WO2000051269A1 - High order spatial mode optical fiber - Google Patents

High order spatial mode optical fiber Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000051269A1
WO2000051269A1 PCT/US2000/004581 US0004581W WO0051269A1 WO 2000051269 A1 WO2000051269 A1 WO 2000051269A1 US 0004581 W US0004581 W US 0004581W WO 0051269 A1 WO0051269 A1 WO 0051269A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
dispersion
spatial mode
mode
fiber
high order
Prior art date
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PCT/US2000/004581
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French (fr)
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WO2000051269B1 (en
WO2000051269A9 (en
WO2000051269A8 (en
Inventor
Yochay Danziger
Eran Herman
Michael Roseblit
David Menashe
Original Assignee
Lasercomm, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/507,001 external-priority patent/US6360045B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/510,027 external-priority patent/US6418256B1/en
Application filed by Lasercomm, Inc. filed Critical Lasercomm, Inc.
Priority to AU38602/00A priority Critical patent/AU3860200A/en
Publication of WO2000051269A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000051269A1/en
Publication of WO2000051269B1 publication Critical patent/WO2000051269B1/en
Publication of WO2000051269A8 publication Critical patent/WO2000051269A8/en
Publication of WO2000051269A9 publication Critical patent/WO2000051269A9/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/03644—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - + -
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
    • G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
    • G02B6/02023—Based on higher order modes, i.e. propagating modes other than the LP01 or HE11 fundamental mode
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02228—Dispersion flattened fibres, i.e. having a low dispersion variation over an extended wavelength range
    • G02B6/02238—Low dispersion slope fibres
    • G02B6/02242—Low dispersion slope fibres having a dispersion slope <0.06 ps/km/nm2
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03605—Highest refractive index not on central axis
    • G02B6/03611—Highest index adjacent to central axis region, e.g. annular core, coaxial ring, centreline depression affecting waveguiding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/14—Mode converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
    • H04B10/2581—Multimode transmission
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02252—Negative dispersion fibres at 1550 nm
    • G02B6/02257—Non-zero dispersion shifted fibres, i.e. having a small negative dispersion at 1550 nm, e.g. ITU-T G.655 dispersion between - 1.0 to - 10 ps/nm.km for avoiding nonlinear effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02266—Positive dispersion fibres at 1550 nm
    • G02B6/02271—Non-zero dispersion shifted fibres, i.e. having a small positive dispersion at 1550 nm, e.g. ITU-T G.655 dispersion between 1.0 to 10 ps/nm.km for avoiding nonlinear effects

Definitions

  • the invention relates to optical communication fibers, and more specifically to an optical communication fiber which supports at least one higher order spatial mode.
  • Multimode fibers which typically support hundreds of optical modes are subject to modal dispersion.
  • Single-mode optical fibers which exclusively support a single optical mode, typically the LPoi spatial mode, are normally used in optical communication systems.
  • the transmission loss in these SMFs is generally minimized for wavelengths in the range of 1300 and 1550nm typically utilized for long-distance communications.
  • Single mode fibers are typically utilized because they exhibit virtually no signal quality degradation as a result of modal dispersion.
  • the pulses in this range propagate through an SMF, their waveforms tend to spread because of chromatic dispersion resulting in limitations on the bit rate and the transmission distance.
  • the total chromatic dispersion experienced is a combination of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion, which may be of opposite sign.
  • the total dispersion is approximately 17ps/nm-km, which primarily reflects the material dispersion.
  • DSF dispersion shifted fibers
  • the smaller effective area (A e f f ) of the DSF creates a higher intensity of optical power in the fiber for a given source, since the intensity is defined as the optical power per unit area of the fiber section.
  • the optical intensity in the DSF is increased due to its small effective area (A e ff)
  • non-linear optical effects in the fiber are triggered. These effects are amplified with the square of the increased light intensity.
  • S/N signal-to-noise ratio
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexing
  • FWM four-wave mixing
  • XWM cross phase modulation
  • Dispersion slope is defined as the rate of change of the total chromatic dispersion of the fiber as the wavelength changes. In a conventional non-shifted SMF used in the communication wavelength band of 1550nm it is about 0.06ps/nm 2 -km. In WDM systems, without taking into account non-linear effects, a dispersion-flattened fiber would be ideal, i.e. one whose dispersion slope is as close to zero as possible. As discussed in US patent 5,327,516 a certain minimum dispersion is required to prevent non-linear effects, and the absolute value of the minimum desired dispersion is approximately 2ps/nm-km, with higher local dispersion values suppressing the FWM and XWM effects.
  • the dispersion may be positive or negative, however compensating for positive dispersion is well known in the art by using dispersion compensating fibers which have low attenuation and high negative dispersion values (See, for example, US Patent 5,185,827, US Patent 5,261,016, and US Patent 5,361,319), while compensating for negative dispersion may require long lengths of fiber (See, for example, US Patent 4,261,639).
  • a tradeoff may be accomplished between increasing slope, and a larger effective area (A e ff), which is exemplified in LEAF® fiber produced by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York, which achieves an improved effective area (A e f f ) of 72 ⁇ m 2 at a cost of a higher dispersion slope of between 0.07 - 0.10ps/nm 2 -km.
  • U.S. Patent 4,435,040 describes a W-profile single mode fiber (SMF) with minimal chromatic dispersion at two different wavelengths.
  • SMF single mode fiber
  • the dispersion slope is not flat, and the dispersion experienced changes in a curved fashion over the transmission waveband, which is very difficult to compensate.
  • U.S. Patent 5,448,674 describes an optical fiber for dispersion compensation that supports the fundamental mode and the LP 0 2 mode, but does not support the LP ⁇ mode. It is not designed as a transmission fiber, and has strong negative dispersion and a sharp slope.
  • U.S. Patent 5,781,684 describes a single mode optical waveguide with a large effective area (A eff ). This is achieved by using a segmented core profile, in which at least part of the core has a refractive index less than the clad layer.
  • a eff effective area
  • the dispersion slope is on the order of 0.12 to 0.16ps/nm 2 -km, which over a broadband transmission spectrum is quite significant.
  • US Patent 5,835,655 describes a single mode optical waveguide fiber with a large effective area (A eff ). However zero dispersion is achieved in the transmission bandwidth, which as discussed above is not desirable for WDM systems.
  • the effective area (A er ⁇ ) is in the order of between 70 - 80 ⁇ m , however, the dispersion slope is on the order of 0.08 to 0.12ps/nm -km, which over a broadband transmission spectrum is improved but still significant.
  • US Patent 5,878,182 describes an optical fiber designed for use in WDM systems.
  • the absolute value of the dispersion is at least 0.8ps/nm-km over the wavelength range 1530 - 1565nm, and has a dispersion slope of approximately 0.04 - 0.05ps/nm 2 -km.
  • the loss is less than 0.20db/km, and its effective area (A e f ⁇ ) exceeds 50 ⁇ m 2 , which is still significantly less than would be desired.
  • the design is applicable to both positive and negative dispersion fibers.
  • the above fiber designs are all single mode fibers (SMFs), and are thus designed to support only the fundamental or LP 0 ⁇ mode while inhibiting all other modes.
  • SMFs single mode fibers
  • the invention relates, in one embodiment, to an optical waveguide for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a high order spatial mode.
  • the optical waveguide in another embodiment, includes a few mode fiber designed to have specific transmission characteristics for supporting the single high order spatial mode, and the few mode fiber transmits the single high order spatial mode.
  • the single high order spatial mode is the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • the few mode fiber supports optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes.
  • the few mode fiber has an effected area (A eff ) which is greater than 50 ⁇ m 2 .
  • the optical waveguide in one embodiment, has a dispersion and a dispersion slope for a given transmission bandwidth.
  • the dispersion includes at least material dispersion, and the absolute value of the dispersion is substantially between zero and the material dispersion.
  • the dispersion of the optical waveguide is negative over the transmission bandwidth.
  • the dispersion of the optical waveguide is positive over the transmission bandwidth.
  • the dispersion slope of the optical waveguide is positive, negative, or nominally zero.
  • Another aspect of the invention includes a method for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a single high order spatial mode.
  • the method includes the steps of providing a few mode fiber, which supports optical energy in the single high order spatial mode.
  • the single high order spatial mode is the LP 02 spatial mode
  • the few mode fiber supports an optical signal having optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the waveform of the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the waveform of the LP 0 spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the waveform of the LP 2 ⁇ spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates the waveform of the LP ⁇ spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 7a illustrates another embodiment of a manufactured refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 7b illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 7a.
  • Fig 8 illustrates the total dispersion for three different fibers including an embodiment of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 9.
