WO2000052619A1

WO2000052619A1 - A system and method for conducting securities transactions over a computer network

Info

Publication number: WO2000052619A1
Application number: PCT/US2000/005150
Authority: WO
Inventors: Charles L. Mauro; Andrew D. Klein; Walter D. Buist
Original assignee: Wit Capital Corporation
Priority date: 1999-03-01
Filing date: 2000-02-29
Publication date: 2000-09-08
Also published as: AU3247600A

Abstract

The system and method of the preferred embodiment supports trading of securities over the Internet both on national exchanges and outside the national exchanges. In a preferred embodiment, users are subscribers to a securities trading service offered over the Internet. Preferably, each subscriber to this service is simultaneously connected from his own computer to a first system which provides user-to-user trading capabilities and to a second system which is a broker/dealer (42) system of his/her choice. The system providing the user-to-user trading services preferably includes a root server (50) and a hierarchical network of replicated servers supporting replicated databases. The user-to-user system provides real-time continuously updated stock information and facilitates user-to-user trades that have been approved by the broker/dealer systems with which it interacts.

Description

A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONDUCTING SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS OVER A COMPUTER NETWORK

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to computer-aided trading of financial instruments, and

preferably to trading of securities over the Internet.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the United States, the trading of securities is closely regulated under the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78a-78mm. The term "security" is defined in 15 U.S.C. § 78c(a)(10) as "any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, debenture, certificate of interest or

participation in any profit-sharing agreement or in any oil, gas, or other mineral royalty or

lease, any collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable

share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit, for a security, any

put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index

of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call,

straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign

currency, or in general, any instrument commonly known as a 'security'; or any certificate of

interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing . . . but shall not include currency or any note

draft, bill of exchange, or banker's acceptance which has a maturity at the time of issuance of

not exceeding nine months, exclusive of days of grace, or any renewal thereof the maturity of

which is likewise limited." Stocks are specific instances of securities. Although the

preferred embodiment is primarily concerned with computerized stock trading, it is fully applicable to trading of any securities. Securities are conventionally traded on exchanges. As set forth in 15 U.S.C. §

78c(a)( l ), "the term 'exchange' means any organization, association, or group of persons,

whether incorporated or unincorporated, which constitutes, maintains, or provides a market

place or facilities for bringing together purchasers and sellers of securities or for otherwise

performing with respect to securities the functions commonly performed by a stock exchange

as that term is generally understood, and includes the market place and the market facilities

maintained by such exchange". Well known exchanges include, for example, the New York

Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Such known exchanges are

referred to herein as national exchanges.

Usually securities are traded through brokers and dealers, which frequently use an on¬

line system to receive orders and facilitate trades. As set forth in 17 C.F.R. § 240.17a-

23(b)(2) a broker/dealer trading system is "any facility that provides a mechanism, automated in full or in part, for:

(i) Collecting, receiving, disseminating, or displaying system orders [i.e., orders

to purchase or sell a security]; and

(ii) Matching, crossing, or executing system orders, or otherwise facilitating

agreement to the basic terms of a purchase or sale of a security between system participants

[i.e., the users of the trading system], or between a system participant and the system sponsor,

through use of the system or through the system sponsor [i.e., the entity controlling the

broker/dealer system]."

In this patent application, the terms "security", "exchange" and "broker/dealer trading system", are used as defined above.

Systems are known for trading securities over the Internet on the national exchanges

at the prices quoted on those exchanges. These systems support trading during normal business hours of the national exchanges, which may not be convenient for many users, such

as many individuals who would prefer to trade from home after the close of the exchanges.

The existing systems, however, do not support active trading after the closing hours of the

exchanges. Thus, there is a need for a system that permits the users to execute trades after

normal market hours (after-hours trades) without using an established exchange. And, there

is a need for a system that permits users to trade with each other ("user-to-user trading")

without involving an exchange.

The presently available systems are directed toward the presentation of numerically

formatted information. Moreover, these systems do not provide a visualization of the status

of securities as they are traded so as to enable users to gain an essentially immediate and

accurate impression of a stock's status, direction of movement, and rate of change, without

having to resort to complex mental calculations and holding such calculations in short-term

memory. But humans are unsuited to processing numeric information quickly and accurately,

and performing mental calculations under stressful conditions places very high cognitive

workloads on humans. In addition to being poor processors of numeric information, humans

also tend to have very weak short-term memories. Requiring users to perform mental

calculations and then hold the results of those calculations in short-term memory while

performing even more calculations is unnecessarily difficult and demanding, especially when

users are placed under the additional stress of having to decide whether to buy, sell or hold a

stock. Traditional on-line trading systems further compound the problem by requiring users

to navigate from page to page within the site to gather news and information on their

positions, their profit and loss, their open orders, their current positions, and their financial account information. Each time a user moves to a new screen he is forced to store values, which are critical to informed trade-decision-making, in short-term memory. Another deficiency in current Internet trading systems is that users cannot obtain a

real-time quotation on a particular stock (or a portfolio of stocks) without manually

requesting a specific quotation from the trading system server, often by typing it every time

they need a quote, or hitting "refresh." That is, users of current Internet trading systems

cannot simply access the trading system and receive a continuously updated display of real¬

time quotes for a particular stock or a portfolio of stocks. The need to type in a stock symbol

every time a quote is desired further contributes to the inefficiency of the existing systems.

Accordingly, there is a need for an efficient Internet-based trading system which

provides improved human interaction and after-hours trading.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The system and method of the preferred embodiment supports trading of securities

over the Internet both on national exchanges and outside the national exchanges. The

preferred embodiment also supports an improved human interface and a continuous display of

real-time stock quotes on the user's computer screen.

In the preferred embodiment, the users are subscribers to a securities trading service

offered over the Internet. Each subscriber to this service is simultaneously connected from

his own computer to a first system which provides user-to-user trading capabilities and to a

second system which is a broker/dealer system of his/her choices. By user-to-user trading we

mean a trade that is made between two users of the system. The system providing the user-

to-user trading services includes a hierarchical network of replicated servers supporting replicated databases. The broker/dealer system is a server-based system such as any one of

the systems currently used by broker/dealers to maintain their clients' accounts. The use of

these broker/dealer systems in the present invention is conventional except for their interaction with the user-to-user trading system. In particular, each broker/dealer server

communicates with the user's computer as well as with the root server of the user-to-user

system when the user's account is affected, and the user-to-user system provides real-time

continuously updated stock information and facilitates user-to-user trades that have been

approved by the broker/dealer systems with which it interacts.

Users of the preferred system can trade securities with other users of the system after

national market trading hours. As part of this user-to-user trading, a user can accept a buy or

sell offer at the terms offered or he can initiate a counteroffer and negotiate a trade. This

ability to have users trade and negotiate trades among themselves creates a market within the

subject system, referred to herein as "after-hours market" or "Nite Market," but which is

capable being operated 24 hours per day, 7 days per week.

The preferred embodiment provides an ergonomic graphical user interface (GUI) that

includes at least some of the following functional benefits in comparison with existing on¬

line consumer trading systems: (1) faster access to critical information; (2) faster execution of

primary trading functions; (3) better decision making during the trading process; (4) fewer

undetected critical errors; (5) easier correction of detected errors; (6) faster and more reliable

problem resolution; (7) improved use of each user/trader's desktop workspace; (8) easier

customization and configuration based on user experience; (9) easier and faster initial setup

of each user's securities on the system; and (10) faster and more stable acquisition of trading skills. The GUI of the preferred embodiment graphically displays a "visual quote" that shows

at a glance the condition of the market in a security and the user's relative position based on

the status of the security in the marketplace. This visual quote provides a graphic representation of the important variables that the user needs to make accurate trading decisions without interpreting traditional numeric quotes. Further, the GUI of the preferred embodiment, unlike other on-line trading interfaces, does not require users to page to a

separate screen to view their current and open positions in a security, thereby reducing errors and short-term memory demands on the user and improving the quality of on-line trading.

The preferred embodiment also provides speed-trading functions as well as visual feedback

that tracks the progress of the security trading process.

Although the preferred embodiment described below relates to computerized stock

trading, it is readily applicable to trading of any securities and, in addition, a person skilled in

the art will readily appreciate how the disclosed technology can be used for other forms of

computerized trading (e.g., trading airline tickets, automobiles, or theater tickets).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more readily

apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention

in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a communications system of the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the preferred system for the

user-to-user trades.

FIG. 4 illustrates how the alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 enables the

real-time updating and transmission of information.

FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical user interface (GUI) of the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 6 depicts a visual quote and order book display.

FIG. 7 depicts an open orders display.

FIG. 8 depicts a current positions display. FIG. 9 depicts a financial summary display.

FIG. 10 is a news and information display.

FIG. 11 is a trade ticket display.

FIG. 12 is a stock summary display.

FIG. 13 is a multiple pricing maps display.

FIG. 14 depicts a real-time chart of stock activity.

FIG. 15 is a function button display.

FIG. 16 is an illustration of four different views available through expanding and

shrinking the master trade screen.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating software that enables a user to obtain and install

the graphical user interface (GUI) software of the preferred embodiment and open a new

account.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating logging onto the system and visualizing the

stock market in the alternate embodiment described in FIG. 3.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram illustrating software of the preferred embodiment which

enables a user to view trading and account information on one screen and facilitates fast and

accurate trading of stocks.

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram illustrating software of the preferred embodiment which

enables a user to visualize the detailed market in other stocks with one action.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating software of the preferred embodiment which

enables a user to execute a buy order in a stock.

FIG. 22 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to execute a sell

order in a stock. FIG. 23 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to execute a

change order in a stock purchase already entered into the system.

FIG. 24 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to execute a

cancel order for a stock purchase already entered into the system.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating the computer steps by which a user negotiates

for a better price in a stock shown in the after-hours stock market of the preferred

embodiment.

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram illustrating software supporting the context-sensitive

"Help" function of the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view several

instances of the order books of the after-hours market on one screen.

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram illustrating the computer steps required for compressing the

view of the master trade screen of the GUI of the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram illustrating the computer steps required to expand the

display of the GUI of the preferred embodiment to obtain a full view of the master trade

screen.

FIG. 30 is a flow diagram illustrating the software of the preferred embodiment for

alerting a user to movements on stocks according to user-defined preferences.

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram illustrating how the preferred embodiment enables a user to

visualize the general status of stocks and related positions via an analog graphic display.

FIG. 32 is a flow diagram illustrating how the preferred embodiment enables a user to

visualize the best price in a security from an analog graphic display of alternate markets.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the news gathering and

distribution system of the preferred embodiment. FIG. 34 is a flow dia -*-g?r¹am illustrating software which enables a user to view the status

of his open orders in a stock.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of software which enables a user to view the status of

positions and profit and loss information (P&L).

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view the status

of his account history.

FIG. 37 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view the status

of his account balances.

FIG. 38 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to receive and

view email messages for account activity functions.

FIG. 39 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view and

select the best price for the same stock sold in several markets.

FIG. 40 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view the

market in a stock by accessing the visual quote and providing visual display of stock

performance.

FIG. 41 is a "Set defaults" display for the user-to-user negotiation mechanism of the

preferred embodiment.

FIG. 42 is a negotiations screen.

FIG. 43 illustrates how the negotiation screen fits into the master trade screen.

FIG. 44 illustrates how a user adjusts the values in his counteroffer.

FIG. 45 illustrates how the application displays the potential effect of a user's

counteroffer.

FIG. 46 illustrates how an offering trader responds to a user's counteroffer. FIG. 47 illustrates how a user makes an offer to sell and then receives buy

counteroffers.

FIG. 48 illustrates how the preferred embodiment enables a user to conduct more than

one in-coming negotiation and more than one out-going negotiation simultaneously.

FIGS. 48A and 48B show a flow diagram illustrating how the system enables one

user to negotiate with another user.

FIG. 49 is a "Most viewed stocks" display.

FIG. 50 is a fully compressed view of the GUI of the application (see FIG. 16).

FIG. 51 shows a "Quick Quote" display.

FIG. 52 shows a "Stock alert set up" display.

FIG. 53 shows a connection status indication display.

FIG. 54 shows a compressed spread display.

FIG. 55 shows an email display.

FIG. 56 shows a "Final Verification" screen.

FIG. 57 shows an analog graphic display for viewing the price of a stock on several

markets at one time.

FIG. 57A is a "Most Active Stocks" display.

FIG. 57B shows how the most viewed stocks display shown in FIG. 49 is displayed

in the same screen as the Order book display, chart display, and most active stocks display.

FIG. 57C shows a multi-screen view created by a "Peel off display" function.

FIG. 58 shows an applet version of the display of a real-time chart of the stock

activity shown in FIG. 15. FIG. 59 shows an applet version of the most active stocks display shown in FIG.

57A.

FIG. 60 shows an applet version of the most viewed stocks display shown in FIG.

57B.

FIG. 61 shows an applet version of the order book display shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 62 shows an applet version of the news display shown in FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As noted, the preferred embodiment supports both traditional on-line securities

trading on national exchanges and on-line user-to-user trading outside the national exchanges.

The preferred embodiment employs both a system specifically developed for such trading

(sometimes simply referred to as the preferred system) and one or more broker/dealer computers of the type customarily employed for computerized on-line trading.

