WO2001022902A9 - Spinal nucleus implant - Google Patents
Spinal nucleus implant Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001022902A9 WO2001022902A9 PCT/US2000/027027 US0027027W WO0122902A9 WO 2001022902 A9 WO2001022902 A9 WO 2001022902A9 US 0027027 W US0027027 W US 0027027W WO 0122902 A9 WO0122902 A9 WO 0122902A9
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- swellable
- spinal nucleus
- plastic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/20—Polysaccharides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/441—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs made of inflatable pockets or chambers filled with fluid, e.g. with hydrogel
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/16—Macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/18—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/40—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
- A61L27/44—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/52—Hydrogels or hydrocolloids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/442—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30003—Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis
- A61F2002/3006—Properties of materials and coating materials
- A61F2002/30075—Properties of materials and coating materials swellable, e.g. when wetted
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/442—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient
- A61F2002/4435—Support means or repair of the natural disc wall, i.e. annulus, e.g. using plates, membranes or meshes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
- A61F2/442—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient
- A61F2002/444—Intervertebral or spinal discs, e.g. resilient for replacing the nucleus pulposus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2210/00—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2210/0061—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof swellable
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/38—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of the spine, vertebrae or intervertebral discs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a spinal nucleus implant to repla.ce all or a portion of nucleus pulposus which has been removed form a spinal disc of a living vertebrate, e.g. a human.
- This spinal nucleus implant is formed of a xerogel which is capable of anisotropic [0 swelling.
- Spinal intervertebral disc is a cartilaginous tissue located between the endplates of adjacent ver ⁇ ebra.
- the spinal intervertebral disc acts as a flexible joint between the vertebra, allowing bending and twisting of the L 5 spine column. Damage to the spinal intervertebral disc can cause spinal dysfunction, crippling pain and short- or long-term disability. Because of the wide occurrence of this problem (5% annual incidence of back pain due to the spinal intervertebral disc is reported), the economic consequences are enormous. Some disc problems require a surgery. Typical current procedure is fusion of the adjacent vertebra using various techniques and devices, such as those described in the U.S. Patents No,
- the spinal intervertebral disc acts as an efficient shock absorber and a pump driving a flow of nutrients into and metabolites from the disc.
- the disc is a rather complex composite part involving several types of materials organized in a complex and intricate fashion. Vertebral endplates are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage composed of a collagen matrix, a glycoprotein component, and water, hx addition, about 2-5% of its volume is occupied by living cells producing the components of the cartilage.
- the spinal intervertebral disc itself is composed mainly of crystalline collagen fibrils and amorphous hydrophilic proteoglycans. About 3-5% of the volume is occupied by living cells that produce the its constituents.
- the spina) intervertebral disc is composed of a hydrogel-iike core called the nucleus p ⁇ lposus', arid an outside ring called the annuJus fibrosus.
- the structure of the spinal intervertebral disc is schematically depicted in Figure 1 and described below.
- the spinal intervertebral discfacts primarily as a weight-bearing and flexible joint. It enables mutual rotation, bending and translation of the adjacent vertebra, while bearing a considerable axial load. Tn addition, the spinal intervertebral disc attenuates vibrations and mechanical shocks and prevents their propagation through the skeletal system.
- the load bearing capability and flexibility in selected directions is achieved by the combination of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.
- Annulus fibrosus is a layered structure that is rigid in the radial direction but defbrmable in the axial direction and by torque.
- the axial load is bom by nucleus pulposus that transforms it partly into an axial component that is contained by the annulus fibrosus
- the a ⁇ nulus fibrosus is foimed mainly -by collagen fibrils organized in several layers. Each layer has its collagen fibrils wound at an angle, and subsequent layers have an alternate orientation.
- the collagen organization closely resembles organization of fiber reinforcement as in composites used for pressure vessels or cords in tires. It guarantees maximum resistance to radial stress (or internal pressure) while allowing a deformation in torque and bending.
- the fibril ends are attached to the adjacent vertebra and to the cartilaginous surface of the vertebral endplates. Consequently, the inner space of the annuius fibrosus is virtually sealed. Any liquid penetrating in or out of the core has to pass through the annuius fibrosus tissue or through the vertebral endplates.
- the collagenous structure of the annuius fibrosus is supplemented by proteoglycans embedded between the collagen fibrils.
- the proteoglycans are hydrateci so tha ⁇ the aniiuliis fibrosus forms a sort of a highly organized, anisotropic hydrogel composite.
- the collagen domains form a microfibrillar mesh. The result of this arrangement is a sufficient, deformability in selected directions combined with high mechanical strength, and particularly high tear strength and resistance to fracture propagation that are needed for a load- bearing function.
- the nucleus pulposus is connected to the annulus fibrosus, but not to the endplates. It has much a lower concentration of collagen (which concentration increases with age) and a higher concentration of hydropbilic proteoglycans. Consequently, it is a natural composite which is somewhat li
- the water content and volume of nucleus pulposus depends on osmolarity of swelling medium and on the mechanical pressure.
- the resistance Io the decrease of liquid content due to mechanical pressing is called the "swelling pressure". Swelling pressure is the very key to the function of the nucleus pulposus.
- the nucleus pulposus is capable of counterbalancing and redistributing the axial stress, converting them to radial components that can be confined by the annulus fibrosus.
- the dehydration and rehydration of nucleus pulposus under varying load drives the transport of metabolites and nutrients in and out the spinal intervertebral disc. Therefore, the nucleus pulposus acts as an osmotic pump facilitating transport of nutrient and metabolites to and from the spinal disc and surrounding tissues.
- This transport function is essential because the cartilaginous components (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus and cartilaginous layer of the vertebral endplates) are neither vascularized nor can be supported with nutrition by mere diffusion. Since the nucleus pulposus is substantially a macroscopically isotropic tissue, it has to be organized on its molecular and superrnolecular levels to perform all these functions.
- the nucleus pulposus structure is rather ingenious.