  • Fig. 1 la illustrates another embodiment of a refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. l ib illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 11a.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional transmission system known to the prior art.
  • Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a transmission system constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 14 illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of a transmission system constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 15 illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of a transmission system utilizing a dispersion-compensating device constructed according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 16 illustrates the resultant effective dispersion in ps/nm over the length of an example transmission system constructed according to the present invention.
  • the present invention in one embodiment typically utilizes a few mode optical transmission waveguide.
  • This is an optical waveguide which typically supports only a few spatial modes.
  • the waveguide is an optical fiber.
  • the fiber design is optimized for the transmission of substantially a single higher order spatial mode. In higher order spatial modes the energy is less concentrated in a given region of the waveguide and, therefore a larger effective area (A ef r) may be achieved. Consequently, non-linear effects which are proportional to the energy concentration in the fiber will be suppressed.
  • Another advantage of using a high order spatial mode in the transmission fiber is the ability to control the chromatic dispersion and the dispersion slope of the high order spatial modes.
  • fibers which support higher order spatial modes may be designed by adjusting their refractive index profile so that they will have the desired dispersion and dispersion slope.
  • an extremely low dispersion slope on the order of 0.02ps/nm -km or lower may be achieved, and fibers with either positive or negative dispersion and positive or negative dispersion slope may be designed according to one aspect of the invention.
  • the following description specifies a higher order spatial mode being the LP 0 2 spatial mode, however this is not meant to be limiting in any way, and can be applied to other high order spatial modes as well, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the term optical transmission waveguide or transmission fiber is intended to refer to a waveguide or a fiber designed to cover a significant transmission distance for the purpose of carrying an optical signal between disparate locations, which are typically several kilometers apart.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a refractive index profile 10 according to the present invention.
  • the area 12 at the center of the core of the fiber is an area of depressed refractive index. Minimizing the germanium dopant in area 12 of the fiber creates this depressed index.
  • This area of depressed index 12 functions to increase the effective area (A eff ) of the fiber, and helps to differentiate the propagation constants of the spatial modes. This reduces mode coupling and the resultant Multi-Path Interference (MPI).
  • MPI Multi-Path Interference
  • the increased effective area (A ef f) results in reduced non-linear effects.
  • the increase in refractive index at region 14 guides the
  • the refractive index in region 12 is substantially the same as the refractive index in region 16 and the cladding region 20, although other embodiments can be designed by introducing different dopants.
  • the refractive index increase at region 18 is allowed to vary substantially, and functions to limit the expansion of the LP02 spatial mode into the cladding and thus to limit macrobending losses.
  • the profile supports at least three spatial modes in the transmission bandwidth centered approximately in the region of 1550nm, including the LPoi, LP 02 , LP ⁇ and LP 2 ⁇ spatial modes.
  • the calculated characteristics of the fiber determined for the LP 0 spatial mode for this profile are:
  • a eff for the LP 02 spatial mode is approximately 230 ⁇ m .
  • Attenuation is about 0.2 - 0.4dB/km.
  • Cut off for the LP02 spatial mode is greater than 1900nm.
  • Dispersion is approximately 3.7ps/nm-km at 1550nm.
  • Dispersion slope is approximately 0.0216ps/nm 2 -km.
  • Dispersion zero is adjustable between 1450 to 1520nm.
  • the calculated macrobending loss is acceptable with an n eff of 1.4454 for the LP 0 spatial mode.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile 10 shown in Fig. 1 for a signal in the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • the total chromatic dispersion 24 is the sum of the material dispersion 22 and the waveguide dispersion 26.
  • the waveguide dispersion 26 can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point.
  • a unique feature of the fiber profile 10 of Fig. 1 is the extremely low slope of the total chromatic dispersion 24, which is approximately 0.02ps/nm 2 -km.
  • Fig 3 illustrates the waveform 28 for the LP 01 spatial mode in the refractive index profile 10 of Fig. 1.
  • the X-axis represents radius in microns from the core center, and the Y-axis represents the energy intensity in arbitrary units. Due to the depression 12 in the fiber profile, a depressed area 30 appears in the waveform, which serves to spread the energy away from the center of the core. Region 32 indicates the energy intensity at a point approximately 3 ⁇ m from the core center.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the waveform 34 for the LP 02 spatial mode in the refractive index profile
  • Depression 12 in the fiber profile (Fig. 1) forms well 36 in the waveform of the LP 02 spatial mode which is minimal in comparison to well 30 of the waveform for the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode shown in Fig. 3.
  • the LP 02 spatial mode has minimal energy at point 38, approximately 3 ⁇ m from the core center.
  • region 38 of the LP 02 spatial mode corresponds to region 32 of the LP01 spatial mode shown in Fig. 3.
  • the LP 0! spatial mode contains significant energy.
  • waveform 34 with fiber profile 10 of Fig. 1, that the modal energy is substantially contained within the core area 14 and area 18 of increased refractive index.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the waveform 40 for the LP j spatial mode in the refractive index profile 10 of Fig. 1, utilizing the same axes as Fig. 3. It is to be noted that a point of high intensity occurs at a radius designated as 42, which corresponds closely with the minimal energy point of waveform 34 shown in Fig. 4. Thus at the point where the LP 02 spatial mode has minimal energy the LP 2 ⁇ spatial mode contains significant energy.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates the waveform 44 for the LPi 1 spatial mode in the refractive index profile 10 of Fig. 1, utilizing the same axes as Fig. 3. It is to be noted that the maximum intensity occurs at a radius designated as 46, which corresponds closely with the minimal energy point of waveform 34 shown in Fig. 4. Thus at the point where the LP 02 spatial mode has minimal energy the LP ⁇ spatial mode contains significant energy.
  • Fig. 7a illustrates a fiber profile similar to that of Fig. 1 without the core dip 12, and with the smoother transitions generally seen in actual fabrication.
  • the fiber is designed with a single central core area 52 which is used to guide the LP 0 2 spatial mode, while the depression in index at region 54 is used to control the dispersion slope.
  • the dip near the core center is primarily a result of the manufacturing process and is not caused by a planned dopant.
  • the refractive index in region 54 is less than that of the cladding 58, although other embodiments can have different refractive index profile designs. Changing the height and width of regions 52, 54 and 56 will substantially alter the resultant characteristics of the fiber.
  • the increase in refractive index at region 56 functions to limit the expansion of the LP 02 spatial mode into the cladding. The characteristics are similar to the characteristics of fiber profile 10, with an A ef of 270 ⁇ m , but with increased mode coupling.
  • Fig. 7b illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile 50 shown in Fig. 7a for a signal in the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • the total chromatic dispersion 62 is the sum of the material dispersion 60 and the waveguide dispersion 64.
  • the waveguide dispersion can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point.
  • a unique feature of the fiber profile 50 of Fig. 7a is the low slope of the total chromatic dispersion 62, which is approximately 0.042ps/nm 2 -km, with a dispersion at 1550nm of 5.2ps/nm-km.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates the total dispersion for three different fibers including a fiber manufactured according to the present invention.
  • Line 70 represents a typical single mode fiber such as SMF-28TM produced by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York.
  • SMF-28TM produced by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York.
  • Such a fiber typically has a dispersion of between about 12ps/nm-km to about 18ps/nm-km depending on wavelength. For example, at approximately 1550nm this fiber can achieve a dispersion of 17ps/nm-km, which means that when an optical pulse having a spectral width of lnm propagates in 1km of this fiber, the pulse broadens by about 17ps.
  • the slope of line 70 is quite large indicating that different wavelengths will experience significantly different chromatic dispersion.
  • Line 72 is a single mode fiber (SMF) with low dispersion, from approximately 2.0 to 6.0ps/nm-km (SMF3) and has a relatively large effective area (A eff ).
  • SMF single mode fiber
  • Line 74 represents a high order mode transmission optical fiber (THOM) according to the present invention.
  • the present fiber exhibits relatively low dispersion on the order of between 2 and 4ps/nm/km across a broad wavelength range and an extremely low dispersion slope of approximately 0.02ps/nm -km.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a refractive index profile 80 of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
  • the area 82 at the center of the core of the fiber is an area of depressed index. Minimizing the germanium dopant in area 82 creates this depressed refractive index.
  • this area of depressed index 82 functions to increase the effective area (A eff ) of the fiber, and helps to differentiate the propagation constants of the spatial modes, and thus reduce mode coupling and the resultant multi-path interference (MPI).
  • the increased effective area (A er ⁇ ) translates to reduced non-linear effects.
  • the increase in refractive index at region 84 to 1.4605 is used to guide the LP 02 spatial mode, while the depression in index at region 86 is used to control the dispersion slope.