In the preferred embodiment, each of a multiplicity of users' workstations is

simultaneously connected via the Internet to one of a plurality of broker/dealer computers and

to a user-to-user trading system. Each broker's computer stores the account data and similar

information customarily stored at a broker's server computer for the broker's clients. The

preferred system communicates with each broker's server computer and in addition provides

real-time updates for stock quotes both as a part of the service supporting day trading on

national exchanges and as part of the service supporting user-to-user trading. For the user-to-

user trading service the system maintains real-time data reflecting buy and sell orders for the supported securities, and is capable of displaying the same information for national exchanges if that data is provided by the exchange(s). This data reflecting users' orders to buy and sell for each security is referred to as the "order book" for a security. The users interested in a given security receive at their workstations real-time displays of the order book for that security, hi one embodiment of the invention, such order book information is

selectively provided to users on a subscription basis. It is also capable of being displayed

(free, or for a fee) by Internet portals such as Yahoo!, Altavista, etc.

Users' workstations, which are typically ordinary personal computers or other

computer devices with sufficient processing and storage capabilities, store application

software (also referred to hereinafter simply as "application") that supports a connection both

to the user-to-user trading system and to the broker/dealer computer so as to display to the

user the information available from both sources. As noted, the user's account and similar

data is provided by the broker/dealer's server and the user-to-user trading data as well as real¬

time quotes are provided by the trading system. The application on the user's workstation

preferably employs a user interface combining data provided from both sources.

FIG. 1 illustrates a communications system of the preferred embodiment. The system

comprises a plurality of work-stations 10, each of which is connected via a communications

network 12 to one of a plurality of broker/dealer servers and databases 42 and each of which

is connected via a communications network 15 to a hierarchical server and database structure

55. The hierarchical structure comprises a root server and master database 50, intermediate

servers and databases 40, replica servers and databases 30, and a load balancer 20

interconnected by communications networks 34, 36 and 46. In addition, the broker/dealer

servers and databases 42 are connected to the root server and master database 50 via

communication networks 41, 44. The intermediate servers and databases 40 may not be used

in some embodiments. In general, the number of levels of servers in the hierarchy of servers is based on the system load and specific capabilities of computers selected as servers, as understood by a person skilled in the art. The computers employed as servers can range from personal computers to larger

computers, e.g., workstations and multiprocessors, selected as understood by persons skilled

in the art. Illustrative such computers are Pentium™-based computers and computers

manufactured by Sun Microsystems™. The computers employed by the users are referred to

as user's workstations and can be personal computers or other devices (e.g., Internet

appliances) with sufficient processing capabilities as understood by a person skilled in the art.

Illustrative such user workstations are personal computers using Pentium™ microprocessors

and operating under a Windows 95™ or 'Windows 98™ operating system. One skilled in the

art of computer systems will understand that the present invention is not limited to a

particular class or model of computer employed for both servers and users' workstations and

will be able to select an appropriate system based on the specific requirements.

It should be noted that a typical computer system that may be employed here as a

server or a workstation includes a central processing unit, a primary memory, e.g., RAM, one

or more secondary memory storage devices, e.g., floppy or hard disk drives, CD-ROMs,

DVDs, or tapes, and communication interfaces, e.g., a modem, a network interface, or other

connection to external electronic devices, such as a serial or parallel port. It also includes

(primarily for the workstations) input devices, e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, or other

similar device and output devices, e.g., a computer monitor or any other known computer

output device. A system bus provides communications between these elements.

Program execution of such a typical computer is usually controlled by an operating

system, such as WINDOWS, DOS, or UNIX. Programs executed by the servers are resident

at the server computers and run under the control of the server operating system. In the

preferred embodiment, the user workstations execute application programs (applications), resident at the workstations, under the control of the operating systems of the workstations. In other embodiments and as understood by a person skilled in the art. the functions of the

workstation applications may be performed by the server and workstations may only include a

browser, as known in the art, that enables a user to exchange information with the server.

The root server and master database 50 contains real-time security information,

including order book information for each security that can be traded on the system, and a list

of subscribers for each order book (see FIG. 3). In other words, it holds offers to buy and sell

for each such security that are provided by the users of the user-to-user trading system (or by

the national exchanges, if they provide access to their order books). As noted, the "book"

refers to such user-to-user trading orders entered for each security. To support day-time

trading, the master database includes real-time securities quote data supplied from

conventional sources of such data. Advantageously, at least the stocks that are traded on the

national exchanges can be traded on the system of the preferred embodiment.

Intermediate servers and databases 40 and replica servers and databases 30 include

copies of the master database. Updates to the master database 50 are sent on a real-time basis

to the databases 30, 40 via communications networks 34, 36, 46. In the preferred

embodiment, servers and databases 30, 40 and 50 are all located at the same site and the

networks 34, 36, 46 are the same network, which is a local area network (LAN); but in

alternative embodiments the servers and databases 30, 40 and 50 may be dispersed and the

networks could also be the Internet, public or private telephone networks, or other methods of

linking computers as known in the art. Network 15 preferably is the Internet, but may be

public or private telephone networks or other communication networks known in the art.

In the preferred embodiment, when a replica server 30 receives updated information

from a user workstation 10, the replica server 30 does not update its database, but transmits

the updated information to the root server 50, which then updates the master database. Thereafter, the updated information is transmitted to the intermediate and replica servers 40,

30 which then update their databases. In an alternative embodiment, the replica and

intermediate servers 30, 40 update their databases as they are transmitting the information up

to the root server 50. In another preferred embodiment, the intermediate servers 40 do not

include databases which replicate the master database, and essentially transmit information

between the replica servers 30 and the root server 50. This system enables real-time

responses on Internet architecture.

As indicated, each workstation 10 is also connected to a broker/dealer server and

database 42 via a network 12. The broker/dealer server and database 42 contains a

workstation user's account information (e.g., number of shares of each stock held by the user,

amount of money in user's account, and other data relating to user's securities' holdings). In

the preferred embodiment, the network 12 likewise is preferably the Internet. Alternative

embodiments of network 12 include LANs, telephone networks, and other known methods of

linking computers. Each broker/dealer server 42 is also connected via a network 41, 44 to the

master server 50. In the preferred embodiment, this network connection is a secure point-to-

point communication link. In an alternative embodiment, the network can be the Internet,

telephone network, or another method of linking computers.

FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative embodiment. In such an alternative embodiment, all

of the user's account information is stored in the master database 50. Thus, there is no need

for a user to access a separate broker/dealer server and database to obtain approval for

transactions conducted on the system. This embodiment can be supported by the computer

architecture discussed in connection with FIG. 1 except that the broker/dealer computer is

not used. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the root server 50 communicates with optional intermediate servers 40 which in turn communicate with replica servers 30. The replica

servers interact with users' workstations 10. In this embodiment the servers store information

relating to users' accounts and portfolios as well as to the data discussed above. This

information is dynamically updated as a result of user transactions.

user-to-user trades. This flow diagram provides an example of the steps by which a user

connects to the system of the preferred embodiment, requests and receives a displayed order

book for a selected stock, and purchases shares of that stock. Based on these examples, a

person skilled in the art will understand how other sequences of operations for user-to-user

trading can be performed. Also, based on this example, a person skilled in the art will understand how traditional trading during the day on national exchanges is performed in the

preferred system. Preferably, traditional trading is accomplished on the broker/dealer system,

except that real-time quotes for selected securities are continuously provided by the system.

To connect to the trading system of the preferred embodiment, a user at step 310 first

activates the application which generates on the display screen of the user's workstation a

connection status display (see FIG. 53) that establishes a connection to the server/database of

the user's broker/dealer. As noted, in the preferred embodiment, the application is a

computer program resident and executable at a user's workstation. When the user's ID and

password are verified by the broker/dealer's server, the application establishes at step 314 a

second, contemporaneous connection to the load balancer 20 for the replica servers 30. At

any one time it is expected that a large number of individuals will be connected to the

hierarchical server and database structure 55 as well as to a selected broker/dealer server and

database 42 of their choice. The load balancer determines to which replica server 30 each

user should be connected to so as to substantially evenly distribute the load among the replica servers. This determination may be based on criteria such as which replica server has the

least number of users connected, which replica server is next in order, or on other

considerations known in the art. The load balancer then transfers, at step 318, the user's

connection to the selected replica server 30. The selected replica server and the broker/dealer

server then provide to the user's workstation the information needed by the application to

generate various displays. To avoid undue repetition, the subsequent description often

describes a user's application as connecting to a replica server, instead of describing the

application as first connecting to a load balancer and then to a replica server. It will be

readily apparent to those skilled in the art that in such cases a load balancer, although not

mentioned, is understood to be the initial connection point.

At step 322 the user selects a stock of interest by typing the stock symbol into an

appropriate display (see FIG. 6, slot 642); and at step 326 the application at the user's

workstation sends the identity of the selected stock to the replica server 30. The replica

server and database then adds this user to the subscriber list for the order book of the selected

stock. See step 330. That is, the user is listed as a user who is to receive order book

information for the selected stock. Thereafter, at step 334, the replica server sends order book

information to the user's application and continues to send updated information to the user's

application in real-time. As indicated at step 338, the application uses the order book

information to fill in the order book display (see FIG. 6) and related displays. The user then

views the order book display and related displays. Assuming that the user decides to sell

some of his/her holdings in the displayed securities, at step 342 he/she fills in a trade ticket

(see FIG. 11) for a sell order and selects the "Verification" button on the trade ticket display.

(Alternatively, at this point, the user may choose to purchase securities. The purchase transaction is discussed below in connection with steps 374-398). As indicated, at step 346,

the user then views the final verification screen (see FIG. 56) provided by the application and

selects the "Send" button. In response, the order is transmitted to the server and database of

the user's broker/dealer, which checks, at step 350, whether the user has sufficient shares in

his account for the requested transaction. The preferred embodiment does not provide for a

short-sell option in the user-to-user trading, although this capability may be provided in the

alternative embodiment, as understood by a person skilled in the art. Short-selling is

customarily provided for trading during the day on a broker/dealer system.

If the transaction is approved, at step 354, the server of the broker/dealer sends the

user's approved sell order to the root server 50, which attaches a system ID to the order,

identifying the user's account, his order (stock symbol, size, price, and whether buy or sell),

and his broker/dealer. At step 358 the root server 50 updates the master database with user's

order, and revises the order book for the selected stock. The new sell order information is

transmitted, at step 362, to the replica servers 30 which update their respective replica

databases to reflect this sell order. Each replica server, which is connected to users that are

listed as subscribers to the order book of the selected stock, sends at step 366, the updated

order book information to the subscribers' applications, including the user's offer. The

applications receive this sell offer and, at step 370, display the offer in the order book

displays of the subscribed users. Although the order book information is provided from the appropriate replica server, the account information is preferably provided from the

broker/server system.

Subsequently, another user who is likewise connected to the hierarchical server and

database structure 55 as well as to a broker/dealer server 42 of his choice sees the first user's

sell offer and, at step 374, accepts the offer (executing a buy order). The buy order, along with an ID assigned to the corresponding offer to sell, is transmitted at step 378, to the server

and database of the buyer's broker/dealer using another, preferably Internet, connection that

the buyer has to his broker/dealer system. The buyer's server checks, at step 382, whether the

buyer has sufficient funds or credit in his account to purchase the stock offered by the seller.

The buyer may purchase stock on margin if he has a margin account and sufficient credit with

the broker/dealer. Also, a broker/dealer may not authorize a transaction if buyer's profile and

preference do not correspond to the characteristics of the security that he wants to purchase.

If the transaction is approved, at step 386, the buyer's broker/dealer sends the

approval of the order along with sufficient information to identify the buyer and the order to

the root server 50. At step 390 the root server 50 notifies the broker/dealer systems of both

parties of the details of the transaction so as to identify which funds and shares must be

transferred to which accounts, updates the master database to reflect the completed

transaction, and transmits the updated order book information to the replica servers. The

replica servers then update their respective databases and, at step 394, transmit the updated

order book information to the subscribing users. In the updated order book, the accepted

offer to sell has been removed. The broker/dealer servers of both parties to the transaction

notify the applications of the parties that the transaction is confirmed (by updating the open

positions and related displays, and preferably also by email), and at step 398, the applications

update the current positions and related displays of the parties to the completed transaction.

The exchange of securities and money takes place subsequently in a conventional way

between the broker/dealers of the buyer and the seller.

real-time updating and transmission of information. In general, when a user provides new

data to the replica server that his work station is connected to, this data propagates to the root server 50. From the root server 50 it then propagates to all the other replica servers. For

example, user (A) enters at 470 an order to buy or sell a security at a certain price level (e.g.,

buy 100 shares of IBM at S180.00). The system then passes the user's order via step 485 to

the root server 50 through an intermediate server 40. The root server 50 then records the

order and re-transmits the infoπnation through all the intermediate servers 40 and to all of the

replica servers 30, so that all databases remain synchronized. The front-line replica servers

then transmit the user's order to the other users 455, 460, 465, 475, and 480 who are on the

subscriber-list for the security on order. If any of those users accepts the order of user 470,

this information goes up and down the chain the same as the order from user 470.

FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical user interface (GUI) of the preferred embodiment. The

depicted screen, known as the master trade screen, comprises several parts. The upper left

part is a visual quote and order book display 500 (see detailed view in FIG. 6). Below that is

a trade ticket 510 (detailed view in FIG. 11). The upper-right part is a news and information

display 540 (detailed view in FIG. 10). Just below that is an open orders display 545

(detailed view in FIG. 7). Immediately below that is a current positions display 550 (detailed

view in FIG. 8). Just below that is a financial summary display 560 (detailed view in FIG.

