WO2001090482A2 - Process for manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin, such a fibre web, and a reinforced fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin composite - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin, such a fibre web, and a reinforced fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin composite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001090482A2 WO2001090482A2 PCT/SE2001/001137 SE0101137W WO0190482A2 WO 2001090482 A2 WO2001090482 A2 WO 2001090482A2 SE 0101137 W SE0101137 W SE 0101137W WO 0190482 A2 WO0190482 A2 WO 0190482A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- thermosetting resin
- fibre web
- fibres
- grains
- reinforcing
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 146
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 132
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 132
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000000805 composite resin Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003180 amino resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 caolin Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920005615 natural polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- YCMLQMDWSXFTIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbenzenesulfonimidic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1S(N)(=O)=O YCMLQMDWSXFTIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GZVHEAJQGPRDLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=N1 GZVHEAJQGPRDLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NJYZCEFQAIUHSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetoguanamine Chemical compound CC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 NJYZCEFQAIUHSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical compound O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical class [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O.O.O.[Al] Chemical compound O.O.O.[Al] MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003677 Sheet moulding compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Substances O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001724 microfibril Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001175 rotational moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001721 transfer moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
- D04H1/587—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives characterised by the bonding agents used
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/50—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC]
- B29C70/504—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands
- B29C70/506—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands and impregnating by melting a solid material, e.g. sheet, powder, fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/50—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC]
- B29C70/504—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands
- B29C70/508—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands and first forming a mat composed of short fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
- D04H1/4218—Glass fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
- D04H1/4242—Carbon fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/425—Cellulose series
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
- D04H1/60—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in dry state, e.g. thermo-activatable agents in solid or molten state, and heat being applied subsequently
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
- D04H1/732—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged by fluid current, e.g. air-lay
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H11/00—Non-woven pile fabrics
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H13/00—Other non-woven fabrics
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/002—Inorganic yarns or filaments
- D04H3/004—Glass yarns or filaments
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/013—Regenerated cellulose series
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/015—Natural yarns or filaments
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/12—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with filaments or yarns secured together by chemical or thermo-activatable bonding agents, e.g. adhesives, applied or incorporated in liquid or solid form
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H5/00—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H5/12—Glass fibres
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
- Y10T428/24994—Fiber embedded in or on the surface of a polymeric matrix
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin.
- the invention is further related to a fibre web comprising thermosetting resin which has been obtained by means of the process, and an reinforced thermosetting containing composite which includes the fibre web comprising the thermosetting resin.
- thermosetting composite of the invention can preferably be used for sanitary products, such as washing stands, and toilet chairs, for different surfaces being subject to abrasion, for electricity conducting products, and for many medical technical products, such as devices for lengthening a leg to be implanted, and the similar. Many other applications are considered as well.
- thermosetting resins are often used as a binder or matrix material.
- thermosetting resins, often before hardening (cross linking) are present in a form of a liquid having a relatively low viscosity at room temperature, something that makes the impregnation of a reinforcing material quite simple.
- thermosetting resins such as urea-formaldehyde (UP) and melamine- formaldehyde (MF) are, however, not in liquid state at room temperature prior to hardening.
- UP urea-formaldehyde
- MF melamine- formaldehyde
- this type of thermosetting resin should be provided in the form of a solution, dispersion, or paste of thermosetting resin together with a suitable liquid, (e.g, water).
- a suitable liquid e.g, water
- thermosetting resin composite Within the field of reinforced thermosetting resin, here often called thermosetting resin composite it is previously known a number of manufacturing processes, reinforcing materials, and matrix material.
- the reinforcing material of a reinforced thermosetting resin is often fibres in the form of roving, web, mats, or non- woven material. Depending on the actual application field the reinforcing fibres may consist of natural or synthetic polymers. Examples of commonly used reinforcing fibres are glass fibres, and carbon fibres, and in some applications also cellulose fibres, such as pulp fibres, rayon or linen.
- the binding agent or matrix material in a reinforced thermosetting resin is often an unsaturated ester resin, but also epoxy, pheno- or amino resins are used.