  • the refractive index in region 82 is substantially the same as the refractive index in region 86, and the cladding region 90, although other embodiments can be designed in which they are not substantially the same.
  • the refractive index at region 88 functions to limit the expansion of the LP 02 spatial mode into the cladding.
  • the profile supports between three and six spatial modes in the transmission bandwidth of approximately 1520 to 1570nm, including the LPQ I , LP 02 , LP ⁇ and LP21 spatial modes. The calculated characteristics for this profile are:
  • a eff for the LP 02 spatial mode is approximately 94 ⁇ m .
  • Attenuation is about 0.2 - 0.4dB/km.
  • Cut off for the LP 02 spatial mode is greater than 1900nm.
  • Dispersion is approximately -2.6ps/nnrkm at 1550nm.
  • Dispersion slope is approximately -0.07ps/nm -km.
  • Dispersion zero is adjustable between 1470 to 1515nm.
  • the calculated bending loss is acceptable with a calculated n eff of 1.4469 for the LPo 2 spatial mode.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile 80 shown in Fig. 9 for a signal in the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • the total chromatic dispersion 94 is the sum of the material dispersion 92 and the waveguide dispersion 96.
  • the waveguide dispersion can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point.
  • a unique feature of the fiber profile 80 of Fig. 9 is the negative slope of the total chromatic dispersion 94, which is approximately -0.07ps/nm -km. It should be appreciated that by adjusting the zero dispersion point, a positive or negative dispersion can be experienced over the transmission wavelength.
  • depression 82 in one embodiment, can be manipulated or dispensed with entirely causing some loss of effective area (A eff ), and increased mode coupling.
  • Fig. 11a illustrates another fiber profile which exhibits extremely low dispersion slope, with a characteristic bending loss of 1.4452.
  • the area 95 represents a dip at the center which acts to increase the effective area (A e ff) and to reduce multi-path interference (MPI).
  • Area 97 of the fiber profile is an area of increased refractive index of approximately 1.460.
  • the decrease in refractive index at region 98 is used to guide the LP 02 spatial mode, while the rise in index at region 99 functions to limit the expansion of the LP 02 spatial mode into the cladding.
  • 1 la is the effective area (A eff ) for the LP 0 spatial mode is 260 ⁇ m 2 , with a dispersion at 1550nm of 4.35ps/nm-km and a negligible slope of 0.00007ps/nm 2 -km.
  • the fiber profile exhibits an n eff of 1.4452.
  • Fig. l ib illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1 la for a signal in the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • the total chromatic dispersion 107 is the sum of the material dispersion 105 and the waveguide dispersion 109.
  • the waveguide dispersion can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point.
  • a unique feature of the fiber profile of Fig. 1 la is the low slope of the total chromatic dispersion 107, which is approximately 0.00007ps/nm 2 -km, with a dispersion at 1550nm of 4.35ps/nm-km.
  • a fiber with the desired characteristics of dispersion, dispersion slope and effective area (A eff ), may be designed by utilizing a few mode fiber with appropriate characteristics for a desired specific higher order spatial mode, such as the LP 02 spatial mode. While four sample profiles have been shown, it is understood that one skilled in the art could produce a large range of profiles having the desired characteristics based on the principles of the invention. Suitable fibers with positive dispersion or negative dispersion, positive dispersion slope and negative dispersion slope may all be designed for higher order spatial modes without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
  • S/N signal-to- noise ratio
  • Some of the noise in the fiber is generated in a different spatial distribution than that of the signal.
  • some of the non-linear noise generated by a signal propagating in the LP 02 spatial mode is distributed in the LP 01 spatial mode.
  • this noise has a physical property that differentiates it from the signal. This property can be used to filter the noise out of the signal.
  • Transforming the high order spatial mode (LP 02 ) of the signal into a lower order or fundamental spatial mode (LP 0 j), and simultaneously transforming any lower order spatial mode energy to a high order spatial mode has the effect of filtering out this noise, when the transformed signal is subsequently carried through a single mode fiber (SMF).
  • SMF single mode fiber
  • any noise which was in the lower order spatial mode is transformed into a higher order spatial mode (higher than the new spatial mode of the signal) and this higher order spatial mode is not supported by the subsequent single mode fiber (SMF).
  • SMF single mode fiber
  • only part of the noise is filtered out in this process and the non-linear noise generated in the same spatial mode as the signal, and other noise components remain. This reduction in the overall noise improves the signal-to-noise ratio, thereby enabling higher transmission capacity or increased bit rate.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional transmission system 100 known to the prior art.
  • Transmitter 102 is coupled to a span of single-mode fiber (SMF) 104, and SMF 104 is coupled to the input of amplifier 106.
  • the output of amplifier 106 is coupled to SMF 108, and SMF 108 is coupled to the input of amplifier 110.
  • the output of amplifier 110 is coupled to SMF 112, and SMF 112 is coupled to receiver 1 14.
  • SMF 104 Signall propagates in SMF 104 and Noisel is generated during propagation of the signal. As it propagates, the signal intensity is attenuated making it necessary to re-amplify the signal.
  • SMF 104 is coupled to Amplifierl (106), which amplifies Signall. However, Amplifierl (106) amplifies Noisel as well. Signal2, which is the amplified Signall, propagates through SMF 108 along with Noise2. Noise2 is the amplified Noisel and additional noise generated during propagation. Signal2 and Noise2 are then amplified by Amplified (110), whose output is coupled to SMF 112. Signal3 and Noise3 then propagate in SMF 112 to Receiver 114.
  • Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a transmission system 120 according to the present invention.
  • Transmitter 102 is coupled to SMF 104 and to an input of spatial mode transformer 126, and an output of spatial mode transformer 126 is connected to transmission high order mode fiber (THOM) 128.
  • THOM 128 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 130, and an output of spatial mode transformer 130 is coupled to SMF 112, which is coupled to receiver 114.
  • Transmitter 102 transmits Signal4 into transformer 126, which may be connected directly to transmitter 102 (not shown), or connected to it by SMF 104 as shown.
  • Transformer 126 which may be of a type described in pending US application 09/248,969 filed on February 12, 1999, converts substantially all of the light to a single higher order spatial mode, such as the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • the output of transformer 126 containing Signal5 primarily in the LP 0 spatial mode and Noise5 which designates the noise component existing in the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode, propagate into the transmission high-order mode fiber (THOM) 128 of the invention.
  • transmitter 102 may be designed to output the signal directly in the desired high order spatial mode, and thus may be directly coupled to (THOM) 128.
  • the fiber is optimized to support the LP 02 spatial mode, and during transmission, noise is generated, some of which is generated in the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode.
  • This noise is designated Noise5.
  • THOM 128 which is designed according to an embodiment of the current invention, contains a large effective area (A e ff) for signals in the LP 0 2 spatial modes, and thus can support a higher intensity signal without experiencing non-linear effects. This allows the propagation distance of Signal5 to be substantially greater before re-amplification is necessary. Note that Noise5 is propagating with Signal5.
  • THOM 128 is coupled to spatial mode transformer 130, which, in one embodiment, is a spatial mode transformer which transforms both the LPoi spatial mode to the LP 02 spatial mode, as well as any noise in the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode to the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • Spatial mode transformer 130 converts substantially all of Signal5 from the LP 02 spatial mode to the fundamental LPoi spatial mode for transmission into SMF 112 as Signal ⁇ , while simultaneously converting any noise which was received in the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode to a higher order spatial mode as Noise ⁇ .
  • Signal ⁇ and Noise6 propagate into SMF 112 which is designed to support only the LP 0] spatial mode, thus attenuating Noise ⁇ .
  • SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114 which will receive Signal ⁇ with reduced noise due to the absence of noise component Noise ⁇ , although other noise components (not shown) exist.
  • transformer 130 may be designed to attenuate or block any energy received in the LP 01 spatial mode, and transformer 130 may output its signal directly to receiver 114 without requiring SMF 112 (not shown).
  • Fig. 14 illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of a transmission system 140 according to the present invention.
  • Transmitter 102 is coupled to SMF 104, and SMF 104 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 126.
  • An output of spatial mode transformer 126 is coupled to THOM 128, and THOM 128 is coupled to the input of amplifier 150.
  • the output of amplifier 150 is coupled to THOM 152, and THOM 152 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 130.
  • An output of spatial mode transformer 130 is connected to SMF 112, and SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114.
  • Transmitter 102 injects a high intensity signal, designated as Signal7 into SMF 104 which is connected to spatial mode transformer 126.
  • transmitter 102 may be directly connected to spatial mode transformer 126.
  • transmitter 102 may be designed to output its signal directly in the desired high order spatial mode, and thus transmitter 102 may be directly connected to THOM 128.