9). Below that is a stock summary display 520 (detailed view in FIG. 12). At the bottom of

the master trade screen are function buttons 530 (detailed view in FIG. 15).

The function buttons 530 are of sufficient size to allow for the display of full-length

labels sufficient to ensure maximum comprehension by the user. They are also of sufficient

size and height to allow for the insertion of descriptive labels in languages requiring long

character strings (German, e.g.). This feature enables the easy customization of the GUI for

global markets. The order in which the screen components 540, 545, 550. and 560 are displayed in the

right-hand display area can be altered based on user selections provided by permutation of the

order in which the function buttons in bar 530 are selected. The buttons 530 are also used to

remove the screen components 540, 545, 550, and 560 by a single click selection of the

corresponding button on the function button bar 530. When screen components 540, 545,

550, or 560 are shown in the master trade screen, the corresponding function buttons are

highlighted in reverse video.

A user can alter the vertical size of screen components 540, 545, 550, and 560 by

selecting and dragging the borders of the components. This feature allows a user to

determine the amount of information displayed in each of the screen components 540, 545,

550, and 560. The user can also change the size of the entire master trade screen by dragging

the screen borders.

The combination of elements of the master trade screen display enables a user to view

critical information necessary to make an effective decision concerning the status of the

market in a stock or stocks of interest: current account balances, open orders, positions, news

and research, e-mail communication, overall portfolio status, and the condition of all major

markets. This information is displayed without the user having to switch to alternate screen

views and without using overlapping windows. The order book display 500 (and the related

displays - most viewed stocks display, chart display, and most active stocks display - see

FIG. 57B) and the stock summary display 520 are provided by the application software based

on data received from the replica server 30. The open order display 545, current positions

display 550, and the financial summary display 560 are provided by the application software

based on data received from the server of the user's broker/dealer. Each of the displays 500, 510, 520, 540, 545, 550, and 560 has a "Help" button in the upper right hand corner that

provides a multi-level help system as set forth in greater detail in conjunction with FIG. 26.

FIG. 6 depicts a visual quote and order book display 510 for use in user-to-user after

hours trading, and to display national market information. The status of the market (open or

closed) is shown at 610. The three columns 614 at the right comprise a compressed view

pricing map, which shows a simplified view of the bid, ask, and spread for the stock in active

trading and also shows the last trade of the day on the national exchange. The user's position

is also displayed and is based on the average price of the shares held in the user's account. It

is shown by the graphic indication 640 on the vertical price scale section. This graphic

indication is an analog representation of the user's average price for the shares held in the

stock shown in the price map display 614. If the user's position is off the scale, an indicator

is used to show the direction of the user's position. For illustration, such an indicator is

shown in FIG. 6 at the bottom of the column containing the user's position indicator 640.

The information displayed at 648 immediately below the price map display 614 is an

alphanumeric summary of the user's average price of the stock, current profit or loss based on

the current price of the stock, and the user's overall P&L percent gain or loss. This display is

designed to provide a high-level view of the stock and its relative movement compared to the

previous market and the user's position. If the user clicks on "More info" 616, he is linked to

an after-hours information site. The column 620 under "Day" is the national market

indications column. The column 624 under "Nite" is the after-hours market indications

column. The horizontal stripe 628 displays the amount of the last trade/ask, and is green.

The horizontal stripe 632 immediately below that is a "zoom" view of the detailed spread,

and is black. The horizontal stripe 636 just below that is the bid. The horizontal stripe 644 is

9? the last sale price in the national market, for the stock shown. The three displays 648 ("Your

pos.," "P&L," and "Overall P&L") display the user's position data on the selected stock,

calculated in real-time based on the real-time quote.

The seven columns to the left of the pricing map are the order book display. The

order book display enables the user to see at a glance how a particular stock is trading on the

user-to-user system. The order book is designed to give a lay user the same type of

infoπnation that is available to brokers at the national exchanges.

The center column under "Decimals" is the price column, and lists stock prices in

1/16 increments. The three columns to the left of the price column set forth buy side orders

and the three columns to the right set forth sell side orders. The "Limit Qty." and "AON

Qty." columns list the size of orders at each price level posted into the system by other users.

The Your orders show columns the user's order in the stock. The area 668 (in this example,

containing the number 6000) contains the amount of the current ask size. The area 672 (in

this example, containing the number 52.1875) contains the amount of the current ask price,

and is highlighted in yellow.

The area 676 contains the price spread, and has a black background. The area 680

contains the current bid size (here, 200), and the c rent bid price (here, 52). It is highlighted

in yellow. The "Order Bk." button 681 is selected to call into view the order book display as

shown. The button 656, "Compress spread," compresses the spread and orders included in

the spread down to one line. The compressed view shows the last bid, best offer, and a single

line spread shown on a red background with white characters (see FIG. 54). The quantity

shown in the red bar is the total price of the spread in one line. If there are "all or none"

(AON) orders contained within the spread they are shown as total amounts. When the display

shows the compressed spread, the button 656 shows the label "Expand spread." Clicking the

2^ button 656 then returns the display showing the full, evenly incremented spread. The button

664 ("Symbol") is selected when the user wants to display a different stock. When the button

664 is clicked, a data field is displayed wherein the user may enter the symbol of the new

stock to be displayed.

When the "Chart" button 682 is selected, the order book display is replaced with the

chart of stock activity displayed as in FIG. 14. When the "Most active" button 683 is

selected, the stock summary display shown in FIG. 57A is displayed, with the most active

stocks shown in real-time and updated in real-time. The "News out" button 660 flashes or is

highlighted when news is out on the stock in view. The "Show news" button 688 causes

screen component 540 to show the current news summary and details for the selected stock.

An alternative means of displaying the stock order book, chart, and news is by double-

clicking the desired stock shown in the stock summary display. The "Vol." number 677

indicates the volume of shares traded in the currently active market (national market or after-

hours market). The "Hi" price 678 is the high sale price for the selected stock during the

current trading session. The "Low" price 679 is the low sale price for the selected stock

during the current trading session. The "Last Nite" number 689 shows the last sale price in

the after-hours market. The "Chng. Nite" number 690 shows the percent change in the after-

hours market. The "Last Day" number 691 shows the last call in the national market. The

"Chng. Day" number 692 shows the percent change in the national market. The "Day Mkt"

and "Nite Mkt" buttons 669 toggle the displayed "Vol.," "Hi," and "Low" numbers 677, 678,

and 679 between the after-hours market and the national market.

FIG. 7 depicts an open orders display 545. This display shows the user's orders that

have not yet been completed. A "Change" button 710 at the lower right is used to change an order that is still open (see FIG. 23 for a description of how an open order is changed). A

"Cancel" button 730 at the lower left is used to cancel an order that is still open (see FIG. 24

for a description of how an open order is canceled). A "Sort" button 720 is used to display

the open orders according to different parameters.

FIG. 8 depicts a current positions display 550. For each security in the user's account

as identified by a standard symbol, the display indicates the number of units held, the cost per

unit, the current price, the change in value and the dollar amount of the profit or loss. The

"Sell" button 810 is used to pre-populate a trade ticket with a selected stock's information as

listed in the user's current positions display. A conventional Windows-type scroll bar and up

and down keys on the right hand side of the display are used to move a selection bar through

the display of stocks. The "Sort" button 820 is used to sort the displayed positions by

different parameters (price, quantity, etc.). The "Reports" button 830 is used to request news

on the selected stock.

FIG. 9 depicts a financial summary display 560. The balance for each category is

shown in the "Balance" column 910. The profit or loss for each account category is shown in

the "Profit/loss" column 920. The change in each account category for the day is shown in

the "Change/Day" column 930. The change in each account category for the year-to-date is

shown in the "Change/YTD" column 940. The "Equities" row 945 lists the user's equities

account information. The "Mutual Funds" row 950 lists the user's mutual funds account

infoπnation. The "Grand sum" row 955 lists the user's summarized account information.

The "Cash acct." row 960 shows the funds in the user's cash account. The "Margin" row 965

shows the funds in the user's margin account. The "Open orders" row 970 shows the value of the user's open orders. The "Negotiations" row 975 shows the value of the stocks the user

has in negotiations. The "Buying Power" row 980 shows the user's buying power.

FIG. 10 is a news and information display. The news and information display is

actually a customized Internet web browser, and its functionality is derived from that fact.

For example, when the "Show Email" button 1010 is selected, a standard email server

interface is displayed (see FIG. 55). The "Search" slot 1030 is used in the same manner as

the "Address" slot in Internet Explorer and the "Location" slot in Netscape Navigator. The

"Back," "Forward," "Home," and "Bookmarks" buttons, e.g., function the same way as their

counterparts in other browsers. If the email display is being shown, the user clicks the "Show

news" button 1020 to return to the news display.

FIG. 11 depicts a trade ticket display 510. The "Action" slot 1125 is used to indicate

whether the order is a buy order or a sell order. The "Quantity" slot 1130 is filled in with the

number of shares in the user's order. The "Symbol" slot 1135 is filled in with the symbol of

the stock the order is for. The "Limit" slot 1160 is used to indicate the nature (e.g., limit,

stop) of the order. The "Limit Price" slot 1140 is filled in if the order is a limit order. The

"Stop Price" slot 1145 is filled in if the order is a stop order. The "Duration" slot 1150 is

used to indicate the duration of the order (e.g., day, good till canceled). The "Condition" slot

1155 is used to indicate whether there is a condition on the order (e.g., all or none). The

"Account" slot 1165 is used to indicate the type of account used. The "Route to" slot 1170 is

used to indicate special routing instructions (route order to a specific market). The user's

buying power is displayed in the line 1112. The user's balance if the proposed trade is

executed is displayed in line 1114. The total cost of the proposed trade is displayed in line

1116. The "Clear" button 1115 clears the trade ticket entries. The "Negotiations allowed" box 1175 is checked if the user is willing to negotiate on the order, and the "Anonymous"

box 1180 is checked if the user wishes to remain anonymous. The "Verification" button

1110 is clicked to display the "Final Verification" screen.

FIG. 12 depicts a stock summary display. The button "WIT" 1210 at the left of the

summary screen display is clicked to display the most active stocks in the trading system.

When the button 1210 is clicked by the user, the application notifies the replica server, which

then sends the required information back to the user's computer, where the application

displays the most active stocks on the system. The button "Watch stks." 1220 is clicked to

display stocks the user has added to his "watch list" (same as "wish list"; see FIG. 51). The

button 1230 is used to display stocks the user holds in the system.

FIG. 13 depicts a multiple pricing maps display. Illustratively, FIG. 13 shows pricing

maps for six different stocks in the after-hours market. Each pricing map provides the same

information in the same format as that in the pricing map depicted in columns 614 of FIG. 6.

The identity of each stock is shown at the top of the pricing map 1335. If the user double-

clicks on the closing price of the stock 1310 in the national market (NM), a chart view of the

stock is displayed (see FIG. 14). If the user double-clicks on the spread 1330, an order book

display (see FIGS. 5 & 6) for the selected stock is provided. The "News out" status indicator

1420 flashes when news is out on the stock that may have an effect on the stock's movement.

To pull up news in a display on the right hand panel of the interface, the user double-clicks on

the "News out" indicator. If the user double-clicks on a Buy button 1325 (or a Sell button),

the application automatically pulls up a trade ticket (see FIGS. 5 & 11 ) that is filled with data

from the user's positions file. The selection of "Sell" populates the trade ticket with the

user's entire position in the selected stock. The selection of "Buy" populates the trade ticket with information including a default quantity value set in the preferences menu by the user.

The user can double-click on the best bid or offer and hit or take the quantity at that price

level. This action automatically populates the trade ticket with the selected price. The user

can adjust any values in any pre-filled fields. The red box 1315 in the center section of each

pricing map shows the average price of the user's shares in the stock. This is a graphic

analogue of the user's average price in the selected stock as shown in the user's positions file.

A double-click of the red box 1315 brings the selected stock to the top of the user's positions

file. If the user has multiple purchases in his file, the largest quantity is shown first. The

values 1340 are updated in real-time as the market moves.

FIG. 14 depicts a real-time chart of stock activity. The thick black vertical line 1410

shows the close of the national market and the opening of the after-hours market. Line 1410

is blue. A similar line, not shown in FIG. 14, shows the closing of the after-hours market and

the opening of the national market. The vertical lines 1430 show hour-long increments. A

pricing map is shown on the right hand side of FIG. 14 and displays essentially the same

infoπnation in the same foπnat as that depicted in columns 614 of FIG. 6. The horizontal bar

1415 shows the last trade/ask price in the after-hours market (in FIG. 14, the after-hours

market is the market that is open). The bar 1415 is green. The horizontal bar 1425 is yellow,

and shows the current bid price. The area 1420 between the bid and ask is the spread, and is

in black. Since the national market is closed, the last price on the national market is indicated

by the horizontal bar 1435, and that bar is green. The vertical bar 1434 has an indicator 1432

(preferably red) showing the user's average share price in the stock shown. If a user's

position in the stock shown is not viewable within the scale of the price chart a visual

indication is shown at the top or bottom of the user's position column 1434 indicating the direction in which the user's position sits with respect to the current market. The horizontal

bar 1450 optionally contains a scroll bar (not shown) which permits the user to scroll

horizontally over the past 24-hour period. The horizontal lines 1455 are price level lines

which permit the user to quickly visualize pricing trends; the dollar values are provided in

column 1470. The price increments can be changed by clicking on the "Price map scale"

button 1422, and then choosing SI, S5, or S10 from the pop-up menu (not shown here, but

see, e.g., FIG. 60, which has the same menu displayed under the "Price map scale" button).

