-04-20 CA CA002329419A patent/CA2329419A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-04-20 DE DE69902373T patent/DE69902373T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-04-20 WO PCT/US1999/008646 patent/WO1999054802A2/en active IP Right Grant
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Also Published As
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DE69902373D1 (en) | 2002-09-05 |
EP1073940B1 (en) | 2002-07-31 |
CA2329419A1 (en) | 1999-10-28 |
AU3752899A (en) | 1999-11-08 |
US6230296B1 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
EP1073940A2 (en) | 2001-02-07 |
DE69902373T2 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
WO1999054802A3 (en) | 2000-05-11 |
JP2002512393A (en) | 2002-04-23 |
AU751703B2 (en) | 2002-08-22 |
JP3777090B2 (en) | 2006-05-24 |
ATE221678T1 (en) | 2002-08-15 |
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