  • the output of spatial mode transformer 126 which, as described above, converts substantially all of the signal to a single high order mode, is connected to THOM 128.
  • THOM 128 transmits Signal8 in the LP 02 spatial mode as well as noise, some of which is in the LPoi spatial mode and is designated as Noise8.
  • THOM 128 is connected to amplifier 150, which may be an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) that is designed to support the LP 02 spatial mode.
  • EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
  • amplifier 150 may contain a standard EDFA which only supports the LPoi spatial mode, a spatial mode transformer at the input stage, and a spatial mode transformer at the output stage.
  • the signal can be converted to the fundamental spatial mode for amplification and then back to the higher order spatial mode prior to propagating into THOM 152.
  • Amplifier 150 may be a single or multiple stage amplifier, and may contain dispersion compensation, and or add/drop components.
  • the amplified signal may be a high intensity signal due to the large effective area (A eff ) of THOM 152.
  • the amplified signal designated Signal9 is in the LP 02 spatial mode, and contains amplified Noise9 which is substantially in the LPoi spatial mode. These propagate in THOM 152.
  • THOM 152 is connected to spatial mode transformer 130, which simultaneously transforms both the LP 0 spatial mode of Signal9 to the LPoi spatial mode, and the LPoi spatial mode of Noise9 to the LP 0 spatial mode.
  • Spatial mode transformer 130 converts substantially all of Signal9 from the LP 0 spatial mode to the fundamental LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode for transmission into SMF 112, while simultaneously converting Noise9 which was received in the LPoi spatial mode to a higher order spatial mode.
  • SMF 112 which is designed to support only the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode, thus attenuating NoiselO.
  • SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114 which receives Signal 10 with reduced noise due to the absence of noise component NoiselO.
  • spatial mode transformer 130 may be designed to attenuate or block any energy received in the LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode (not shown), and transformer 130 may output its signal directly to receiver 114 without requiring SMF 112 (not shown).
  • the total chromatic dispersion of THOM 152 may be designed to counterbalance the total chromatic dispersion experienced by the signal in THOM 128, such that the system 140 experiences minimal total dispersion without a dedicated dispersion compensating fiber.
  • the length of SMF 112 may be chosen so as to compensate for the dispersion introduced by THOM 128 and THOM 152.
  • Dashed line 159 indicates the repeating block that may be utilized to build a larger and more complex system, where the end of SMF 112 may be connected to another repeating block at input to spatial mode transformer 126.
  • Fig. 15 illustrates a system 160 which utilizes an inventive fiber of Fig. 9 to achieve a substantially dispersion free transmission system.
  • Transmitter 102 is coupled to SMF 104, and SMF 104 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 126.
  • An output of spatial mode transformer 126 is coupled to THOM 172, and THOM 172 is coupled to the input of spatial mode transformer 130.
  • An output of spatial mode transformer 130 is connected to SMF 112, and SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114.
  • Transmitter 102 injects a signal, designated as Signall 1 a short length of SMF 104 over which no substantial dispersion occurs, and which is connected to spatial mode transformer 126.
  • transmitter 102 may be directly connected to spatial mode transformer 126.
  • transmitter 102 may be designed to output its signal directly in the desired high order spatial mode, and thus transmitter 102 may be directly connected to THOM 172.
  • THOM 172 is designed according the principles explained above, and its profile is similar to that shown in Fig. 9, with a dispersion of -2.6ps/nm-km and a dispersion slope of -0.07ps/nm 2 -km.
  • THOM 172 transmits the output of spatial mode transformer 126, designated Signal 12 which is substantially in the high order spatial mode.
  • THOM 172 is connected to spatial mode converter 130, which converts Signal 12 from the high order spatial mode to the fundamental LP 0 ⁇ spatial mode prior to outputting the signal as Signal 13 to SMF 112.
  • SMF 112 is designed to counterbalance the dispersion and dispersion slope of the signal encountered over THOM 172, prior to the arrival of Signall 3 at receiver 114.
  • Signal 13 is received with substantially zero chromatic dispersion, yet having experienced large local dispersion in each section of its travel.
  • Dashed line 180 indicates the repeating block that may be utilized to build a larger and more complex system, where the end of SMF 112 may be connected to another repeating block at input to spatial mode transformer 126.
  • THOM 172 may contain a 50 kilometer span of
  • THOM which has a characteristic dispersion of-2.6ps/nm-km, and slope of -0.07ps/nm km.
  • SMF 112 may contain a 50 kilometer length of standard SMF such as LEAF® by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York, with dispersion of 2.6ps/nm-km, and a slope of 0.07ps/nm 2 -km.
  • several lengths of THOM may be designed, such that the sum of the dispersion and slope experienced by a signal may be compensated by a single SMF span.
  • Fig. 16 illustrates the resultant effective dispersion in ps/nm over the length of the system 160 from transformer 126 to receiver 114.
  • the negative dispersion and slope introduced by THOM 128 and THOM 172 is exactly compensated by SMF 112.
  • spatial mode transformers 126 and 130 may contain amplifiers or other components not shown Having described and shown the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts may be used and that many variations are possible which will still be within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. It is felt, therefore, that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims.

Abstract

The invention relates to method and apparatus for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a high order spatial mode. The optical waveguide, in one embodiment, includes a few mode fiber designed to have specific transmission characteristics for supporting the single high order spatial mode, and the few mode fiber transmits the single high order spatial mode. The optical waveguide, in one embodiment, has a dispersion and a dispersion slope for a given transmission bandwidth. Another aspect of the invention includes a method for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a single high order spatial mode. The method includes the steps of providing a few mode fiber, which supports optical energy in the single high order spatial mode. In one embodiment, the single high order spatial mode is the LP02 spatial mode. In another embodiment, the few mode fiber supports an optical signal having optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes.

Description

HIGH ORDER SPATIAL MODE OPTICAL FIBER
Cross-Reference to Related Applications
This application claims priority to provisional U.S. patent application 60/121,321 which was filed in the United States Patent Office on February 23, 1999 and incorporates by reference U. S. patent application "High Order Spatial Mode Transmission System" (attorney docket no. LCM-004) filed concurrently herewith.
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to optical communication fibers, and more specifically to an optical communication fiber which supports at least one higher order spatial mode.
Background of the Invention
Multimode fibers which typically support hundreds of optical modes are subject to modal dispersion. Single-mode optical fibers (SMF) which exclusively support a single optical mode, typically the LPoi spatial mode, are normally used in optical communication systems. The transmission loss in these SMFs is generally minimized for wavelengths in the range of 1300 and 1550nm typically utilized for long-distance communications. Single mode fibers (SMFs) are typically utilized because they exhibit virtually no signal quality degradation as a result of modal dispersion. However, as the pulses in this range propagate through an SMF, their waveforms tend to spread because of chromatic dispersion resulting in limitations on the bit rate and the transmission distance. The total chromatic dispersion experienced is a combination of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion, which may be of opposite sign. In a conventional non- dispersion shifted SMF commonly used in the communication wavelength band of 1550nm the total dispersion is approximately 17ps/nm-km, which primarily reflects the material dispersion.
Today's communication systems demand increased bit rate and transmission distance. To accomplish these requirements, so-called dispersion shifted fibers (DSF) have been introduced. DSFs are designed to have minimum chromatic dispersion in the typical communication wavelength band centered at 1550nm. However, to achieve this minimal total chromatic dispersion while still maintaining the characteristic of being a single mode fiber (SMF), the effective area (Aetτ) of a DSF must become much smaller than that of the SMF, as the waveguide dispersion is designed to counterbalance most of the material dispersion. This trade-off is well known to those skilled in the art. The smaller effective area (Aeff) of the DSF creates a higher intensity of optical power in the fiber for a given source, since the intensity is defined as the optical power per unit area of the fiber section. As the optical intensity in the DSF is increased due to its small effective area (Aeff), non-linear optical effects in the fiber are triggered. These effects are amplified with the square of the increased light intensity. Furthermore, these nonlinear optical effects decrease the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) which is undesirable because it can increase errors, severely limit the bit rate as well as the transmission distance.
Another technique for increasing the transmission capacity is known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). This technique involves using a plurality of signal wavelengths simultaneously in the fiber. This increases the overall capacity of the system as compared to a single wavelength transmission system. When WDM is used to increase transmission capacity in a DSF based system; non-linear effects known as four-wave mixing (FWM) and cross phase modulation (XWM) are generated due to the presence of the plurality of wavelengths in the fiber. As the phase matching condition between wavelengths is satisfied, FWM generation efficiency increases. For this reason, FWM is more likely to take place when the signal wavelengths are closer to the zero dispersion wavelength and the interval between signal wavelengths is smaller.