- the nucleus pulposus is constructed from a two-phase composite consisting of crystalline collagen domains forming a scaffold, and amorphous glycoprotein domains forming hydrophilic filler.
- the crystalline collagen domains are responsible for a relatively high strength even at high hydration. They form a microfibrillar mesh resembling the fibrous reinforcement in high-performance composites. The result of this arrangement is a sufficient defo ⁇ nability combined with sufficient mechanical strength even at full hydration.
- the amorphous domains are responsible for water absorption and for the generation of a swelling pressure. They are formed mainly by high- molecular, water-soluble glycoproteoglyca ⁇ s. Glycoproteoglycans are highly hydrophilic and water-soluble polymers. A small portion of glyco amino glyca ⁇ s is covalently bound to the'collagenous scaffold, turning it hydrophilic and highly wettable with water (this is necessary for the thermodynamic stability of the two-phase composite). A large portion is unattached to the scaffold and is retained by an entrapment within the scaffold due to the large size of glycoproteoglycans ⁇ molecules.
- glycoproteoglycans chains associate to form larger units.
- Glycoproteoglycans chains are equipped with protein terminal sequences adjusted for attachment to hyaluronic acid.
- the complexes of the hyaluronic acid and GPG are too large to escape from the collagenous scaffold. This is a very different arrangement than in hydrogels where the confinement of hydrophilic moieties is achieved by crosslinking.
- the glycoproteoglycans in the amorphous phase bear a dense negative charge.
- the high negative charge density is important because it generates high values of virial coefficients and, therefore, causes maximum swelling pressure at a high water content. The high charge density is facilitated by the composite structure of the nucleus pulposus.
- a synthetic crosslinked hydrogel with a similar charge density would be brittle and mechanically very weak.
- a high negative charge is also responsible for a high surface hydration that is necessary for a low wet friction. This is important for the low-friction contact between the nucleus pulposus and the cartilaginous surfaces of vertebral end plates. A high friction would probably cause an excessive wear of the cartilage and degenerative changes in vertebra.
- the disc replacement's function, properties and structure has to be a close approximation of the original disc in ' order to be able to perform all its functions.
- a successful disc replacement has to be biomimetic to the maximum degree achievable.
- Biocompatible Intervertebral Spacer (1990) describe a composite replacement of the disc made from a biocompatible elastomer reinforced with fibers that mimics the mechanical properties of the natural disc. It replicates the disc structure having an eiastomeric core with the shape approximating the shape of nucleus pulposus, wrapped around by a fiber-reinforced eiastomeric layers rep heating structure of annulus fibrosus.
- the reinforcing fibers have preferred orientation-simulating arrangement of collagen fibers in annulus fibrosus.
- the faces of the assembly are equipped with tough eiastomeric layers simulating the mechanical function of cartilaginous layers of vertebral endplates.
- nucleus pulposus In this situation, it is useful to replace the missing nucleus pulposus (or its part) to reestablish the radial stress on annulus fibrosus (or to "reinflate” the spinal intervertebral disc) that is required for its proper function.
- the nucleus pulposus replacement can be carried out by an easier, less traumatic and less expensive surgical procedure. It is important to recognize that a successful replacement of nucleus pulposus has to replicate not only the mechanical function, but also the function of osmotic pump. Without that, ⁇ he Living tissue of vertebral endplate cartilages and annulus f ⁇ brosus cannot be maintained in healthy condition. For those reasons, the nucleus pulposus cannot be replaced by a piece of a hydrophobic, non-hydrogel elastomer, such as silicone rubber or polyurethane.
- Bao describes a hydrogel prosthesis that has, in its fully hydrated state, the shape and size generally conforming to a missing natural nucleus, Le., to the cavity left after removal of nucleus pulposus tissue.
- the hydrogel used in the implant has, in its folly hydrated state, water content at least 30% and compressive strength at least 4 MN/m 2 (Le., 40 kg/cm 2 or 556 psi). This high strength has to be achieved even at full hydration and at a very high water content, such as in the preferred range 70 to 90% of liquid.
- this very high requirement on mechanical strength is dictated by possible herniation of isotropic material that was implanted into damaged and weakened annulus fibrjpsus.
- This ratiier extreme requirement limits selection of materials useful for this device.
- Hydro gels are typically weaker than other plastics and rubbers, particularly at high water content. Therefore, selection of high-swelling hydrogels with such a high compressive strength is rather narrow.
- the hydrogel prostheses according to Bao is implanted in partly or fully dehydrated shape when it is undersized, i.e. its volume is I 1 O- 70% of the volume of fully hydrated hydrogel implant. Consequently, the hydrogel implant can be inserted through a small incision and then grow into its full size by absorbing aqueous body fluids.
- the hydrogel used for the implant has in its fully hydrated state water content higher than 30%, and preferably between 70 and 90% of liquid.
- the materials used by Bao are isotropic so that the implant's expansion due to hydration is equal in all directions.
- the implant can be composed from 2 or more pieces of combined size and shape, if fully hydrated, of the cavity vacated by the nucleus pulposus removal.
- Hydrogel expansion is limited to the size of the cavity vacated by the nucleus pulposus, so that its swelling pressure at the fully hydrated and expanded state will be very low, or even zero .JThere fore, the implant will not generate sufficient axial force for the vertebral separation that can be found in the healthy spinal intervertebral disc. This is different from natural nucleus pulposus that is underswelled inside the spinal intervertebral disc and generates positive swelling pressure even at maximum vertebral separation.
- Bao could not use such an "oversized design" because the spinal nucleus implant is implanted into a damaged annulus f ⁇ brosus (either due to surgical incision or due to the original injury) and expansion of the spinal nucleus implant beyond the cavity size would cause its extrusion similar to herniation of natural nucleus pulposus. As Bao notes, bulging of the implant under stress is prevented by resistance of annulus fibrosus to deformation. Because the integrity of annulus fibrosus is compromised, hydrogel used in prosthesis has to be much stronger than natural nucleus pulppsus to resist herniation or extrusion (namely, more than 4 MN/sq.m. at full hydration).