There are stocks whose daily fluctuations vary widely. The price map scale permits the user

to visualize wider price ranges by selecting price scale increments of SI , $5, and S10. Such a

selection re-scales the vertical axis of the price map to allow visualization of the entire day's

trade range. As the price map's vertical scale changes, the dollar increments change but the

vertical scale divisions do not change. The chart view of the stock will either expand or

contract based on the scale values selected. The short vertical bars 1460 show the market

spread at the time indicated. In the national market, these bars are black; in the after-hours

market, they are blue. The short marks 1465 on the bars 1460 indicate the last trade price for

the stock. In both the national market and the after-hours market, the marks 1465 are green.

The "Order Bk." button 1412 allows the user to change the display from the chart display to

the order book display (see FIG. 6). The "Most active" button 1416 allows the user to

change the display from the chart display to the most active display (see FIG. 57A).

FIG. 15 depicts a function button display 530. The Shrink button 1520 is used to

shrink the display.

FIG. 16 illustrates four different views available through expanding and shrinking the

master trade screen. If the initial view is the full master trade screen 1610, the user clicks the "Shrink" button 1520 to change the view to just the summary stock display and the function

buttons shown in 1620. If the "Shrink" button 1520 is clicked again, the view shrinks to just

the function buttons 1630. If "Shrink" is clicked again, the view is changed to the fully

compressed view 1640. Finally, if "Shrink" is clicked one last time, the application displays

the message box: "Do you want to close your connection to [the system of the preferred

embodiment]?" If the user selects "Yes," the application closes the display and only the icon

of the subject system is displayed. FIG. 28 provides a flow diagram depicting the operation

of the Shrink button 1520.

Returning to FIG. 15. the "Expand" button 1510 is used to expand the display. See

FIG. 29 for a detailed description of how the expand button operates. The "Peel off display"

function button 1515 is used for displaying several order books at once (see FIG. 27). The

"Alerts" function button 1525 is used to set alerts on stocks of interest (see FIGS. 30 & 52).

The "Open orders" function button 1535 is used to display the user's list of open orders (see

FIG. 34). The Positions and P&L ("Pos./P&L") function button 1540 is used to display the

user's positions and profit and loss infoπnation (see FIG. 35). The "Account history"

function button 1545 is used to call up a display of the user's account history' (see FIG. 36).

The application software used in the practice of the invention is described in greater

detail in conjunction with FIGS. 17-40 below.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to obtain and

install the graphical user interface (GUI) component of the preferred embodiment and open a

new account. Initially, at step 1710, a user desiring to use the system of the preferred

embodiment accesses the Internet website of the system administrator. The user views and/or

downloads, at step 1715, the software and hardware requirement list from the administrator's website. At step 1720 the user determines if he has the proper software and hardware are

present on his computer. If not, at step 1725, the user obtains upgrade information and URLs

(Internet addresses) where the proper software can be obtained. Alternatively, the user is

provided with the necessary software by the system administrator, such software being

obtained from an application server database maintained by the system administrator.

Once the proper software and hardware are present, at step 1730, the user downloads

the full application software from the application server. The user then opens the application

on his personal computer. See step 1735. Once the application is opened, the application

establishes a connection over the Internet, and at step 1740. the user attempts to open an

account. At step 1750 the user receives data from an account opening database and help

database of the system, and enters the sequence required for opening an account on the system. If the account is successfully opened, the full application is active for trading based

on the balances in the account and other limitations to be determined by the system

administrator. See step 1755. If the account is not successfully opened, the user is connected

to the system's account opening database and help database for assistance.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating software for logging on to the system and

visualizing the stock market in the alternate embodiment described in connection FIG. 3.

Initially, at step 1805, the user opens the application (Java application, in the preferred

embodiment). The Java application then, at step 1810, attempts to initiate a connection to a

replica server. At step 1815, if the connection to the replica server is confirmed , the user

inputs, at step 1820, the user's name and password at the log-on screen (see FIG. 53) of the

application. If the connection to the replica server is not confirmed, at step 1825, a dialog box is displayed by the application to the user describing a possible cause of the problem and

a possible way to resolve it.

At step 1820 after the connection has been successfully established and the user's

name and password have been entered, the application transmits, at step 1830, the user's

5 name and password to the replica database. The database on the replica server then checks, at

step 1835, the accuracy of the name and password. If there is no match, the user, at step

1850, again receives a dialog box with an indication of the problem and a possible solution.

If there is a match, the replica server notifies the root server that the user has successfully

logged on. At step 1840 the changes to the replica database are provided to the master

10 database.

Once the user's logon is complete, the application receives, at step 1860, the user's

filtered information based on user's preferences saved on the replica server. In an alternate

embodiment, the application receives unfiltered or partially filtered information from the replica database, and the application does further filtering once the information has been

15 received. The application then, at step 1865, displays (depending on the user's display

preferences) a master trade screen showing all critical trade data, based on the user's

preferences. As the user's position in his stocks changes, the replica database and server, at

step 1870, automatically updates the user's display in real-time. Each time a change occurs in

the information held on the replica server, the master database is updated accordingly at step

20 1840.

enables a user to view critical trading and account information on one screen so as to

facilitates fast and accurate trading of stocks. Initially, at step 1910. the user opens a master

trade screen. Preferably, the master trade screen is that shown in FIG. 5. The master trade screen, at step 1915, displays all information necessary for the user to make a decision about

the status of his account, the status of the stocks of interest, and the status of the markets in

general. Illustratively, data displayed on the master trade screen includes a trade ticket, real¬

time quotes, the user's positions, open orders, an order book display, financial summary,

account balances, news and information related to stocks of interest, and other items

illustrated in connection with FIG. 5 and discussed herein. After viewing the master trade

screen, the user selects at step 1920 a trend chart view to review the trend of the stock of

interest in either the national market or the after-hours market.

At step 1925, the user may decide to look at another stock and, at step 1930, he selects

the stock of interest from the stock summary display. The application transmits the user's

request to the replica server and database, which transmits information on the selected stock

back to the application executing on the user's workstation. The application, at step 1935,

displays the new stock in the order book view and, at step 1940, populates the trade ticket

(see FIGS. 5 & 11) with information regarding the selected stock. At step 1945, the

application displays news for the selected stock in the news display (see FIGS. 5 & 10). In

addition, the application highlights, at step 1950, the user's position in the selected stock in

the positions display. At step 1955, the application indicates the alert status for the selected

stock, and, at step 1960, it shows selected help functions in the background. At step 1965,

the application shows profit or loss if the user sells his position in the selected stock at the

current level shown in the order book display (see FIGS. 5 & 6).

enables a user to visualize the detailed market in stocks. For the purposes of illustration, we

assume that, at step 2010, the user desires to see the status of stock not shown in the current master default view. The user then, at step 2015, views basic information on stocks by

selecting alternate summary screen views using the stock summary display of FIG. 12. The

alternate views are (1 ) in the stocks the user holds in the system ("Your stks."); (2) stocks that

are among the most active in the current market ("WIT"); and (3) stocks that the user wishes

to monitor ("Watch stks."). The user switches from one view to another by clicking the

appropriate button (1210, 1220, or 1230) at the left of the summary screen display (see FIG.

12). At step 2020, if the stock in which the user is interested is displayed in the summary

display, the user selects, at step 2030, the stock from the summary display (by clicking on its

symbol) to obtain more detailed information regarding the stock. If the stock is not shown in

the summary display, the user selects, at step 2025, the "Quick quote" function to select the

stock of interest (see FIG. 51). The user can also enter stock into the stock summary display

by typing into or over stock in the wish list. Once the stock has been selected, the application

transmits to the replica server the fact that the user is requesting information on a different

stock. In response, the replica server provides data on the new stock to the user's application

and keeps this infoπnation updated in real-time. Next, at step 2035, the application populates

the master trade screen with detailed data on the selected stock. At step 2040, the user

reviews the status and price of the stock on the master trade screen and, at step 2045,

determines the best available price based on the data provided on the master trade screen.

enables a user to execute a buy order for a stock. We assume that the user makes a decision

to purchase shares of stock, and at step 2115, the application retrieves and displays summary

infoπnation including (1 ) the stocks held by the user; (2) stocks that are among the most active in the current market; and (3) stocks that the user wishes to monitor. If the stock in which the user is interested is displayed as part of this summary (see 2120). at step 2130, the

user indicates to the application that he/she desires to view further details regarding the stock

listed on the summary display. If the stock is not listed in the summary, at step 2125, the user

may select the "Quick quote" function to display data regarding the stock of interest, or by

typing into or over stock in the wish list. The user can change the order in which stocks are

listed in the stock summary display by using the preference screen to position the stocks by

industry, position, size, or P&L.

After the user has selected the stock, the application transmits this data to the replica

server. In response, the replica server sends data on the new stock back to the application

running on the user's workstation and then updates this data in real-time. At step 2135, the

application populates the master trade screen with the relevant information on the selected

stock. At step 2140, the user inputs additional information into the trade ticket (see FIGS. 5

& 11). Then, if the user is still satisfied with the transaction, at step 2145, he/she selects the

"Order Verification" function, and in response, at step 2150, the application checks for errors

in the data entered into the trade ticket. If there are errors (step 2155), then at step 2160, the

application retrieves and displays appropriate error messages and, in some instances,

suggestions on how to correct the error. Once the application determines that the ticket is

error- free, at step 2165, the application displays the "Final Verification" screen (see FIG. 56).

At this point, the display flashes, to emphasize the significance of this operation. Thereafter,

the user makes the final decision whether to send the buy order, and at step 2170, selects the

"Send order" option to facilitate the purchase. The request is then transmitted to the

broker/dealer system used by the user.

At step 2180, the application displays the order transmission status in the message line

display. The application, at step 2185, illustrates the buy order highlighted in yellow in the open positions display on the master trade screen. If the order has been filled on a national

market, the broker/dealer's computer communicates this to the user's workstation. If the

order is accepted in the user-to-user market, the buyer's acceptance is transmitted to the root

server via replica servers. The root server updates the root database and transmits that

information back to the replica servers and databases. Thus the order is always visible as it

moves through the execution process; the status of the order is always known. The

application moves, at step 2190, the buy order into the user's "Positions and Balances"

display. At step 2195, the application displays the account infoπnation reflecting this

transaction in the master trade screen.

order of a stock using the preferred embodiment. We assume that, initially, the user makes

the decision to sell shares of a stock that he owns (see 2210). Next, at step 2215, the user

selects the stock from the positions display 550 and selects the "Sell" button 810. Once the

stock has been selected, the application transmits to the broker/dealer's computer the fact

that the user is requesting information on that stock and, in response, receives data on the

stock. The application then, at step 2220, populates the master trade screen and the trade

ticket (see FIGS. 5 & 11) with available infoπnation on the stock. At step 2225, the user fills

in additional information into the trade ticket and checks the final total cost of the trade.

At step 2230, the user selects "Order Verification" function and in response, the

application checks, at step 2235, for errors in the data that have been entered into the trade

ticket. If at step 2240, an error has been found, the application displays at step 3250, an eπτ>r

message along with possible ways for correcting an error. Once the ticket is error-free, the

application displays at step 2255, a flashing final verification screen. The user then makes

the final decision whether to send the sell order, and at step 2260, selects the Send order function. The application then transmits the user's order to the broker dealer system used by

the user. At step 2265, the application assigns a reference number to the order and displays

the order transmission status in three steps in the message line display. Then, at step 2270,

the application shows the order highlighted in yellow in the Open orders display of the master

trade screen. After the order has been filled and confirmed, the application moves, at step

3275, the sell order into the user's Positions and Balances display and displays updates to the

user's account files and new balances in the master trade screen (see step 2280) .

FIG. 23 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to execute a

change order in a stock purchase order already entered into the system. We assume that,

initially, at step 2310, the user makes a decision to change one or more variables of an open

stock order (list 545). At step 2315, the user selects the stocks from the open orders display

(see FIGS. 5 & 7) and selects the Change button 710. In response, the application, at step

2320, populates the master trade screen and trade ticket (see FIGS. 5 & 11) with information

from the "Open Order" screen selection. The user, at step 2325, changes information in the

trade ticket, checks the final total cost of the trade, and 2330 selects "Order Verification."

In response, at step 2335, the application checks for errors in the data that has been

entered into the trade ticket, and displays the effect the changed order will have on the user's

account. If an eπ'or has been found, the application, at step 2340, displays an error message,

and possibly options for correcting the error. If the ticket is error- free, the application

displays, at step 2345, a flashing final Verification screen, and in response the user may make

the change order, via the "Send order" command. The application then transmits the change

order to the broker/dealer's computer. If the original order has already been executed, the user is alerted to that fact by a

message indicated that the change order has been rejected. At step 2350, the application

displays the order transmission status in the message line display. At step 2355, the

application shows the changes in the open orders display (see FIGS. 5 & 7) of the master

trade screen highlighted in yellow. When the changes are confirmed, at step 2360, the

application removes the yellow highlight in the open positions display. The system then, at

step 2365, updates the display of the account data and balances accordingly on the master

trade screen.

cancel order for a stock purchase that has already been entered. First, the user makes the

decision, at step 2410, to cancel an order in the open orders file. The user then, at step 2415,

selects the stock from the open orders display (see FIGS. 5 & 7) and selects the "Cancel"

button 730. The application, at step 2420, populates the master trade scree and trade ticket

(see FIGS. 5 & 11) with information from the open order screen. At step 2425, the user

changes information in the trade ticket, checks the final total cost of the trade, and, at step

2430, selects "Order Verification."