Dispersion slope is defined as the rate of change of the total chromatic dispersion of the fiber as the wavelength changes. In a conventional non-shifted SMF used in the communication wavelength band of 1550nm it is about 0.06ps/nm2-km. In WDM systems, without taking into account non-linear effects, a dispersion-flattened fiber would be ideal, i.e. one whose dispersion slope is as close to zero as possible. As discussed in US patent 5,327,516 a certain minimum dispersion is required to prevent non-linear effects, and the absolute value of the minimum desired dispersion is approximately 2ps/nm-km, with higher local dispersion values suppressing the FWM and XWM effects. The dispersion may be positive or negative, however compensating for positive dispersion is well known in the art by using dispersion compensating fibers which have low attenuation and high negative dispersion values (See, for example, US Patent 5,185,827, US Patent 5,261,016, and US Patent 5,361,319), while compensating for negative dispersion may require long lengths of fiber (See, for example, US Patent 4,261,639). A tradeoff may be accomplished between increasing slope, and a larger effective area (Aeff), which is exemplified in LEAF® fiber produced by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York, which achieves an improved effective area (Aeff) of 72 μm2 at a cost of a higher dispersion slope of between 0.07 - 0.10ps/nm2-km.
Other considerations in fiber design relate to low attenuation, which is dictated by the material and concentration of dopants used, high strength, fatigue resistance and bend resistance.
Several prior art items to combat some of these problems are known to those skilled in the art, including a Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF®) by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York, and True Wave® RS fiber by Lucent Laboratories Incorporated, Murray Hill, New Jersey. However both of these prior art solutions suffer from a relatively large dispersion slope, which increases total chromatic dispersion for some wavelengths, particularly in a WDM system, more than others.
U.S. Patent 4,435,040 describes a W-profile single mode fiber (SMF) with minimal chromatic dispersion at two different wavelengths. However the dispersion slope is not flat, and the dispersion experienced changes in a curved fashion over the transmission waveband, which is very difficult to compensate.
U.S. Patent 5,448,674 describes an optical fiber for dispersion compensation that supports the fundamental mode and the LP02 mode, but does not support the LPπ mode. It is not designed as a transmission fiber, and has strong negative dispersion and a sharp slope.
U.S. Patent 5,781,684 describes a single mode optical waveguide with a large effective area (Aeff). This is achieved by using a segmented core profile, in which at least part of the core has a refractive index less than the clad layer. However zero dispersion is achieved in the transmission bandwidth, which as discussed above is not desirable for WDM systems. Furthermore, the dispersion slope is on the order of 0.12 to 0.16ps/nm2-km, which over a broadband transmission spectrum is quite significant.
US Patent 5,835,655 describes a single mode optical waveguide fiber with a large effective area (Aeff). However zero dispersion is achieved in the transmission bandwidth, which as discussed above is not desirable for WDM systems. The effective area (Aerτ) is in the order of between 70 - 80μm , however, the dispersion slope is on the order of 0.08 to 0.12ps/nm -km, which over a broadband transmission spectrum is improved but still significant.
US Patent 5,878,182 describes an optical fiber designed for use in WDM systems. The absolute value of the dispersion is at least 0.8ps/nm-km over the wavelength range 1530 - 1565nm, and has a dispersion slope of approximately 0.04 - 0.05ps/nm2-km. The loss is less than 0.20db/km, and its effective area (Aefτ) exceeds 50 μm2, which is still significantly less than would be desired. The design is applicable to both positive and negative dispersion fibers.
The above fiber designs are all single mode fibers (SMFs), and are thus designed to support only the fundamental or LP0ι mode while inhibiting all other modes.
Thus there is a need for an optical fiber with a large effective area (Aetτ) for reduced nonlinear effects, minimal dispersion and dispersion slope. It would also be desired that the fiber design allow for producing fibers of both positive and negative slope, and positive and negative dispersion.
Summary of the Invention
The invention relates, in one embodiment, to an optical waveguide for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a high order spatial mode. The optical waveguide, in another embodiment, includes a few mode fiber designed to have specific transmission characteristics for supporting the single high order spatial mode, and the few mode fiber transmits the single high order spatial mode. In another embodiment, the single high order spatial mode is the LP02 spatial mode. In another embodiment, the few mode fiber supports optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes. In yet another embodiment, the few mode fiber has an effected area (Aeff) which is greater than 50μm2.
The optical waveguide, in one embodiment, has a dispersion and a dispersion slope for a given transmission bandwidth. The dispersion includes at least material dispersion, and the absolute value of the dispersion is substantially between zero and the material dispersion. In another embodiment, the dispersion of the optical waveguide is negative over the transmission bandwidth. In yet another embodiment the dispersion of the optical waveguide is positive over the transmission bandwidth. In still other embodiments, the dispersion slope of the optical waveguide is positive, negative, or nominally zero.
Another aspect of the invention includes a method for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a single high order spatial mode. The method includes the steps of providing a few mode fiber, which supports optical energy in the single high order spatial mode. In one embodiment, the single high order spatial mode is the LP02 spatial mode In another embodiment, the few mode fiber supports an optical signal having optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes.
Brief Description of the Drawings
This invention is pointed out with particularity in the appended claims. The above and further advantages of this invention may be better understood by referring to the following description taking in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 illustrates the waveform of the LP0ι spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 illustrates the waveform of the LP0 spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 5 illustrates the waveform of the LP2ι spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 6 illustrates the waveform of the LPπ spatial mode for the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 7a illustrates another embodiment of a manufactured refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention. Fig. 7b illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 7a.
Fig 8 illustrates the total dispersion for three different fibers including an embodiment of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. 10 illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 1 la illustrates another embodiment of a refractive index profile of a fiber constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. l ib illustrates the chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 11a.
Fig. 12 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional transmission system known to the prior art.
Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a transmission system constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. 14 illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of a transmission system constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. 15 illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of a transmission system utilizing a dispersion-compensating device constructed according to the present invention.
Fig. 16 illustrates the resultant effective dispersion in ps/nm over the length of an example transmission system constructed according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention in one embodiment typically utilizes a few mode optical transmission waveguide. This is an optical waveguide which typically supports only a few spatial modes. In another embodiment, the waveguide is an optical fiber. The fiber design is optimized for the transmission of substantially a single higher order spatial mode. In higher order spatial modes the energy is less concentrated in a given region of the waveguide and, therefore a larger effective area (Aefr) may be achieved. Consequently, non-linear effects which are proportional to the energy concentration in the fiber will be suppressed. Another advantage of using a high order spatial mode in the transmission fiber is the ability to control the chromatic dispersion and the dispersion slope of the high order spatial modes. It is a particular aspect of the present invention that fibers which support higher order spatial modes may be designed by adjusting their refractive index profile so that they will have the desired dispersion and dispersion slope. In particular, an extremely low dispersion slope, on the order of 0.02ps/nm -km or lower may be achieved, and fibers with either positive or negative dispersion and positive or negative dispersion slope may be designed according to one aspect of the invention. The following description specifies a higher order spatial mode being the LP02 spatial mode, however this is not meant to be limiting in any way, and can be applied to other high order spatial modes as well, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The term optical transmission waveguide or transmission fiber is intended to refer to a waveguide or a fiber designed to cover a significant transmission distance for the purpose of carrying an optical signal between disparate locations, which are typically several kilometers apart.
Fig. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a refractive index profile 10 according to the present invention. The area 12 at the center of the core of the fiber is an area of depressed refractive index. Minimizing the germanium dopant in area 12 of the fiber creates this depressed index. This area of depressed index 12, functions to increase the effective area (Aeff) of the fiber, and helps to differentiate the propagation constants of the spatial modes. This reduces mode coupling and the resultant Multi-Path Interference (MPI). The increased effective area (Aeff) results in reduced non-linear effects. The increase in refractive index at region 14 guides the
LP02 spatial mode, while the depression in index at region 16 controls the dispersion slope. Note that in this embodiment, the refractive index in region 12 is substantially the same as the refractive index in region 16 and the cladding region 20, although other embodiments can be designed by introducing different dopants. The refractive index increase at region 18 is allowed to vary substantially, and functions to limit the expansion of the LP02 spatial mode into the cladding and thus to limit macrobending losses. The profile supports at least three spatial modes in the transmission bandwidth centered approximately in the region of 1550nm, including the LPoi, LP02, LPπ and LP2ι spatial modes. The calculated characteristics of the fiber determined for the LP0 spatial mode for this profile are:
Aeff for the LP02 spatial mode is approximately 230μm .
Attenuation is about 0.2 - 0.4dB/km.