- the prosthetic nucleus is formed by a multiplicity of hydrogel beads having water content at least 30%, said beads being surrounded by a flexible semipermeable cover.
- the porous cover has, if fully extended, the size and shape of the cavity vacated by the nucleus pulposus removal.
- the size of the beads is at least three times larger than size of the pores in said cover so that the hydrogel is safely confined within the cover.
- the hydxogel beads can contain as much as 99% of liquid if fully hydrated.
- the overall volume of the fully hydrated hydrogel- beads may be 1 greater that the volume of the cavity vacated by the nucleus pulposus removal, because casing restricts the swelling and prevents the hydrogel expansion beyond the internal volume and dimensions of the cover.
- the cover can be made of knitted fibers.
- the casing is coated by a highly biocompatible polymer to prevent adverse reactions to the implant.
- the microporous casing may induce a foreign body reaction, initiate protein deposition, become loci of bacterial colonization or cause other problems.
- the use of the cover sacrifices some advantages of hydrogels, such as high biocompatibility and surface lubricity.
- the beads have relatively low packing density and relatively large interstitial space fraction.
- Ray et al. invented somewhat similar designs to '326.
- Ray describes a implant into the nucleus pulposus composed of two flexible cylindrical bladders filled with a liquid, preferably a thixotropic liquid.
- the bladders are surrounded by strong fibrous casing, preferably combined with a biodegradable polymer that promotes tissue in growth.
- the bladders are equipped by tubing for adding or withdrawing fluid.
- the fibrous casing is designed to facilitate integration of the implant into; tfye residual spinal intervertebral disc tissue, causing thus partial fusion of the vertebral joint.
- the volume of the hydrated hydrogel is substantially smaller that the natural nucleus pulposus volume.
- the shape of Ray J s implant differs substantially from the nucleus pulposus shape and one could anticipate certain problems with position stability of such implants.
- porous or fibrous constraining jacket is incorporated into the residual spinal intervertebral disc tissue. However, this causes a partial fusion, and thus a partial immobilization, of the vertebral joint.
- the Ray's device does not fill the space designed for nucleus pulposus, which may cause a tendency to distort and to extrude the device under some conditions.
- This invention relates to a biomimetic spinal nucleus implant designed to restore the function of spinal disc and vertebral joint after a part or all of the nucleus pulposus tissue was removed from the disc of a living vertebrate, e.g. a human.
- the spinal nucleus implant according to this invention is a swellable plastic device capable of anisotropic swelling into a form of hydrogel implant with anisotropic deformability.
- the spinal nucleus implant according to the invention is implantable into spinal disc through a small incision facilitating thus the surgery, minimizing the trauma of the surgery and improving the safety of the device.
- the invention also relates to the surgical implant procedure r elat ing thereto .
- Figure 1 shows an oblique front view of a cross section of a spinal intervertebral disc
- Figure 2 shows a .front expanded cut section of annular fibers of an annulus laminate of a spinal intervertebral disc
- Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 show oblique front views of various steps of a present invention surgical implant procedure, showing cavity creation (nucleus pulposus removal), spinal nucleus implant insertion, unfolded and fully hydrated;
- Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 show oblique front views of spherical, cylindrical, helixical and ovate spinal nucleus implant.
- Figures 11, 12 and 13 show front cut views of present invention spinal nucleus implant structures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
- the device according to this invention is designed to replicate the structure and material properties of natural nucleus pulposus to the extent needed to replicate all its essential functions, to achieve position stability of spinal nucleus implant implanted in a weakened annulus fibrosus, and to make spinal nucleus implant implantable through a small incision.
- the preferred spinal nucleus implant according to the present invention has properties closely mimicking the essential properties of natural nucleus pulposus, such as: • Hydrophilic material with equilibrium water content around 90% or higher at full hydration;
- the spinal nucleus implant according to the present invention also has the following differences from natural nucleus pulposus:
- the implant size, in its fully hydrated state, does not conform to the natural nucleus pulposus; o
- spinal nucleus implant comprises a material capable of swelling in the presence of water and is capable of changing water content in response to external conditions, such as pressure, temperature, osmolarity or pH. They are two types of swellable materials suitable for this invention: More organized hydrophilic composites having some hydrophobicity resembling structure of cartilaginous tissues, and more homogeneous hydrogels.
- hydrophilic composites can be of "cellular" (or “domain”) type with continuous hydrophobic domains and discrete hydrophilic domains, and interpenetrating networks where both types of domains are continuous.
- the preferred material for the spinaLnucleus implant is a synthetic composite of the cellular type with the structure similar to the nucleus pulposus.
- the structure comprises strong fibrillar crystalline phase, and an amorphous phase comprising charged associative polymers.
- Polymers involved in the composite are non-biodegradable, preferably with carbon -carbon backbone.
- the preferred types of polymers are multiblock acrylic polymers.
- Composites may be of "domain type", in which associative polymers are located in discrete hydrophilic domains; or of a “interpenetrating network” type.
- the requirements for the spinal nucleus implant according to the present invention can be also met by certain type of hydrogels. Contrary to composites, hydrogels are formed by a single type of network (covaJent, physical or combined). Only hydrogels having ce ⁇ ain combination of properties are suitable for the present invention, as described in more detail below.
- height i.e., the axial dimension
- the fully hydrated diameter of the spinaTnucleus implant is substantially the same as the diameter of the cavity vacated by the nucleus pulposus removal.
- swellable plastic is used to include both composites and hydrogels.
- Swellable plastics contain one or more polymeric components.
- swellable plastics suitable for the spinal nucleus implant comprise polymeric components having C-C backbone.
- Such polymers such as polyvinylalcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or derivatives of polyacrylic or polymethacrylic acid, are more resistant to biodegradation than polymers with heteroatoms in their backbones, such as polyurethanes or polyesters.