- thermosetting resin and reinforcing material e.g., ester resin and glass fibre material
- a development of the above mentioned process using layering by hand includes that one in stead manually or by means of a robot sprays a two component thermosetting resin and reinforcing material in the form of chopped roving onto the mould.
- the hardening of the resin can be carried out under pressure by pressing a film against a contact or spray moulded article using super pressure or vacuo, which provides for an increased strength. By simultaneously applying a pressure and heat in an autoclave the result can be even more improved.
- Another common method for manufacturing polymer details of reinforced thermosetting resin is compression moulding. In this method, there is usually first manufactured a preform of reinforcing material, e.g., chopped roving, and a minor amount of thermosetting resin, e.g., polyester as binder. After hardening the preform is brought out off the mould and is placed in a form press together with a sufficient amount of polyester, which then, during heating, is pressed into the material. In stead of preforms, preimpregnated mats of reinforcing material, e.g., glass fibre mats, can be used (Sheet Moulding Compound) or preimpregnated press sheets can be used at compression moulding.
- the manufacture of preimpregnated reinforcing material for the manufacture of Thermosetting resin composite can be done by means of a number of "wet” methods, in which the reinforcing fibres are impregnated with a solution, dispersion or paste containing thermosetting resin.
- US-A-4,906,505 describes a skin formed product comprising a mixture of amino resin-formaldehyde and fibrous material, whereby the product is characterized in that the resin mixture has a viscosity of 25 Pa.s. - 15 x 10 3 Pa.s. at 120°C in the skin formed product, and that the fibre material in the form of a pile or sheet has a strength of 0.1 MPa - 20 MPa at 20°C.
- the fibre material is impregnated with the resin mixture whereupon the impregnated material is dried until the amino resin mixture obtains a viscosity which exceeds 25 Pa.s. to 15 x 10 3 Pa.s.
- an abrasion resistant, flame protected material which is manufactured by producing a compression moulding composition of a precondensate of a melamine aldehyde, silicon dioxide, aluminium trihydrate, a soap having a low solubility, ammonium hydroxide, and an acid salt catalyst.
- the composition is then applied onto the surface of a sheet of glass fibres comprising a heat hardening binder, and the composite is bound under heat and pressure to harden both binders simultaneously, and to bind the composition to the fibre layer of the sheet.
- the reinforcing material has to be added in the form of a continuous fibre sheet or fibre web.
- a such is considerably more expensive than the fibres present in the reinforcing material per se.
- the amount of reinforcing fibre and the liquid absorbing ability are defined by the actual construction of the fibre sheet or fibre web it can be hard to control the amount of reinforcing fibre of the ready material, to a desired level.
- thermosetting resin containing solutions or dispersions for the manufacture of preimpregnated reinforcing fibre webs a particular drying process is needed. Such a drying process may lead to certain problems with uneven drying or prehardening, and thereby result in a fibre web having uneven quality. Further, the drying process requires much energy and is often connected with problem of precipitations of resin in the details present in the drying step.
- thermosetting resin is applied in the form of a paste
- some of the above mentioned problems are reduced or eliminated, and makes it possible to use reinforcing fibres in the form of economically advantageous chopped roving.
- the above mentioned problems using the particular drying step will remain fully.
- a first object of the present invention is thus to obtain a method for manufacturing a fibre web containing thermosetting resin, which method eliminates all above mentioned problems.
- thermosetting resin in the form of substantially dry grains of thermosetting resin, joining the grains of thermosetting resin with the Reinforcing fibres at a joining temperature of about room temperature, then binding the fibre web by, prior to and/or under pressure, at least partly heating the grains of thermosetting resin in the fibre web to a binding temperature above the joining temperature, and by then cooling down the fibre web to room temperature.
- a second object of the present invention is to obtain a fibre web containing Thermosetting resin obtained by means of the process.
- This second object is obtained, in accordance with claim 13, in that the fibre web comprises at least Reinforcing fibres and a Thermosetting resin and is intended to be present in a reinforced Thermosetting resin composite, whereby the Thermosetting resin is present in the fibre web in the form of only partially hardened grains of Thermosetting resin.