After the "Order Verification" function has been selected by the user, the application

checks, at step 2435, for errors in the data that has been entered into the trade ticket. If an

error has been found, the application displays an errors message, at step 2440, and possibly a

suggestion how to correct it. Once the ticket is error-free, the application displays, at step

2445, a flashing final Verification screen. The user then makes the final decision to send the

Cancel order, and selects the "Send order" function. The application transmits the user's

cancel order infoπnation to the computer of the broker/dealer. If the original order has already been executed, the user is alerted to the fact that the

cancel order is rejected. At step 2450, the application displays the order transmission status

in the message line display. At step 2455, the application then shows Cancel, highlighted in

yellow, in the open orders list (see FIGS. 5 & 7) of the master trade screen. When the

5 cancellation is confirmed, at step 2460, the application removes the yellow highlight in the

open positions display. At step 2465, the system displays updates to the user's account files

balances on the master trade screen.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to negotiate for a

better price in a stock during the user-to-user trading of the preferred embodiment. At step

10 2510, the user makes the decision to negotiate for a better price than the best bid and offer

shown in the order book (see FIGS. 5 & 6). At step 2515, the user double clicks on the

quantity column in the order book at a price different from the best bid and offer. The

application requests the appropriate information from the replica server, and, at step 2520,

displays in the negotiations screen (see FIG. 42) a list of traders who have orders in the

15 market at the selected price. Then, at step 2525, the user selects the name of a trader to

negotiate with directly. The application, at step 2530, shows the negotiation ticket populated

with the selected trader's data. At step 2535, the user then inputs an offer to the selected

trader and, at step 2540, selects the "Order Verification" screen and related costs summary.

The user then, at step 2545, reviews the verification screen and selects Send Order. At step

20 2550, the application displays the order transmission status in the message line display and, at

step 2555, shows "Negotiation", highlighted in yellow, in the open negotiations display on

the master trade screen. At step 2560, the user's offer to the selected trader is transmitted by the application to

the replica server, which transmits the offer to the root server. The offer is then transmitted

through the appropriate chain of replica servers until it is received by the other party's workstation where it is displayed on the negotiation screen in highlight. The other party, at

step 2565, reviews the offer. The other party is provided with an option to accept, reject, or

make a counteroffer. At step 2570, the response of the other party is transmitted to the user

who made the offer. This process repeats until negotiations are completed or canceled (see

step 2575). When the order execution is confiπned, the application, at step 2580, removes

the yellow highlight in the open positions display and moves the order to the account history

file. The application then, at step 2585, displays the update to the user's account and

balances in the user's master trade screen.

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram illustrating software and the computer operation of the

context-sensitive "Help" function of the preferred embodiment. If, the user encounters a

situation that requires additional information (see 2610), at step 2615, the user selects the

"Help" button from the upper-right-hand corner of the display for which help is needed. The

application, at step 2620, populates the "help" display with a three-level help for the area

selected by the user. The user, at step 3625, views an index of headings relating to the

problem and selects the desired topic. If necessary, the application, at step 2630, shows the

next level of detail in the "Help" display. The user then, at step 2635, views detailed problem

resolution text and diagrams, and requests additional detail if necessary. If more details are

needed, at step 2640, the application displays the third level of detail, along with an Internet

link to a help system. The user, at step 2645, selects the link to the server help functions and

the system connects to the on-line help server and displays more data relating to the problem. Then, at step 2650, the user selects whether to use a link regarding the help topic or telephone

support. If telephone support is selected, the system, at step 2655, connects the user to the

help desk by Internet telephone or other voice connection and the user interacts with the help

desk to resolve the problem (step 2660). If necessary, the system help desk, at step 2665, fills

out a job order and files it with the on-line help administrator for review. At step 2670, the

on-line administrator determines the priority of the reported problem and then, at step 2675,

generates an addendum to the on-line help function and posts it in the "Help" system files. If

the problem is critical, at step 2680, the on-line help administrator posts an e-mail message to

users on the system. In any case, the on-line help administrator posts, at step 2685, an e-mail

message to the user group forum.

instances of order books on one screen. Initially, at step 2710, the user decides to view

several stock order books on the display at once. The user, at step 2715, views basic

information on the stocks by selecting alternate summary screen views. The views include:

(1) the stocks held by the user; (2) stocks that are among the most active in the current market; and (3) stocks that the user would like to monitor. If a security of interest is shown in

the summary display (see step 2720), the user selects, at step 2740, the security from the stock

summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 13) to view the stock information in detail. If the security is

not shown in the summary display, the user selects, at step 2725, the "Quick quote" function

and related options. The user's request is transmitted by the application to the replica server,

which transmits the relevant stock information back to the user's application. This new

infoπnation is kept updated in real-time by the replica server. The application then, at step

2730, shows the quote on the selected stock, and the user, at step 2735, selects desired display options. When the stock has been selected, the application populates 2745 the master trade

screen with detailed data on the stock. If desired, the user, at step 2750, selects the stock

symbol in the stock summary display, and, at step 3755, selects the Peel off display function

from the function button display (see FIG. 15).

At step 2760, the application generates a new order book view for the selected stock.

That view is shown outside the master trade screen. The user, at step 2765, repeats the

operations 2720 through 2760 for stocks the user wishes to see at one time. The user then, at

step 2770, drags order book views into the desired organization on the screen (see FIG. 57C).

In response, the application, at step 2775, displays the status of stock in the order book

configuration in real-time. To trade from any order book view, the user, at step 2780, selects

the "trade" function. In response, the application, at step 2785, pulls up the master trade

screen and populates the trade ticket with selected stock data (see FIGS. 5 & 11).

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram illustrating software for compressing the view of the master

trade screen of the GUI of the preferred embodiment. FIG. 15 illustrates the effect of these

steps on the master trade screen. Initially, the application shows the master trade screen at

full size, see 2810. At step 2815, the user selects the "Shrink" function from the master trade

screen and in response, at step 2820, the application shrinks the display to show only the

stock summary display and function buttons. If the user selects the Shrink function again

(step 2825), the application, at step 2830, shrinks the display to show only function buttons.

If, at step 2835, the user selects the Shrink function again, the application, at step 2840,

shrinks the display to show the fully compressed view. If the user selects Shrink from the

most compressed view (see 2845), the application, at step 3850, displays the message box:

"Do you want to close your connection [to the system of the preferred embodiment]?" If the user, at step 2855, selects "Yes", the application closes the display and only the icon of the

preferred system is displayed.

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram illustrating software for expanding the display of the GUI

of the preferred embodiment to obtain the full view of the master trade screen. Illustratively,

the application initially shows the most compressed view of the GUI of the preferred

embodiment (see 2910). The user, at step 2915, selects the "Expand" function 1650 and the

application, at step 2920, expands the display to show only the function buttons and then at

step 2925, the user selects the "Expand" function again and the application, at step 2930,

expands the display to show the stock summary display and function buttons 1620. If the

user, at step 2935, selects the "Expand" function once again, the application, at step 2940,

expands the display to show the full master trade screen 1610.

FIG. 30 is a flow diagram illustrating software of the preferred embodiment for

alerting a user to movements in stock price according to user-defined preferences. Initially,

the user makes a decision, at step 3010, to have the system monitor stock movements and

alert him/her accordingly. At step 3015, the user views basic infoπnation for different stocks

by selecting alternate summary screen views, which include: (1 ) the stocks held in the system

by the user; (2) the stocks that are among the most active in the current market; and (3) stocks

that the user would like to monitor.

If the stock of interest is shown in the summary display (see 3020), the user selects, at

step 3030, the stock from the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12). If the stock of

interest is not shown in the summary display, the user selects, at step 3025, the "Quick quote"

function and related options. The user's request is transmitted by the application to the

replica server and it is kept updated in real-time by the replica server. Once data about the stock has been displayed, the user selects, at step 3035, the "Alerts function." and the

application, at step 3040, displays the "Alerts set-up function" (see FIG. 52).

At step 3045, the user chooses the criteria for the alert function and display options,

and the application transmits 3050 the user's alert preferences to the replica server, which

updates the user's profile on the replica database. The replica server then 3055 checks for

movement in stock price, based on the user's selected criteria, in the stock of interest. The

replica server automatically monitors price data and if an alert condition occurs, sends an alert

(along with relevant stock information) to the user's application when appropriate (see 3060).

In response, the application, at step 3065, displays the alerts in the stock summary display and

may provide an audible alert. At step 3070, the user receives the alert(s) and selects the stock

from the stock summary display for detailed view in the order book. The user may cancel the

alerts or revise the alert criteria (see 3075) and the system continues to monitor the selected

stocks based on the user's criteria (see 3080).

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram illustrating software of the preferred embodiment that

enables a user to visualize the general status of stocks and related positions via an analog

graphic display. Initially, the user desires a quick overview of the status of several stocks (see

step 3110) and, at step 3115, selects the Summary view function. In response, the

application, at step 3120, populates the master trade screen with a summary view of the

selected stocks. The user adds stocks to the view (step 3125) by clicking on the appropriate

symbol in the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12) and the application (at step 3130)

adds summary views to the master trade screen based on the user's selections.

If the user wants to trade one of these stocks, at step 3135, the user makes a selection

from the summary display that directs the application to enter active trade mode. As a result, the application, at step 3140, automatically populates the trade ticket (see FIGS. 5 & 11) and

prepares the master trade screen with data on the selected stock.

FIG. 32 is a flow diagram illustrating software of the preferred embodiment that

enables a user to visualize the best price in a security from an analog graphic display. The

user seeks (step 3210) the best price for the same security that is selling on different markets

(see FIG. 39) and, at step 3215. selects the symbol for this security from the stock summary

display (see FIGS. 5 & 12) and the Show price options function. The application transmits

the user's request to the replica server which, in response, transmits infoπnation to the

application concerning the price of the stock in different markets. The replica server

continues to transmit that information in real-time until it receives notice from the application

to terminate the transmission.

The application, at step 3220, populates the master trade screen with a summary view

showing the price in all available markets for the security. At step 3225, the user views the

display showing the prices for the security in the available markets, and selects the preferred

market and, at step 3230, the application displays details of the selected market and

automatically populates the master trade screen with relevant data (after requesting and

receiving that data from the replica server). If a trade is desired, the user, at step 3235, makes

a selection from the summary display that directs the application to enter the active trade

mode and, at step 3240, it automatically populates the trade ticket (see FIGS. 5 & 11) and

prepares the master trade screen with data on the selected stock.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the news gathering and

distribution system of the preferred embodiment. Initially, at step 3310, the user defines his

interest based on watch list stocks and portfolio holdings active in his account. The user then, at step 3315, sets "News alerts" preferences for the watch list and active account stocks. At

step 3325, the system stores the user's preferences on the replica server database for the

watch list and the user's active positions. At step 3320, that stored infoπnation is also

transmitted to the user account preferences database on the replica server. The same

information is transmitted to the news server, at step 3375. which monitors stocks based on

user preferences from the watch list and active account infoπnation. Alerts are sent from the

news server, at step 3375, back to the replica database and server for distribution to the end

user display at step 3320. The news server, at step 3375, also passes news and alerts, at step

3390 to outside services. Data out may include: news of the system's most active stocks;

news of other stocks; news forecasts; real-time quotes; an order book applet; a chart applet; a

most active applet; a news applet; or other specific news on the overall market on the system.

At step 3395, the news desk of the subject system performs three general functions.

First, at step 3370, it receives highlighted news alerts based on filters from the news server

and the system's most active updates, received from the trade match system via step 3385.