- at least on of the pojyrnerj& components contains both hydrophilic hydrophobic groups.
- the preferred swellable plastic comprises two polymer phases of different hydrophilicity, the less hydrophilic phase having higher content of hydrophobic groups and more hydrophilic phase having higher content of hydrophilic groups.
- the less hydrophilic phase is preferably crystalline and more hydrophilic phase is preferably amorphous, as can be established from X-ray diffraction.
- the preferred hydrophobic groups are pendant nitrile substituents in 1,3 positions on polymethylene backbone, such as in poly (aery Io nitrile) or poly(methacrylonitrile).
- the hydrophilic phase preferably contains a high concentration of ionic groups.
- Preferred hydrophilic groups are derivatives of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acids including salts, acrylamidine, N-substituted acrylamidine, acrylamide and N-substituted acryl amide, as well as various combinations thereof.
- the particularly preferred combination contains approximately two thirds of acrylic acid and_it£ salts (on molar basis), the rest being a combination of plain and N-substituted acrylamides and acrylamidines.
- At least one polymeric comp'onent Ls preferably a multiblock copolymer with alternating sequences of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Such sequences are usually capable of separating into two polymer phases and form strong physically crosslinked hydrogels.
- Such multiblock copolymers can be, for instance, products of hydrolysis or aminolysis of polyacrylonitrile or polymethacrylonitrile and copolymers thereof.
- PAN all polymers and copolymers having at least 80 molar % of acrylonitrile and/or methacrylonitrile units in their composition. Hydrolysis and aminolysis of PAN and products thereof are described, for instance, in the US Patents No.
- the swellable plastic can comprise ⁇ of at least two polymeric components arranged as interpenetrating network.
- one component is essentially a hydrophobic polymer capable of forming a reticulated crystalline fibrillar mesh-or scaffold.
- polymers are polyurethane, polyurea, PAN, expanded polytetrafiuoroethylene, cellulose triacetate and polyvinylalcohol.
- hydrophilic polymer with 3-dimensional physical or covalent network i.e., a hydrogel, such as crosslinked polyvinylalcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- a hydrogel such as crosslinked polyvinylalcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone
- the most suitable hydrogels for this role are those based on hydrophilic derivatives ofpolyacrylic and polymethacrylic acid.
- the preferred material for the spinal nucleus implant is a synthetic composite of a cellular (or domain) type with continuous phase formed by a hydrophobic polymer or a hydrophilic polymer with low to medium water content forming a "closed cells" spongy structure that provides composite with a strength and shape stability.
- suitable polymers are polyurethanes, pojyureas, PAN, polydimethylsiloxanes (silicone mbber), and highly crystalline multiblock acrylic and methacrylic copolymers.
- the polymer has to be sufficiently permeable for water. It is known that even distinctly hydrophobic polymers, such as silicone rubber, can form swellable composites.
- the continuous phase is formed by a strong hydrophilic polymer with sufficient permeability for water but impermeable for high-molecular solutes.
- a strong hydrophilic polymer with sufficient permeability for water but impermeable for high-molecular solutes.
- polymers are highly crystalline hydrogels based on segmented polyurethanes, polyvinylalcohol or multiblock acrylonitrile copolymers with derivatives of acrylic acid.
- suitable polymers for the continuous phase in cellular composites have water content in folly hydrated state between about 60% by weight and 90% by weight, preferably between 70 and 85% by weight.
- the second component is a highly hydrophilic polymer of high enough molecular weight that cannot permeate through the continuous phase. This component is confined inside ⁇ the matrix of the continuous phase.
- the entrapped hydrophilic polymers may be high-molecular weight water-soluble polymers, associative water-soluble polymers or highly swellable hydrogels containing, in fully bydrated state, at least 95% of water and up to 99.8 % of water.
- Such hydrogels are very weak mechanically. However, it does not matter in composites where such polymers' role is generation of osmotic pressure rather than load- bearing, with compression strength in full hydration in the range of 0.01MN/m 2 or lower.
- Such system with closed cells (or domains) .containing highly swellable or water-soluble polymers can form composites with very high swelling pressure as needed for the spinal nucleus implant function.
- hydrophilic polymers examples include high-molecular v/eight poly aery] amide, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyleneoxide, copolymers of ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide or hyaluronic acid; covalently crosslinked hydrogels such as hydrophilic esters or amides of polyacrylic or polyme
- associative water-soluble polymers capable of forming very highly visceus solutions or even soft physical gels.
- Preferred are associative polymers containing negatively charged groups, such as carboxylates, sulpho-groups, phosphate groups or sulfate groups.
- Particularly preferred are associative polymers formed by hydrolysis and/or amino lysis of PAN to high but finite conversions that leave a certain number of nitrile groups (typically, between 5 and 25 molar %) unreacted.
- Preferred composites have both continuous phase and dispersed phase formed by different products of hydrolysis or aminolysis of PAN.
- both components are compatible and their hydrophobic blocks can participate in the same crystalline domains. This improves anchorage of the more hydrophilic component and prevents its extraciion. Size of more hydrophilic domains may vary widely, from nanometers to millimeters, to microns.
- the ratio between the continuous a discrete phase may vary from about 1 :2 to 1 : 100 on the dry weight basis, but preferred ratio ranges from about 1 : 5 io 1 :20.
- any swellable plastic e.g. a hydro gel
- a swellable plastic e.g. a hydro gel
- the most important characteristic is the liquid content in the state of foil hydration.
- full hydration Le. meaj ⁇ ing equilibrium hydration in full and unrestricted contact with an excess of a liquid of defined composition at a defined temperature, for a time sufficient to achieve equilibrium, without any restriction of sample expansion due to a limited space, availability of swelling liquid or due to an external load or pressure applied against the hydro gel.
- the liquid medium is an isotonic unbuffered 0.9% by weight NaCl solution in water, and temperature is the body temperature of 36.5 0 C +/- 0.5 0 C.