- a third object of the present invention is to obtain a reinforced Thermosetting resin composite which comprises the fibre web containing the Thermosetting resin.
- Thermosetting resin composite which has been produced by forming a charge of material comprising at least a part of a fibre web containing a Thermosetting resin according to the invention and by then hardening the Thermosetting resin present in the part at a hardening temperature above room temperature.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic side view of an arrangement suitable for utilizing a process according to a first embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic side view of an arrangement suitable for utilizing a process according to a second embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 3 shows a schematic side view of an arrangement suitable for utilizing a process according to a third, particularly preferred embodiment of the invention Detailed description of preferred embodiments
- the process according to the invention includes forming a fibre web 100; 200; 300 of at least reinforcing fibres 101; 201; 301; to bring together said fibres with a thermosetting resin 102; 202; 202'; 302 and to join the fibre web 100'; 200'; 300'at least partly by means of the thermosetting resin after the bringing together.
- the process further includes adding the thermosetting resin in the form of a substantially dry grains 103; 203; 303 of thermosetting resin.
- the thermosetting resin is thus not in liquid state and not in a form of an emulsion or solution either at the confluence with the reinforcing fibres.
- the process of the invention further includes bringing the grains of thermosetting resin together with the reinforcing fibres 101, 201, 301, at a confluence temperature T j at about room temperature, and to then join the fibre web by prior to and/or under a pressure p at least partly heating the grains of thermosetting resin present in the fibre we 100', 200', 300' to a joining temperature T 2 being higher than the temperature T x at the confluence. Then the fibre web 100', 200' 300' is cooled to room temperature and the thermosetting resin containing fibre web of the invention is, after an optional treatment and conversion to suitable dimensions, ready for use.
- the joining of the fibre web which takes place by means of heating the grains of thermosetting resin under pressure can advantageously be carried out in a pressing device known per se for other purposes of the type which is indicated in figures 1-3 and which is called a dual belt press.
- a pressing device the fibre web is carried between two metal belts and passes together with the belt through a number of press nips whereby both the temperature T 2 and the pressure p can be carefully controlled to control the joining .
- the joining takes place in another suitable manner e.g., where the fibre web 200 is preheated to a first elevated temperature T 2 ' in a particular preheating step using heated rolls or the similar before being heated to the proper j oining temperature ⁇ 2 .
- the reinforcing fibres 101 are formed in a first step to a fibre pile 100, of textile material or non- woven material.
- the thermosetting resin 102 is brought together with the reinforcing fibres by with-bringing the grains of thermosetting resin 103 in a gas flow 104 which is led through the fibre pile 100, textile material or non-woven material.
- Suitable techniques for producing the reinforcing material already formed and optionally bound, before the confluence in this embodiment, are well known to the one skilled in the art. It should, however, be noted that within the scope of the invention it is considered having embodiments where the fibre pile, textile material or non- woven material comprise short cut fibres, continuous fibres or combinations of these.
- the reinforcing fibres are added at least partly in the form of short cut fibres 201.
- the thermosetting resin 202, 202' is brought together with the reinforcing fibres by forming the short cut fibres 201 to a reinforcing layer on the top of at least one provided layer of thermosetting resin 205 of the grains of thermosetting resin 203 and/or by having the short cut fibres formed into a reinforcing layer on top of which at least a layer of thermosetting resin 205' of the grains of thermosetting resin 203' is added.
- Short cut fibres in the dimensions desired based on different polymers are commercially available from many suppliers of fibres.
- the short cut fibres are generated in situ by cutting filaments in the form of so called roving or tow to a desired length in a device arranged therefor.
- the reinforcing fibres are added at least partly in the form of short cut fibres 301.
- the thermosetting resin 302 is brought together with the reinforcing fibres by having the short cut fibres 301 and the grains of thermosetting resin 303 brought with a gas flow 306 to then together be formed to the fibre web 300.
- At least a part of the reinforcing fibres are added in the form of cotton fibres, linen fibres or other plant fibres.