These filters are applied to news feeds received via step 3380, from outside vendors. Second,

the news desk prepares alerts messages, at step 3365, for posting in the "News out" button on

the order book of the end user display. This infoπnation is transmitted, at step 3375, to the

user via the news server and the replica database and server, at step 3320. Third, the news

desk, at step 3360, prepares stories and highlights based on the sort functions in the news

display. Again, this infoπnation is transmitted to the end user at step 3375 via the news

server and the replica database and server at step 3320. The system then tracks, at step 3330,

the user-defined list of stocks for news. The application displays, at step 3335. news alerts to

the user according to a user-defined display configuration. The "News out" function is shown in the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12) or in the order book. At step 3340, the user

then views a "News alert" and calls the stock to the order book display (see FIGS. 5 & 6). At

step 3345, the application populates the "News" display (see FIGS. 5 & 10) with relevant

news on the selected stock. At step 3350, the user chooses to see more detail or sorts the

news by category. At step 3355, the application then populates the "News" display with

additional relevant data.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view the status

of his open orders in a stock. Initially, at step 3410, the user seeks to review his open orders

in all stocks active in his account. At step 3415, the user selects the open orders function

from the function buttons display (see FIGS. 5 & 15). At step 3420, the application displays

the entire list of open orders in the open orders (see display in FIGS. 5 & 7) display of the

master trade screen. At step 3425, the user views the display showing the open orders. The

user selects a stock, at step 3430, from the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12) and

selects the "Open orders" function. The application then, at step 3435, displays only open

orders for the selected stock in the open orders display. The user selects, at step 3440, the

desired open order from the list. The application highlights the order for actions by the user,

such actions including cancel, change, or replace. At step 3445, the user selects an operation

(e.g., cancel, change, or delete) from the open orders display. The application automatically

populates the trade ticket, at step 3450 (see FIGS. 5 & 11), with information from the open

orders display on the selected stock. At step 3455, the user executes the desired function as

requested in the trade ticket. To hide open orders, the user selects, at step 3460, the Open

orders function from the function button display (function bar). The application then removes the open orders display and removes the indication from the open orders function, at step

3465.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view the status

of positions and profit and loss information (P&L). Initially, at step 3510. to review his

positions and P&L in the stocks held in his account, the user selects the "Positions and P&L"

button 1540 from the function bar. at step 3515. The application displays, at step 3520, the

user's entire list of positions and P&L and related details in positions and P&L displays, 550,

in the master trade screen. At step 3525, the user views the display showing the user's

positions and P&L in the display, organized by the sort function. At step 3530, the user

selects a stock from the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12) and selects the "Positions

and P&L" function. The application then requests updated infoπnation from the

broker/dealer server on the user's positions and P&L in the selected stock. In an alternate

embodiment, the application calculates the user's P&L based on the updated stock price and

user account information stored on the user's computer. The stock price information is kept

updated in real-time by the replica server. At step 3535, the application displays only

positions and P&L for the selected stock in the positions and P&L display. At step 3540, the

user selects the desired stock position directly from the "Positions and P&L" display. The

application highlights the stock for actions (e.g., buy, or sell) by the user. The user selects, at

step 3545, an operation from the positions and P&L display (e.g., buy, or sell). The

application automatically populates the trade ticket, at step 3550 (see FIGS. 5 & 11), with

information from the positions and P&L display. The user executes the desired function, at

step 3555, according to the trade ticket functions. To hide the positions and P&L display, the

user selects, at step 3560, the "Positions and P&L" function from the function bar. At step 3565. the application removes the positions and P&L display and removes the indication from

the positions and P&L button.

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram illustrating software which enables a user to view account

history. Assuming that, initially, at step 3610, the user seeks to review his account history, at

step 3615, the user then selects the "Account History" function 1545 from the function bar.

The application displays, at step 3620, the entire list of the user's account history and related

details in a display in the master trade screen. The user views the display showing his

account history at step 3625, organized by the sort function. At step 3630, the user selects a

stock from the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12) and selects the "Account History"

function. At step 3635, the application displays only account history for the selected stock in

the Account History display. The user selects the desired account activity item, at step 3640,

directly from the Account History display. The application highlights the item for actions

(e.g., more details, print) by the user. To hide the account history display, the user selects the

"Account History" button from the function bar. The application then, at step 3650, removes

the "Account History" display and removes the indication from the "Account History" button.

of his account balances. Initially, at step 3710, the user seeks to review his account balances.

The user then, at step 3715, selects the "Accounts" account balances function 1550 from the

function bar. The application displays, at step 3720, the entire list of account balances and

related details in the "Accounts" display of the master trade screen. The user views, at step

3725, the display showing his account balances in the display, organized by the sort function.

The user, at step 3730, selects a stock from the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 & 12)

and selects the "Accounts" function 1550. The application, at step 3735, displays only account balances for the selected stock in the Account Balances display. The user then

selects, at step 3740, the desired account activity from the Account Balances display. The

application highlights the item for actions (e.g., more details, print) by the user. To hide the

account balances, the user selects, at step 3745, the "Accounts" function 1550 from the

5 function bar. At step 3750, the application removes the Account Balances display and

removes the indication from the Account Balances function.

view e-mail messages for account activity functions. Initially, at step 3810, the user

undertakes an operation that results in activity in his account. The replica server, at step

10 3815, detects said activity and generates a structured e-mail message. At step 3820, the

replica server sends the structured e-mail message to the user's application in two parts, a

summary stream and a detailed stream. The application receives and displays at step 3825,

the summary e-mail message in the status display in the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5

& 12), in color-coded text. If the user does not have the full e-mail display open, the user

15 selects the "E-mail" function, at step 3845, from the function bar. At step 3850, the

application displays the full e-mail display in the master trade screen. To hide the e-mail

display, the user selects the "E-mail" function, at step 3855, from the function bar. The

application removes the e-mail display, at step 3860, and removes the indication from the

"Email" function.

0 The preferred embodiment also enables the user to use the stock summary display

fields to call only e-mail on desired stocks. Initially, at step 3875, the user selects a stock

from the stock summary display and then selects the "E-mail" function. The application

transmits the user's preference to the replica server, which updates the user's preference file, and transmits e-mail messages for the selected stock back to the user's application. The

application, at step 3880, displays e-mail for the selected stock in the "E-mail" display. At

step 3885, the user selects the desired e-mail item directly from the "E-mail" display. The

application highlights the selected item for actions (e.g., more details, print) by the user.

select the best price for the same stock sold in several markets. Initially, at step 3910, the

user makes the decision to seek the best price for the same stock that is trading in several

different markets. At step 3915, the user selects the "Best Price" function. The application

shows the simplified trade screen at step 3920. The user inputs the symbol for the stock, at

step 3925, the quantity, and whether he wants a buy price or a sell price. The application

transmits the user's request to the replica server. The replica server searches its database

which contains stock market information updated in real-time. The replica server then

transmits information for that stock to the user's application, which, at step 3930, displays

information on alternate markets and displays quotes in analog price maps (see FIG. 57) or in

alphanumeric format. At step 3935, the user views alternate prices for the same stock and

selects a market. At step 3940, the application populates the trade ticket (see FIGS. 5 & 11)

with selected market, symbol, price, and quantity information. The user reviews the

verification screen, at step 3945, and selects Send order. The application transmits the user's

order to the broker/dealer server, which in turn transmits the order to the requested market.

In the meantime, at step 3950, the application displays the order transmission status in the

message line display. When execution is confirmed, at step 3955, the broker/dealer server

notifies the user's application. The application removes the yellow highlight in the open

positions display and moves the order to the account history file. The broker/dealer server updates the user's account files, at step 3960, and calculates new balances. The application

updates new data in the master trade screen displays.

market in a stock by accessing the visual quote (see FIGS. 5 & 6) and price map display.

Initially, at step 4010, the user selects a stock from the stock summary display (see FIGS. 5 &

12) or by entering the stock symbol in the order book display (see FIGS. 5 & 6). The

application transmits the user's request to the replica server, which sends the requested

information back to the user's application. This information is kept updated in real-time by

the replica server. At step 4015, the application displays the order book visual quote, which

includes the following infoπnation: (1) prices in descending order; (2) quantities at a given

price level; (3) the user's orders at a price level; (4) buy side best price; (5) sell side best

price; (6) the bid-offer spread; (7) an alphanumeric quote for the stock; (8) all-or-none orders

at price levels; (9) a chart function button; (10) a most active button; (1 1) the news out

indicator; (12) the market open/closed indicator; (13) the symbol entry field; and (14) the

compress spread function. If the price map display (see FIG. 13) is selected, the display

includes: (1) a low-resolution price scale; (2) a closing price in the national market(s); (3) the

current spread in the after-hours market; (4) the last sale in the after-hours market; (5) the

user's average price on shares held; (6) the user's current P&L; (7) the user's current total

position; (8) the user's numeric price average; and (9) the Buy and Sell buttons.

At step 4020, the user selects the trend chart view (see FIG. 14) to review the trend of

the stock in the national and after-hours markets. The user makes the decision, at step 4025,

to look at another stock in the detailed book view or chart view, and selects the stock from the stock summary display. The application transmits the user's request to the replica server,

which transmits the requested information back to the user's application. This new information is kept updated in real-time by the replica server. The application displays the

new stock in the order book view, at step 4030, and populates the trade ticket (see FIGS. 5 &

11). At step 4035, the application displays news for the selected stock in the stock display.

At step 4040, the application highlights the user's position in the selected stock in the

positions display. The application shows the alert status on the selected stock at step 4045.

The application also, at step 4050, shows the selected help function in the background for the

selected stock or security type. The application shows profit or loss, at step 4055, if the user

sells his position in the selected stock at the current level shown in the order book display

(see FIGS. 5 & 6).

As noted, the invention may be used in negotiations between two users relating to the

sale of a security. Display screens useful in such negotiations are set forth in FIG. 41-48.

FIG. 41 is the "Set defaults" display for the user-to-user negotiation mechanism of the

preferred embodiment. This display allows the user to set parameters to screen out

unreasonable (according the user's standards) counteroffers. The user inputs his desired

parameters in the boxes 4105, 4110, 4115, and 4120 under questions 1 through 4. In the box

4105 under line 1, the user inputs the price above and below his limit price within which he is

willing to negotiate, in increments of sixteenths of a dollar. For example, if his limit price is

$50 per share, and he is willing negotiate at prices between $49.75 and $50.25 per share

(depending on whether the order is a buy or sell order), he would enter 0.25 into the box 4105

under question 1. The user enters the number of shares above or below his stated order size

that he is willing to negotiate in the box 4110 under question 2. For example, if the user is

offering to sell 100 shares, but would consider selling 80-120 shares, he would enter 20 in the

box 41 10 under question 2. If zero is entered, the order is an all-or-none order. This negotiation floor and ceiling is expressed alternatively in percentages; see FIG. 42. The user

enters his default preferred negotiation time in the box 4115 under question 3. For example,

if the user would prefer to have 10 minutes to respond to any buy offers, he would enter "10

min." in box 4115. The user enters the lower time limit he will accept in the box 4120 under

question 4. For example, if the user would not consider any offers which require him to

respond in less than 2 minutes, he would enter "2 min." in box 4120.

The user sets the defaults for the incremental changes caused by clicking the

adjustment buttons in the negotiations screen (see FIG. 42) by inputting the desired

increment sizes into boxes 4125, 4130, and 4135 under questions 5, 6, and 7. The user inputs

the desired size incremental change to be caused by clicking the size change buttons ("Qty

Up" and "Qty Down") (see FIG. 42) into the box 4125 under question 5. This size change is

shown here in terms of number of shares; alternatively, the size change can be a percentage

(see FIG. 42). The user inputs the desired time incremental change to be caused by clicking

the time change buttons ("Time Up" and "Time Down") (see FIG. 42) into the box 4130

under question 6. The user inputs the desired price incremental change to be caused by

clicking the price change buttons ("Price UP" and "Price Down") (see FIG. 42) into the box

4135 under question 7.

FIG. 42 is a negotiations screen. Users of the system can undertake direct, real-time

on-line negotiations with other traders on the system. The purpose of the negotiations system

is to permit traders to attempt to better the price of buying or selling stock as compared

against the best bid and offer shown in the order book display. The negotiations screen has

three main components: the "Traders at a price levef'screen 4200, the "Out-going

negotiations" screen 4205, and the "In-coming negotiations" screen 4210. The traders listed in the screen 4200 are called up by double-clicking on a quantity away from the best bid and

offer shown in the order book display (see FIG. 25). The price corresponding to the quantity

double-clicked in the order book display is the price listed in the "Price" column 4260 of the

negotiations display traders screen 4200. In the example shown in FIG. 42, that price is 52.5.

The numbers 4215 in parentheses adjacent to the best price amounts are the numbers entered

by the traders designating the price above/below their limit price at which they are willing to

negotiate. In the example shown, Fred D. is willing to negotiate within 3/16 (0.1875) of 52.5.

Analogously, the numbers in the Qty column represent the number of shares each seller is

offering for sale, and the numbers 4220 in parentheses adjacent to the share numbers have

been entered by the sellers to designate the variation from the stated number of shares with

respect to which they are willing to negotiate. Thus Fred D. is offering to sell 200 shares, but

he might be willing to sell between 160 and 240 shares. The numbers in the "Time" column

have been entered by the sellers, and designate their preferred negotiation times. The numbers

4225 in parentheses designate the lower time limit each trader will accept. The numbers in

the "Activity" column 4230 represent the trader's level of trading activity in the selected

stock. The numbers are in the set {0, 1 , 2, 3, 4) , where 0 means that the trader has never

negotiated a trade in that stock and 4 means that the trader is among the most active traders

in that stock. The P/L-BBO column 4284 displays the user's loss or gain as compared to the

current best bid or ask for the stock being negotiated. The price buttons 4240, the size

buttons 4245, and the time buttons 4250 are located near the bottom of the negotiations

display. Default incremental changes are set in the "Set defaults" screen (see FIG. 41) (the

"Set defaults" screen is called up by clicking the "Set defaults" button 4235). Incorporated in

the negotiation interface is a "Speed Function": if the user holds down the Shift key while selecting a trader, the application populates the trade window with the lowest acceptable

values for the selected trader. This feature reduces typing and starts the negotiations at the lower limits. For example, the minimum values for Larry 22 are 52 (52.5 - 0.5), 500 (1000 -

50% of 1000), and 2 minutes (the lowest time limit he will accept). To initiate negotiations

with a given trader, the user double-clicks on the trader line 4255 in the trader screen 4200.