- Dehydrated swellable plastic is often called "xerogel”. Another characteristic is compressioii strength. It can be measured according to ASTM method D695, performed in aqueous immersion.
- compressive strength is meant at full hydration and ambient temperature.
- Swellable plastics used in the present invention has to have the folio wing basic characteristics: * Liquid content in the state of full hydration with deionized water at ambient temperature higher than 70% of water and preferably higher than 95% of water. * Liquid content in the state of full hydration with 0.9% aqueous solution of NaCl at body temperature higher than 65% and preferably higher than 85% of liquid. • Capability of anisotropical swelling, i.e. capability of a xerogel to expand due to its hydration, even in absence of an external load or any external restriction, in a selected direction or directions more than in other directions. For instance, an anisotropic xerogel rod can increase its diameter while decreasing its length due to its hydration.
- Sweilable plastics particularly useful for this invention have modulus of elasticity increasing with deformation. This is important for confinement of radial deformation, Le. prevention of bulging and herniation under high axial loads. Sweilable plastics exhibiting this type of behavior are typically those containing a crystalline phase in their structure.
- Sweilable plastics suitable for this invention are those capable of holding "frozen deformation” and to release such deformation in fully hydrated state. Such materials are often called “memory hydrogels” or “memory hydrogel composites". Particularly useful are those materials that are able to hoid the "frozen deformation” even in plasticized state at temperatures lower than body temperature. The frozen deformation is released due to hydration, heating to body temperature or a combination of both.
- Swellable plastics particularly useful for invention are those with high hydraulic permeability. All hydrophilic plastics, including hydro gels, have relatively high diffusive permeability for water and aqueous solutes.
- Hydraulic permeability can be characterized by "filtration coefficient" K f .
- Swellable plastic suitable for the present invention have Kf > 5. 10 "14 [cc.cm-of- thickness/sec.cm 2 .(dyn/cm 2 )] and preferably K f > 1. I0 "12 [cc.cm-of- thickness/sec.cm 2 .(dyn/cm 2 ) ].
- the spinal nucleus implant according to the invention have the following characteristics:
- the spinal nucleus implant has the ⁇ folly hydrated volume larger than volume cavity created by a partial or complete removal of nucleus- pulposus.
- the volume of the spinal nucleus implant fully swelled in body fluid at body temperature is preferably by at least 5% larger, and more preferably by at least 10% larger than the volume of the cavity into which the spinal nucleus implant is implanted.
- the cavity volume is determined at maximum natural separation of vertebra, i.e. with the body in horizontal position.
- the spinal nucleus implant according to the invention has three basic shapes: inherent shape A insertion shape B indwelling shape C
- Inherent shape A is corresponding to the most relax ⁇ oplymer network in the state of full hydration of the swellable plastic (Le., in tiie state with minimum free enthalpy).
- the spinal nucleus implant in the inherent shape A has cross-section area substantially equivalent to the cross- section area of the cavity vacated by the removal of nucleus pulposus tissue, and height substantial larger than height of such said cavity. (By “height” is meant the dimension substantially parallel with the spinal axis while the "cross-section area” is the area lateral to the spinal axis.)
- Insertion shape B is the shape of xerogel deformed in such a way that it facilitates insertion and anisotropic swelling in the preferred direction of spinal axis.
- the xerogel in the shape B and anisotropically dehydrated state has the shape optimized for insertion into the cavity through a small incision in. the annulus fibrosus.
- the preferred shape is an approximate shape of a cylindrical body which length is approximately the length of the longer axis of the nucleus pulposus cross-section.
- the spinal nucleus implant would spontaneously change from shape B to shape A.
- dwelling shape C is substantially the shape, of the cavity created by the partial or complete removal of nucleus pulposus tissue.
- the spinal nucleus implant is implanted in a partly dehydrated state and in the insertion state A. Once inserted, it imbibes additional water from body fluids and increases its volume until it reaches shape C. The volume in the state C is smaller than in state A and its main dimensions are different.
- the spinal nucleus implant is partially dehydrated in the shape B because the restriction of space and pressure of surrounding structures does not allow xerogel to reach full hydration. In the shape C, the xerogel has reached substantially the fully hydrated cross-section of the state B. Because of that, it does generate radial swelling pressure that could overly strain the weakened annulus fibrosus and to cause extrusion or herniation.
- the height in the shape C is smaller that the niily hydrated shape A so that the spinal nucleus implant generates swelling pressure preferentially in axial direction.
- the spinal nucleus implant according to the present invention swells anisotropically from shape B to shape C, i.e. differently in various directions.
- isotropic swelling which is typical for hydrogels hitherto used in the spinal nucleus implant
- relative increase of all linear dimension is the same, and relative increase of any dimension is cubic root of relative volume expansion. For instance, if volume of an isotropic hydrogel increases eight times due to the hydration, any of its linear dimensions (such as thickness, diameter, radius of curvature etc) is doubled.
- the volume change is achieved by preferential expansion in selected directions. More specifically, the spinal nucleus implant according to the present invention swells after implantation more in axial direction than in radial direction (with respect to the spine). It can even swell in the axial direction only, or swell in axial directions while shrinking in radial direction.
- This anisotropic swelling in pieferred direction allows generation of swelling pressure in axial direction (that is necessary for vertebral separation) without generating an excessive radial swelling pressure against annulus fibrosus.
- This feature allows the use of the spinal nucleus implant with fully hydrated volume larger than the cavity volume created by removal of nucleus pulposus tissue.
- the relative change in the axial direction is higher than the relative change in lateral direction by at least 25% and preferably by at least 100% (i.e., is preferably is twice as large).
- Deformed shape B is the shape different from the inherent shape, with its cross-section minimized in order to facilitate its insertion through a small incision.
- the deformed state is stable as long as the spinal nucleus implant hydro gel is partly or fully dehydrated and as long as temperature is below glass transition temperature and/or melting temperature of at least one polymer phase in the hydrogel.