Cut off for the LP02 spatial mode is greater than 1900nm.
Dispersion is approximately 3.7ps/nm-km at 1550nm.
Dispersion slope is approximately 0.0216ps/nm2-km.
Dispersion zero is adjustable between 1450 to 1520nm.
The calculated macrobending loss is acceptable with an neff of 1.4454 for the LP0 spatial mode.
Fig. 2 illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile 10 shown in Fig. 1 for a signal in the LP02 spatial mode. The total chromatic dispersion 24 is the sum of the material dispersion 22 and the waveguide dispersion 26. By adjusting the refractive index profile of fiber, the waveguide dispersion 26 can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point. A unique feature of the fiber profile 10 of Fig. 1 is the extremely low slope of the total chromatic dispersion 24, which is approximately 0.02ps/nm2-km.
Fig 3 illustrates the waveform 28 for the LP01 spatial mode in the refractive index profile 10 of Fig. 1. The X-axis represents radius in microns from the core center, and the Y-axis represents the energy intensity in arbitrary units. Due to the depression 12 in the fiber profile, a depressed area 30 appears in the waveform, which serves to spread the energy away from the center of the core. Region 32 indicates the energy intensity at a point approximately 3μm from the core center.
Fig. 4 illustrates the waveform 34 for the LP02 spatial mode in the refractive index profile
10 of Fig. 1, using the same axes as Fig. 3. Depression 12 in the fiber profile (Fig. 1) forms well 36 in the waveform of the LP02 spatial mode which is minimal in comparison to well 30 of the waveform for the LP0ι spatial mode shown in Fig. 3. The LP02 spatial mode has minimal energy at point 38, approximately 3μm from the core center. Note that region 38 of the LP02 spatial mode corresponds to region 32 of the LP01 spatial mode shown in Fig. 3. Thus at the point where the LP02 spatial mode has minimal energy, the LP0! spatial mode contains significant energy. It should also be noted by comparing waveform 34 with fiber profile 10 of Fig. 1, that the modal energy is substantially contained within the core area 14 and area 18 of increased refractive index.
Fig. 5 illustrates the waveform 40 for the LP j spatial mode in the refractive index profile 10 of Fig. 1, utilizing the same axes as Fig. 3. It is to be noted that a point of high intensity occurs at a radius designated as 42, which corresponds closely with the minimal energy point of waveform 34 shown in Fig. 4. Thus at the point where the LP02 spatial mode has minimal energy the LP2ι spatial mode contains significant energy.
Fig. 6 illustrates the waveform 44 for the LPi 1 spatial mode in the refractive index profile 10 of Fig. 1, utilizing the same axes as Fig. 3. It is to be noted that the maximum intensity occurs at a radius designated as 46, which corresponds closely with the minimal energy point of waveform 34 shown in Fig. 4. Thus at the point where the LP02 spatial mode has minimal energy the LPπ spatial mode contains significant energy.
Co-pending U.S. patent applications 09/464,629 filed December 17, 1999 and 09/481,428 filed January 12, 2000, which claim priority to provisional U.S. patent application 60/138,369 filed on June 10, 1999 describe methods for attenuating undesired modes in an optical waveguide. The minimum energy points of waveform 34, designated 38 of Fig. 4. may be used in connection with the method described in the aforementioned applications to attenuate undesired modes in the inventive fiber profile. A further method known to the art for removing higher order modes other than the desired high order mode involves curving a length of the waveguide to a smaller radius. Higher order modes will then escape from the cladding. The radius of the curvature is chosen to be small enough to attenuate higher order modes, but to maintain the desired high order mode. This procedure may, in one embodiment, be utilized in defining the radius of a dispersion compensation fiber reel. Fig. 7a illustrates a fiber profile similar to that of Fig. 1 without the core dip 12, and with the smoother transitions generally seen in actual fabrication. The fiber is designed with a single central core area 52 which is used to guide the LP02 spatial mode, while the depression in index at region 54 is used to control the dispersion slope. The dip near the core center is primarily a result of the manufacturing process and is not caused by a planned dopant. Note that in this embodiment, the refractive index in region 54 is less than that of the cladding 58, although other embodiments can have different refractive index profile designs. Changing the height and width of regions 52, 54 and 56 will substantially alter the resultant characteristics of the fiber. The increase in refractive index at region 56 functions to limit the expansion of the LP02 spatial mode into the cladding. The characteristics are similar to the characteristics of fiber profile 10, with an Aef of 270μm , but with increased mode coupling.
Fig. 7b illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile 50 shown in Fig. 7a for a signal in the LP02 spatial mode. The total chromatic dispersion 62 is the sum of the material dispersion 60 and the waveguide dispersion 64. By adjusting the refractive index profile of fiber, the waveguide dispersion can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point. A unique feature of the fiber profile 50 of Fig. 7a is the low slope of the total chromatic dispersion 62, which is approximately 0.042ps/nm2-km, with a dispersion at 1550nm of 5.2ps/nm-km.
Fig. 8 illustrates the total dispersion for three different fibers including a fiber manufactured according to the present invention. Line 70 represents a typical single mode fiber such as SMF-28™ produced by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York. Such a fiber, typically has a dispersion of between about 12ps/nm-km to about 18ps/nm-km depending on wavelength. For example, at approximately 1550nm this fiber can achieve a dispersion of 17ps/nm-km, which means that when an optical pulse having a spectral width of lnm propagates in 1km of this fiber, the pulse broadens by about 17ps. The slope of line 70 is quite large indicating that different wavelengths will experience significantly different chromatic dispersion. Line 72 is a single mode fiber (SMF) with low dispersion, from approximately 2.0 to 6.0ps/nm-km (SMF3) and has a relatively large effective area (Aeff). The LEAF® fiber by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York, has such a profile. This fiber is similar to the SMF- 28™ fiber in that it suffers from a somewhat large dispersion slope as well; on the order of 0.07 - 0.1ps/nm -km. Line 74 represents a high order mode transmission optical fiber (THOM) according to the present invention. The present fiber exhibits relatively low dispersion on the order of between 2 and 4ps/nm/km across a broad wavelength range and an extremely low dispersion slope of approximately 0.02ps/nm -km.
Fig. 9 illustrates another embodiment of a refractive index profile 80 of a fiber constructed according to the present invention. The area 82 at the center of the core of the fiber is an area of depressed index. Minimizing the germanium dopant in area 82 creates this depressed refractive index. As with the fiber shown in Fig. 1, this area of depressed index 82, functions to increase the effective area (Aeff) of the fiber, and helps to differentiate the propagation constants of the spatial modes, and thus reduce mode coupling and the resultant multi-path interference (MPI). The increased effective area (Aerτ) translates to reduced non-linear effects. The increase in refractive index at region 84 to 1.4605 is used to guide the LP02 spatial mode, while the depression in index at region 86 is used to control the dispersion slope. Note that in this embodiment, the refractive index in region 82 is substantially the same as the refractive index in region 86, and the cladding region 90, although other embodiments can be designed in which they are not substantially the same. The refractive index at region 88 functions to limit the expansion of the LP02 spatial mode into the cladding. The profile supports between three and six spatial modes in the transmission bandwidth of approximately 1520 to 1570nm, including the LPQI, LP02, LPπ and LP21 spatial modes. The calculated characteristics for this profile are:
Aeff for the LP02 spatial mode is approximately 94μm .
Attenuation is about 0.2 - 0.4dB/km.
Cut off for the LP02 spatial mode is greater than 1900nm.
Dispersion is approximately -2.6ps/nnrkm at 1550nm.
Dispersion slope is approximately -0.07ps/nm -km.
Dispersion zero is adjustable between 1470 to 1515nm. The calculated bending loss is acceptable with a calculated neff of 1.4469 for the LPo2 spatial mode.
Fig. 10 illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile 80 shown in Fig. 9 for a signal in the LP02 spatial mode. The total chromatic dispersion 94 is the sum of the material dispersion 92 and the waveguide dispersion 96. By adjusting the refractive index profile of fiber, the waveguide dispersion can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point. A unique feature of the fiber profile 80 of Fig. 9 is the negative slope of the total chromatic dispersion 94, which is approximately -0.07ps/nm -km. It should be appreciated that by adjusting the zero dispersion point, a positive or negative dispersion can be experienced over the transmission wavelength. As previously discussed in relation to Fig. 7a, depression 82, in one embodiment, can be manipulated or dispensed with entirely causing some loss of effective area (Aeff), and increased mode coupling.