In the example shown, the selected trader is Larry 22. The "Best offer" button 4265 is used to

arrange the order of the listed buyers or sellers according to the ones which most closely

satisfy criteria set by the user. Available parameters include: widest price variation

counteroffer; most time allowed; and highest activity level. A "not-to-exceed" field can be

selected to limit order size above or below a certain amount. The button 4270 adjacent to the

"Best offer' button displays a price 1/16 lower, in this case, from the listed price (52.5). The

user can click button 4270 to have the application display parties selling at 52.438. This

improves the trading efficiency of the user by not requiring him to return to the order book

display and click on a different price. The three buttons to the right of button 4270 work the

same way. The "Sort" button 4275 allows the user to specify the parameters according to

which the traders are listed; for example, according to price, quantity, or time. The "FIND"

bar 4214 at the bottom of the negotiations screen allows a user to modify the negotiations

screen display without having to return to the order book display. Clicking on the "Action"

button 4216 creates a pop-up menu with the choices "Buy" and "Sell." Clicking the "Stock"

button 4222 creates a pop-up menu listing recently checked stocks, along with a box into

which the user can input the symbol of a stock not displayed. Entering or selecting a stock

pulls up a display of trades in that stock. The first price level displayed is that of one price

increment away from the best bid and offer (BBO) as shown in the order book. The user can

select price increments above or below the first increment by selection of the price increment buttons. Clicking the "Trader" button 4232 creates a pop-up menu with a box into which the

user can input the name of a trader of interest. The application will display the selected

trader's current limit order or outstanding negotiations in all stocks in which the trader has

limit orders posted. Clicking the "Trader list" button 4242 creates a pop-up "hot list" of

traders. This hot list is created by the user using the "Add" button 4252 and the "Delete"

button 4262. Clicking the "Add" button 4252 after the user has typed in the name of a trader

using the "Trader" button 4232 adds that trader's name to the "Trader list." Also, if a user

has highlighted a trader's name in the "Traders at a price level" display 4200, that user's

name is added to the "Trader list" when the "Add" button 4252 is clicked. Clicking the

"Delete" button 4262 when a trader's name in the "Trader list" removes that trader's name

from the Trader list. When the user highlights a selection of trader names in the Trader list

and hits "Enter," the "Traders at a price level" screen 4200 displays the selected traders and

the selected stock, along with those traders' outstanding offers in that stock.

When a user enters a limit order by using the trade ticket, he has the option (by

checking the "Negotiations allowed" box on the trade ticket display - see FIG. 11) to allow

negotiations or not. If the user checks the "Negotiations allowed" box, the application will

allow the user's order to appear in the negotiations screen. If the "Negotiations allowed" box

is not checked, the user's order will not be displayed in the negotiations screen.

The "Broadcast" button 4212 permits a user to send the same offer to more than one

trader. The first trader to respond is the one with whom the user negotiates. The user selects

the traders to whom the offer will be sent by highlighting their names in the "Traders at a

price level" screen 4200. FIG. 43 shows how the negotiation screen 4200 fits into the master trade screen (see

FIG. 5). The user requests the negotiation display by selecting a negotiation button 1530. In

response, the application displays at 4200 the negotiation screen as discussed in connection

with FIG. 42.

FIG. 44 illustrates how a user adjusts the values in his counteroffer. Once Larry 22's

trader line 4255 has been selected and double-clicked, a copy 4415 of his trader line appears

in the Out-going Negotiations screen 4205. The activity level of the trader is displayed, along

with the identity 4425 of the stock to which the activity level refer. This helps the user keep

clear which stock he is making offers and counteroffers on, and is especially helpful when

several offers on different stocks have been made. The user in the example illustrated in

FIG. 44 is RON-3, and the "counter-line" below Larry 22's line 4415 is highlighted in yellow

and automatically pre-filled with the user's name and related data. If the Speed Function is

used (by holding down the Shift key when line 4255 is double-clicked), the counter-line is

filled with Larry 22's minimum values.

The size change buttons 4240 are used to adjust the value 4410 displayed in the user's

counter-line 4405. The size buttons 4245 are used to adjust the number of shares 4420

displayed in the user's counter-line 4405. The time buttons 4250 are used to adjust the time

values 4430 displayed in the user's counter-line 4405. The numbers shown in parentheses in

the user's counter-line are the default values set in the "Set defaults" display (see FIG. 41).

The user can adjust these values by directing typing over them in the counter-line 4405.

counteroffer. Once the price, quantity, and time parameters are set for the user's counteroffer,

the application displays the cost 4520 of the user's proposed transaction (if the transaction is a purchase; if the transaction is a sale, the price to be received for the shares would be

displayed - see FIG. 47). The number 93.50 4725 in the P/L column is the difference

between what the user would pay at the best ask price displayed on the system and what the

user would pay at the price per share in that negotiations row. In the example shown, the best

ask price per share is assumed to be 52.187. Thus, if the user buys 500 shares at 52, he will

4725 pay $93.50 less than he would have paid at the best bid price.

FIG. 46 illustrates how an offering trader responds to a user's counteroffer. The

trader in the example, Larry 22, has made a counteroffer 4610 ("Counter 2") to the user's

Counter 1 offer. Larry 22 has responded with an offer to sell at 52.25 4615 instead of 52, to

sell 800 shares 4620 instead of the 500 the user offered to buy, and has specified a response

time 4625 of 1 minute. The application displays Larry 22's level of trading activity 4640, and

displays the amount 4630 the user would have to pay to accept Larry 22's counteroffer.

FIG. 47 illustrates how a user makes an offer to sell and then receives buy

counteroffers. In the example, the user is RON-3. The user has made a sell offer 4710,

which is displayed in the In-coming negotiations screen 4210. The user is offering to sell

2000 shares of the stock whose symbol is "T" 4750, at a price per share of 152.5, and would

prefer to have 10 minutes to consider counteroffers. Further, the user is only willing to

consider counteroffers of 152 per share or above, of at least 1000 shares, and demands at least

2 minutes to consider such offers. If the user's offer to sell is accepted as is, the user would

sell his 2000 shares for $305,000. The number 1 ,567 4725 in the P/L column is the

difference between what the user would receive at the best bid price displayed on the system

and what the user would receive at the price per share in that negotiations row. In the

example shown, the best bid price per share is assumed to be 153.284. Thus, if the user sells his 2000 shares at 152.5, he will 4725 receive SI , 567.00 less than he would have received at

the best bid price. The counteroffer 4720 has been made by Fred 4U. He is offering to buy

1000 shares at 152 per share and requests a response in 2 minutes. Note that these are the

minimum values of the user's offer, so Fred 4U may have used the speed function to initiate

his counteroffer. The application has calculated the dollar amount of Fred 4U's counteroffer

and displayed that value in the "Total S" column.

one in-coming negotiation and more than one out-going negotiation simultaneously. In the

example shown, the user, RON-3, has an out-going negotiation 4810 with Larry 22 on shares

of IBM stock. The user also has an out-going negotiation 4820 with Frank5 on shares of

DELL stock. At the same time, the user has two in-coming negotiations. The first is a

negotiation 4830 with Fred 4U for shares of T stock. The second in-coming negotiation 4840

is with David44 for shares of YHOO stock. Although it would be obvious to one of ordinary

skill in the art to modify the preferred embodiment to enable a user to conduct more than 4

negotiations at once, the preferred embodiment is restricted to displaying only two incoming

and two outgoing negotiations so as to maximize the trading efficiency of the user.

FIGS. 48A and 48B show a flow diagram illustrating how the system enables one

user to negotiate with another user. Step 4832 involves a seller activating the application and

viewing the order book for a particular stock. This done the same as for a standard buy or sell

order, by following steps 310 through 338 as described in FIG. 3. At step 4842, the seller

wishes to sell 1000 shares of IBM at $50.25 per share. The user fills in the trade ticket 510

with the relevant information, and checks the box for "Negotiations allowed" 1175. The

seller then the send order button (the "Verification" button 1110). The final verification screen is displayed at step 4844, and the seller selects the "Send' order button. At step 4846

the seller's order is transmitted to the seller's broker/dealer server/database, which checks

that seller has at least 1000 shares of IBM available to sell. The broker/dealer server/database

sends the approved sell order (with a user account ID and the size, price, stock, and side

(whether buy or sell) of the order) to the root server 50, which attaches a system ID to the

order, said system ID containing sufficient infoπnation to enable the system to match the ID

to the seller, the order, and the seller's broker/dealer. At step 4852, the root server accepts

the seller's order and updates the IBM order book in the master database to reflect the seller's

order. The updated order book is transmitted at step 4854 to the replica servers 30, which

update the replica databases. At step 4856, each replica server/database with connected users

which subscribe to the IBM order book sends seller's sell offer (along with the system ID of

the seller's offer), along with any other updated order book information, to the IBM

subscribers' applications. At step 4858, the applications which receive the seller's sell offer

display that offer in the context of the IBM order book display. At step 4862, a buyer sees

from the IBM order book display that the best ask price for IBM is 50 3/16, but there is only

one offer at that price, the offer is to sell only 200 shares, and the buyer wishes to buy 1000

shares of IBM. At step 4864, the buyer sees in the order book display that there are more

than 1000 shares for sale at 50.25. The sell orders at 50.25 are aggregated in the order book

display, and the seller's order is included in that aggregation. At step 4868, the buyer decides

to try to negotiate, so he clicks on the price $50.25 in the order book display. The

negotiations screen 4200 is displayed at step 4872, with sell offers of IBM stock at $50.25

displayed, including the seller's offer to sell 100 shares of IBM at $50.25. At step 4874, the

buyer clicks on the seller's offer that is displayed in the negotiations screen. The seller's

offer is then re-displayed in the out-going negotiations display 4205 in line 4280. At step 4876 the buyer enters a counteroffer to seller's offer into the line 4285 below the seller's offer

as displayed in line 4280, offering to buy 1000 shares of IBM stock at 50 3/16. The buyer

then selects the "Send" button at step 4882 to send his counteroffer to seller. At step 4882

the application sends the buyer's counteroffer to the buyer's broker/dealer server/database,

which then checks the amount of uncommitted funds in the buyer^'s account and sends the

buyer's account limit infoπnation back to the application. The application at step 4884

checks to see whether the buyer's counteroffer is peπnissibly under the limits on the buyer's

account. At step 4886, if the buyer's counteroffer is determined by the application to be

acceptable, the application transmits the buyer's counteroffer to the replica server, along with

the system ID of the seller's offer and the broker/dealer account ID for buyer. The replica

server at step 4888 transmits the buyer's counteroffer, seller's offer's system ID, and buyer's

broker/dealer account ID to the root server, which then updates the IBM order book in the

master database and assigns a system ID to the buyer's counteroffer. The updated order book

information, including the buyer's counteroffer to seller and the system ID for seller's offer,

is then transmitted at step 4890 to the replica servers, which update the replica databases.

The replica server connected to seller transmits buyer's counteroffer to seller's application,

along with the system IDs of the seller's offer and the buyer's counteroffer. At step 4892, the

seller's application displays the buyer's counteroffer as an incoming negotiation and the seller

accepts the buyer's offer by selecting the "Accept" button (see FIG. 47). If the buyer's

counteroffer has affected the prior account approval of seller's offer by the seller's

broker/dealer (say, e.g., that buyer had offered to buy 2000 shares and seller accepted),

seller's acceptance would be first be routed to seller's broker/dealer for approval before the

application would transmit the acceptance to the replica server. At step 4894, the seller's

acceptance order, including the system IDs of the seller's original offer and the buyer's counteroffer, is transmitted by the seller's application to the replica server 30, which

transmits the order to the root server 50. At step 4896, the root server updates the master

database, including the IBM order book; uses the system IDs of the buyer's counteroffer and

the seller's original sell offer to notify the seller's broker/dealer server and the buyer's

broker/dealer server of the nature of the approved transaction; and transmits updated order

book information to the replica servers. Step 4998 is the final step of closing the transaction,

and is the same as steps 394 and 398 of FIG. 3. In an alternate embodiment of the

negotiations system and method, all buy sell orders and all offers and counteroffers are routed

through and approved by the broker/dealer(s) in a manner analogous to that described in FIG.

3.

Several additional displays that are useful in the practice of the invention are shown in

FIG. 49-62.

FIG. 49 is a "most viewed stocks" display. The most viewed stocks display is

displayed in the same part of the master trade screen as the order book display, the multiple

pricing map display, and the chart of stock activity display (see also FIG. 57B). The bars

4910 represent the number of participants in the system who have recently viewed the listed

stocks. As a default, the stocks are listed in descending order of the number of shares traded

in the most recent period. The user can enter the symbol into the box 4920 of a stock of

interest that is not displayed in order to have that stock displayed at the top of the Most

viewed stocks display. The advantage of the most viewed stocks display is that it enables a

user to determine what stocks other users have been checking. This in turn aids the user to

determine, for example, what stocks he needs to be searching for news reports on. FIG. 50 is a fully compressed view of the GUI of the application (see FIG. 16). A

frequent problem with current on-line trading systems is the need for the user to open up an

entire browser to view the status of stocks of interest. Such a process wastes time and

requires the user to rearrange his screen work space or cover other work while viewing the

status of stocks of interest. FIG. 50 shows the fully compressed stock display that can be

displayed on the user's screen at all times while not obstructing the user's workspace. The

component is a real-time display that shows the current status of user-defined stock

portfolios, indexes, or any other electronically delivered status indicators. The "On Line"

indicator 5005 shows whether or not the user is connected to the system. If the "Help" button

5010 is selected, context-sensitive help data is displayed. Selection of a stock followed by

selection of the "Trade" button 5015 opens the master trade screen to the fully expanded

position with the selected stock shown in the order book and the trade ticket populated.