- the preferred deformed shape B may be that of a flat disc that can be folded for insertion in a taco-style or rolled for insertion into an approximately cylindrical shape ("buxrito style"). It can be ajso folded into a shape of letter M or into other convenient shapes.
- the spinal nucleus implant according to the present invention can be made from one or more parts, each of the parts having anisotropic swelling of the spinal nucleus implant described above. Such parts can be individually smaller than the single-piece the spinal nucleus implant, but can be combined into a part that meets the essential the spinal nucleus implant requirements described above. Individual parts can be inserted through a smaller incision and combined inside the spinal intervertebral disc cavity to perform the spinal nucleus implant function.
- the spinal nucleus implant can be formed by a multitude of individual thin discs, each individually anisotropically swellabie (i.e., increasing thickness rather than footprint). These discs are stacked inside the spinal intervertebral disc cavity. Compression during their swelling and the fact that they cannot become fully hydraled will secure sufficient adhesion between layers. The mutual position between layers can be also secured by various ⁇ rneans such as sutures, pins, spikes, adhesive layers and so forth.
- the spinal nucleus implant in the shape B can be also formed by a single piece of longitudinal shape (such as a tape) that pushed inside the cavity through a small incision and “assembled” by folding or otherwise stacking to form the desired indwelling shape.
- a single piece of longitudinal shape such as a tape
- Additional advantage of compound the spinal nucleus imp lane shapes is improved liquid transport in and out of the device. Insertion through a small incision is facilitated by using a swellable plastic that is sufficiently defo ⁇ nable in. the Insertion.State. Because many swellable plastics are rigid or even brittle in completely dehydrated state, such plastics can be plastizied by a suitable non-toxic water- miscible liquid such as a salt solution, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, giyceroldiacetate, glycerolfo ⁇ nal, dimethyls ulfoxide and the like, alone or in combination with water. Another possibility is plastification with a limited about of water, although long-term conjtrol of appropriate water concentration can be difficult.
- a suitable non-toxic water- miscible liquid such as a salt solution, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, giyceroldiacetate, glycerolfo ⁇ nal, dimethyls ulfox
- the spinal nucleus implant is implanted into a more o less damaged annulus fibrosus.
- the anisatropic swelling protects the annulus fibrosus against excessive radial swelling pressure that could lead to herniation or extrusion of the spinal nucleus implant material. Additional protection can be provided by an anisotropic deforrnability of the spinal nucleus implant. Namely, it is desirable that the spinal nucleus implant is more deformable in axial that radial direction.
- TMs can be achieved by a multitude of ways. One way is to use a swellable plastic that increases its modulus of elasticity with deformation.
- This type of behavior is shown by many materials with crystalline component, such as natural rubber, tendon, cartilage, certain type of composites and interpenetrating networks. This type of behavior can be readily detected from mechanical testing. The benefit can be further improved by radial orientation of the crystalline network in the spinal nucleus irnpjant device made from such sweilable plastics.
- Another method for k ' miting radial deformation is in using embedded reinforcement from rigid materials, such as metals, plastics, polymeric fibers etc. Important is proper construction of the reinforcement so that it does not restrict axial deformation. Preferred is helical arrangement, such as embedded metal spring or helically wound fibers. Another possible arrangement is embedded stacked concentric rings.
- One of suitable reiuforcement is knitted structures, e.g. vascular grafts that have similar requirements on anisotropic, deformation. -Such grafts are made from medically tested materials, which is another advantage.
- Polymeric reinforcement can be made from medical-grade polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamides and other polymers of sufficient rigidity.
- the reinforcement can be advantageously made of permeable hollow fibers, preferably medical-grade hollow fibers used for extracorporeal oxygenators, kidney dialysis oivhyhrid organs.
- Such hollow fibers can irnproye hydraulic liquid transport that is critical for the proper the spinal nucleus implant function.
- Metallic reinforcement elements such as rings or helical springs, can be advantageously used as X-ray markers allowing monitoring of position and deformation status of the implant. They can be used either alone or in a combination with another reinforcement or another X-ray markets.
- the spinal nucleus implant is intended as a life-long implanr and its high biocompatibility is highly desirable. This can be achieved best by designing the spinal nucleus implant with a continuous highly hydvated surface, preferably with a high content of negatively charged groups, such as carboxylate groups. Particularly preferred is a gradiented surface with carboxylate concentration and hydration increasing from the bulk to the surface. Such surfaces are not only highly biocompatible, but also have very low wet ⁇ friejion as to not erode adjacent tissues, such as the hyaline cartilage of vertebral endplates.
- Preferred manufacturing method comprises the following steps: (1) Fabrication of the device from suitable swellable .plastic. This includes operations such as casting, incorporation of reinforcement, creation of bio mimetic surface layer and other operations that may be necessary for fabrication of the selected the spinal nucleus implant design. (2) Extraction of impurities in the state of full hydration of the spinal nucleus implant by a suitable aqueous liquid, such as distilled water or an isotonic salt solution. This step maygonsist of multiple operations, including swelling with an aqueous solution of a plasticizer, such as glycerol.
- a suitable aqueous liquid such as distilled water or an isotonic salt solution.
- This step maygonsist of multiple operations, including swelling with an aqueous solution of a plasticizer, such as glycerol.
- AQUACRYL 90MD hydrogel was purchased from GelMed
- hydrophobic blocks hydrophobic block being composed of
- the hydrogel contains 98.6% by weight of liquid at full hydration by
- isotonic solution is 6 kg per square cm. If fully hydrated by water, the hydrogel is too brittle to measure its tensile 05 compressive strength (estimated below 1 kg/sq.crn in both cases).
- AQUACRYL was supplied as 10% by weight polymer solution in sodium thiocyanate solvent (55% by weight aqueous solution). AQUACRYL was molded in a semi-open porous mold into approximate shape (though not all its dimensions) of nucleus pulposus 71, which is shown in Figure 14.