Fig. 11a illustrates another fiber profile which exhibits extremely low dispersion slope, with a characteristic bending loss of 1.4452. The area 95 represents a dip at the center which acts to increase the effective area (Aeff) and to reduce multi-path interference (MPI). Area 97 of the fiber profile is an area of increased refractive index of approximately 1.460. The decrease in refractive index at region 98 is used to guide the LP02 spatial mode, while the rise in index at region 99 functions to limit the expansion of the LP02 spatial mode into the cladding. A unique feature of the fiber profile of Fig. 1 la is the effective area (Aeff) for the LP0 spatial mode is 260μm2, with a dispersion at 1550nm of 4.35ps/nm-km and a negligible slope of 0.00007ps/nm2-km. The fiber profile exhibits an neff of 1.4452.
Fig. l ib illustrates the total chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the refractive index profile shown in Fig. 1 la for a signal in the LP02 spatial mode. The total chromatic dispersion 107 is the sum of the material dispersion 105 and the waveguide dispersion 109. By adjusting the refractive index profile of fiber, the waveguide dispersion can be modified so as to arrive at the desired dispersion slope and zero dispersion point. A unique feature of the fiber profile of Fig. 1 la is the low slope of the total chromatic dispersion 107, which is approximately 0.00007ps/nm2-km, with a dispersion at 1550nm of 4.35ps/nm-km. Based on the foregoing, a fiber with the desired characteristics of dispersion, dispersion slope and effective area (Aeff), may be designed by utilizing a few mode fiber with appropriate characteristics for a desired specific higher order spatial mode, such as the LP02 spatial mode. While four sample profiles have been shown, it is understood that one skilled in the art could produce a large range of profiles having the desired characteristics based on the principles of the invention. Suitable fibers with positive dispersion or negative dispersion, positive dispersion slope and negative dispersion slope may all be designed for higher order spatial modes without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Another advantage in utilizing higher order spatial modes is an increase in the signal-to- noise ratio (S/N) which may be achieved due to the spatial distribution of the noise in the fiber. Some of the noise in the fiber is generated in a different spatial distribution than that of the signal. For example, some of the non-linear noise generated by a signal propagating in the LP02 spatial mode is distributed in the LP01 spatial mode. As a result, this noise has a physical property that differentiates it from the signal. This property can be used to filter the noise out of the signal.
Transforming the high order spatial mode (LP02) of the signal into a lower order or fundamental spatial mode (LP0j), and simultaneously transforming any lower order spatial mode energy to a high order spatial mode, has the effect of filtering out this noise, when the transformed signal is subsequently carried through a single mode fiber (SMF). This is because any noise which was in the lower order spatial mode is transformed into a higher order spatial mode (higher than the new spatial mode of the signal) and this higher order spatial mode is not supported by the subsequent single mode fiber (SMF). However, only part of the noise is filtered out in this process and the non-linear noise generated in the same spatial mode as the signal, and other noise components remain. This reduction in the overall noise improves the signal-to-noise ratio, thereby enabling higher transmission capacity or increased bit rate.
Fig. 12 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional transmission system 100 known to the prior art. Transmitter 102 is coupled to a span of single-mode fiber (SMF) 104, and SMF 104 is coupled to the input of amplifier 106. The output of amplifier 106 is coupled to SMF 108, and SMF 108 is coupled to the input of amplifier 110. The output of amplifier 110 is coupled to SMF 112, and SMF 112 is coupled to receiver 1 14. Signall propagates in SMF 104 and Noisel is generated during propagation of the signal. As it propagates, the signal intensity is attenuated making it necessary to re-amplify the signal. The distance which the signal can propagate before requiring re-amplification is a function of the initial signal intensity, the attenuation of the fiber and other factors such as total chromatic distortion. SMF 104 is coupled to Amplifierl (106), which amplifies Signall. However, Amplifierl (106) amplifies Noisel as well. Signal2, which is the amplified Signall, propagates through SMF 108 along with Noise2. Noise2 is the amplified Noisel and additional noise generated during propagation. Signal2 and Noise2 are then amplified by Amplified (110), whose output is coupled to SMF 112. Signal3 and Noise3 then propagate in SMF 112 to Receiver 114.
Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a transmission system 120 according to the present invention. Transmitter 102 is coupled to SMF 104 and to an input of spatial mode transformer 126, and an output of spatial mode transformer 126 is connected to transmission high order mode fiber (THOM) 128. THOM 128 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 130, and an output of spatial mode transformer 130 is coupled to SMF 112, which is coupled to receiver 114. Transmitter 102 transmits Signal4 into transformer 126, which may be connected directly to transmitter 102 (not shown), or connected to it by SMF 104 as shown. Transformer 126, which may be of a type described in pending US application 09/248,969 filed on February 12, 1999, converts substantially all of the light to a single higher order spatial mode, such as the LP02 spatial mode. The output of transformer 126, containing Signal5 primarily in the LP0 spatial mode and Noise5 which designates the noise component existing in the LP0ι spatial mode, propagate into the transmission high-order mode fiber (THOM) 128 of the invention. In another embodiment (not shown), transmitter 102 may be designed to output the signal directly in the desired high order spatial mode, and thus may be directly coupled to (THOM) 128. The fiber is optimized to support the LP02 spatial mode, and during transmission, noise is generated, some of which is generated in the LP0ι spatial mode. This noise is designated Noise5. THOM 128 which is designed according to an embodiment of the current invention, contains a large effective area (Aeff) for signals in the LP02 spatial modes, and thus can support a higher intensity signal without experiencing non-linear effects. This allows the propagation distance of Signal5 to be substantially greater before re-amplification is necessary. Note that Noise5 is propagating with Signal5. THOM 128 is coupled to spatial mode transformer 130, which, in one embodiment, is a spatial mode transformer which transforms both the LPoi spatial mode to the LP02 spatial mode, as well as any noise in the LP0ι spatial mode to the LP02 spatial mode. Spatial mode transformer 130 converts substantially all of Signal5 from the LP02 spatial mode to the fundamental LPoi spatial mode for transmission into SMF 112 as Signalό, while simultaneously converting any noise which was received in the LP0ι spatial mode to a higher order spatial mode as Noiseό. Signalό and Noise6 propagate into SMF 112 which is designed to support only the LP0] spatial mode, thus attenuating Noiseό. SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114 which will receive Signalό with reduced noise due to the absence of noise component Noiseό, although other noise components (not shown) exist. In another embodiment (not shown), transformer 130 may be designed to attenuate or block any energy received in the LP01 spatial mode, and transformer 130 may output its signal directly to receiver 114 without requiring SMF 112 (not shown).
Fig. 14 illustrates a block diagram of another embodiment of a transmission system 140 according to the present invention. Transmitter 102 is coupled to SMF 104, and SMF 104 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 126. An output of spatial mode transformer 126 is coupled to THOM 128, and THOM 128 is coupled to the input of amplifier 150. The output of amplifier 150 is coupled to THOM 152, and THOM 152 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 130. An output of spatial mode transformer 130 is connected to SMF 112, and SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114. Transmitter 102 injects a high intensity signal, designated as Signal7 into SMF 104 which is connected to spatial mode transformer 126. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), transmitter 102 may be directly connected to spatial mode transformer 126. In another alternative embodiment (not shown), transmitter 102 may be designed to output its signal directly in the desired high order spatial mode, and thus transmitter 102 may be directly connected to THOM 128. The output of spatial mode transformer 126 which, as described above, converts substantially all of the signal to a single high order mode, is connected to THOM 128. THOM 128 transmits Signal8 in the LP02 spatial mode as well as noise, some of which is in the LPoi spatial mode and is designated as Noise8. THOM 128 is connected to amplifier 150, which may be an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) that is designed to support the LP02 spatial mode. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), amplifier 150 may contain a standard EDFA which only supports the LPoi spatial mode, a spatial mode transformer at the input stage, and a spatial mode transformer at the output stage. In this embodiment, the signal can be converted to the fundamental spatial mode for amplification and then back to the higher order spatial mode prior to propagating into THOM 152. Amplifier 150 may be a single or multiple stage amplifier, and may contain dispersion compensation, and or add/drop components. The amplified signal may be a high intensity signal due to the large effective area (Aeff) of THOM 152. The amplified signal designated Signal9 is in the LP02 spatial mode, and contains amplified Noise9 which is substantially in the LPoi spatial mode. These propagate in THOM 152.