- the reinforcing fibres are added in the form of short cut fibres and/or continuous filaments of glass, carbon, metal or mineral. It is, however, also considered possible having embodiments which utilizes other types of inorganic fibres as reinforcing fibres.
- thermosetting resin 102, 203, 203', 303 are particularly preferably added in a form which contains amino resin where the amino groups are present as urea, melamine, or benzoguanamine.
- a plasticiser 207 can, most preferably be chosen from the group of sorbitol, caprolactane, ethylene glycol, trioxitol, toluene sulfonamide, benzo or aceto guanamine and be added to the fibre web 200 prior to joining. It is, however, also possible having other types of plasticisers.
- a filler 208 is added, which includes a micro crystalline cellulose and/or a superabsorbent to the fibre web 200 prior to the joining.
- This embodiment is particularly preferred in the case the resulting fibre web containing the thermosetting resin shall be used for reinforced thermosetting resin composite having liquid absorbing properties, e.g., in connection with implantable devices for lengthening of legs and the similar.
- a filler is added which most preferably includes calcium oxide, kaolin, carbon, silicon dioxide, or metal particles, to the fibre web prior to the joining. It is, however, also possible to having other types of filling agents.
- a polymer film material is added to the fibre web prior to joining.
- the fibre web containing the thermosetting resin according to the invention includes at least reinforcing fibres and a thermosetting resin and is intended to, after hardening, be present in a reinforced thermosetting resin composite.
- the thermosetting resin is present in the fibre web 100", 200", 300" in the form of only partially hardened grains of thermosetting resin.
- thermosetting resin In a first preferred embodiment of the fibre web containing the thermosetting resin according to the invention the grains of thermosetting resin are carried by the reinforcing fibres of a fibre pile 100, textile material or non- woven material present in the fibre web 100".
- the reinforcing fibres are at least partly short cut fibres whereby a substantially homogenous mixture of grains of thermosetting resin 203, 203', 303 and the short cut fibres 201, 301 form or are present in the fibre web 200", 300".
- At least apart of the reinforcing fibres is short cut fibres 201, 301 and/or continuous filaments of regenerated cellulose, natural polymers or synthetic polymers.
- At least a part of the reinforcing fibres is cotton fibres, linen fibres or other plant fibres.
- At least a part of the reinforcing fibres are short cut fibres and/or continuous filaments of glass, carbon, metal or mineral.
- thermosetting resin 103, 203, 203', 303 of the fibre web containing thermosetting resin according to the invention comprises preferably amino resins, where amino groups are provided by urea, melamine, or benzoguanamine.
- the fibre web of the invention comprises sorbitol, caprolaktan, ethylene glycol, trioxytol, toluene sulfonamide, benzo or aceto guanamine.
- the fibre web 200" of the invention comprises a microcrystalline cellulose 208 and/or a superabsorbent.
- the fibre web containing thermosetting resin comprises calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, or metal particles.
- the fibre web of the invention comprises a polymer film material which may be chosen of a suitable type for the application in mind.
- the fibre web containing thermosetting resin according to the invention is preferably utilized to manufacture a reinforced thermosetting resin composite by forming a material charge (not shown in the figures) which comprises at least a piece of the fibre web 100", 200", 300" containing the thermosetting resin and by then hardening (not shown in the figures) the thermosetting resin present in the piece at a hardening temperature above room temperature.
- the reinforced thermosetting resin composite is particularly preferably present in or is a sanitary product, an abrasive surface, an electricity conducting material, or a medical technical product as an implantable device for lengthening of a leg.