- the footprint or cross-section of nucleus pulposus is kidney-shaped with the largest dimension approximately 40 mm. If we orient this longest dimension in the direction of X-axis in orthogonal coordinates, than the largest dimension in the direction of Y-axis is approximately 20 mm.
- the height of the space between two vertebra occupied by nucleus pulposus (in the direction of spinal axis and Z-axis of the orthogonal system) is approximately 15 mm. These values are approximate and average. It has to be understood that dimensions of nucleus pulposus differ from disc to disc and from person to person. The he/ght also differs appreciably with lime and load applied on the disc.
- the porous mold has the cross-section calculated to approximate dimensions of nucleus pulposus cross-section. Calculation was made from known volume fractions of polymer component in the starting solution and the final, fully hydrated hydrogel. The ratio of volumes of the solution to the gel is reciprocal ratio of volume fractions of the polymer in the two systems. Then the ratio of any mold dimension Io the corresponding hydrogel dimension is third cube of the ratio of the corresponding volumes. The height of the moid is substantially larger than height of nucleus pulposus.
- the AQUACRYL solution was fed into the mold and solidified by coagulation with excess of isotonic saline. Solidified hydrogel was demolded and thoroughly washed with isotonic solution until all sodium thiocyanate is removed. After the washing the main fully hvdrajed dimensions in isotonic
- Width 18 mm
- the specimen is cut to 25 mm sections and the dried under axial
- the drying temperature is gradually increased until reaches 100 0 C and
- xerogel is kept at this temperature for 24 hours. Then it is cooled to
- the device in xerogel state is shown in Figure 15a as 81 while the same
- This device in its xerogel insertion state is a rigid wafer that can be inserted into the disc via a horizontal slit incision in annulus pulposus. The incision can be secured by suture.
- the implant swells for several hours, in increases it height until it runs against the upper endplate.
- the continuing swelling increases vertebral separation and stretches annulus pulposus into the shape and tension required for its long-term function.
- the implant becomes party hydrated and substantially conforms the shape of the cavity created by removal of the tissue.
- the device in its partly hydrated indwelling state (B) has approximate dimensions .of 31x18x15 mm.
- AQUACRYL 80MD was acquired from the same source as the
- the hydrogel contains 90.3% by weight of liquid at full hydration by
- AQUACRYL 80MD was supplied as 10% by weight polymer
- VISACRYL T2 associative polymerias purchased from
- hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks are composed of
- the hydrophilic blocks form a combination of
- the polymer is soluble in pure water at an elevated temperature
- ambient temperature polymer does not dissolve but forms soft gels with
- VISACRYL T2 concentrate 20 weight parts was mixed into 80 weight parts of AQUACRYL 80MD * solution and mixed in a high-speed blender to form a viscous paste. The mixture was then heated to 6O 0 C in a closed vessel for 12 hours to remove entrapped air. The paste was filled into the mold from Example 1 and coagulated and washed as described in Example 1. The resulting hydrophilic composite has liquid content over 90% by weight and improved modulus of elasticity and swelling pressure as compared to hydrogel from Example 1. The molded article was soaked for 24 hours in a mixture of 12.5 weight parts of glycerol, 0.9 weight parts of NaCl and 86.6 weight parts of deionized water. It was then cut and dried under stress as described above.
- the xerogel implant can be rolled into ⁇ he ⁇ insertion shape shown into a cylindrical insertion shape shown as. 91a in Figure 16a. Once inserted into the surgically created cavity, it unfolds and starts its anisotropic expansion into a partially hydrated insertion shape. If it is fully hydrated without mechanical restrictions, it swells into its inherent shape shown as
- the polymer solution was diluted to 7.5% to decrease its viscosity and increase liquid content in the resulting content to 92.3 % by weight of isotonic saline.
- a strand of twisted polyester fibers was impregnated with the solution, wrapped helically around a lattice made from grass fibers (250 micron diameter) and inserted into the porous mold from Example 1 that was shortened to 25 mm. The mold was then-filled with the diluted polymer solution and coagulated with tap water.
- polyester fiber reinforcement was completely embedded in the hydrogel, forming helix coaxial with the device.
- the reinforcement limited, radial deformation of the molding.
- the channels facilitated drainage of liquid exuded from the hydrogel under axial pressure.
- the molding was then washed with isotonic saline and soaked in mixture containing 12.5% of glycerol, 0.9% of NaCl and 86.6% of pure water (all % by weight).
- Plasticized hydrogel was then dried under pressure as described in Example 1. The result was a flexible wafer of elliptic crossection and thickness 3.5 mm. The wafer can be readily folded or rolled to facilitate implantation as described in Example 2. After implantation, the device swells only axially to achieve yertebral separation by swelling pressure. It resists radial expansion underpressure, preventing thus extrusion or herniation in the case that annulus fibrosus is damaged.
- Figure 17a shows the implant 101a in its rally hydrated inherent shape, where 103a is the embedded helical fibrous reinforcement in its expanded shape.
- Figure 17b shows the implant in its xerogel insertion shape 101b with the fibrous reinforcement 103b in its compressed state.
- Cylindrical rod of expanded PTFE (GORTEX, Gore Associates), having diameter of 25.2 mm and porosity 45%, was used to swellable form interpenetrating network.
- the PTFE is axially stretched (up to 3 times) and soaked with a liquid containing 25% glycerol diacetate and 75% of monomer mixture comprising, HEMA (93.4%), EGDMA (0.5%) and methacrylic acid (6%), and dibenzoylperoxide (0.1%). Then axially compressed to 50% of its original length, and the monomers are polymerized under nitrogen at 65 0 C.
- the IPN composite can be reshaped for a convenient insertion when healed above 8O 0 C, compressed and cooled under compression.
- Polymer solution from Example 1 is cast as membrane approximately 2 mm thick.
- the membrane is soaked in a sodium tbiocyanate solution to equilibrium and then partly dried to a pre- calculated weight. The conditions were calculated so that the final concentration of sodium thiocyanate in the swelling liquid is 45% by weight.