Additional noise propagating in the LPoi spatial mode may be experienced while propagating in THOM 152, and is included in Noise9. It is to be understood that other noise components exist which are not exclusively in the LP0ι spatial mode, and are thus not included in the designation Noise9. THOM 152 is connected to spatial mode transformer 130, which simultaneously transforms both the LP0 spatial mode of Signal9 to the LPoi spatial mode, and the LPoi spatial mode of Noise9 to the LP0 spatial mode. Spatial mode transformer 130 converts substantially all of Signal9 from the LP0 spatial mode to the fundamental LP0ι spatial mode for transmission into SMF 112, while simultaneously converting Noise9 which was received in the LPoi spatial mode to a higher order spatial mode. Signal 10 and NoiselO propagate into SMF 112 which is designed to support only the LP0ι spatial mode, thus attenuating NoiselO. SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114 which receives Signal 10 with reduced noise due to the absence of noise component NoiselO. In another embodiment, spatial mode transformer 130 may be designed to attenuate or block any energy received in the LP0ι spatial mode (not shown), and transformer 130 may output its signal directly to receiver 114 without requiring SMF 112 (not shown). In another embodiment, the total chromatic dispersion of THOM 152 may be designed to counterbalance the total chromatic dispersion experienced by the signal in THOM 128, such that the system 140 experiences minimal total dispersion without a dedicated dispersion compensating fiber. In another embodiment, the length of SMF 112 may be chosen so as to compensate for the dispersion introduced by THOM 128 and THOM 152. Dashed line 159 indicates the repeating block that may be utilized to build a larger and more complex system, where the end of SMF 112 may be connected to another repeating block at input to spatial mode transformer 126.
Fig. 15 illustrates a system 160 which utilizes an inventive fiber of Fig. 9 to achieve a substantially dispersion free transmission system. Transmitter 102 is coupled to SMF 104, and SMF 104 is coupled to an input of spatial mode transformer 126. An output of spatial mode transformer 126 is coupled to THOM 172, and THOM 172 is coupled to the input of spatial mode transformer 130. An output of spatial mode transformer 130 is connected to SMF 112, and SMF 112 is connected to receiver 114. Transmitter 102 injects a signal, designated as Signall 1 a short length of SMF 104 over which no substantial dispersion occurs, and which is connected to spatial mode transformer 126. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), transmitter 102 may be directly connected to spatial mode transformer 126. In another alternative embodiment (not shown), transmitter 102 may be designed to output its signal directly in the desired high order spatial mode, and thus transmitter 102 may be directly connected to THOM 172. THOM 172 is designed according the principles explained above, and its profile is similar to that shown in Fig. 9, with a dispersion of -2.6ps/nm-km and a dispersion slope of -0.07ps/nm2-km. THOM 172 transmits the output of spatial mode transformer 126, designated Signal 12 which is substantially in the high order spatial mode. THOM 172 is connected to spatial mode converter 130, which converts Signal 12 from the high order spatial mode to the fundamental LP0ι spatial mode prior to outputting the signal as Signal 13 to SMF 112. SMF 112 is designed to counterbalance the dispersion and dispersion slope of the signal encountered over THOM 172, prior to the arrival of Signall 3 at receiver 114. Thus Signal 13 is received with substantially zero chromatic dispersion, yet having experienced large local dispersion in each section of its travel. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a fiber with dispersion 2.6ps/nm-km and a dispersion slope of 0.07ps/nm2-km is commercially available. Dashed line 180 indicates the repeating block that may be utilized to build a larger and more complex system, where the end of SMF 112 may be connected to another repeating block at input to spatial mode transformer 126.
In a specific embodiment of system 160, THOM 172 may contain a 50 kilometer span of
THOM, which has a characteristic dispersion of-2.6ps/nm-km, and slope of -0.07ps/nm km. SMF 112 may contain a 50 kilometer length of standard SMF such as LEAF® by Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York, with dispersion of 2.6ps/nm-km, and a slope of 0.07ps/nm2-km. In an alternative embodiment (not shown) several lengths of THOM may be designed, such that the sum of the dispersion and slope experienced by a signal may be compensated by a single SMF span.
Fig. 16 illustrates the resultant effective dispersion in ps/nm over the length of the system 160 from transformer 126 to receiver 114. The negative dispersion and slope introduced by THOM 128 and THOM 172 is exactly compensated by SMF 112. In addition, spatial mode transformers 126 and 130 may contain amplifiers or other components not shown Having described and shown the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts may be used and that many variations are possible which will still be within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. It is felt, therefore, that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims.

Claims

ClaimsWhat is claimed is:
1. An optical waveguide for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy substantially in a single high order spatial mode comprising:
a few mode fiber designed to have specific transmission characteristics for supporting said single high order spatial mode, wherein said few mode fiber transmits said single high order spatial mode.
2. The optical waveguide of claim 1 wherein said single high order spatial mode is the LP02 spatial mode.
3. The optical waveguide of claim 1 wherein said few mode fiber supports an optical signal having optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes.
4. The optical waveguide of claim 1 wherein said few mode fiber has an effective area which is greater than 50μm .
5. The optical waveguide of claim 1 wherein said optical waveguide has a dispersion and a dispersion slope for a given transmission bandwidth.
6. The optical waveguide of claim 5 wherein said dispersion comprises at least material dispersion, and wherein the absolute value of said dispersion is substantially between zero and said material dispersion.
7. The optical waveguide of claim 5 wherein said dispersion of said waveguide is negative over said transmission bandwidth.
8. The optical waveguide of claim 5 wherein said dispersion of said waveguide is positive over said transmission bandwidth.
9. The optical waveguide of claim 5 wherein said dispersion has a nominal value.
10. The optical waveguide of claim 7 wherein said dispersion slope is nominally zero.
11. The optical waveguide of claim 7 wherein said dispersion slope is positive.
12. The optical waveguide of claim 7 wherein said dispersion slope is negative.
13. The optical waveguide of claim 8 wherein said dispersion slope is nominally zero.
14. The optical waveguide of claim 8 wherein said dispersion slope is positive.
15. The optical waveguide of claim 8 wherein said dispersion slope is negative.
16. The optical waveguide of claim 5 wherein said dispersion slope has a nominal value.
17. A method for transmitting an optical signal having optical energy in a single high order spatial mode comprising the steps of:
providing a few mode fiber, wherein said few mode fiber supports optical energy in said single high order spatial mode; and
injecting optical energy having said single high order spatial mode into said few mode fiber.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein said single high order spatial mode is the LP02 spatial mode.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein said few mode fiber supports optical energy having less than twenty spatial modes.
PCT/US2000/004581 1999-02-23 2000-02-23 High order spatial mode optical fiber WO2000051269A1 (en)

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US6603911B2 (en) 1998-10-14 2003-08-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Omnidirectional multilayer device for enhanced optical waveguiding
US6990282B2 (en) 1999-12-10 2006-01-24 Crystal Fibre A/S Photonic crystal fibers
US6895154B2 (en) 2001-01-25 2005-05-17 Omniguide Communications Photonic crystal optical waveguides having tailored dispersion profiles
US7072553B2 (en) 2001-01-25 2006-07-04 Omniguide Communications Low-loss photonic crystal waveguide having large core radius
US6625364B2 (en) 2001-01-25 2003-09-23 Omniguide Communications Low-loss photonic crystal waveguide having large core radius
US6728439B2 (en) 2001-01-31 2004-04-27 Omniguide Communications Electromagnetic mode conversion in photonic crystal multimode waveguides
US6563981B2 (en) 2001-01-31 2003-05-13 Omniguide Communications Electromagnetic mode conversion in photonic crystal multimode waveguides
US6665481B2 (en) 2001-12-20 2003-12-16 Corning Incorporated Low MPI dispersion compensating fiber
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WO2003054601A2 (en) * 2001-12-20 2003-07-03 Corning Incorporated Low mpi dispersion compensating fiber
EP1361685A1 (en) * 2002-04-29 2003-11-12 Alcatel Accumulated chromatic dispersion compensation fibre in a negative chromatic dispersion fibre
FR2839221A1 (en) * 2002-04-29 2003-10-31 Cit Alcatel CHROMATIC DISPERSION COMPENSATION FIBER CUMULATED IN NEGATIVE CHROMATIC DISPERSION FIBER
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EP1764885A2 (en) * 2005-09-20 2007-03-21 Furukawa Electric North America Inc. (a Delaware Corporation) Short pulse lasers using large mode area fibers and higher order modes
EP1764885A3 (en) * 2005-09-20 2007-11-14 Furukawa Electric North America Inc. (a Delaware Corporation) Short pulse lasers using large mode area fibers and higher order modes
JP2008040495A (en) * 2006-08-01 2008-02-21 Furukawa Electric North America Inc Optical fibers for high power applications
EP2612183A4 (en) * 2010-09-03 2017-06-07 OFS Fitel, LLC Dispersion compensating system and dispersion compensating fiber with improved figure of merit
KR101858459B1 (en) * 2010-09-03 2018-05-16 오에프에스 피텔 엘엘씨 Dispersion compensating system and dispersion compensating fiber with improved figure of merit

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