- the present invention thus facilitates inter alia the manufacture of electricity conducting thermosetting resin composite with a high content of metal, thermosetting resin composite having an aesthetically appealing and abrasive resistant surfaces to be used as abrasive surfaces or sanitary products, and thermosetting resin composite containing superabsorbent to be used as medical technical swelling bodies.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2001260924A AU2001260924A1 (en) | 2000-05-23 | 2001-05-21 | Process for manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin, such a fibre web, and a reinforced fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin composite |
US10/302,487 US20030148087A1 (en) | 2000-05-23 | 2002-11-22 | Process of manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin, such a fibre web, and an reinforced the fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin composite |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE0001929A SE0001929L (en) | 2000-05-23 | 2000-05-23 | Process for producing a thermosetting resin-containing fibrous web, such a fibrous web, and a reinforced thermosetting composite comprising the fibrous web |
SE0001929-9 | 2000-05-23 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/302,487 Continuation US20030148087A1 (en) | 2000-05-23 | 2002-11-22 | Process of manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin, such a fibre web, and an reinforced the fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin composite |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001090482A2 true WO2001090482A2 (en) | 2001-11-29 |
WO2001090482A3 WO2001090482A3 (en) | 2002-04-11 |
Family
ID=20279809
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE2001/001137 WO2001090482A2 (en) | 2000-05-23 | 2001-05-21 | Process for manufacturing a fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin, such a fibre web, and a reinforced fibre web comprising a thermosetting resin composite |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20030148087A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001260924A1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE0001929L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001090482A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2546962A (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-08-09 | Hexcel Composites Ltd | Apparatus and method of impregnating reinforcement material |
CN108729276A (en) * | 2017-04-18 | 2018-11-02 | 上海众伟生化有限公司 | Flaxen fiber biology soil-coating membrane and preparation method thereof |
CN111101293A (en) * | 2019-12-25 | 2020-05-05 | 耿程辉 | Dandelion wool fiber blending electrostatic polymerization process and polymerization equipment thereof |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170029577A1 (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2017-02-02 | The Boeing Company | Noodle Comprised of a Matrix of Discontinuous Filaments |
EP3964339B1 (en) * | 2020-07-10 | 2024-01-03 | Jiangsu Qiyi Technology Co., Ltd | Method and device for preparing unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite material |
EP4338951A2 (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2024-03-20 | NIKE Innovate C.V. | Asymmetric faced composite nonwoven textile and methods of manufacturing the same |
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US5286553A (en) * | 1988-12-15 | 1994-02-15 | Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Composite sheet for fibrous reinforcing material |
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- 2001-05-21 WO PCT/SE2001/001137 patent/WO2001090482A2/en active Application Filing
- 2001-05-21 AU AU2001260924A patent/AU2001260924A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2002
- 2002-11-22 US US10/302,487 patent/US20030148087A1/en not_active Abandoned
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GB1124481A (en) * | 1964-09-21 | 1968-08-21 | Ludlow Corp | Non-woven fabric based on synthetic fibres |
GB2015604A (en) * | 1978-03-02 | 1979-09-12 | Kroyer K K K | Air laying bonded fibre structures |
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US4319870A (en) * | 1979-08-27 | 1982-03-16 | American Can Company | Apparatus for the manufacture of fibrous webs |
EP0025543A1 (en) * | 1979-09-12 | 1981-03-25 | Fiberlok, Inc. | Process and apparatus for contacting a powder with a fibrous web |
EP0084172A2 (en) * | 1982-01-15 | 1983-07-27 | Fiberlok, Inc. | Fibrous batt and method for producing such |
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WO1992022603A1 (en) * | 1991-06-13 | 1992-12-23 | Dsm N.V. | Product of fibrous material and resin |
US5804005A (en) * | 1996-05-09 | 1998-09-08 | Buck; George S. | Bonding fibrous batts with thermosetting fiber-binders of certain expoxy resins |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB2546962A (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-08-09 | Hexcel Composites Ltd | Apparatus and method of impregnating reinforcement material |
CN108729276A (en) * | 2017-04-18 | 2018-11-02 | 上海众伟生化有限公司 | Flaxen fiber biology soil-coating membrane and preparation method thereof |
CN111101293A (en) * | 2019-12-25 | 2020-05-05 | 耿程辉 | Dandelion wool fiber blending electrostatic polymerization process and polymerization equipment thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20030148087A1 (en) | 2003-08-07 |
SE0001929D0 (en) | 2000-05-23 |
AU2001260924A1 (en) | 2001-12-03 |
WO2001090482A3 (en) | 2002-04-11 |
SE0001929L (en) | 2001-12-21 |
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