- rings of 15 mm diameter are made from nickel- titanium alloy wires with a diameter of 0.75 mm.
- Foils are now stacked with wire ring placed between each two layers of foil.
- the stacked assembly is then compressed at 95 0 C to cause polymer melting and fusing.
- a block of hydro philic polymer with embedded ring-shaped reinforcement is formed, as shown in its fully hydrated insertion shape in its fully hydrated insertion shape in Figure 18 where portion 111 a is the hydrated polymer and 113a is the .metal reinforcement.
- the polymer is thoroughly washed in isotonic saline and soaked in diluted glycerol and dried underpressure as described in Example 2.
- a spinal intervertebral disc 1 of a living vertebrate such as a-human or ape. It includes a nucleus pulposus center 11 and annulus laminates 3, 5, 7 and 9.
- Figure 2 shows a flattened partial section of one annulus laminate 5 indicating fibers at a 60° angle to vertical axis 2.
- Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 show oblique front views of the spinal intervertebral disc of Figure 1, in various stages of a surgical procedure of the present invention. Identical parts shown in Figure 1 are identically numbered in these Figures.
- FIG 3 an incision 15 has been made and damaged nucleus pulposus has been removed. Remaining nucleus pulposus is shown as area 13, adjacent to cavity 17, the space created from the removal of the damaged nucleus pulposus.
- present invention spinal-nucleus implant 21 A is shown in its partially hydrated folded form and is inserted through incision 15 and into cavity 17.
- Figure 5 shows spinal nucleus implant 21B (unfolded), located within cavity 17, and
- Figure 6 shows spinal nucleus implant 21 C and its fully hydrated, enlarged state, subject to volumetric and liquid content changes resulting from osmotic pressure changes, stresses, and movements described above.
- This spinal nucleus implant is initially formed in accordance with any of the examples set forth above.
- Figures 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b show spinal nucleus implants of the present invention in various forms.
- the spinal nucleus implants of the present invention in their fully hydrated inherent shapes are shown in the form of sphere 31a, cylinder 33a, helix 35a, and ovoid 37a, respectively.
- the same implants in their xerogel insertion shapes are shown as biconvex lenticular disc 31b, rolled disc 33 b, flattened helix 35b and folded elliptic disc 37b. All forms may include optional embedded reinforcing structures that are not_shown in the drawings.
- Figure 11 shows a top view of a present invention spinal nucleus implant 39, with a soft, high water content core 41 and an outer jacket with high crystalline polymer content 43. At their interface 45, an optional structural support or transition layer may be included.
- Figure 12 has a present invention spinal nucleus implant 51 with a core 53 and a jacket 55 and further includes structural support elements 57a in the core and 57b in the jacket.
- Figure 13 shows a partially cut present invention spinal nucleus implant sphere 61, cut along line AB. It has a center 63 with a low polymer content and a high water content with a gradient increasing in polymer content and decreasing in water content toward outer layer 69.
- center 63 may contain ten percent polymer and ninety percent water and layer 65 may contain eighty percent of polymer and twenty percent water and layer 67 may contain thirty percent polymer and seventy percent water and outer surface j59,> may contain even more water with a lubricious, negatively charged surface.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2001526118A JP4347539B2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2000-09-28 | Spinal cord nuclear transfer |
AT00968536T ATE512643T1 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2000-09-28 | NUCLEUS IMPLANT FOR THE SPINE |
AU78432/00A AU768903B2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2000-09-28 | Spinal nucleus implant |
CA002388794A CA2388794C (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2000-09-28 | Spinal nucleus implant |
EP00968536A EP1231868B8 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2000-09-28 | Spinal nucleus implant |
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US09/410,268 US6264695B1 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 1999-09-30 | Spinal nucleus implant |
US09/410,268 | 1999-09-30 |
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WO2001022902A2 WO2001022902A2 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
WO2001022902A3 WO2001022902A3 (en) | 2001-10-25 |
WO2001022902A9 true WO2001022902A9 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
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PCT/US2000/027027 WO2001022902A2 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2000-09-28 | Spinal nucleus implant |
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EP (1) | EP1231868B8 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4347539B2 (en) |
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AU (1) | AU768903B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2388794C (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ20021137A3 (en) |
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- 2000-09-28 ES ES00968536T patent/ES2367626T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-28 EP EP00968536A patent/EP1231868B8/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-28 WO PCT/US2000/027027 patent/WO2001022902A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-09-28 AT AT00968536T patent/ATE512643T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-28 JP JP2001526118A patent/JP4347539B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-28 AU AU78432/00A patent/AU768903B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-28 CZ CZ20021137A patent/CZ20021137A3/en unknown
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2001
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-
2003
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2004
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US9114025B2 (en) | 1999-10-20 | 2015-08-25 | Krt Investors, Inc. | Methods and devices for spinal disc annulus reconstruction and repair |
US9192372B2 (en) | 2008-10-14 | 2015-11-24 | Krt Investors, Inc. | Method for the treatment of tissue |
Also Published As
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JP2003510129A (en) | 2003-03-18 |
WO2001022902A2 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
WO2001022902A3 (en) | 2001-10-25 |
JP4347539B2 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
AU7843200A (en) | 2001-04-30 |
USRE42837E1 (en) | 2011-10-11 |
ATE512643T1 (en) | 2011-07-15 |
CZ20021137A3 (en) | 2002-09-11 |
AU768903B2 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
CA2388794C (en) | 2008-12-30 |
CA2388794A1 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
US7204897B2 (en) | 2007-04-17 |
US20050171611A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
US6726721B2 (en) | 2004-04-27 |
EP1231868B1 (en) | 2011-06-15 |
EP1231868A4 (en) | 2010-01-06 |
EP1231868A2 (en) | 2002-08-21 |
EP1231868B8 (en) | 2011-10-19 |
US6264695B1 (en) | 2001-07-24 |
ES2367626T3 (en) | 2011-11-07 |
US20030055506A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
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