Selecting the "Quote" button 5020 calls up the "Quick Quote" screen (see FIG. 51). The

"News" button 5025 flashes if news is out on any stocks on which alerts have been set. The

"Messages" button 5030 flashes when the user has e-mail messages, and clicking the button

opens the e-mail window. Clicking the "Expand" button 5035 opens the stock summary

display (see FIG. 16) and closes the compressed display. Clicking the "Close" button 5040

closes the compressed display and closes the application. Rows 5050 and 5060 display three

stock data fields each. The user can type a stock symbol in a data field and receive current

status information on that stock. The fields can contain stocks, mutual funds, bonds, any

security, index, or related variable. If the user has set visual alaπns for a stock displayed in a

data field, the background of that field will highlight based on user-defined criteria. FIG. 51 shows a "Quick Quote" display. The default display 5100 is called up when

the user selects the 'Quick Quote" button from the function button display (see, e.g., FIG. 5).

The user types the symbol for the desired stock in the box 5114 and selects the "Show quote"

button 5112 to have data on the stock displayed in the screen 5120. If the user selects the

"Trade ticket" button 5126, the trade ticket 510 is pre-filled with the appropriate data on the

selected stock, including the user's positions if applicable. If the user selects the "Add to

wish 1st." button 5128, the stock is added the user's wish (watch) list for further monitoring.

If the user selects the "New Quote" button 5122, an empty quote screen 5100 is displayed. If

the user selects the "Show News" button 5124, the news window is opened and news on the

selected stock is displayed. If the user does not know the correct symbol for the stock, he can

enter the name of the company into the box 5116, and then click on the "Find symbol" button

5118. If the company name is not a perfect match with one listed in the master database of

the system, the screen 5140 is displayed, with the closest matches 5148 to what the user has

typed in displayed. The scroll bar 5150 allows the user to scroll up and down the list of

companies. The "New Search" button 5144 calls up the screen 5100. If a company name is

selected from the list, the "Show quote" button 5146 calls up the screen 5120, with the stock

data for the selected company displayed.

FIG. 52 shows a "Stock alert set up" display, which allows a user to track the

movement of selected stocks. The user calls the stock alert set up display by selecting the

"Alerts" button 1525 in the function button display (see FIG. 15). If a stock is first selected

from the stock summary display (see FIG. 12) and then the "Alerts" button is selected, the

"Stock alerts set up" screen is pre-filled with infoπnation from the user's positions and the

current status of the stock in the market. If the stock symbol is not pre-filled into the box 5210, the user inputs the symbol for the stock of interest. Once the symbol is input, the

current price 5212 of the stock is automatically filled in by the application. The user inputs

the price at which he wants to be alerted in the box 5215. The user selects the method by

which he wishes to be alerted in the column 5220, by checking the appropriate box 5222.

Available options include: pager, email, fax, and phone. The user enters his pager number in

the box 5230; his email address in the box 5232; his fax number in the box 5234; and his

phone number in the box 5236. If the user selects "Type of Alerts" 5240 and then "visual

alerts," the user can have the application highlight the stock in the stock summary display

according to various criteria: direction of movement, rate of movement, profit/loss against the

user's current positions. The visual alert works on several of the displays where the stock

symbol occurs. The "Other criteria" button 5260 calls up a list of alert criteria options for

tracking the status of the stock of interest. The "New alert" button 5242 clears the screen for

the input of a new stock symbol or new alert parameters. The "Clear alert" button 5244

cancels an alert that has already been set. The "OK" button 5250 records the alert that has

been set and removes the "Stock alert set up" screen.

FIG. 53 shows a connection status indication display. Current on-line trading systems

do not provide users with a clear, concise status indication of the initial connection process as

they log on to the trading system. The connection status display 5300 of the preferred

embodiment shows users each step of the connection process. The first connection status

indicator 5320 "Connecting to [the trading system]," is indicated by the button 5325 being lit

while the connection to the trading system is being established. When the connection is

established, the button 5335 opposite the "Connection established" label 5330 is lit. When

the application is initialized, the button 5345 opposite the "Application initialized" label 5340 is lit. Once the application is initialized, the message 5350 "Initialization complete!" is either

displayed (if not displayed already) or highlighted (if already displayed). The user's name

and password input areas do not appear until the connection to the network is established.

The user then enters his user name in the box 5365 opposite the "Enter your user name" label

5 5360. The user also enters his user password in the box 5375 opposite the "Enter your

password" label 5370. The user then clicks the "OK" button 5380 to submit his login

information to the system and to close the connection status screen. If the user encounters

problems connecting, he can access the context-sensitive help function, including detailed

problem FAQs and a troubleshooting index, by clicking the "HELP" button 5390.

0 FIG. 54 shows a compressed spread display (see FIG. 6). The compressed spread

screen is called up by clicking the "Compress spread" button 656. The "Compress spread"

button 656 compresses the spread, and orders included in the spread, down to one line. The

horizontal bar 5460 representing the compressed spread is red. The compressed view shows

the last bid, best offer, and a single line spread shown on a red background with white

characters. The quantity shown in the red bar is the total price of the spread in one line. "All

or none" orders 5440 and 5450 contained within the spread are shown as total amounts. The

magnitude 5430 of the spread is displayed numerically in the center of the bar 5460. The

magnitude of the spread is displayed graphically by the vertical bar 5410 on the right side of

the display.

FIG. 55 shows an email display. The email display is displayed within the web

browser of the application (see FIG. 10). The "Show news" button 5520 is clicked to return

to the news display of the browser. The "Show Email" button 5510 is clicked to go from the

news display to the email display. FIG. 56 shows a "Final Verification" screen. The dark area 5610 flashes to alert the

user to the significance of completing this step. A real-time quotation 5670 for the selected

stock is displayed. The user's buying power 5640 is displayed, along with 5650 what his

balance will be if the trade is executed and what the corresponding commission 5630 will be.

The total cost 5620 of the trade is displayed at the bottom of the screen in color-coded

characters.

markets at one time (see FIG. 39). The price scale 5710 is at the left. The numbers 1 5720, 2

5730, and 3 5740 represent markets 1, 2, and 3.

FIG. 57A is a "Most Active Stocks" display. The most active stocks in both the Day

market (NM) and the Nite Market (AHM) are shown. The scroll bar 5782 allows the user to

scroll up and down the list of most active stocks.

FIG. 57B shows how the most viewed stocks display shown in FIG. 49 is displayed

FIG. 57C shows a multi-screen view created by the "Peel off display" function (see

FIG. 27).

In an alternate embodiment of the disclosed system, instead of being in a stand-alone

application, the GUI is displayed within an Internet web browser, and the application is a Java

applet. In the applet version, no software remains resident on the user's computer when the

system is not being accessed. The functionality of the various components of the GUI

remains essentially the same, except for routine modifications (for example, some

functionality may be scaled back to reduce the size and download time of the applet). In each

display, the scalable price map display (see FIG. 14) is on the right-hand side. FIG. 58 shows an applet version of the real-time chart of stock activity display shown

in FIG. 15.

FIG. 59 shows an applet version of the most active stocks display shown in FIG.

57A.

FIG. 60 shows an applet version of the most viewed stocks display shown in FIG.

57B.

FIG. 61 shows an applet version of the order book display shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 62 shows an applet version of the news display shown in FIG. 10.

In a further alternate embodiment of the disclosed system, either the entire master

trade screen display (see FIG. 5), or individual displays (e.g., the order book display, shown

in FIG. 6, or the displays shown in FIGS. 58 - 62), are presented in static versions on the

Internet. These static versions of the primary market displays are presented in the form of

"graphic snapshots" in a standard format such as GIF. These snapshots are transmitted and

displayed in standard HTML pages without the need to call Java applets or to utilize other

secondary implementation strategies. This allows the displays to be widely distributed over

the Internet without requiring users to have the latest updated browsers. It further allows for

very wide distribution of the market indications to a broad audience such as would be

available at a portal or other high-traffic website.

Other embodiments of the disclosed system will be clear to those skilled in the art.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments

described herein. Indeed, modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein

will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Doubtless, numerous other embodiments can be conceived that would not depart from the teaching of the present invention, which scope is defined by the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A computer system supporting user-to-user computer trading of securities by

users communicating from user devices over a first network with the system, comprising:

a root server supporting a master database comprising stored data representing

offers to buy and offers to sell securities provided by the users of the system, the server

includes software that updates the master database based on the offers to buy and the offers to

sell securities provided by the users; and

replica servers communicating with the root server over a second network and

with computer devices of the users over the first network wherein each of the replica servers

includes:

a) essentially a copy of the master database;

b) software for communicating data to a user device, including software

for communicating in essentially real-time updates to the offers to buy and the offers to sell

stored for a security without receiving a request from the user for each new update;

c) software for receiving data representing a user's offer to buy or sell a

security from the user device;

d) software for transmitting the data representing the user's offer to the

root server; and

e) software for updating the master database in response to the received

user's offer.

2. The system of claim 1 further comprising software for updating essentially a copy of the master database at one of the replica servers.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the software for updating the copy comprises software for receiving the offer from the root server and updating the database on the basis of

the user's offer.

4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a load balancer which monitors the

replica servers and connects a new user to one of the replicated servers such that there is a

substantial uniform load on the replica servers.

5. The system of claim 1 further comprising software for providing

communication between the root server and a broker/dealer system of the user.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the servers are arranged hierarchically so that

the root server is connected to a plurality of intermediate servers at a first level of hierarchy

and each of the intermediate servers at the first level of hierarchy are connected to the

plurality of replica servers at a second level of hierarchy.

7. A method for facilitating delivery of real-time information relating to a

security to a user communicating from a user workstation with a computer system

comprising:

receiving updated security infoπnation at a root server;

updating a master database of the root-server in accordance with the updated

security infoπnation;

communicating the updated security information to a plurality of replica

servers; updating essentially copies of the master database stored at the plurality of the

replica servers in accordance with the updated security infoπnation; and

transmitting from one of the replica servers to the workstation of the user

information for one or more securities requested by the workstation of the user including the

updated security information.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the user workstation communicates with one

of the replica servers over the Internet.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising establishing a communication

between the user workstation and a load balancer of the system

10. A method of trading securities on a user-to-user trading system comprising:

(a) electrically receiving over a network a request from a first user to view

offers to purchase and offers to sell a first security;

(b) electronically transmitting over the network to the first user data

representing the offers to purchase and the offers to sell the first securities made by some of the users of the system;

(c) electronically updating the data representing the offers to purchase and

the offers to sell the first security in response to a new offer to purchase or a new offer to sell

the first security received over the network, and transmitting the updated data to the first user,

without receiving a request for updated data from the first user; and

(d) electronically receiving an acceptance of one of the offers to sell from the first user and in, response, electronically updating the data representing the offers to sell.

1 1. The method of claim 10 further comprising storing the data representing the

offers to sell and the offers to purchase at a plurality of replica servers connected by a

network to the root server.

12. The method of claim 1 1 wherein the step (c) of electronically updating further

comprises:

(a) electronically receiving the new offer from a second user at a replica

server to which the second user is connected;

(b) electronically providing the new offer from the replica server to the

root server;

(c) electronically updating the master database stored at the root server

based on the new offer;

(d) electronically providing the new offer to the replica servers; and

(e) updating databases stored at the replica servers based on the new offer.

13. The method of claim 10 further including receiving a request from a second

user to negotiate purchase price of the first securities offered by the third user and

electronically establishing a negotiation between the second and the third users.

14. A computer program for providing a computer interface which facilitates

security trading by a user communicating over a network with at least one computer system,

the interface comprising simultaneously displayed non-overlapping computer displays which

include: (a) a computer display of user's current security positions, (b) a computer display of

an open order list of the user, (c) a computer display of a trade ticket, (d) a computer display of a watch list of securities wherein a price of at least one of the securities displayed in the

watch list is automatically updated without the user requesting each update.

15. The program of claim 14 further providing a computer display of offers to buy

and offers to sell the securities.

16. A computer method of providing a computer interface which facilitates

electronic security trading by a user communicating over a network with at least one

computer system, comprising: (a) graphically displaying bid, ask, and spread for a security in

active trading in a first market; and (b) simultaneously graphically displaying a trade for the

security in a second market in such a manner that a value of the trade in the second market

can be readily visually compared with the bid, ask, and spread in the first market.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising displaying an alphanumeric

summary of the user's average price of the security and the user's current profit or loss for the

security based on the current price of the security.

18. A method of presenting information about market conditions to a user at a user

workstation networked to at least one server comprising:

displaying numerical information representing detailed trading data for a

security in a first market;

displaying a summary graphical display representing summary trading information for the security in the first market; and displaying graphical information on the summary display representing position

of the security in a second market.

19. The method of claim 18 further comprising graphically displaying data

representing user's holdings of the security on the summary display.

20. The method of claim 19 further comprising displaying user's P&L in the

security.

21. A method of claim 18 further comprising updating the trading data for the

security in real-time without a user requesting updates.